98:
there were only two types of sexuality. One physiological problem with the method was that the researchers failed to take into account the varying sizes of the pupils and the differing distances between the eyes. Other problems that existed were that the pictures of the subjects' eyes had to be taken from an angle, as the camera would have blocked the subjects' view of the photographs if it were placed directly in front. Also, the amount of light coming from the photographs changed with each slide, causing the subjects' pupils to dilate in a way that was unrelated to their interest in the picture. Finally, the dilation of the pupils was also exceedingly difficult to measure, as the change was often smaller than one millimeter.
97:
was based on fatally flawed assumptions: That the chosen visual stimuli would produce a specific involuntary reaction that could be measured scientifically with 1960s technology; that homosexuals and heterosexuals would respond to these stimuli differently with enough frequency to sort them; and that
77:
with a camera going towards the pupils, with a black box located in front of it that displayed pictures. The pictures ranged from the mundane to sexually explicit photos of men and women. It had previously been determined that the pupils would dilate in relation to the amount of interest in the
66:(CAF). Thousands of Canadians lost their jobs or resigned and many died by suicide. Although funding for the project was cut off in the late 1960s, the RCMP investigations continued, and the RCMP collected files on well over 9,000 people.
527:
811:
1015:
101:
The idea was based on an unrelated study done by an
American university professor, which measured the sizes of the subjects' pupils as they walked through the aisles of grocery stores.
1633:
1202:
1795:
85:
People were first led to believe that the machine's purpose was to rate stress. After knowledge of its real purpose became widespread, few people volunteered for it.
1568:
711:
681:
1785:
768:
626:
836:
1407:
1091:
857:
51:
dilation (pupillary response test), in response to the erotic images and words. The crude apparatus was constructed by the RCMP's
Identification Branch.
696:
343:
204:
1163:
469:
731:
575:
1044:
826:
666:
427:
1432:
775:
1755:
1033:
676:
522:
1583:
706:
411:
Character
Weakness' and 'Fruit Machines': Towards an Analysis of the Anti-Homosexual Security Campaign in the Canadian Civil Service
393:
375:
299:
266:
1760:
686:
1800:
1750:
1498:
876:
806:
596:
1775:
1770:
1745:
230:
1097:
1067:
671:
121:
59:
1136:
1039:
716:
691:
661:
591:
493:
462:
1209:
1142:
1115:
1109:
1056:
701:
653:
645:
160:
39:
working in the Public
Service or to prevent gay people from obtaining government jobs. The subjects were made to view
1710:
35:
in the 1960s. It was hoped that Dr. Wake's research program would be able to help the
Government of Canada identify
1474:
721:
1765:
1536:
1085:
543:
497:
1715:
1664:
1558:
1244:
852:
1158:
93:
The functional mechanism of the "fruit machine" was pseudo-scientific, and its results inaccurate. First, the
994:
821:
621:
455:
447:
1790:
1654:
1573:
1272:
973:
895:
511:
139:
1659:
1618:
1524:
1422:
1061:
782:
489:
437:
155:
63:
24:
1400:
906:
1780:
1689:
1593:
1512:
1506:
1279:
1168:
789:
1740:
1669:
1613:
1530:
1349:
1178:
1148:
1073:
978:
616:
55:
32:
1050:
816:
94:
79:
1393:
47:
to measure perspiration and pulse. The so-called machine was supposed to measure the subject's
1223:
1153:
1079:
570:
389:
371:
295:
262:
116:
juxtaposes the fruit machine project with a parallel storyline about contemporary homophobia.
1705:
1679:
1638:
1628:
1300:
1286:
936:
754:
1004:
952:
942:
740:
606:
601:
1438:
1427:
1369:
1321:
1307:
1230:
1216:
1009:
931:
921:
901:
611:
560:
555:
478:
289:
150:
1734:
1608:
1598:
1518:
1251:
1173:
1120:
1027:
1021:
962:
957:
926:
916:
890:
747:
381:
344:"The Fruit Machine: Why every Canadian should learn about this country's 'gay purge'"
329:
205:"The Fruit Machine: Why every Canadian should learn about this country's 'gay purge'"
1674:
1563:
1553:
947:
911:
406:
363:
165:
144:
109:
368:
Whose
National Security?: Canadian State Surveillance and the Creation of Enemies,
258:
Whose
National Security?: Canadian State Surveillance and the Creation of Enemies
256:
231:"Canada Offers $ 85 Million to Victims of Its 'Gay Purge,' as Trudeau Apologizes"
54:
The research program was employed in Canada between 1960 and 1964-ish as part of
1362:
432:
1588:
1446:
1414:
1355:
1103:
831:
565:
188:
147:
polygraph, a device to detect the physiological responses indicative of lying
125:
profiled the effects of the project on several of the people affected by it.
967:
44:
1293:
1265:
1258:
999:
347:
255:
Kinsman, Gary
William; Buse, Dieter K.; Steedman, Mercedes (2000). "10".
1684:
1623:
1578:
1459:
1343:
70:
40:
36:
1603:
1314:
410:
134:
74:
28:
1237:
761:
48:
1490:
874:
643:
509:
451:
168:, a fictional device that detects non-human emotional responses
56:
a campaign to eliminate all gay men from the civil service
479:
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender topics in Canada
31:
by Dr. Frank Robert Wake, a psychology professor with
186:"Carleton called on to apologize for gay 'testing'".
1698:
1647:
1546:
1497:
1468:
1385:
1335:
1194:
1187:
1129:
987:
883:
845:
799:
730:
652:
584:
536:
43:; "homosexual words," as well as an early form of
69:The machine used a chair similar to that used by
1569:Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
428:What About Freud? Canada's New Cold War History
284:
282:
280:
278:
386:Men in the Shadows: The RCMP Security Service.
327:"Opposite eras attract in gay history story".
769:Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada
627:Homosexuality and the United Church of Canada
463:
310:
308:
8:
1634:Transgender Archives, University of Victoria
1609:Pride Library, University of Western Ontario
1092:Rainbow Reels Queer and Trans Film Festival
1487:
1382:
1332:
1191:
871:
858:LGBT refugees and asylum seekers in Canada
640:
506:
470:
456:
448:
1203:Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui
16:Canadian device meant to identify gay men
1796:History of gay men in the United States
444:, 9 May 2005 (begins at 2:25 into clip)
178:
1164:Little Sister's Book and Art Emporium
827:Equality Rights Statute Amendment Act
7:
1786:Persecution of LGBT people in Canada
119:Sarah Fodey's 2018 documentary film
78:picture, in a technique termed "the
776:Hall v Durham Catholic School Board
576:2010–2017 Toronto serial homicides
523:Timeline of LGBT history in Canada
370:(Between the Lines, Canada, 2000)
14:
1584:GLBTTQ Community Centre of Ottawa
438:Fruit Machine – radio interview.
597:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
433:The National Security Campaigns
229:Levin, Dan (28 November 2017).
1:
1121:Vancouver Queer Film Festival
1098:Rainbow Visions Film Festival
1068:Out North Queer Film Festival
528:First openly LGBT politicians
261:. Canada: Between the Lines.
60:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1137:Blue Metropolis Violet Prize
1040:London Lesbian Film Festival
592:Gay Alliance Toward Equality
494:Transgender rights in Canada
161:Vaginal photoplethysmography
1143:The Church-Wellesley Review
1116:Toronto Queer Film Festival
1110:Reelout Queer Film Festival
1057:Muskoka Queer Film Festival
1817:
1475:LGBTQ culture in Vancouver
1756:Law enforcement in Canada
1711:LGBTQ2+ National Monument
1486:
1086:Queer North Film Festival
870:
682:Newfoundland and Labrador
639:
518:
505:
498:Intersex rights in Canada
485:
388:(Doubleday Canada, 1980)
294:(Doubleday Canada, 1980)
290:The RCMP Security Service
1716:Statue of Alexander Wood
1559:Community One Foundation
1245:Les Mouches fantastiques
853:LGBT parenting in Canada
1761:Legal history of Canada
1699:Monuments and memorials
1492:Places and institutions
995:Black and Blue Festival
822:Declaration of Montreal
622:WorldPride Toronto 2014
585:Activism and milestones
317:, CBC Radio, 9 May 2005
95:pupillary response test
1801:LGBT culture in Ottawa
1751:LGBT history in Canada
1655:Black Eagle (Montreal)
140:GCC homosexuality test
89:Faulty test parameters
1776:1960s in LGBT history
1771:1950s in LGBT history
1746:LGBT rights in Canada
1619:Q Hall of Fame Canada
1159:Librairie L'Androgyne
1062:OUTeast Film Festival
807:Age of consent reform
783:Halpern v Canada (AG)
712:Northwest Territories
490:LGBT rights in Canada
396:, chapters 10 and 11.
302:, chapters 10 and 11.
166:Voight-Kampff machine
156:Penile plethysmograph
64:Canadian Armed Forces
1594:Ottawa Trans Library
1513:Church and Wellesley
1169:Ottawa Trans Library
1094:(Kitchener-Waterloo)
790:Canada (AG) v Mossop
741:Klippert v The Queen
697:Prince Edward Island
1614:Quebec Gay Archives
1574:Fierté Canada Pride
1531:Shaughnessy Village
1350:Pink Triangle Press
1179:Stubblejumper Press
1149:Dayne Ogilvie Prize
1074:Queer Arts Festival
979:Windsor-Essex Pride
617:2006 World Outgames
417:, 35 (Spring 1995).
33:Carleton University
25:psychological tests
23:" was a battery of
1401:Canada's Drag Race
817:Civil Marriage Act
333:. 23 October 1998.
235:The New York Times
105:In popular culture
80:pupillary response
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1482:
1481:
1455:
1454:
1381:
1380:
1331:
1330:
1154:Glad Day Bookshop
1080:Queer City Cinema
1047:(Ottawa; defunct)
970:(Waterloo Region)
898:(Ottawa/Gatineau)
866:
865:
654:Same-sex marriage
635:
634:
571:Pussy Palace Raid
415:Labour/Le Travail
122:The Fruit Machine
114:The Fruit Machine
1808:
1766:LGBT terminology
1706:18 Shades of Gay
1639:Triangle Program
1629:Rainbow Railroad
1488:
1383:
1333:
1210:The Body Politic
1192:
937:Queen City Pride
872:
755:Vriend v Alberta
667:British Columbia
641:
507:
472:
465:
458:
449:
351:
341:
335:
334:
324:
318:
312:
303:
286:
273:
272:
252:
246:
245:
243:
241:
226:
220:
219:
217:
215:
200:
194:
193:
183:
62:(RCMP), and the
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1694:
1643:
1542:
1493:
1478:
1464:
1451:
1394:Canada's a Drag
1377:
1327:
1183:
1125:
1005:Club Quarantine
983:
974:Vancouver Pride
953:Steinbach Pride
943:Saskatoon Pride
907:Fierté Montréal
879:
862:
841:
837:Military policy
795:
726:
648:
631:
607:Pride Week 1973
602:We Demand Rally
580:
566:Sex Garage raid
544:Anti-gay purges
532:
514:
501:
488:Main articles:
481:
476:
424:
360:
355:
354:
342:
338:
326:
325:
321:
313:
306:
287:
276:
269:
254:
253:
249:
239:
237:
228:
227:
223:
213:
211:
202:
201:
197:
192:. 8 April 2016.
185:
184:
180:
175:
131:
107:
91:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1537:Stanley Street
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:Call Me Mother
1435:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:Xtra Vancouver
1366:
1359:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
971:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
934:
932:Pride Winnipeg
929:
924:
922:Pride Hamilton
919:
914:
909:
904:
902:Edmonton Pride
899:
893:
887:
885:
881:
880:
875:
868:
867:
864:
863:
861:
860:
855:
849:
847:
843:
842:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
803:
801:
797:
796:
794:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
736:
734:
728:
727:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
658:
656:
650:
649:
644:
637:
636:
633:
632:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
612:1990 Gay Games
609:
604:
599:
594:
588:
586:
582:
581:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
561:Operation Soap
558:
556:Brunswick Four
553:
552:
551:
540:
538:
534:
533:
531:
530:
525:
519:
516:
515:
510:
503:
502:
486:
483:
482:
477:
475:
474:
467:
460:
452:
446:
445:
435:
430:
423:
422:External links
420:
419:
418:
404:
397:
379:
359:
356:
353:
352:
350:, 30 May 2018.
336:
319:
304:
274:
267:
247:
221:
203:Knegt, Peter.
195:
177:
176:
174:
171:
170:
169:
163:
158:
153:
151:Lavender scare
148:
142:
137:
130:
127:
106:
103:
90:
87:
41:erotic imagery
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1813:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Pseudoscience
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Out On Screen
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:Organizations
1545:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:Davie Village
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1408:vs. the World
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1252:Out in Canada
1249:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Pride Library
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:Making Scenes
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:Fashion Cares
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
969:
966:
964:
963:Thunder Pride
961:
959:
958:Sudbury Pride
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Pride Toronto
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:Halifax Pride
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
897:
896:Capital Pride
894:
892:
891:Calgary Pride
889:
888:
886:
882:
878:
873:
869:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
848:
844:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
802:
798:
792:
791:
787:
785:
784:
780:
778:
777:
773:
771:
770:
766:
764:
763:
759:
757:
756:
752:
750:
749:
748:Egan v Canada
745:
743:
742:
738:
737:
735:
733:
729:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
677:New Brunswick
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
642:
638:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
587:
583:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
550:
549:Fruit machine
547:
546:
545:
542:
541:
539:
535:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
517:
513:
508:
504:
500:
499:
495:
491:
484:
480:
473:
468:
466:
461:
459:
454:
453:
450:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
405:
402:
398:
395:
394:0-385-14682-5
391:
387:
383:
382:John Sawatsky
380:
377:
376:1-896357-25-3
373:
369:
365:
362:
361:
357:
349:
345:
340:
337:
332:
331:
330:Vancouver Sun
323:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:0-385-14682-5
297:
293:
291:
285:
283:
281:
279:
275:
270:
268:1-896357-25-3
264:
260:
259:
251:
248:
236:
232:
225:
222:
210:
206:
199:
196:
191:
190:
182:
179:
172:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
128:
126:
124:
123:
117:
115:
112:'s 1998 play
111:
104:
102:
99:
96:
88:
86:
83:
81:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
27:developed in
26:
22:
21:fruit machine
1665:The Junction
1564:Egale Canada
1554:The ArQuives
1499:Gay villages
1437:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1342:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1141:
1070:(Whitehorse)
1028:Image+Nation
948:Simcoe Pride
912:Guelph Pride
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
707:Saskatchewan
548:
487:
441:
440:CBC Radio 1
414:
407:Gary Kinsman
403:, 9 May 2005
400:
399:CBC Radio 1
385:
378:,chapter 10.
367:
364:Gary Kinsman
339:
328:
322:
314:
288:
257:
250:
238:. Retrieved
234:
224:
212:. Retrieved
208:
198:
187:
181:
145:Lie detector
120:
118:
113:
110:Brian Drader
108:
100:
92:
84:
73:. It had a
68:
53:
45:lie detector
20:
18:
1781:Gay history
1660:Celebrities
1525:Gay Village
1521:(Vancouver)
1507:Bank Street
1363:Xtra Ottawa
1273:Perceptions
1076:(Vancouver)
1016:Fairy Tales
1010:Divers/Cité
687:Nova Scotia
537:Persecution
442:The Current
401:The Current
315:The Current
240:22 November
214:20 November
1741:Homophobia
1735:Categories
1589:Kind Space
1539:(Montreal)
1533:(Montreal)
1527:(Montreal)
1423:Maleflixxx
1415:Slaycation
1386:Television
1356:Daily Xtra
1130:Literature
1112:(Kingston)
1106:(Winnipeg)
1104:Reel Pride
1100:(Edmonton)
1053:(Montreal)
1034:Inside Out
1030:(Montreal)
832:Policy 713
189:Ottawa Sun
1515:(Toronto)
1336:Newspaper
1280:Plenitude
1088:(Sudbury)
1064:(Halifax)
1051:Massimadi
1036:(Toronto)
1024:(defunct)
1018:(Calgary)
1012:(defunct)
968:Tri-Pride
812:Bill C-16
1675:Pumpjack
1509:(Ottawa)
1433:Programs
1294:SamiYoni
1266:OutWords
1259:Outlooks
1195:Magazine
1082:(Regina)
1000:BOLDfest
939:(Regina)
732:Case law
672:Manitoba
348:CBC Arts
129:See also
71:dentists
1690:Woody's
1685:Le Stud
1670:Numbers
1624:Qmunity
1579:The 519
1460:CIRR-FM
1447:Playmen
1344:GO Info
877:Culture
717:Nunavut
692:Ontario
662:Alberta
512:History
366:et al.,
358:Sources
82:test".
37:gay men
1680:Stereo
1604:Priape
1315:Wayves
1224:Fugues
988:Events
800:Policy
702:Quebec
392:
374:
298:
265:
135:Gaydar
75:pulley
58:, the
29:Canada
1469:Other
1428:OutTV
1301:Siren
1287:Rites
1238:J.D.s
1188:Media
884:Pride
846:Other
762:M v H
722:Yukon
173:Notes
49:pupil
19:The "
1648:Bars
409:, "'
390:ISBN
372:ISBN
296:ISBN
263:ISBN
242:2021
216:2022
1322:YGA
1308:TWO
1231:Gay
1217:fab
646:Law
413:,"
209:CBC
1737::
496:,
492:,
384:.
346:.
307:^
277:^
233:.
207:.
471:e
464:t
457:v
292:.
271:.
244:.
218:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.