180:. This organization operates as a charity with many different departments including the DNA laboratory, consortium, taxon expert groups, and the database. In the DNA laboratory, samples are contained after collection from scientists, and different research projects are conducted there. The consortium acts as a bridge to bring together different, but important, groups from zoos, aquariums, museums, and universities. The taxon expert groups monitor the major phyla and lists like the IUCN Red List. The database is the essential piece as it holds all reports and records needed to perform all of the other functions for the charity. The hope for the future is for zoos and aquariums to be able to collect samples from their threatened and/or endangered species in house to help with conservation efforts. The collection and freezing of these samples allows for the distribution of gametes among populations. Samples can be collected from living hosts and from deceased hosts as well.
203:, in particular, are stressed by temperature shock, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress with the latter being the most detrimental. When temperature shock occurs, the membrane is damaged through freezing and thawing of the sperm. Osmotic stress occurs when ice crystals form inside the nucleus during the freezing process, causing differing osmotic pressures within the cell. Oxidative stress is the result of too many reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is highly reactive and damaging to all parts of the cell. Although these stressors are present within the cell, there are solutions to each. By introducing cholesterol to the samples, temperature shock can be reduced. The use of antifreeze proteins provides one solution for osmotic stress. Oxidative stress is the most difficult to combat because of the highly reactive components of ROS, but some measures like adding certain proteins to limit freeze-thaw damage and increase the survival rate of the DNA.
516:) have increased with the increasing value of their horns to poachers. Specifically, the population has declined nearly seventy percent from 2011 to 2019. Processes like SCNT can help aid in conservation efforts towards the revival of their population. Researchers are looking towards induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), as they hold limitless possibilities. With the lack of natural mating occurring within the species due to the limited number of them, this sub-species provides researchers the opportunity for iPSC intervention. Other methods, including artificial insemination with fresh semen (AI), have been used successfully in another sub-species, the Southern White Rhinoceros (
191:, which could be used for artificial insemination. Artificial insemination provides a remedy for animals who, due to anatomical or physiological reasons, are unable to reproduce in the natural way. Reproduction of stored genetic material also allows for the fostering of genetic improvements, and the prevention of inbreeding. Modern technology allows for genetic manipulation in animals without keeping them in captivity. However, the success of their restoration into the wild would require the application of new science and a sufficient amount of previously collected material.
2284:
60:
483:
2306:
2295:
439:
294:
80:'s 1992 paper proposing a Library of Life. Zoos such as the San Diego Zoo and research programs such as the Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species cryopreserve genetic material in order to protect the diversity of the gene pool of endangered species, or to provide for a prospective reintroduction of such extinct species as the
494:
went extinct in 2000. In 2003 frozen cells from the last one (a female killed by a falling branch) were used to clone 208 embryos, of which 7 successfully implanted in goats, and one made it to term. That one ibex died of respiratory failure just after birth; quite possibly as a result of the cloning
130:
The Frozen Zoo at the San Diego Zoo's
Institute for Conservation Research currently stores a collection of 8,400 samples from over 800 species and subspecies. Frozen Zoo at San Diego Zoo Conservation Research has acted as a forebear to similar projects at other zoos in the United States and Europe.
463:
that never bred in captivity were preserved in the San Diego
Wildlife Alliance Frozen Zoo. One of them was cloned to increase genetic diversity in this species in December 2020. More clones of both are planned. They will initially be bred separately from the non-cloned population.
1097:
Lermen, Dominik; BlöMeke, Brunhilde; Browne, Robert; Clarke, Ann; Dyce, Paul W.; Fixemer, Thomas; Fuhr, GüNter R.; Holt, William V.; Jewgenow, Katarina; Lloyd, Rhiannon E.; LöTters, Stefan; Paulus, Martin; Reid, Gordon
Mcgregor; Rapoport, Daniel H.; Rawson, David (March 2009).
187:'s Regenerative Bioscience Center is building a frozen zoo. RBC Director Steven Stice and animal and dairy science assistant professor Franklin West created the facility with the thought of saving endangered cat species. The scientists have already extracted cells from a
442:
446:
445:
441:
440:
447:
495:
process, its lungs had not developed properly. There may not be enough individuals' cells preserved to create a breeding population. Despite the death of the ibex, DNA analysis revealed that the offspring was a legitimate clone from its last living descendent.
103:, dependent on the species. Some frozen zoos prefer to fertilize eggs and freeze the resulting embryo, as embryos are more resilient under the cryopreservation process. Some centers also collect skin cell samples of endangered animals or extinct species. The
51:. There are a few frozen zoos across the world that implement this technology for conservation efforts. Several different species have been introduced to this technology, including the Pyrenean ibex, Black-footed ferret, and potentially the white rhinoceros.
444:
220:
that died of natural causes had some skin cells frozen and added to the San Diego Frozen Zoo. Eight years later, DNA from these cells was inserted into a domestic-cow egg to create an embryo (trans-species cloning), which was then implanted in a
1275:
372:. An oocyte was collected from a domestic horse, and its nucleus replaced by a nucleus collected from a cultured Przewalski's horse fibroblast. The resulting embryo was induced to begin division and was cultured until it reached the
1811:
Friedrich Ben-Nun, Inbar; Montague, Susanne C.; Houck, Marlys L.; Tran, Ha T.; Garitaonandia, Ibon; Leonardo, Trevor R.; Wang, Yu-Chieh; Charter, Suellen J.; Laurent, Louise C.; Ryder, Oliver A.; Loring, Jeanne F. (October 2011).
423:
facilitates on-going efforts to clone individuals from historic cell lines stored at the San Diego Zoo
Wildlife Alliance Frozen Zoo. The program seeks to restore genetic variation lost from the living gene pool.
359:
at the San Diego Zoo's Frozen Zoo. Breeding of this individual in the 1980s had already substantially increased the genetic diversity of the captive population, after he was discovered to have more unique
161:, is maintaining a frozen zoo. In 2000 the Center implanted a frozen-thawed embryo from the highly endangered African wildcat into the uterus of a domestic house cat, resulting in a healthy male wildcat.
75:
in 1972. At the time there was no technology available to make use of the collection, but
Benirschke believed such technology would be developed in the future. The frozen zoo idea was later supported in
391:
who developed the idea of cryopreserving genetic material from species considered to be endangered. His ideas led to the creation of the Frozen Zoo as a genetic library. There is a breeding herd in the
348:) that has had its own nucleus removed, producing offspring genetically identical to the somatic cell donor. Since the oocyte used was from a domestic horse, this was an example of interspecies SCNT.
1279:
351:
The somatic cell donor was a
Przewalski's horse stallion named Kuporovic, born in the UK in 1975, and relocated three years later to the US, where he died in 1998. Due to concerns over the loss of
1021:
443:
122:
died of a development disorder which may have been linked to the cloning, and there are not enough genetic samples in frozen zoos to re-create a breeding
Pyrenean ibex population.
1683:
1354:
39:
and live tissue) are stored at very low temperatures (−196 °C) in tanks of liquid nitrogen. Material preserved in this way can be stored indefinitely and used for
135:
1739:
Piña-Aguilar, Raul E.; Lopez-Saucedo, Janet; Sheffield, Richard; Ruiz-Galaz, Lilia I.; de J. Barroso-Padilla, Jose; Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Antonio (September 2009).
918:
364:
than any other horse living at the time, including otherwise-lost genetic material from two of the original captive founders. To produce the clone, frozen skin
529:
676:
1741:"Revival of Extinct Species Using Nuclear Transfer: Hope for the Mammoth, True for the Pyrenean Ibex, But Is It Time for "Conservation Cloning"?"
2185:
285:), but the first survived and lived for seven years at the San Diego Zoo, where it died in April 2010 after it broke a leg and was euthanized.
95:
in males. Sperm can be taken from an animal following death. The production of eggs, which in females is usually low, can be increased through
1029:
355:
in the captive
Przewalski's horse population, and in anticipation of the development of new cloning techniques, tissue from the stallion was
400:, so as to pass Kuporovic's genes into the larger captive Przewalski's horse population and increase the genetic variation of the species.
1377:
261:, extracted DNA from skin cells of a dead male banteng, that were preserved in San Diego 's Frozen Zoo facility, and transferred it into
872:
650:
1613:
1328:
520:). Frozen-thawed semen has been tested and has seen some successes, helping solve issues with reproduction of the species as a whole.
1691:
2170:
2351:
2346:
1362:
1168:"Strategies to Minimize Various Stress-Related Freeze–Thaw Damages During Conventional Cryopreservation of Mammalian Spermatozoa"
797:
237:
within 48 hours of birth. This is not uncommon in uncloned animals, and the researchers did not think it was due to the cloning.
2356:
1870:
Hermes, R.; Göritz, F.; Saragusty, J.; Sós, E.; Molnar, V.; Reid, C. E.; Schwarzenberger, F.; Hildebrandt, T. B. (2009-02-01).
677:"Conservation Biologist and Placenta Expert Kurt Benirschke Dies; He established the San Diego Zoo's cryopreserved Frozen Zoo"
2165:
1935:
845:
380:
mare, which carried the embryo to term and delivered a foal with the
Przewalski's horse DNA of the long-deceased stallion.
2253:
325:
266:
173:
108:
584:
169:
1059:
922:
620:
564:
2150:
2138:
579:
104:
1060:"The Frozen Ark Project: the role of zoos and aquariums in preserving the genetic material of threatened animals"
705:
509:
397:
393:
158:
2180:
2155:
594:
258:
254:
177:
1594:
897:
2143:
2133:
40:
2175:
2117:
44:
118:
of endangered species, as of 2021. One attempt to clone an extinct species was made in 2003; the newborn
2243:
2223:
2160:
409:
184:
1099:
943:
305:
298:
107:
has successfully made skin cells into cultures of special cells called induced pluripotent stem cells (
1871:
1546:
2341:
2112:
2107:
2097:
1111:
760:
539:
309:
233:. Noah was initially healthy, but the next day, he came down with clostridial enteritis, and died of
1786:
1276:"Press Release – First cloned endangered animal was born at 7:30 pm on Monday, 8 January 2001"
823:
460:
452:
428:
420:
413:
317:
282:
139:
2310:
2263:
2213:
2102:
2016:
1928:
1849:
1310:
1143:
968:
559:
230:
1100:"Cryobanking of viable biomaterials: implementation of new strategies for conservation purposes"
199:
Due to the very low temperatures required, varying levels of stress are put on the DNA samples.
273:
were created and implanted in domestic banteng cows. Two were carried to term and delivered by
2233:
1971:
1899:
1891:
1841:
1833:
1768:
1760:
1713:
1525:
1507:
1468:
1450:
1256:
1238:
1197:
1189:
1135:
1127:
1079:
969:"The Frozen Zoo: The University Of New Orleans And The New World Of Saving Endangered Species"
544:
352:
278:
274:
115:
96:
876:
2361:
2331:
2092:
1966:
1883:
1825:
1752:
1515:
1499:
1458:
1440:
1302:
1246:
1228:
1179:
1119:
1071:
735:
654:
534:
114:
Several animals whose cells were preserved in frozen zoos have been cloned to increase the
59:
2283:
2238:
2218:
1991:
1976:
1948:
1662:
1637:
599:
549:
384:
147:
81:
77:
72:
1887:
1407:
1115:
995:
2288:
2208:
2051:
1740:
1520:
1487:
1251:
1216:
574:
188:
1463:
1428:
801:
785:
731:
482:
2336:
2325:
2299:
2203:
2011:
1921:
1147:
1123:
1075:
589:
491:
473:
432:
356:
119:
68:
32:
1595:"Why a cloned foal born at a USA zoo is key to the survival of his endangered breed"
1566:
1314:
277:. The first was born on 1 April 2003, and the second two days later. The second was
2087:
2036:
2026:
1996:
1853:
369:
341:
337:
1233:
111:). It is theoretically possible to make sperm and egg cells from these IPS cells.
1872:"First successful artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen in rhinoceros"
1486:
Lagutina, Irina; Fulka, Helena; Lazzari, Giovanna; Galli, Cesare (October 2013).
2061:
2056:
2046:
2006:
2001:
1913:
1427:
Tian, X. Cindy; Kubota, Chikara; Enright, Brian; Yang, Xiangzhong (2003-11-13).
313:
200:
873:"The Frozen Zoo: Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, Sharjah, UAE"
2041:
2031:
569:
388:
373:
365:
165:
1895:
1837:
1813:
1764:
1511:
1454:
1242:
1193:
1131:
1083:
2248:
2021:
1166:
Kumar, Abhishek; Prasad, J.k.; Srivastava, N.; Ghosh, S.k. (December 2019).
377:
234:
1903:
1845:
1772:
1529:
1503:
1472:
1445:
1260:
1201:
1139:
624:
435:, marked the first time a U.S. endangered species was successfully cloned.
157:
The
Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species, affiliated with the
91:
Gathering material for a frozen zoo is rendered simple by the abundance of
1756:
1184:
1167:
396:. Once the foal matures, he will be relocated to the breeding herd at the
23:
is a storage facility in which genetic materials taken from animals (e.g.
2066:
1986:
1952:
739:
554:
1306:
2268:
2258:
1829:
1488:"Interspecies Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Advancements and Problems"
1429:"Cloning animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer – biological factors"
706:"The Frozen Zoo aiming to bring endangered species back from the brink"
477:
321:
293:
250:
246:
85:
48:
36:
1981:
361:
345:
329:
270:
222:
100:
63:
The San Diego Zoo established the first "frozen zoo" program in 1972.
1221:
Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
481:
437:
292:
136:
Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife (BCEAW) in Sharjah
131:
However, there are still less than a dozen frozen zoos worldwide.
92:
58:
28:
262:
217:
1917:
1814:"Induced pluripotent stem cells from highly endangered species"
253:, and the first clone to survive beyond infancy. Scientists at
168:
is a frozen zoo established in 2004 and jointly managed by the
2071:
1944:
1378:"The increasingly realistic prospect of 'extinct animal' zoos"
333:
24:
455:, being weighed on the 18th of February 2021 (at 70 days old)
947:
1567:"Kurt Benirschke (1924-) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia"
1408:"Przewalski's Horse (Takhi) Project | Revive & Restore"
1541:
1539:
508:
Over the years, concerns over population declines of the
281:, apparently suffering from large offspring syndrome (an
229:). On 8 January 2001, the gaur, named Noah, was born in
1614:"Elizabeth Ann Is the First Cloned Black-Footed Ferret"
1355:"Collaborative effort yields endangered species clone"
761:"Extinct animals find new futures at the 'frozen zoo'"
138:, the embryos stored include the extremely endangered
759:
Squarci, Gaia; Cornet, Laurence (February 28, 2017).
486:
Diagram of trans-species cloning of the Pyrenean ibex
249:
was the second endangered species to be successfully
1663:"Black-footed Ferret Project - Revive & Restore"
898:"Chill Out: Frozen Zoo Aiding Conservation Projects"
2196:
2126:
2080:
1959:
1329:"Banteng clone leads charge for endangered animals"
1588:
1586:
1223:. Placental Bed & Maternal - Fetal Disorders.
1215:Burton, Graham J.; Jauniaux, Eric (2011-06-01).
308:was born, the result of a collaboration between
1612:Magazine, Smithsonian; Fox, Alex (2021-02-22).
1022:"Endangered species gain a place on Frozen Ark"
427:On December 10, 2020, the world's first cloned
1865:
1863:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1929:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1161:
1159:
1157:
919:"Scientific Meeting - The Frozen Ark Project"
265:from domestic banteng cows, a process called
8:
530:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
376:stage, then implanted into a domestic horse
154:) (of which there are only 50 in the wild).
67:The first frozen zoo was established at the
16:Storage facility for animal genetic material
846:"Zamrożone mamuty powrócą do świata żywych"
645:
643:
641:
383:The cloned horse was named Kurt, after Dr.
1936:
1922:
1914:
866:
864:
862:
800:. Audubon Nature Institute. Archived from
699:
697:
653:. Audubon Nature Institute. Archived from
1519:
1462:
1444:
1250:
1232:
1183:
871:F.J. de Haas van Dorsser MA VetMB MRCVS.
946:. The Frozen Ark Project. Archived from
1274:Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. (2001).
675:Williams, Shawna (September 14, 2018).
611:
1547:"About Cloning | Revive & Restore"
1433:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
994:Kettlewell, Julianna (27 July 2004).
7:
1888:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.10.008
1684:"First Extinct-Animal Clone Created"
459:The cells of two 1980s wild-caught
1690:. 10 February 2009. Archived from
875:. Arabian Wildlife. Archived from
623:. „Wiedza i Życie”. Archived from
14:
1020:Johnstone, Helen (27 July 2004).
996:"'Frozen Ark' to save animal DNA"
822:Margit Kossobudzka (2002-10-14).
619:Magdalena Pecul (December 1997).
2305:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2282:
1787:"2021 State of the Rhino Report"
1124:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04062.x
1076:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2008.00074.x
921:. ZSL London Zoo. Archived from
784:Gregory Benford, Nov, 15, 1992.
704:Harris, Paul (August 28, 2010).
451:Elizabeth Ann, the first cloned
412:for two endangered species, the
332:is created by transplanting the
844:Jan Sochaczewski (2007-10-12).
1791:International Rhino Foundation
1718:Center for Humans & Nature
1361:. 8 April 2003. Archived from
1172:Biopreservation and Biobanking
1058:Clarke, A. G. (January 2009).
1:
1714:"The Perils of De-extinction"
1638:"Black-footed Ferret Project"
1234:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.016
431:was born. This ferret, named
326:somatic cell nuclear transfer
267:somatic cell nuclear transfer
174:London Natural History Museum
134:At the United Arab Emirates'
786:"Saving the Library of Life"
585:National Ice Core Laboratory
170:Zoological Society of London
2254:Zoo emergency response team
1593:Beale, Mel (10 June 2021).
944:"Welcome to the Frozen Ark"
565:List of conservation topics
514:Ceratotherium simum cottoni
344:into an immature egg cell (
288:
2378:
1064:International Zoo Yearbook
824:"Wyginął, a teraz powraca"
730:Dan Collins (2002-10-14).
580:Svalbard Global Seed Vault
471:
368:were thawed, and grown in
304:In 2020, the first cloned
105:Scripps Research Institute
2277:
2171:Former zoos and aquariums
1333:The Sydney Morning Herald
798:"Species Survival Center"
518:Ceratotherium simum simum
510:northern white rhinoceros
398:San Diego Zoo Safari Park
394:San Diego Zoo Safari Park
328:(SCNT), whereby a viable
159:University of New Orleans
1359:Advanced Cell Technology
732:"San Diego's Frozen Zoo"
595:Coral reef organizations
289:Przewalski's horse clone
259:Worcester, Massachusetts
255:Advanced Cell Technology
178:University of Nottingham
144:Felis silvestris gordoni
2352:Artificial insemination
2347:Rare breed conservation
47:, embryo transfer, and
41:artificial insemination
2357:In vitro fertilisation
2118:Species reintroduction
1745:Cloning and Stem Cells
1504:10.1089/cell.2013.0036
1492:Cellular Reprogramming
1446:10.1186/1477-7827-1-98
487:
456:
301:
64:
45:in vitro fertilization
2244:Wildlife conservation
2224:Behavioral enrichment
1757:10.1089/clo.2009.0026
1185:10.1089/bio.2019.0037
485:
450:
410:inbreeding depression
296:
185:University of Georgia
62:
2214:Animals in captivity
2113:In situ conservation
2108:Ex situ conservation
2098:Conservation biology
1694:on February 25, 2021
1642:Revive & Restore
1618:Smithsonian Magazine
1301:(5): 473–475. 2003.
1295:Nature Biotechnology
826:. Gazeta Wyborcza.pl
540:Ex-situ conservation
499:Potential candidates
461:black-footed ferrets
421:Revive & Restore
318:Revive & Restore
310:San Diego Zoo Global
152:Panthera pardus nimr
2311:Category: Aquariums
2166:Conservation topics
1365:on 23 October 2006.
1307:10.1038/nbt0503-473
1116:2009MolEc..18.1030L
453:black-footed ferret
429:black-footed ferret
414:Black-footed ferret
404:Black-footed ferret
324:was carried out by
283:overgrowth disorder
2289:Animals portal
2264:Zoological society
2151:Animal sanctuaries
2103:Endangered species
2017:Marine mammal park
1830:10.1038/nmeth.1706
1217:"Oxidative stress"
1032:on 18 January 2010
560:Endangered species
488:
457:
417:(Mustela nigripes)
306:Przewalski's horse
302:
299:Przewalski's horse
231:Sioux Center, Iowa
65:
2319:
2318:
2234:Immersion exhibit
1972:Animal theme park
1104:Molecular Ecology
545:Genetic pollution
448:
408:To help mitigate
353:genetic variation
275:Caesarian section
116:genetic diversity
97:hormone treatment
2369:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2181:Zoo associations
2156:Butterfly houses
2093:Captive breeding
1967:Animal sanctuary
1938:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1448:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1278:. Archived from
1271:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1236:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1187:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1110:(6): 1030–1033.
1094:
1088:
1087:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1028:. Archived from
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
991:
985:
984:
982:
980:
975:. March 12, 2001
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
940:
934:
933:
931:
930:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
868:
857:
856:
854:
853:
841:
835:
834:
832:
831:
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
794:
788:
782:
776:
775:
773:
771:
756:
750:
749:
747:
746:
736:Associated Press
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
701:
692:
691:
689:
687:
672:
666:
665:
663:
662:
647:
636:
635:
633:
632:
616:
535:Cryopreservation
504:White rhinoceros
449:
140:Gordon's wildcat
99:to obtain 10–20
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2281:
2273:
2239:Nocturnal house
2219:Animal training
2192:
2122:
2076:
1992:Butterfly house
1955:
1942:
1912:
1911:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1824:(10): 829–831.
1810:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1282:on 31 May 2008.
1273:
1272:
1268:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
993:
992:
988:
978:
976:
967:
966:
962:
953:
951:
942:
941:
937:
928:
926:
917:
916:
912:
903:
901:
900:. San Diego Zoo
896:
895:
891:
882:
880:
870:
869:
860:
851:
849:
843:
842:
838:
829:
827:
821:
820:
816:
807:
805:
796:
795:
791:
783:
779:
769:
767:
758:
757:
753:
744:
742:
729:
728:
724:
714:
712:
703:
702:
695:
685:
683:
674:
673:
669:
660:
658:
649:
648:
639:
630:
628:
621:"ZAMROŻONE ZOO"
618:
617:
613:
608:
600:Rosetta Project
550:Genetic erosion
526:
506:
501:
480:
470:
438:
406:
385:Kurt Benirschke
291:
243:
214:
209:
197:
148:Arabian leopard
128:
82:Tasmanian tiger
78:Gregory Benford
73:Kurt Benirschke
71:by pathologist
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2300:Category: Zoos
2291:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Animal cruelty
2206:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2176:Nature centers
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:Reptile centre
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1882:(3): 393–399.
1876:Theriogenology
1859:
1818:Nature Methods
1803:
1778:
1751:(3): 341–346.
1731:
1705:
1675:
1654:
1629:
1604:
1582:
1571:embryo.asu.edu
1558:
1535:
1498:(5): 374–384.
1478:
1419:
1394:
1368:
1346:
1335:. 9 April 2003
1320:
1285:
1266:
1227:(3): 287–299.
1207:
1178:(6): 603–612.
1153:
1089:
1070:(1): 222–230.
1043:
1012:
986:
960:
935:
910:
889:
858:
836:
814:
789:
777:
751:
722:
693:
667:
637:
610:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
575:SVF Foundation
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
525:
522:
505:
502:
500:
497:
469:
466:
405:
402:
290:
287:
242:
239:
213:
210:
208:
205:
196:
193:
189:Sumatran tiger
127:
124:
56:
53:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Animal rights
2202:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Dolphinariums
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Nature center
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:Types of zoos
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1720:. 4 July 2017
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1031:
1027:
1026:The Telegraph
1023:
1016:
1013:
1001:
997:
990:
987:
974:
973:Science Daily
970:
964:
961:
950:on 2015-12-11
949:
945:
939:
936:
925:on 2010-10-23
924:
920:
914:
911:
899:
893:
890:
879:on 2010-05-21
878:
874:
867:
865:
863:
859:
848:. Dziennik.pl
847:
840:
837:
825:
818:
815:
804:on 2011-01-17
803:
799:
793:
790:
787:
781:
778:
766:
762:
755:
752:
741:
737:
733:
726:
723:
711:
707:
700:
698:
694:
682:
681:The Scientist
678:
671:
668:
657:on 2011-03-22
656:
652:
646:
644:
642:
638:
627:on 2011-09-29
626:
622:
615:
612:
605:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Amphibian Ark
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
503:
498:
496:
493:
492:Pyrenean ibex
484:
479:
475:
474:De-extinction
468:Pyrenean ibex
467:
465:
462:
454:
436:
434:
433:Elizabeth Ann
430:
425:
422:
418:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
357:cryopreserved
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:ViaGen Equine
311:
307:
300:
295:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
211:
206:
204:
202:
194:
192:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
125:
123:
121:
120:Pyrenean ibex
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
69:San Diego Zoo
61:
54:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2228:
2186:WAZA members
2088:Biodiversity
2081:Conservation
2037:Penguinarium
2027:Night safari
1997:Dolphinarium
1879:
1875:
1821:
1817:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1793:. 2021-09-21
1790:
1781:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1717:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:the original
1687:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1657:
1646:. Retrieved
1644:. 2014-07-03
1641:
1632:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:
1607:
1598:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1561:
1550:. Retrieved
1495:
1491:
1481:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1411:. Retrieved
1385:. Retrieved
1381:
1371:
1363:the original
1358:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1332:
1323:
1298:
1294:
1293:"In brief".
1288:
1280:the original
1269:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1175:
1171:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1067:
1063:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:the original
1025:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
999:
989:
977:. Retrieved
972:
963:
952:. Retrieved
948:the original
938:
927:. Retrieved
923:the original
913:
902:. Retrieved
892:
881:. Retrieved
877:the original
850:. Retrieved
839:
828:. Retrieved
817:
806:. Retrieved
802:the original
792:
780:
768:. Retrieved
764:
754:
743:. Retrieved
725:
713:. Retrieved
710:The Guardian
709:
684:. Retrieved
680:
670:
659:. Retrieved
655:the original
651:"Frozen Zoo"
629:. Retrieved
625:the original
614:
517:
513:
507:
489:
458:
426:
416:
407:
382:
370:cell culture
350:
342:somatic cell
336:-containing
303:
244:
226:
223:domestic cow
215:
207:Applications
198:
182:
163:
156:
151:
143:
133:
129:
113:
90:
66:
20:
18:
2342:Cryobiology
2062:Virtual zoo
2057:Safari park
2047:Petting zoo
2007:Insectarium
2002:Herpetarium
366:fibroblasts
201:Spermatozoa
2326:Categories
2229:Frozen zoo
2042:Pheasantry
2032:Oceanarium
1797:2023-11-03
1724:24 October
1698:24 October
1668:24 October
1648:2023-05-13
1623:2023-05-13
1599:Your Horse
1576:2020-11-15
1552:2020-11-15
1413:2020-11-15
979:2 December
954:2010-04-26
929:2010-04-26
904:2010-04-26
883:2010-04-26
852:2011-02-20
830:2010-04-26
808:2010-04-28
770:2 December
745:2010-04-28
715:2 December
686:2 December
661:2010-04-28
631:2010-04-26
606:References
570:Extinction
472:See also:
389:geneticist
374:blastocyst
279:euthanized
227:Bos taurus
176:, and the
166:Frozen Ark
146:) and the
126:Facilities
21:frozen zoo
2249:Zookeeper
2139:Aquariums
2022:Menagerie
1949:aquariums
1896:0093-691X
1838:1548-7105
1765:1536-2302
1512:2152-4971
1455:1477-7827
1439:(1): 98.
1243:1521-6934
1194:1947-5535
1148:205361461
1132:0962-1083
1084:0074-9664
555:Gene pool
378:surrogate
269:. Thirty
235:dysentery
195:Drawbacks
109:IPS cells
2067:Vivarium
1987:Bear pit
1977:Aquarium
1953:aviaries
1904:19007979
1846:21892153
1773:19594389
1530:24033141
1473:14614770
1315:12907904
1261:21130690
1202:31429586
1140:19207252
1000:BBC News
765:Mashable
740:CBS News
524:See also
84:and the
55:Overview
2362:Cloning
2332:Zoology
2269:Zoology
2259:Zoo key
2197:Related
2144:largest
1854:9791672
1688:Science
1521:3787369
1376:Ro, C.
1252:3101336
1112:Bibcode
1036:19 July
1005:19 July
478:Endling
362:alleles
338:nucleus
322:cloning
271:embryos
247:banteng
241:Banteng
101:oocytes
86:mammoth
49:cloning
37:embryos
2309:
2298:
1982:Aviary
1951:, and
1902:
1894:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1771:
1763:
1528:
1518:
1510:
1471:
1464:521203
1461:
1453:
1387:12 May
1339:12 May
1313:
1259:
1249:
1241:
1200:
1192:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1082:
734:. The
346:oocyte
330:embryo
320:. The
251:cloned
172:, the
2127:Lists
1850:S2CID
1311:S2CID
1144:S2CID
340:of a
93:sperm
29:sperm
2337:Zoos
2134:Zoos
1945:Zoos
1900:PMID
1892:ISSN
1842:PMID
1834:ISSN
1769:PMID
1761:ISSN
1726:2021
1700:2021
1670:2021
1526:PMID
1508:ISSN
1469:PMID
1451:ISSN
1389:2020
1341:2020
1257:PMID
1239:ISSN
1198:PMID
1190:ISSN
1136:PMID
1128:ISSN
1080:ISSN
1038:2010
1007:2010
981:2018
772:2018
738:and
717:2018
688:2018
490:The
476:and
387:, a
316:and
263:eggs
245:The
218:gaur
212:Gaur
183:The
164:The
33:eggs
2072:Zoo
1884:doi
1826:doi
1753:doi
1516:PMC
1500:doi
1459:PMC
1441:doi
1382:BBC
1303:doi
1247:PMC
1229:doi
1180:doi
1120:doi
1072:doi
334:DNA
257:in
25:DNA
2328::
1947:,
1898:.
1890:.
1880:71
1878:.
1874:.
1862:^
1848:.
1840:.
1832:.
1820:.
1816:.
1789:.
1767:.
1759:.
1749:11
1747:.
1743:.
1716:.
1686:.
1640:.
1616:.
1597:.
1585:^
1569:.
1538:^
1524:.
1514:.
1506:.
1496:15
1494:.
1490:.
1467:.
1457:.
1449:.
1435:.
1431:.
1397:^
1380:.
1357:.
1331:.
1309:.
1299:21
1297:.
1255:.
1245:.
1237:.
1225:25
1219:.
1196:.
1188:.
1176:17
1174:.
1170:.
1156:^
1142:.
1134:.
1126:.
1118:.
1108:18
1106:.
1102:.
1078:.
1068:43
1066:.
1062:.
1046:^
1024:.
998:.
971:.
861:^
763:.
708:.
696:^
679:.
640:^
419:,
312:,
297:A
216:A
88:.
43:,
35:,
31:,
27:,
19:A
1937:e
1930:t
1923:v
1906:.
1886::
1856:.
1828::
1822:8
1800:.
1775:.
1755::
1728:.
1702:.
1672:.
1651:.
1626:.
1601:.
1579:.
1555:.
1532:.
1502::
1475:.
1443::
1437:1
1416:.
1391:.
1343:.
1317:.
1305::
1263:.
1231::
1204:.
1182::
1150:.
1122::
1114::
1086:.
1074::
1040:.
1009:.
983:.
957:.
932:.
907:.
886:.
855:.
833:.
811:.
774:.
748:.
719:.
690:.
664:.
634:.
512:(
225:(
150:(
142:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
