104:" is providing funding and technical assistance to strengthen Haiti’s judicial system, yet the U.S. has refused Haitian government requests to deport FRAPH leader Constant, who was imprisoned in the U.S. and wanted in Haiti on murder charges. Instead, the U.S. Justice Department released him from prison. Furthermore, the Clinton administration refuses to give the Haitian government uncensored copies of the documents seized from FRAPH headquarters, raising suspicions that the documents contain incriminating information about CIA and other U.S. collaboration with Haitian paramilitaries. Documents that were obtained revealed, for example, that the CIA knew that Constant was directly implicated in the 1993 murder of Justice Minister Guy Malory, yet kept him on their payroll until the return of Aristide in 1994."
100:) to force the military to step down, restoring Aristide to power in August 1994 after international sanctions and pressure had failed to produce any results. Although the presence of U.S. and UN peacekeepers helped restore calm and security, this success, claims researcher Lisa A. McGowan, was undermined by their refusal to disarm the disbanded Haitian military and paramilitaries. As McGowan wrote,
138:
According to Ratner, U.S. suspicions of
Aristide's leftist populism prodded them to seek support from even the most brutal anti-Aristide elements. Observers such as Ratner, Nairn and Lisa McGowan have argued that covert assistance to antidemocratic forces such as FRAPH was used to pressure Aristide
118:
in 1994. Nairn based his findings on interviews with military, paramilitary and intelligence officials in Haïti and the United States as well as Green Beret commanders and internal documents from the U.S. and
Haitian armies. Nairn spoke directly with Constant himself, then being held in a Maryland
67:
payroll as an informant and spy in early 1992 (according to the Agency, this relationship ended in mid-1994, but the following
October the US embassy in Haïti was openly acknowledging that Constant – now a born-again democrat – was on its payroll). According to Constant, shortly after Aristide's
130:(CCR) announced that it had obtained thousands of pages of newly declassified U.S. documents, which they claim revealed that the U.S. government recognized the brutal nature of FRAPH but denied it in public. Describing the attitude of US government officials, CCR lawyer Michael Ratner said
134:"they were talking out of both sides of their mouth. They were talking about restoring democracy to Haïti, but at the same time, they were undermining democracy in the coup period – at times supporting a group that committed terrorist acts against the Haitian people."
88:. Condemning FRAPH and the military regime as nothing more than "armed thugs," the administration cooperated with a multinational force and dispatched 15,000 troops sent and a high-level negotiating team (
123:(DIA), and that even after the U.S. occupation got under way in September 1994, "other people from organization were working with the DIA", aiding in operations directed against "subversive activities".
72:(DIA), attache who was stationed in Haiti from 1989 to 1992, pressured him to organize a front that could oppose the Aristide movement and do intelligence work against it.
278:
283:
293:
108:
It subsequently emerged that the US government had in fact played a significant role in establishing and funding FRAPH. The investigative journalist
156:
84:
had promised to restore democracy to Haiti if elected. Inaugurated in 1993, the administration had to deal with a continuing refugee problem in
288:
119:
jail, shortly before he was due to be deported to Haïti. According to
Constant, he started the group that became FRAPH at the urging of the
247:
200:
127:
252:
182:
139:
into abandoning his ambitious program for social reform and adopt harsh economic reforms when the U.S. returned him to power.
298:
219:
114:
120:
69:
64:
40:
256:
242:
60:
48:
35:
paramilitary group organized in mid-1993. Its goal was to undermine support for the popular
204:
186:
24:
197:
228:
Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996), "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti",
272:
179:
51:. The group received covert support and funding from the United States government.
97:
89:
81:
109:
36:
261:
32:
93:
85:
157:"Gonaives Journal; The Bogeyman's Back, Striking Fear Into Haitians"
44:
47:
president before being deposed, on 29 September 1991, by a
21:
Front for the
Advancement and Progress of Haiti (FRAPH)
80:
During the 1992 U.S. presidential campaign, candidate
230:
Southwestern
Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas
29:Front pour l'Avancement et le Progrès Haitien
8:
232:, Vol. 3, Issue 2 (1996), pp. 303–332.
112:broke the story in an article published in
279:Paramilitary organizations based in Haiti
68:ouster, Colonel Patrick Collins, a U.S.
147:
43:, who served less than eight months as
248:Amnesty International article on FRAPH
198:Green Left – CIA linked to FRAPH, coup
126:In February 1996, the New York-based
7:
16:Paramilitary group organized in 1993
284:Far-right politics in North America
243:Human Rights Watch article on FRAPH
14:
155:French, Howard W. (1994-01-21).
128:Center for Constitutional Rights
1:
294:Haiti–United States relations
220:"Giving 'The Devil' His Due."
289:1993 establishments in Haiti
253:Allan Nairn discusses Haiti
121:Defense Intelligence Agency
70:Defense Intelligence Agency
65:Central Intelligence Agency
315:
76:U.S. involvement in Haiti
59:FRAPH was established by
61:Emmanuel "Toto" Constant
55:The formation of FRAPH
41:Jean-Bertrand Aristide
28:
299:Human rights in Haiti
223:The Atlantic Monthly
180:U.S. Policy in Haiti
255:, an interview by
203:2005-02-07 at the
185:2005-07-13 at the
161:The New York Times
63:, who went on the
306:
207:
195:
189:
177:
171:
170:
168:
167:
152:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
305:
304:
303:
269:
268:
239:
215:
210:
205:Wayback Machine
196:
192:
187:Wayback Machine
178:
174:
165:
163:
154:
153:
149:
145:
78:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
312:
310:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
271:
270:
267:
266:
257:Anthony Arnove
250:
245:
238:
237:External links
235:
234:
233:
226:
218:Grann, David.
214:
211:
209:
208:
190:
172:
146:
144:
141:
136:
135:
106:
105:
77:
74:
56:
53:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
311:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
274:
264:
263:
258:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
236:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
216:
212:
206:
202:
199:
194:
191:
188:
184:
181:
176:
173:
162:
158:
151:
148:
142:
140:
133:
132:
131:
129:
124:
122:
117:
116:
111:
103:
102:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
75:
73:
71:
66:
62:
54:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
260:
229:
225:, June 2001.
222:
213:Bibliography
193:
175:
164:. Retrieved
160:
150:
137:
125:
113:
107:
98:Colin Powell
90:Jimmy Carter
82:Bill Clinton
79:
58:
20:
18:
265:, June 1995
110:Allan Nairn
273:Categories
262:Z Magazine
166:2010-05-03
143:References
115:The Nation
33:far-right
201:Archived
183:Archived
94:Sam Nunn
37:Catholic
31:) was a
86:Florida
45:Haïti's
39:priest
96:, and
25:French
49:coup
19:The
275::
259:,
159:.
92:,
27::
169:.
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.