213:(September 1, 1939 ā September 2, 1945), the United States government launched poster campaigns which promoted frugality to American consumers, which included advocations for thrifty behavior, recycling, adherence to price controls and rationing laws, and more. Posters promoted conservation efforts such as saving gasoline and automobile tires and encouraged Americans to recycle materials such as tin cans and waste fats for ammunition and explosives. Commercial advertising at this time also incorporated frugality appeals. Companies such as
258:. The thrift industry during the late 20th century emphasized the need of systemic savings and mutual savings across social classes. In 1987 the concept of thrifting began to slowly decline as the consumer market began too slowly evolve with the creation of new technologies. Frugality within the American society declined as a result, with the concepts of energy frugal and material frugalness being the only to be adapted into society. The reshaping of consumerism was driven by the advancement of technology.
233:. Due to increased military spending, consumers faced shortages and restrictions on goods as a result of resource redirection for raw materials and production. Frugality became a major topic in public discourse during this period of time. Most Americans accepted the limitations placed on private consumption during World War II. Following the war, there was a rapid transition from frugal consumption to consumerism as a result of economic barriers disappearing, leading to
146:(in the late 19th century), a notable critique emerged of excessive consumption and the glaring wealth disparity prevalent in society. In the Gilded Age, characterized by industrialization and urbanization, consumer culture flourished with aggressive advertising and the feminization of shopping spaces.
113:
settlers in
American society. They emphasized the virtues of productive work for the benefit of society and frowned upon unnecessary consumption. Laws were enacted in colonies like Massachusetts and Pennsylvania to regulate extravagant spending, reflecting the religious belief that individuals should
331:
through engendering a philosophy of careful spending among the workforce. Cost reduction is often perceived negatively, be it within a corporate organisation or in society, so inviting each employee to embrace frugality transfers the burden of cost reduction from management to the employee. In doing
181:, "War and the American Difference: Theological Reflections on Violence and National Identity"). Governments and organizations promoted these values as essential for supporting the war effort and ensuring resources were allocated efficiently. Citizens were encouraged to practice frugality through
197:
promoted thrift as a patriotic duty, leading to the
National Thrift Movement. The 1930s saw a populist backlash against excess, with media and advertising promoting controlled consumption amid economic hardship. Despite fears of consumerism's collapse, ingrained habits persisted, reflecting the
138:
experimented with the concept of department stores and larger-scale merchandising formats began to emerge. Consumer culture started growing as distribution methods improved and advertising became more advanced. The
Antebellum Period was a transitional phase in American consumer culture, where
129:(early 19th century): The United States experienced significant economic growth and social change during the Antebellum Period, which influenced frugality discourses in various ways. Middle-class women played an increasingly active role in making household purchases. Figures like
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38:
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lens when the
National Science and Technology Policy Organization and Priorities Act of 1976 was passed, it pushed for the frugal use of resources for the future development of technologies. Consumers changed the way they searched for products by implementing the concept of
318:
in the woods. Degrowth movement advocates use the term "frugal abundance" to denote the enjoyment of a simple, yet culturally, emotionally and spiritually rich, life through which one's necessities are achieved through collective sufficiency respecting the Earth's limits.
221:, and the Bell Telephone System encouraged responsible consumption and energy-saving behavior. Newspapers, magazines, and private companies were also promoting frugal consumption, encouraging Americans to practice behaviors to conserve food such as meal planning and
133:
preached the conservative and moralistic messages of
Christian simplicity which mirrored Puritan ideals of frugality. Concerns about materialism undermining social order were widespread including ministers' sermon's warnings against luxury and excess. Retailers like
93:
Frugality may contribute to health by leading people to avoid products that are both expensive and unhealthy when used to excess. Frugal living is practiced by those who aim to cut expenses, have more money, and get the most they possibly can from their money.
122:
began to emerge as the century progressed. Colonists began acquiring imported luxury goods and amassing debts with the
British. This can be considered the start of consumerist desire in America, and lead to the gradual departure from frugality.
303:
who consider frugality to be a virtue through which humans can make use of their ancestral skills as hunter-gatherers, carrying little and needing little, and finding meaning in nature instead of man-made conventions or religion.
244:
was perceived. With the emergence of new products the realm of luxury items changed from handbags and luxury cars to electronics, computers, the internet and social media. Consumers began to reimagine society through an
291:
paired frugality with industry as the key virtues for financial security: "aste neither time nor money, but make the best use of both. Without industry and frugality nothing will do, and with them everything."
66:, frugality has been defined as the tendency to acquire goods and services in a restrained manner, and resourceful use of already-owned economic goods and services, to achieve a longer term goal.
254:, through this expression environmental movements were able to gain momentum. The economic shift from mainstream items to thrifting gave consumers a place to separate from the pressure of
52:
is depicted with patched breeches and a chair covered with protective fabric, eating a simple boiled egg and using the tablecloth as his napkin. Winter flowers fill the unlit fireplace.
59:
is the quality of being frugal, sparing, thrifty, prudent, or economical in the consumption of resources such as food, time or money, and avoiding waste, lavishness or extravagance.
225:. As a result of the promotion of conservation efforts, Americans responded by recycling 538 million pounds of waste fats, 23 million tons of paper, 800 million pounds of
332:
so, corporations introduce a moral obligation to cost cutting, proposing that careful management of costs is in the company, shareholder, and employee's best interests.
285:
are examples of such groups. The philosophy behind this is that people ought to save money to allocate it to more charitable purposes, such as helping others in need.
74:
Common techniques of frugality include reduction of waste, curbing costly habits, suppressing instant gratification by means of fiscal self-restraint, seeking
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from commercial markets or corporate cultures, claiming to know what is in the best economic, material, or spiritual interests of the individual.
1973:
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religious revival of the 1730s emphasized the virtues of simple living, and further reinforced the importance of frugality. A shift towards
2336:
813:
Witkowski, Terrence H. (1989). "Colonial
Consumers in Revolt: Buyer Values and Behavior during the Nonimportation Movement, 1764ā1776".
712:
Witkowski, Terrence H. (1989). "Colonial
Consumers in Revolt: Buyer Values and Behavior during the Nonimportation Movement, 1764ā1776".
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Witkowski, Terrence H. (1989). "Colonial
Consumers in Revolt: Buyer Values and Behavior during the Nonimportation Movement, 1764-1776".
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1840:
564:
Lastovicka, J.L.; Bettencourt, L.A.; Hughner, R.S.; Kuntze, R.J. (1999). "Lifestyle of the tight and frugal: Theory and measurement".
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Produce and conserve, share and play square : the grocer and the consumer on the home-front battlefield during World War II
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Rose, P.; Toney Smith, S.; Segrist, D.J. (2010). "Too cheap to chug: Frugality as a buffer against college-student drinking".
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1987:
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abroad. In the early 20th century, frugality gained prominence in the U.S, spurred by events like World War I and the
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166:'s embrace of simplicity, despite his wealth, exemplified the paradox of promoting frugality while profiting from
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956:
Resseguie, Harry E. (1965). "Alexander Turney
Stewart and the Development of the Department Store, 1823ā1876".
437:
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105:(17th and 18th centuries): Frugality was intertwined with moral and religious values among the population of
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Witkowski, Terrence H. (September 2010). "A brief history of frugality discourses in the United States".
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939:"The intellectual life of Lyman Beecher : an intersection of Calvinism and the Enlightenment"
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2015:
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Wilson, Joan Hoff; Defeis, Elizabeth F (1978). "Role of American Women: An Historical Overview".
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Different spiritual communities consider frugality to be a virtue or a spiritual discipline. The
63:
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Shalhope, Robert E. (1976). "Thomas Jefferson's Republicanism and Antebellum Southern Thought".
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Madison Avenue goes to war : the strange military career of American advertising, 1941ā45
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344: ā Sociopolitical ideology involving intentionally and meaningfully reducing consumption
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the ethos of conservation and thrift gained further traction, especially during World War I (
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Late 20th century (1970s): The rapid change of technology during this time changed the way
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War and the American Difference: Theological Reflections on Violence and National Identity
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Frugality has been adopted as a strategic imperative by large enterprises as a means of
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Barbara McLean Ward; Tracey E. Adkins; Gregory C. Colati; Karin E. Cullity (1994).
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agreed, arguing that "men don't understand how great a revenue sparingness is."
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1001:"Calhoun, Ed., The Gilded Age ā Perspectives On The Origins Of Modern America"
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1139:. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. pp. 184ā185.
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1106:"World War II Poster CampaignsāPreaching Frugality to American Consumers"
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380: ā Movement whose goal is financial independence and retiring early
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An Introduction to Social Ethics, The Social Conscience in a Democracy
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Gazetteer and Business Directory of Ontario County, N.Y., for 1867-8
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1182:"INCONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION OF LUXURY PRODUCTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW"
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programs and voluntary austerity measures to conserve supplies for
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1184:. OCNKI, Tianjin Science and Technology, Open Science Framework.
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The Frugal Mind: 1,479 Money Saving Tips for Surviving the 1990s
314:, with his zest for self-reliance and minimal possessions while
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in which one does not trust (or is deeply wary of) "expert"
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advocated for a simplified life amidst growing materialism.
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traditional values of frugality coexisted with consumerism.
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1164:. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press. p. 54.
1391:. Ebook: Vintage Digital/Penguin Books (published 1854).
1181:
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Being frugal in the consumption of consumable resources
3035:
1271:
Child, Hamilton (1867), "How to Succeed in Business",
1226:"Consumerism in the 70's: The Emergence of New Issues"
395: ā Taking items from waste piles for personal use
266:
In the context of some belief systems, frugality is a
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1040:"Book Review: A World Without War: Stanley Hauerwas,
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1965:
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Oxford American Dictionaries (computer application)
419: ā Japanese term translates as "What a waste!"
1414:"Degrowth as a Concept and Practice: Introduction"
533:
457:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
406:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
638:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
425: ā Resource use exceeding carrying capacity
86:advertising, embracing cost-free options, using
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943:Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009ā2024)
8:
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2305:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
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449: ā Simplified, minimalistic lifestyle
368: ā American reality television series
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1305:. Harcourt, Brace and Howe. p. 254.
413: ā Person who is reluctant to spend
356: ā Concept in sociology and economy
198:enduring tension between aspiration and
2352:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
467:
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1005:Teaching History: A Journal of Methods
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1974:Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral
1456:. T.Y. Crowell & co. p. 184.
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517:Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary
7:
1104:Witkowski, Terrence H. (2003ā2004).
901:India International Centre Quarterly
631:
629:
78:, avoiding traps, defying expensive
2337:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
1286:Austin, Richard Cartwright (1990).
1080:"Food Rationing in Wartime America"
536:Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary
476:"Temperance enjoying a frugal meal"
1242:10.1111/j.1745-6606.1981.tb00720.x
308:expressed a similar philosophy in
25:
1418:The Commons Social Change Library
1320:. F.H. Revell company. p. 7.
999:Pethel, Mary Ellen (2008-04-01).
780:Consumption Markets & Culture
362: ā Type of consumer activism
114:not indulge in luxurious living.
46:Temperance Enjoying a Frugal Meal
30:For the dietary disposition, see
1370:Conservation of Water by Storage
1318:Frugality in the Spiritual Life
1290:. Creekside Press. p. 169.
1230:The Journal of Consumer Affairs
858:The Journal of Southern History
2290:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
1437:Woerner, Stephanie L. (2001),
1316:Watkinson, William L. (1908).
1122:10.1080/00913367.2003.10639053
937:Spanjer, Daniel (2016-01-01).
440: ā Vertical search engine
1:
1995:The Moon and the Sledgehammer
1452:Thoreau, Henry David (1910).
1412:Nelson, Anitra (2024-01-31).
1387:Thoreau, Henry David (2017).
593:Journal of Consumer Behaviour
515:Macdonald, A.M., ed. (1972).
170:in ornate department stores.
2939:
2930:
2907:
1180:THOMAS, TANYA (2022-08-30).
815:Journal of Consumer Research
714:Journal of Consumer Research
671:Journal of Consumer Research
566:Journal of Consumer Research
434: ā Paradox in economics
279:Religious Society of Friends
3036:
2873:
2850:
1331:Franklin, Benjamin (1791).
958:The Business History Review
540:. Springfield MA: Merriam.
152:Theory of the Leisure Class
3330:
532:Woolf, Henry, ed. (1980).
229:, and planting 50 million
29:
3309:Waste management concepts
1744:Twelve Tribes communities
1301:Mecklin, John M. (1920).
1224:Mayer, Robert N. (1981).
1058:10.1177/0014524612470788g
792:10.1080/10253861003786975
636:Weber, Max (2001-05-17).
501:Century Dictionary Online
82:, detecting and avoiding
438:Price comparison service
219:American Gas Association
136:Alexander Turney Stewart
103:American Colonial Period
1734:Testimony of simplicity
1652:Religious and spiritual
1613:Subsistence agriculture
1608:Slow movement (culture)
527:. Apple Computer. 2005.
354:Conspicuous consumption
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2065:Appropriate technology
1623:Sustainable sanitation
1568:Low-impact development
1366:Swain, George Fillmore
1288:Environmental Theology
1205:Cite journal requires
1160:Fox, Frank W. (1975).
1110:Journal of Advertising
1052:(6): 302. 2013-02-20.
1018:10.33043/th.33.1.54-55
372:Financial independence
53:
2754:Righteous indignation
1981:Escape from Affluenza
1558:Intentional community
1374:Yale University Press
1190:10.17605/OSF.IO/Z28YD
646:10.4324/9780203995808
640:. London: Routledge.
256:social stratification
40:
2272:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
2105:Front Porch Republic
2095:Ecological footprint
1915:Modern-day adherents
1046:The Expository Times
2342:Theological virtues
2245:Positive psychology
2172:Workālife interface
2055:Anarcho-primitivism
1896:Henry David Thoreau
1780:Open Source Ecology
622:. Nottingham Books.
366:Extreme Cheapskates
360:Ethical consumerism
306:Henry David Thoreau
116:The Great Awakening
44:'s satirical print
3314:Waste minimisation
3294:Intentional living
2774:Self-transcendence
2366:Individual virtues
2310:Nine Noble Virtues
2239:Nicomachean Ethics
2130:Intentional living
2016:Small Is Beautiful
1891:George Skene Keith
1739:Tolstoyan movement
1638:War tax resistance
1618:Sustainable living
1439:Networked at Cisco
1352:Paradoxa Stoicorum
1124:– via JSTOR.
618:Gorman, C (1990).
453:Sustainable living
402:Intentional living
384:Frugal engineering
235:economic expansion
64:behavioral science
54:
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2428:Conscientiousness
2295:Epistemic virtues
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2140:Rainbow Gathering
2009:The Power of Half
2002:Mother Earth News
1821:Ernest Callenbach
1753:Secular movements
655:978-0-203-99580-8
455: ā Lifestyle
432:Paradox of thrift
404: ā Lifestyle
301:environmentalists
289:Benjamin Franklin
127:Antebellum Period
16:(Redirected from
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2060:Anti-consumerism
1927:Robin Greenfield
1886:E. F. Schumacher
1826:G. K. Chesterton
1760:Back-to-the-land
1598:Self-sufficiency
1538:Forest gardening
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2233:Moral character
2216:
2211:
2181:
2176:
2110:Green anarchism
2028:
1961:
1910:
1809:Notable writers
1804:
1800:Transition town
1748:
1704:New Monasticism
1647:
1496:
1491:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1204:
1194:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1039:
1038:
1034:
998:
997:
993:
970:10.2307/3112143
955:
954:
950:
936:
935:
928:
898:
897:
893:
870:10.2307/2208005
855:
854:
850:
812:
811:
807:
777:
776:
749:
711:
710:
706:
668:
667:
663:
656:
635:
634:
627:
617:
616:
612:
590:
589:
585:
563:
562:
558:
554:
548:
531:
523:
514:
505:
503:
495:
491:
487:
474:
473:
469:
465:
456:
441:
426:
423:Overconsumption
405:
396:
393:Garbage picking
387:
338:
325:
323:Corporate world
299:There are also
264:
231:victory gardens
193:. Figures like
100:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2904:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Accountability
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2167:Sustainability
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Low-technology
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2120:Global warming
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1937:Pentti Linkola
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Harlan Hubbard
1848:
1846:Tom Hodgkinson
1843:
1838:
1836:Mahatma Gandhi
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1684:Jesus movement
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:Local currency
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1444:
1429:
1404:
1397:
1379:
1357:
1338:
1323:
1308:
1293:
1278:
1263:
1236:(2): 375ā391.
1216:
1207:|journal=
1167:
1152:
1145:
1127:
1096:
1071:
1032:
991:
964:(3): 301ā322.
948:
926:
907:(3): 163ā173.
891:
864:(4): 529ā556.
848:
827:10.1086/209210
821:(2): 216ā226.
805:
786:(3): 235ā258.
747:
726:10.1086/209210
720:(2): 216ā226.
704:
683:10.1086/209210
677:(2): 216ā226.
661:
654:
625:
610:
605:10.1002/cb.314
599:(3): 228ā238.
583:
578:10.1086/209552
556:
553:
552:
546:
529:
521:
512:
492:
485:
480:British Museum
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
450:
444:
435:
429:
420:
414:
408:
399:
390:
381:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
337:
334:
329:cost reduction
324:
321:
263:
260:
164:John Wanamaker
160:Charles Wagner
99:
96:
71:
68:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3326:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Simple living
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Sportsmanship
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Righteousness
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Nonattachment
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Seven virtues
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2279:BrahmavihÄrÄs
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2255:Virtue ethics
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:About virtues
2219:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:The good life
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1988:The Good Life
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Peace Pilgrim
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Ted Kaczynski
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Dugald Semple
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Peace Pilgrim
1869:
1867:
1866:Scott Nearing
1864:
1862:
1861:Helen Nearing
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Richard Gregg
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Wendell Berry
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Environmental
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Vegetarianism
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:Simple living
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1398:9781473547933
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1376:. p. 26.
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1333:Autobiography
1327:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1146:9780874516555
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
949:
944:
940:
933:
931:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
662:
657:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
630:
626:
621:
614:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
587:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
557:
549:
547:0-87779-398-0
543:
538:
537:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
502:
498:
494:
493:
489:
486:
481:
477:
471:
468:
462:
454:
451:
448:
447:Simple living
445:
439:
436:
433:
430:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
403:
400:
394:
391:
385:
382:
379:
378:FIRE movement
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
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2157:Nonviolence
2075:Consumerism
2070:Bohemianism
2045:Agrarianism
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1831:Duane Elgin
1790:Small house
1709:Plain dress
1699:Monasticism
1694:Mindfulness
1603:Slow living
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168:consumerism
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1090:2024-05-09
463:References
268:philosophy
262:Philosophy
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1573:No frills
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1501:Practices
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