795:
216:
153:
165:
136:
47:
780:
819:
264:, the leader of Zaire. The FLNC is best known for its two attempted invasions of Katanga Province (renamed Shaba) in Zaire in 1977 and 1978. These incursions, which threatened Mobutu's regime, sparked two international wars,
758:
956:
789:
773:
916:
961:
410:. Nathaniel Mbumba reportedly lost control of his troops, and they began executing European and Zairean civilians. Most of the regulars soon retreated. The irregulars were driven back into the
766:
926:
431:
844:
426:
Mbumba was expelled from the party in 1987. In 1990, Mobutu began a process to restore multi partyism. The FLNC was legalized in 1991 and its members came back to Zaire. During the
352:
The FLNC, numbering about 1500 people, invaded Shaba (the new name of the
Katanga) from eastern Angola on 7 March 1977. Seeking to overthrow Mobutu, the FLNC quickly captured
872:
936:
951:
895:
430:, the FLNC fought on the side of the Zairian army due to shared opposition to the presence of Rwandan troops in Zaire, but subsequently became favourable to the
289:
829:
627:
890:
392:
fighter jets. The
Egyptian-Moroccan force pushed the last of the militants, along with several refugees, into Angola and Zambia by April.
338:
The FLNC was formed in Angola under the leadership of
Nathaniel Mbumba with the goal of expelling Mobutu Sese Seko, the leader of Zaire.
946:
732:
931:
331:
The FLNC did not have any political program other than ending Mobutu's grip on Zaire. FLNC troops were said to have been trained by
794:
704:
277:
849:
456:
474:
606:
373:
411:
90:
941:
839:
321:
182:
435:
921:
814:
632:
215:
856:
324:
and eventually formed the FLNC in 1967. After the defeat of the
Portuguese in 1974, they joined the victorious
276:. The FLNC became a member of the political life of Zaire after the year 1991, and then later a member of the
17:
834:
288:
297:
246:
700:
602:
381:
241:) was a Congolese left-wing armed opposition group and political party that was founded by rebels of
824:
361:
260:
The FLNC was formed in Angola under the leadership of
Nathaniel Mbumba, with the goal of expelling
110:
415:
389:
313:
309:
273:
204:
197:
451:
301:
261:
242:
99:
885:
427:
228:
57:
576:
Political
Liberalization and Democratization in Africa: Lessons from Country Experiences
475:
http://freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC501_scans/PFOC/501.pfoc.CongoZaire.81.pdf
376:, for assistance on 2 April. The French government airlifted 1,500 Moroccan troops into
966:
910:
439:
365:
753:
305:
678:
674:
611:
550:
United States
Foreign Policy Toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis and Change
115:
103:
95:
748:
The
Katangese Gendarmes and War in Central Africa: Fighting their Way Home,
628:"Bataille de Kolwezi (2/3): quand un différend opposait Paris à Bruxelles"
401:
377:
369:
317:
269:
192:
679:"République Démocratique du Congo – Feuilles d'information sur les pays"
407:
353:
347:
265:
187:
46:
380:
on 10 April. The French reinforcements worked in conjunction with the
750:
Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press, 2016. Pp. 318. $ 35 (pbk).
726:
357:
250:
83:
79:
385:
292:
Nathaniel Mbumba, leader of the FLNC, on a 1978 propaganda poster.
287:
254:
214:
169:
158:
332:
325:
316:
in the mid-1960s. Led by
Nathaniel Mbumba, they fought for the
140:
762:
406:
During the Shaba II intervention, 4000 rebels took the city of
508:
506:
563:
The Political Role of the Military: An International Handbook
312:, many of the black Katanga troops were forced into exile in
607:"RDC : il y a 40 ans, la France intervenait Ă Kolwezi"
957:
Political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
414:
after the French Foreign Legion intervention during the
677:: State Secretariat for Migration (SEM) (1 July 1997).
27:
Political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
705:"Ex-rebel chief held in DRC after 'ultimatum' reports"
917:
African and Black nationalist organizations in Africa
790:
Political parties in Democratic Republic of the Congo
561:
Constantine Panos Danopoulos and Cynthia Ann Watson.
962:
Rebel groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
865:
803:
574:Julius Omozuanvbo Ihonvbere, and John Mukum Mbaku.
175:
146:
129:
121:
109:
89:
75:
65:
53:
32:
927:Communism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
896:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
873:People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy
663:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 112–113.
589:Foreign Armed Intervention in Internal Conflict
18:Front for the National Liberation of the Congo
774:
646:
536:
524:
512:
497:
485:
8:
728:Library of Congress Country Study Zaire 1993
781:
767:
759:
384:to beat back the FLNC with air cover from
29:
245:origin and composed of ex-members of the
937:Expatriate military units and formations
830:Movement for the Liberation of the Congo
725:Meditz, Sandra W.; Merrill, Tim (1993).
234:Front de libération nationale congolaise
39:Front de libération nationale congolaise
952:National liberation movements in Africa
820:Union for Democracy and Social Progress
467:
438:. The FLNC joined the opposition under
7:
300:, the military of the secessionist
225:Congolese National Liberation Front
33:Congolese National Liberation Front
626:Arseneault, Michel (19 May 2018).
25:
793:
278:Democratic Republic of the Congo
163:
151:
134:
45:
388:pilots flying French-built FAZ
850:Union for the Congolese Nation
746:Erik Kennes and Miles Larmer,
457:Progressive Congolese Students
1:
374:Organization of African Unity
71:1968–1991 (as an armed group)
38:
840:Union of Mobutist Democrats
322:Angolan War of Independence
296:The FLNC originated as the
272:, further complicating the
183:Angolan War of Independence
983:
947:National liberation armies
815:Sacred Union of the Nation
633:Radio France International
601:Mihamle, Jean David; with
399:
345:
320:colonial power during the
308:. After the defeat of the
249:. It was active mainly in
932:Communist militant groups
891:List of political parties
881:
857:Together for the Republic
659:Reyntjens, Filip (2009).
647:Meditz & Merrill 1993
537:Meditz & Merrill 1993
525:Meditz & Merrill 1993
513:Meditz & Merrill 1993
498:Meditz & Merrill 1993
486:Meditz & Merrill 1993
412:Angolan People's Republic
44:
37:
835:Unified Lumumbist Party
111:Political position
293:
232:
220:
219:Shaba Province, Zaire.
661:The Great African War
436:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
364:. Mobutu appealed to
298:Katangese Gendarmerie
291:
247:Katangese Gendarmerie
218:
845:Union for the Nation
701:Agence France Presse
603:Agence France Presse
548:Schraeder, Peter J.
382:Zairian Armed Forces
61:Kapend Elie Kanyimbu
825:Future of the Congo
733:Library of Congress
552:, 199. Pages 87–88.
257:during the 1970s.
942:History of Katanga
703:(24 August 2018).
372:, Chairman of the
294:
221:
67:Dates of operation
922:Angolan Civil War
904:
903:
591:, 1993. Page 169.
578:, 2003. Page 228.
565:, 1996. Page 451.
416:Battle of Kolwezi
390:Dassault Mirage 5
314:Portuguese Angola
310:Katanga Secession
274:Angolan Civil War
213:
212:
205:Angolan Civil War
198:Battle of Kolwezi
16:(Redirected from
974:
798:
797:
783:
776:
769:
760:
754:Official website
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623:
617:
616:
598:
592:
587:Tanca, Antonio.
585:
579:
572:
566:
559:
553:
546:
540:
539:, p. 292-3.
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
472:
452:Second Congo War
302:State of Katanga
262:Mobutu Sese Seko
176:Battles and wars
168:
167:
166:
157:
155:
154:
139:
138:
137:
100:Marxism-Leninism
68:
58:Nathaniel Mbumba
49:
40:
30:
21:
982:
981:
977:
976:
975:
973:
972:
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907:
906:
905:
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886:Portal:Politics
877:
861:
807:
805:
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743:
741:Further reading
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605:(18 May 2018).
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531:
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511:
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492:
484:
480:
473:
469:
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448:
442:'s presidency.
428:First Congo War
424:
404:
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209:
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133:
102:
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23:
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15:
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5:
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742:
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666:
651:
649:, p. 296.
639:
618:
593:
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567:
554:
541:
529:
527:, p. 262.
517:
515:, p. 234.
502:
490:
488:, p. 292.
478:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
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447:
444:
423:
420:
400:Main article:
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346:Main article:
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55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
979:
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914:
912:
897:
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883:
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874:
871:
870:
868:
866:Other parties
864:
858:
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851:
848:
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843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
816:
813:
812:
810:
806:parliamentary
802:
796:
791:
784:
779:
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772:
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761:
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752:
749:
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584:
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568:
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558:
555:
551:
545:
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538:
533:
530:
526:
521:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
500:, p. 56.
499:
494:
491:
487:
482:
479:
476:
471:
468:
462:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
443:
441:
440:Joseph Kabila
437:
433:
429:
422:Later actions
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
403:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:William Eteki
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52:
48:
43:
36:
31:
19:
747:
727:
708:
695:
683:. Retrieved
669:
660:
654:
642:
636:(in French).
631:
621:
615:(in French).
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588:
583:
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570:
562:
557:
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405:
351:
337:
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306:Congo Crisis
295:
259:
238:
233:
224:
222:
76:Headquarters
681:(in French)
675:Switzerland
432:AFDL rebels
304:during the
125:1,600–3,000
911:Categories
719:References
709:news24.com
612:Africanews
362:Mutshatsha
335:advisers.
318:Portuguese
284:Foundation
243:Katangese
147:Opponents
116:Left-wing
104:Socialism
96:Lumumbism
446:See also
402:Shaba II
396:Shaba II
386:Egyptian
378:Kinshasa
370:Cameroon
270:Shaba II
193:Shaba II
91:Ideology
808:parties
685:19 July
434:led by
408:Kolwezi
354:Kolwezi
348:Shaba I
342:Shaba I
266:Shaba I
188:Shaba I
54:Leaders
360:, and
358:Kasaji
251:Angola
229:French
156:
130:Allies
84:Angola
80:Luanda
967:Zaire
804:Major
463:Notes
333:Cuban
255:Zaire
170:UNITA
159:Zaire
687:2019
326:MPLA
268:and
253:and
239:FLNC
223:The
141:MPLA
122:Size
368:of
913::
731:.
707:.
630:.
609:.
505:^
418:.
356:,
328:.
280:.
237:;
231::
82:,
782:e
775:t
768:v
735:.
711:.
689:.
227:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
