Guqin - Knowledge

2065:". Normally, some players would pluck the string very lightly to create a very quiet sound. For some players, this plucking isn't necessary. Instead of trying to force a sound out of the strings one should allow the strings to emit the sounds to which they are naturally predisposed. Some players say that the sliding on the string even when the sound has disappeared is a distinctive feature in qin music. It creates a "space" or "void" in a piece, playing without playing, sound without sound. In fact, when the viewer looks at the player sliding on the string without sounds, the viewer automatically "fills in the notes" with their minds. This creates a connection between player, instrument and listener. This, of course, cannot happen when listening to a recording, as one cannot see the performer. It can also be seen as impractical in recording, as the player would want to convey sound as much as possible towards a third audience. But in fact, there is sound, the sound coming from the fingers sliding on the string. With a really good qin, silk strings, and a perfectly quiet environment, all the tones can be sounded. Since the music is more player-oriented than listener oriented, and the player knows the music, he/she can hear it even if the sound is not there. With silk strings, the sliding sound might be called the 1660: 1389:, the player must work it out for themselves. Normally, qin players will learn the rhythm of a piece through a teacher or master. They sit facing one another, with the student copying the master. The tablature will only be consulted if the teacher is not sure of how to play a certain part. Because of this, traditional qinpu do not indicate them (though near the end of the Qing dynasty, a handful of qinpu had started to employ various rhythm indicating devices, such as dots). If one did not have a teacher, then one had to work out the rhythm by themselves. But it would be a mistake to assume that qin music is devoid of rhythm and melody. By the 20th century, there had been attempts to try to replace the "jianzi pu" notation, but so far, it has been unsuccessful; since the 20th century, qin music is generally printed with 546: 684:. The style can vary considerably between schools; some are very similar, yet others are very distinct. The differences are often in the interpretation of the music. Northern schools tend to be more vigorous in technique than Southern schools. But in modern terms, the distinction between schools and styles is often blurred because a single player may learn from many different players from different schools and absorb each of their styles. This is especially so for conservatory trained players. People from the same school trained under the same master may have different individual styles (such as 2217: 523:. The qin has 13 "hui", which represent the different position in one string. Pressing different "hui" produces different sound keys. The qin is also capable of many harmonics, of which 91 are most commonly used and indicated by the dotted positions. By tradition, the qin originally had five strings, which represent gong, shang, jue, zhi, yu in the ancient Chinese music system, but ancient qin-like instruments with only one string or more strings have been found. The modern form has been stabilized to seven strings. 1651:. This is good for those who lack the physical strength to pull and add tension to the strings when wrapping the ends around the goose feet. However, the tuning device looks rather unsightly and thus many qin players prefer the traditional manner of tuning; many also feel that the strings should be firmly wrapped around the goose feet in order that the sound may be "grounded" into the qin; and some feel that the device which covers the phoenix pond sound hole has a negative effect on the sound volume and quality. 1762: 711:, literally "elegant gathering"), and takes place once every month or two. Sometimes, societies may go on excursions to places of natural beauty to play qin, or attend conferences. They may also participate in competitions or research. Societies do not need strict structure to adhere to; they can operate on a leisurely basis. The main purpose of qin societies is to promote and play qin music. They create opportunities to network and learn to play the instrument, to ask questions and to receive answers. 1322: 1123: 573:" – were involved in its creation. Nearly all qin books and tablature collections published prior to the twentieth century state this as the actual origins of the qin, although this is now viewed as mythology. It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating back nearly 3,000 years, and examples have been found in tombs from about 2,500 years ago. The exact origins of the qin is still a very much continuing subject of debate over the past few decades. 1915: 5392: 630: 3855: 1065: 1077: 933: 642: 1101: 1089: 1580: 40: 1050:, there are around 1,070 different finger techniques used for the qin. Thus the qin is possibly the instrument with the most playing techniques in both the Chinese and Western instrument families. Most of the qin's techniques are obsolete, but around 50 of them still appear in modern performance. Sometimes, guqin can be played with a violin 1398: 2231: 2079: 1561: 1453: 963:), which literally means "unfettered sound". It's the fundamental frequency produced by plucking a free string with the fingers of the right hand. The second type, made by plucking a string with the right hand and gently tapping specific note positions on the string with the left hand, will create a crisp sound named 1209: 1639:

strings. The sound is similar to the metal-nylon strings but without the metallic tone to them (one of the main reasons why traditionalists do not like the metal-nylon strings). The nylon strings can be tuned to standard pitch without breaking and can sustain their tuning whatever the climate, unlike

1631:

Although most contemporary players use nylon-wrapped metal strings, some argue that nylon-wrapped metal strings cannot replace silk strings for their refinement of tone. Additionally, nylon-wrapped metal strings can cause damage to the wood of old qins. Many traditionalists feel that the sound of the

1418:

It has already been discussed that qin music has a rhythm and that it is only vaguely indicated in the tablature. Though there is an amount of guesswork involved, the tablature has clues to indicate rhythm, such as repeating motifs, an indication of phrases or how the notation is arranged. Throughout

1349:

Sandbank). The average player will generally have a repertoire of around ten pieces which they will aim to play very well, learning new pieces as and when they feel like it or if the opportunity arises. Players mainly learn popular well-transcribed versions, often using a recording as a reference. In

1607:

that binds the strands together. The strings are taken out and left to dry, before being cut into the appropriate length. The top thicker strings (i.e. strings one to four) are further wrapped in a thin silk thread, coiled around the core to make it smoother. According to ancient manuals, there are

1427:

Western composers have noticed that the rhythm in a piece of qin music can change; once they seem to have got a beat, the beats change. This is due to the fact that qin players may use some free rhythm in their playing. Whatever beat they use will depend on the emotion or the feeling of the player,

1502:

or other similar timbers. The traditional finish is of raw lacquer mixed with powdered deer horn, and the finishing process could take months of curing to complete. The finish develops cracks over time, and these cracks are believed to improve the instrument's sound as the wood and lacquer release

1423:

tablature collection of the 1910s to 1930s. The construction of the written tablature was divided into two columns. The first was further divided into about three lines of a grid, each line indicating a varied combination of lyrics, gongche tablature, se tablature, pitch, and/or beats depending on

1409:

There is a saying that goes "a short piece requires three months , and a long piece requires three years". In actual practice, it needn't be that long to dapu a piece, but suggests that the player will have not only memorised the piece off by heart, but also have their fingering, rhythm and timing

940:

During the performance of qin, musicians may use a variety of techniques to reach the full expressing potential of the instrument. There are many special tablatures that had developed over the centuries specifically dedicated to qin for their reference and a repertoire of popular and ancient tunes

2089:

As a symbol of high culture, the qin continually appears in many forms of Chinese popular culture to varying degrees of accuracy. References are made to the qin in a variety of media including TV episodes and films. Actors often possess limited knowledge on how to play the instrument and instead,

923:

other than qin playing. There are only a few players who are paid to exclusively play and research the guqin professionally and nothing else. Qin players can also be well-versed in other cultural pursuits, such as the arts. Or they can do independent research on music subjects. Often, players may

526:

There are more than 3,360 known surviving pieces of guqin music from ancient and imperial periods. On 7 November 2003, UNESCO announced that the Chinese guqin was selected as an Intangible World Cultural Heritage. In 2006, guqin was listed in the List of National Non-material Cultural Heritage in

702:

There is a difference between qin schools and qin societies. The former concerns itself with transmission of a style, the latter concerns itself with performance. The qin society will encourage meetings with fellow qin players in order to play music and maybe discuss the nature of the qin. A

1393:

above the qin tablature. Because qin tablature is so useful, logical, easy, and the fastest way (once the performer knows how to read the notation) of learning a piece, it is invaluable to the qin player and cannot totally be replaced (just as staff notation cannot be replaced for Western

1313:, the 17th son of the founder of the Ming dynasty. In the 1960s, Zha Fuxi discovered more than 130 qinpu that contain well over 3360 pieces of written music. However, many qinpu compiled before the Ming dynasty are now lost, and many pieces have remained unplayed for hundreds of years. 2151:, in which the qin is used as a spiritual tool of protagonist Lan Wangji. Behind-the-scenes footage of the production of the series revealed that several actors were given qin lessons prior to filming to prepare them for their roles as characters that played the instrument. 1557:; representing the 365 days of the year (though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the period's measurement standard or the maker's preference). Each part of the qin has meaning, some more obvious, like "dragon pool" and "phoenix pond". 991:), are marked by 13 glossy white dots made of mica or seashell inset in the front surface of the qin, occur at integer divisions of the string length. The "crystal concordant" (perfectly harmonic) overtones can only be evoked by tapping the strings precisely at these 719:

Many artists down through the ages have played the instrument, and the instrument was a favourite of scholars. Certain melodies are also associated with famous figures, such as Confucius and Qu Yuan. Some emperors of China also had a liking to the qin, including the

1027:, the musician stops a string at a specific pitch on the board surface with the left thumb, middle or ring finger, strikes the string with the right hand, then they may slide the left hand up and down to vary the note. This technique is similar to playing a 1659: 2069:

or "life force" of the music. The really empty sounds are the pauses between notes. However, if one cannot create a sound that can be heard when sliding on a string, it is generally acceptable to lightly pluck the string to create a very quiet sound.

1602:

Silk strings are made by gathering a prescribed number of strands of silk thread, then twisting them tightly together. The twisted cord of strings is then wrapped around a frame and immersed in a vat of liquid composed of a special mixture of natural

1460:

While acoustics dictated the general form and construction of the guqin, its external form could and did take on a huge amount of variation, whether it be from the embellishments or even the basic structure of the instrument. Qin tablatures from the

1419:

the history of the qinpu, we see many attempts to indicate this rhythm more explicitly, involving devices like dots to make beats. Probably, one of the major projects to regulate the rhythm to a large scale was the compilers of the

1632:

fingers of the left hand sliding on the strings to be a distinctive feature of qin music. The modern nylon-wrapped metal strings were very smooth in the past, but are now slightly modified in order to capture these sliding sounds.

2159:

The electric guqin was first developed in the late 20th century by adding electric guitar–style magnetic pickups to a regular acoustic guqin, allowing the instrument to be amplified through an instrument amplifier or PA system.

657:

As with any other musical tradition, there are differences in ideals and interaction between different people. Therefore, there exist different schools and societies which transmit these different ideas and artistic traditions.

600:

spacecraft. It is the second-longest excerpt included on the disc. The reason to select a work played on this specific instrument is because the tonal structure of the instrument, its musical scale, is derived from fundamental

1809:, and the master qin player Wu Jinglüe was one of only a few in the twentieth century who knew how to play it together with qin in duet. Lately there has been a trend to use other instruments to accompany the qin, such as the 1410:

corrected. And afterwards, the emotion must be put into the piece. Therefore, it could be said that it really does require three months or years to finish dapu of a piece in order for them to play it to a very high standard.

679:

Some schools have come and gone, and some have offshoots (such as the Mei'an school, a Zhucheng school offshoot). Often, the school is originated from a single person, such as the Wu school which is named after the late

5777: 79: 4100: 1854:

as is common in China, but rather in a very low pitched and deep way; and the range in which one should sing should not exceed one and a half octaves. The style of singing is similar to that used to recite

1405:【琴學叢書】 (1910) uses a more detailed system involving a grid next to main qin notation; right grid line indicates note, middle indicates the beat, left indicates how the qin tablature relates to the rhythm. 614: 364: 240: 2050: 1643:

Traditionally, the strings were wrapped around the goose feet, but a device has been invented, which is a block of wood attached to the goose feet, with pins similar to those used to tune the

4950: 1035: 1713:

is used on the part of the tuning peg that touches the qin body to stop it from slipping, especially if the qin is tuned to higher pitches). The most common tuning, "zheng diao" 〈正調〉, is

1337:

Qin pieces are usually around three to eight minutes in length, with the longest being "Guangling San", which is 22 minutes long. Other famous pieces include "Liu Shui" (Flowing Water), "

2373:

In 2010, a guqin owned by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty sold for 137 million renminbi, about $ 22 million, by most accounts the highest price ever paid for a musical instrument.

1989:

became the fossilised form of it and to all intents and purposes unplayable for a qin player. The Korean scholars never adopted the qin but instead created their own instrument, the

1432:, for example, uses this. Some sections of certain melodies require the player to play faster with force to express the emotion of the piece. Examples include the middle sections of 1942: 1240:

tablature survives from around the twelfth century CE. An earlier form of music notation from the Tang era survives in just one manuscript, dated to the seventh century CE, called

1224:

detailing tuning, finger positions, and stroke technique, thus comprising a step by step method and description of how to play a piece. Some tablatures do indicate notes using the

1733:

sol la, since historically the qin was not tuned to absolute pitch. Other tunings are achieved by adjusting the tension of the strings using the tuning pegs at the head end. Thus

4093: 3630:

A host of information on the qin and silk strings for qins in English, including extensive study of Shenqi Mipu and analysis of playing style, plus useful section on qin sources

1484:

Ancient guqins were made of little more than wood and strings of twisted silk. Ornaments included inlaid dots of mother-of-pearl or other similar materials. Traditionally, the

1859:. In order fully to appreciate qin songs, one needs to become accustomed to the eccentric singing style adopted by certain players of the instrument, such as Zha Fuxi. 4086: 2201:

may also be related, albeit distantly. Korean literati wanted to play an instrument the way their Chinese counterparts played the qin. The repertoire was largely the

1998:

In China, the qin was still in use in ritual ceremonies of the imperial court, such can be seen in the court paintings of imperial sacrifices of the Qing court (e.g.

1981:

and that they are not placed correctly according to the harmonic positions besides other different construction features. The finger techniques are more closer to

4943: 919:

Contemporary qin players extend from the early twentieth century to the present. More so than in the past, such players tend to have many different pursuits and

2402: 557:

Legend has it that the qin, the most revered of all Chinese musical instruments, has a history of about 5,000 years, and that the legendary figures of China's

3659:

Judy (Pei-You) Chang's very detailed and well illustrated site explaining fingering techniques, including sections on structure, forms and various information

1640:

silk. The strings have various names in China, but they are advertised as sounding like silk strings prior to the 1950s, when silk string production stopped.

1635:

Around 2007, a new type of strings were produced made of mostly a nylon core coiled with nylon like the metal-nylon strings, possibly in imitation of Western

4720: 1144: 545: 1169: 1031:

across the player's lap. However, the manipulation of qin is much more multifarious than that of a guitar, which has only around 3 or 4 main techniques. (

4959: 4936: 2184:

contains a picture and description of such an instrument. The modern ichigenkin apparently first appeared in Japan just after that time. However, the

1599:

strings. This was partly due to the scarcity of high-quality silk strings and partly due to the newer strings' greater durability and louder tone.

1428:

and how they interpret the piece. However, some melodies have sections of fixed rhythm which are played the same way generally. The main theme of

1517:

According to tradition, the qin originally had five strings, representing the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth. Later, in the

3042: 3524: 3493: 3440: 2116: 1346: 1309:) (qin tablature collections) appeared, the most famous and useful being "Shenqi Mipu" (The Mysterious and Marvellous Tablature) compiled by 1143: 1168: 5767: 1583:

A selection of different qin strings. Top to bottom: (太古琴絃) Taigu Silk Qin Strings (中清 zhongqing gauge) with a container of 'string gum' (絃

1277:, Cao Rou and others simplified the notation, using only the important elements of the characters (like string number, plucking technique, 1216:, showing the name of the piece: "Jieshi Diao Youlan No.5", the preface describing the piece's origins, and the tablature in longhand form. 2013:

the qin was adopted by some scholars and Buddhist monks. The guqin was later adjusted and adopted into general Japanese folk music as the

1358:, although the player must be very good and extremely familiar with the instrument to do this successfully. A number of qin melodies are 4109: 2279: 3371:

Parabola, Vol XXIII, No. 2, Summer 1998, pp 56–62: J.L. Walker "No Need to Listen! A Conversation Between Sun Yu-ch'in and J.L. Walker"

5772: 5731: 3708: 1870:

by oneself, or with a few friends; or played outdoors in places of outstanding natural beauty. Nowadays, many qin players perform at

1541:). The surface board is round to represent Heaven and the bottom board flat to represent the earth. The entire length of the qin (in 5423: 3574: 3560: 3539: 3426: 3412: 3392: 3344: 3329: 3310: 3295: 3280: 3258: 3243: 3228: 3199: 3174: 3159: 3138: 3123: 3108: 62: 4713: 3940: 1891: 3590:(2010), Director: Maryam Goormathtigh, 52 min, documentary, Hong Kong China (Language: Cantonese, Subtitle: Chinese and English) 3814: 3532:

Chinese Characters: Their origin, etymology, history, classification and signification. A thorough study from Chinese documents

846: 1995:(玄琴), which adopted much of the qin's lore and aesthetics and essentially taking the qin's place as the scholars' instrument. 1285:. This meant that instead of having two lines of written text to describe a few notes, a single character could represent one 3637: 1135: 323: 258: 613:, representing the intellectual capacity of human beings on this subject. In 2003, guqin music was proclaimed as one of the 3642: 2109: 1160: 279: 2104:, in which Xu Kuanghua plays an ancient version of the qin in the courtyard scene while Nameless and Long Sky fight at a 5006: 2860: 1985:

technique than it is to the complex ones of the qin. As the qin never gained a following in Korean society, the ritual

4706: 4533: 1628:

is the best. The currently used silk string gauge standard was defined by Suzhou silk string maker Pan Guohui (潘國輝).

2398: 1785:

instrument since its quietness of tone means that it cannot compete with the sounds of most other instruments or an

403:. It is sometimes referred to by the Chinese as "the father of Chinese music" or "the instrument of the sages". The 5131: 4528: 3738: 2244: 914: 389:

as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement, as highlighted by the quote "a gentleman does not part with his

378: 1729:(i.e. 1=do, 2=re, etc.). Today this is generally interpreted to mean C D F G A c d, but this should be considered 1297:字譜) (literally "reduced notation") and it was a major advance in qin notation. It was so successful that from the 428:" (琴) but by the twentieth century the term had come to be applied to many other musical instruments as well: the 3930: 2132: 1830:

In order for an instrument to accompany the qin, its sound must be mellow and not overwhelm the qin. Thus, the

755: 3668: 5660: 4873: 4357: 3981: 3758: 2259: 2147: 1879: 1801:(a long zither with movable bridges and 25 strings) was frequently used in duets with the qin. However, the 950: 697: 650: 3671:

A specific analysis of most Guqin cliques and play styles, also have some analysis about their originations

2991:

Rawski, E. Evelyn & Rawson, Jessica (ed.). CHINA: The Three Emperors 1662—1795. Pages 117, 126 and 127.

1926:

Being an instrument associated with scholars, the guqin was also played in a ritual context, especially in

1761: 4976: 4829: 3701: 2006:'s reign, but these variations never survived the changes of dynasty and so today the normal qin is used. 1664: 1503:

tension. An antique guqin's age can be determined by this snake like crack pattern called "duanwen" (斷紋).

1350:

addition to learning to play established or ancient pieces very well, highly skilled qin players may also

676:

developed over the centuries. Such schools generally formed around areas where qin activity was greatest.

331: 307: 5326: 4928: 2046:

followed by a phase of sliding up and down the string, even when the sound has already become inaudible (

5416: 5351: 5136: 3839: 1587:), (上音牌琴弦) Shangyin Shanghai Conservatorie Quality Qin Strings (metal-nylon), (虎丘古琴絃) Huqiu Silk Strings 1374: 1266: 790: 772: 588:, a gold-plated LP recording containing music from around the world, which was sent into outer space by 585: 3884: 1345:

Theme), "Xiao Xiang Shui Yun" (Mist and Clouds over the Xiao and Xiang Rivers), and "Pingsha Luo Yan" (

1321: 74: 3869: 1465:

onwards have catalogued a plethora of qin forms. All, however, obey very basic rules of acoustics and

5701: 5001: 4490: 3935: 3909: 3844: 3743: 1774: 1542: 3889: 3879: 3834: 3829: 3387:. 2nd ed., rev. Rutland, Vt., and Tokyo: Charles Tuttle and Sophia University; Monumenta Nipponica. 5675: 5620: 5610: 5595: 4850: 4261: 4211: 4062: 3899: 3809: 3403: 3038: 1899: 1867: 1485: 1355: 1351: 724:

emperor, Huizong, as clearly seen in his own painting of himself playing the qin in "Ting Qin Tu".

491:, and its open strings are tuned in the bass register. Its lowest pitch is about two octaves below 418: 386: 4047: 3874: 3000: 2090:

they mime it to a pre-recorded piece by a Qin player. Sometimes the music is erroneously mimed to

5736: 5539: 5341: 4752: 4730: 4513: 4485: 4321: 3904: 3819: 3733: 2360: 2254: 2002:, 1723–35). The qin also have many variations with a different number of strings, such as during 1512: 1270: 1242: 839:, one legend has him playing guqin calmly outside his fort while scaring off the enemy attackers. 110: 2397:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2004) The Art of Guqin Music (

4886: 5706: 5640: 5605: 5503: 5046: 4793: 4747: 4672: 4475: 4419: 4388: 4301: 4291: 4206: 4165: 3925: 3824: 3694: 3677:

A timetable of different Chinese dynasty to help people understand the period of Guqin History

3570: 3556: 3535: 3520: 3489: 3436: 3422: 3408: 3388: 3340: 3325: 3306: 3291: 3276: 3254: 3239: 3224: 3195: 3170: 3155: 3134: 3119: 3104: 2274: 2014: 1823: 1537:

on the surface represent the 13 months of the year (the extra 13th is the 'leap month' in the

357: 233: 225: 67: 47: 2355: 1341:

San Die" (Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme), "Meihua San Nong" (Three Variations on the

1220:

Written qin music did not directly tell what notes were played; instead, it was written in a

5409: 5181: 5061: 4687: 4606: 4585: 3748: 3728: 2314: 2249: 2100: 2026: 1903: 1811: 1786: 1489: 1282: 1225: 531:

guqin was sold for $ 22 million, making it the most expensive musical instrument ever sold.

469: 460:" (古; meaning "ancient") was later added for clarification. Thus, the instrument is called " 370: 190: 156: 5251: 3804: 1064: 5670: 5508: 5081: 5066: 5041: 4798: 4738: 4175: 4078: 3778: 3046: 2406: 2289: 1895: 1883: 1805:

has not survived, though duet tablature scores for the instruments are preserved in a few

1797: 1530: 976: 395: 5458: 2039:. In the second section of "Pingsha Luoyan", for example, the initial few bars contain a 1533:, added a seventh string to motivate his troops into battle with the Shang. The thirteen 1394:

instruments, because they developed a notation system that suited the instruments well).

1023:音, lit. "changing sound"). These comprise the major cadences of most qin pieces. To play 211: 3519:

Music and the Concept of Art in Early China. University of Michigan Press, 1982. Paper:

1709:"geese feet"). Afterwards, the strings are fine-tuned using the tuning pegs (sometimes, 1265:譜) (literally "written notation"), said to have been created by Yong Menzhou during the 1076: 955:

The tones of qin can be categorized as three characteristic "sounds". The first type is

5762: 5741: 5585: 5376: 5356: 5331: 5281: 5126: 5071: 5031: 4622: 4554: 3753: 3653:. The website includes online video performances by the Deyin Qin Society of Hong Kong. 1946: 1591:

Until recently, the guqin's strings were always made of various thicknesses of twisted

1538: 1390: 1197: 836: 570: 399:

without good reason," as well as being associated with the ancient Chinese philosopher

300: 293: 1973:

used in this context has evolved to be slightly different when compared to the normal

1914: 1701:

dragon gums) to the back of the qin, where the end is wrapped around one of two legs (

1100: 1088: 1004: 1000: 968: 960: 5756: 5306: 5301: 5286: 5246: 5171: 5161: 5156: 5036: 4912: 4824: 4788: 4647: 4057: 4037: 4027: 3788: 3783: 3646: 3213: 2269: 2264: 2141: 1919: 1874:

in large concert halls, almost always, out of necessity, using electronic pickups or

1795:(end-blown bamboo flute), with other qin, or played while singing. In old times, the 1672: 1574: 1522: 1494: 1492:, its rounded shape symbolising the heavens. The bottom was made of Chinese Catalpa, 1359: 540: 5346: 3633: 1846:. If one sings to qin songs (which is rare nowadays) then one should not sing in an 584:, one of the best qin players of the 20th century) was chosen to be included in the 5685: 5559: 5381: 5321: 5051: 4991: 4819: 4627: 4403: 4067: 4022: 3674: 3650: 3608: 2236: 2222: 2003: 1958: 1954: 1856: 1791: 1782: 1685:) which goes into holes at the head of the qin and then out the bottom through the 1518: 1499: 1498:, its flat shape symbolising earth. Modern instruments are most frequently made of 1462: 1342: 1298: 1286: 1274: 1028: 868: 826: 721: 685: 634: 528: 520: 272: 197: 5276: 2094:

music, rather than qin music. A more faithful representation of the qin is in the

2009:

In Japan, the qin was never adopted into ritual music, but for a time in the late

1608:

three distinctive gauges of thickness that one can make the strings. The first is

3026: 3013: 2399:

http://www.unesco.org/culture/intangible-heritage/masterpiece.php?id=65&lg=en

2188:(standard repertoire) of the ichigenkin today most closely resembles that of the 2139:

The qin is also used in many contemporary Chinese novels, notably the 2016 novel

1281:

number and which finger to stop the string) and combined them into one character

1167: 1142: 381:. It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favoured by 5366: 5231: 5191: 5166: 4917: 4855: 4772: 4767: 4632: 4518: 4276: 4201: 4017: 3976: 3773: 2819: 2095: 2000:

The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifices at the Altar of the God of Agriculture

1887: 1882:, at which a number of qin players, music lovers, or anyone with an interest in 1875: 1835: 1766: 1051: 878: 832: 806: 768: 708: 667: 629: 581: 558: 550: 516: 316: 3421:. Trans. and commentary. Washington and Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 1647:

protruding out at the sides, so one can string and tune the qin using a tuning

5665: 5625: 5564: 5483: 5336: 5316: 5201: 5151: 5016: 4971: 4899: 4042: 3894: 2212: 2169: 2127: 2036: 2010: 1886:

can come along to discuss and play the qin. In fact, the yaji originated as a

1851: 1714: 1686: 1378: 1188: 920: 117: 3481:. Bruxelles : Institut belge des Hautes études chinoises. ISSN 0775-4612 1377:

of old tablature into a playable form. Since qin tablature does not indicate

924:

play other instruments (not necessarily Chinese) and give recitals or talks.

480:. Other incorrect classifications, mainly from music compact discs, include " 5645: 5361: 5216: 5176: 4907: 4834: 4575: 4570: 4256: 4221: 4130: 4032: 3971: 3854: 2916: 2903: 2900: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2834: 2831: 2780: 2777: 2764: 2761: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2720: 2173: 2061:). The average person trained in music may question whether this is really " 2032: 1584: 1560: 1306: 1294: 1262: 1259: 1237: 1221: 1020: 1012: 988: 972: 902: 816: 733: 681: 606: 597: 593: 512: 508: 504: 500: 400: 251: 5391: 5076: 3147:【中國琴學】卷壹. Volume one. Shanxi: Shanxi Society Science Magazine Association. 2340:

John Thompson on the Guqin Silk String Zither (2005) Qin: Lute or Zither? (

2108:

parlour. It mimed the music played by Liu Li, formerly a professor at the

1681:) at one end of the string, and slip the string through the twisted cord ( 641: 5711: 5680: 5655: 5650: 5590: 5580: 5518: 5468: 5463: 5296: 5056: 5026: 4981: 4867: 4814: 4757: 4549: 4451: 4012: 3996: 3966: 3133:【古琴演奏法】; 2nd ed., rev. inc. 2 CDs. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Press. 2708: 2341: 2197: 2189: 1991: 1564:

Names of (from left to right) the front, inside and back parts of the qin

1338: 1310: 1251: 862: 802: 610: 566: 492: 382: 121: 100: 4698: 3680: 3433:

The Last of China's Literati: The Music, Poetry and Life of Tsar The-yun

1579: 932: 5615: 5549: 5523: 5513: 5478: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5226: 5021: 4996: 4762: 4682: 4677: 4398: 4352: 4326: 4316: 4170: 4145: 4140: 4052: 3991: 3986: 3961: 3183:

Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Collection

2120: 2105: 2091: 2078: 2043: 1871: 1644: 1526: 1452: 1330: 842: 786: 602: 488: 430: 409: 39: 17: 1827:(transverse bamboo flute), and others for more experimental purposes. 5630: 5554: 5493: 5453: 5432: 5371: 5291: 5236: 5221: 5146: 5116: 5111: 5096: 4652: 4590: 4523: 4480: 4336: 4331: 4281: 4271: 4266: 4251: 4231: 4180: 4160: 4150: 1863: 1770: 1726: 1648: 1636: 1466: 1386: 1229: 856: 795: 618: 449: 84: 3555:【英譯唐詩三百首】, Yee Chiang (illus.). Taipei: The Far East Book Co., Ltd. 1397: 3486:

Le chant du pêcheur ivre: Ecrits sur la musique des lettrés chinois

1677:

To string a guqin, one traditionally had to tie a fly's head knot (

1663:

A tuning key for the guqin from the Han dynasty, collection of the

174: 5635: 5600: 5544: 5488: 5311: 5241: 5211: 5206: 5196: 5186: 5121: 5106: 5091: 5086: 4642: 4637: 4424: 4393: 4296: 4286: 4246: 4236: 4196: 3956: 3768: 2294: 2284: 2077: 2062: 1928: 1913: 1847: 1760: 1710: 1658: 1596: 1578: 1559: 1478: 1474: 1451: 1396: 1382: 1320: 1233: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1055: 931: 751: 640: 628: 544: 496: 441: 436: 414: 3662: 2176:

zither, is believed to be derived from the qin. The qin handbook

487:

The guqin is a very quiet instrument, with a range of about four

305: 5498: 5101: 5011: 4986: 4580: 4446: 4311: 4306: 4241: 4226: 4216: 4155: 3503: 1817: 1604: 1592: 1470: 1424:

the score used. The second column was devoted to qin tablature.

881:: Patriot at the end of the Song dynasty, composer of the piece 589: 562: 481: 477: 5405: 4932: 4702: 4082: 3690: 2126:

The qin is also used in many classical Chinese novels, such as

1333:

notation next to the qin tablature to indicate beats and notes.

553:, collection of the Musée des Arts Asiatiques de Toulon, France 3465:. (J.M. Vigo, Trans.). Barcelona: www.citarachina.org. (1983). 3025:

china.org.cn (2002) Composer Achieves Goal with 'Hero' Score (

1934: 1289:, or sometimes as many as nine. This notation form was called 1136:

Yangguan Sandie 《陽關三疊》 "Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme"

1161:

Zuiyu Changwan 《醉漁唱晚》 "Evening Song of the Drunken Fisherman"

424:

Traditionally, the instrument was simply referred to as the "

284: 5778:

Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

3656: 3534:. L. Davrout, S. J. (trans.). New York: Dover Publications. 2180:(1618) includes some melodies for a one-string qin, and the 1121: 615:

Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

2066: 871:: Song emperor famous for his patronage of the arts, had a 5401: 2112:

in Beijing. It is suggested that Xu made the qin himself.

3623: 1595:, but since then most players use modern nylon-flatwound 328: 263: 3686: 3548:【康熙字典】. Shanghai: Shanghai Old Books Distribution Place. 3479:

L'art du Qin. Deux textes d'esthétique musicale chinoise

1007:, lit. "pressed sound"), which is sometimes also called 413:, another Chinese long stringed instrument also without 1949:(Confucian ritual music), using the last two surviving 3602:

Le pêcheur et le bûcheron. Le qin, cithare des lettrés

3565:

Rawski, E. Evelyn & Rawson, Jessica (ed.) (2005).

3001:

London Youlan Qin Society (2004) Yaji 5 September 2004

1943:

National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts

1834:

generally used for this purpose is one pitched in the

1481:

and is tuned in accordance to traditional principles.

736:: Philosopher, 551–479 BCE, associated with the piece 2145:, as well as the 2019 live-action series adaptation, 1269:, which gives all the details using ordinary written 230: 216: 202: 3399:

Hsi K'ang and his Poetical Essay on the Chinese Lute

2566:【五知齋琴譜】. Volume 1, folio 1, leaf <gold> 18–28. 2356:"An Ancient Chinese Instrument Is Making a Comeback" 440:

family of bowed string instruments, and the Western

5724: 5694: 5573: 5532: 5446: 5439: 4895: 4866: 4843: 4807: 4781: 4737: 4665: 4615: 4599: 4563: 4542: 4506: 4499: 4464: 4433: 4412: 4381: 4370: 4345: 4189: 4123: 4116: 4005: 3949: 3918: 3862: 3797: 3517:DeWoskin, Kenneth J. (1982) A Song for One or Two: 2861:"Charlie Huang's Facebook Notes: How not to string" 322: 315: 299: 292: 278: 271: 257: 250: 224: 210: 196: 189: 184: 169: 155: 144: 127: 109: 99: 91: 73: 61: 53: 46: 3510:Non-qin books (or books with a section on the qin) 2205:parts for melodies played by the court orchestra. 975:(the equivalent technique in Western music is the 2820:John Thompson: Misuse of the words "silk strings" 1725:1 2) in the traditional Chinese number system or 1111:The above four figures are from an old handbook. 819:: Cai Yong's daughter, associated with the piece 511:—sliding tones—gives it a sound reminiscent of a 1953:melodies from the importation of yayue from the 1444:has a fixed rhythm throughout the entire piece. 4960:UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity 3669:Chinese Guqin cliques and where they originated 3103:【存見古琴曲譜輯覽】. Beijing: The People's Music Press. 3041:(2002) Guqin Master Xu Kuanghua (29 July 2006) 2082:Xu Kuanghua playing an ancient qin in the film 1697:『岳山』), across the surface board, over the nut ( 476:, the guqin is sometimes inaccurately called a 456:(小提琴)) are examples of this usage. The prefix " 3027:http://www.china.org.cn/english/NM-e/51029.htm 3014:http://www.china.org.cn/english/NM-e/55853.htm 3012:china.org.cn (2003) Guqin Master Xu Kuanghua ( 1878:to amplify the sound. Many qin players attend 5417: 4944: 4714: 4094: 3702: 3339:【琴學備要（手稿本）】. Shanghai: Shanghai Music Press. 1862:Traditionally, the qin was played in a quiet 1789:. It can, however, be played together with a 161: 8: 3419:A Chinese Zither Tutor: The Mei-an Ch'in-p'u 3154:【中國琴史演義】. Yunnan: People's Press of Yunnan. 32: 3118:【琴史初編】. Beijing: The People's Music Press. 2601:【琴學入門】. Volume 1, leaves 39, 40, 43 and 47. 1456:A qin tablature collection "Qinxue Congshu" 688:and Liu Shaochun of the Guangling school). 5443: 5424: 5410: 5402: 4951: 4937: 4929: 4721: 4707: 4699: 4503: 4378: 4120: 4101: 4087: 4079: 3709: 3695: 3687: 3636:on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 3613:(2014), , AIMP-VDE Gallo, VDE CD 1432/1433 2709:A more detailed analysis can be found here 2052:Listen carefully to the sliding sounds of 1693:). The string is dragged over the bridge ( 835:(181–234): Chinese military leader in the 468:(七絃琴; lit. "seven-stringed qin"). Because 181: 3530:Dr. L. Wieger, S. J. (1915, 1927, 1965). 3463:Un Manual de Cítara China: el Meian qinpu 3435:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 3322:The Qin Music Repertoire of the Wu Family 1842:「琴簫」, which is narrower than an ordinary 576:In 1977, a recording of "Flowing Water" ( 3169:【古琴】. Guizhou: Zhejiang People's Press. 2431:Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting 4110:Traditional Chinese musical instruments 3763: 3500:Le grain des choses: Petit musée du qin 2477: 2475: 2306: 1961:in 1116, including in the ensemble the 1781:The guqin is nearly always played as a 1721:1 2 3 5 6 (which can be also played as 1525:added a sixth string to mourn his son, 1060: 3663:A Complete Study of the Chinese Zither 2342:http://www.silkqin.com/11misc/lute.htm 1186: 1131:The recordings below were made in 2013 637:(618–907) qin, the "Jiu Xiao Huan Pei" 356: 232: 141: 31: 3649:about the Silk String Qin and Madame 3551:Herdan, Innes (trans.) (1973, 2000). 3383:Gulik, Robert Hans van (1940, 1969). 3351:Journals, newsletters and periodicals 3268:【與古齋琴譜】. Fujian: Private publication. 2117:2008 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony 1329:【琴學入門】 (1864) tablature has dots and 1236:. The earliest example of the modern 1054:. It has a tone similar to that of a 971:, lit. "floating sound") or overtone 7: 3364:Beijing Guqin Research Association. 3194:【古琴叢談】. Jinan: Shandong Book Press. 3070:【五知齋琴譜】. Volume 1, folio 2, leaf 10. 2035:elements are involved. The first is 2031:When the qin is played, a number of 1248:Solitary Orchid in Stone Tablet Mode 3567:CHINA: The Three Emperors 1662—1795 3253:【五知齋琴譜】. Beijing: Cathay Bookshop. 3238:【大還閣琴譜】. Beijing: Cathay Bookshop. 2280:List of Chinese musical instruments 1977:in that there are 14 instead of 13 503:open strings, stopped strings, and 5732:Musical Instrument Factory of Riga 3502:, Geneva : (self-publishing) 3305:【楳盦珡諩】. Beijing: China Bookstore. 3290:【琴學叢書】. Beijing: Cathay Bookshop. 3275:【琴學入門】. Beijing: Cathay Bookshop. 3223:【神奇秘譜】. Beijing: Cathay Bookshop. 1821:(four-stringed pear-shaped lute), 1187:Problems playing these files? See 889:The classical collections such as 875:("10,000 Qin Hall") in his palace. 175:qin (a type of musical instrument) 25: 3675:Period table of Chinese dynasties 3569:. London: Royal Academy of Arts. 3316:Wu, Jinglüe and Wenguang (2001). 2115:The qin was also featured in the 1737:("slackened third string") gives 1612:which is the standard gauge, the 1488:was made of Chinese parasol wood 1469:of form. The qin uses strings of 983:). Important scale notes, called 27:Chinese stringed music instrument 5390: 3941:North American Guqin Association 3853: 3683:A Guqin store website page in LA 3604:, AIMP LXXXII VDE-GALLO, CD-1214 3449:. 3rd ed. Bangkok: Orchid Press. 3286:Yang, Zongji (1910–1931, 1996). 2354:Melvin, Sheila (11 April 2012). 2229: 2215: 1165: 1140: 1099: 1087: 1075: 1063: 703:gathering like this is called a 549:A girl playing a guqin, Eastern 472:'s book about the qin is called 38: 3645:A Feature Radio Documentary by 3445:Gulik, Robert Hans van (2011). 3397:Gulik, Robert Hans van (1941). 3368:【北京琴訊】. March 2001 (volume 71). 849:, musician and poet, writer of 847:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 464:" today. It can also be called 407:is not to be confused with the 329: 306: 285: 264: 75:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 4898:part relation with additional 3638:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 3484:Goormaghtigh, Georges (2010). 3477:Goormaghtigh, Georges (1990). 2123:, played by Chen Leiji (陳雷激). 1745:("raised fifth string") gives 1048:Cunjian Guqin Zhifa Puzi Jilan 625:Schools, societies and players 231: 217: 203: 162: 1: 4782:Dynamic intonation adjustment 3504:https://legraindeschoses.com/ 3498:Goormaghtigh Georges (2018). 3488:. Gollion: Infolio éditions. 2110:Central Conservatory of Music 1620:is thicker. According to the 1362:depicting the natural world. 4896:Physical just-intoned string 3447:The Lore of the Chinese Lute 3385:The Lore of the Chinese Lute 3234:Xu, Shangying (1673, 2005). 1749:1 2, which is transposed to 1347:Wild Geese Descending on the 793:, associated with the piece 775:, associated with the piece 771:: Daoist philosopher of the 758:, associated with the piece 645:The painting "Ting Qin Tu" ( 495:, or the lowest note on the 474:The Lore of the Chinese Lute 377:) is a plucked seven-string 134: 95:1st millennium BC or earlier 5768:Chinese musical instruments 5037:Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão 4977:Albanian folk iso-polyphony 3544:Zhang Yushu et al. (1921). 3461:Lieberman, Fredric (2008). 3417:Lieberman, Fredric (1983). 3337:Qinxue Beiyao (shougao ben) 3301:Wang, Binglu (1931, 2005). 2318:: Quli, second half 禮記‧曲禮下. 789:(340–278 BCE): Poet of the 5794: 4808:Just intonation in one key 4748:Fretless string instrument 3657:Chinese Guqin and Notation 3324:. Beijing: Eastern Press. 3249:Zhou, Zi'an (1722, 2000). 3211: 2245:Contemporary guqin players 2024: 1769:playing a guqin, found in 1670: 1572: 1510: 1201: 1195: 948: 915:Contemporary guqin players 912: 905:of hundreds more players. 695: 672:Many qin schools known as 665: 538: 379:Chinese musical instrument 5773:Early musical instruments 5388: 4967: 4794:Fretted string instrument 3931:London Youlan Qin Society 3851: 3724: 3611:(1905–2007) maitre du qin 3588:Heart of Qin in Hong Kong 2575:案 is a dated variant of 按 2429:Yang, Xin et al. (1997). 1046:). According to the book 1015:音, lit. "full sound") or 499:. Sounds are produced by 374: 343: 180: 151: 132: 116: 57:qin, ku-ch'in, qixian-qin 37: 5132:Georgian vocal polyphony 3271:Zhang, He (1864, 1998). 3219:Zhu, Quan (1425, 2001). 3101:Cunjian Guqin Qupu Jilan 2850:【古琴演奏法】. Page 11 and 13. 2652:Cunjian Guqin Qupu Jilan 2405:15 February 2006 at the 2133:Dream of the Red Chamber 1890:gathering involving the 1440:. Other pieces, such as 829:: Han poet, 179–117 BCE. 756:Spring and Autumn period 4844:Retunable to a just key 3982:Emperor Huizong of Song 3624:John Thompson's on the 3165:Zhang, Huaying (2005). 2654:【存見古琴曲譜輯覽】. Pages 3-44. 2260:Guqin playing technique 1616:is thinner, whilst the 951:Guqin playing technique 936:The note range of a qin 698:List of guqin societies 434:hammered dulcimer, the 83:(heterochord half-tube 4830:Long-string instrument 3143:Li, Mingzhong (2000). 2086: 1923: 1922:of a person with a qin 1778: 1668: 1588: 1565: 1457: 1406: 1334: 1301:onwards, a great many 1250:). It is written in a 1217: 1126: 1115:Tablature and notation 937: 654: 638: 554: 5352:The Song of the Sibyl 3950:Historical personages 3264:Chu, Fengjie (1855). 3152:Zhongguo Qinshi Yanyi 2870:– via Facebook. 2388:【中国琴史演义】. Pages 1-10. 2386:Zhongguo Qinshi Yanyi 2081: 1969:(금; qin). The Korean 1945:continues to perform 1917: 1910:Ritual use of the qin 1764: 1662: 1582: 1563: 1455: 1400: 1324: 1267:Warring States period 1211: 1125: 935: 865:: Tang poet, 772–846. 859:: Tang poet, 701–762. 791:Warring States period 773:Warring States period 644: 632: 586:Voyager Golden Record 548: 470:Robert Hans van Gulik 5702:Appalachian dulcimer 5002:Ashiqs of Azerbaijan 4851:Keyboard instruments 3936:New York Qin Society 3739:Contemporary players 3454:Spanish books on qin 3376:English books on qin 3335:Gu, Meigeng (2004). 3092:Chinese books on qin 3045:25 July 2006 at the 2419:Listening to the Qin 2136:and various others. 1775:Northern Wei dynasty 1543:Chinese measurements 1228:system, or indicate 995:. The third type is 809:musician, author of 754:: Qin player of the 651:Song emperor Huizong 647:Listening to the Qin 417:, but with moveable 324:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 5676:Tambourine de Bearn 5596:Epinette des Vosges 5533:West and South Asia 3600:Sou Si-tai (2007), 3470:French books on qin 3431:Yung, Bell (2008). 3404:Monumenta Nipponica 2327:Zhang Yushu et al. 2164:Related instruments 1815:(ceramic ocarina), 1667:, Stockholm, Sweden 1665:Östasiatiska Museet 1414:Rhythm in qin music 777:Zhuang Zhou Mengdie 569:and Huang Di, the " 484:" or "table-harp". 421:under each string. 111:Related instruments 34: 4753:Pedal steel guitar 3840:Xiao Xiang Shuiyun 3820:Jieshi Diao Youlan 3628:Silk String Zither 3361:【中國畫報】. July 1986. 3318:Yushan Wushi Qinpu 3190:Guo, Ping (2006). 3099:Zha, Fuxi (1958). 3016:, 10 January 2009) 2361:The New York Times 2255:Guqin construction 2087: 2074:In popular culture 1924: 1779: 1765:Rock carving of a 1705:"phoenix feet" or 1669: 1589: 1566: 1513:Guqin construction 1458: 1407: 1335: 1271:Chinese characters 1243:Jieshi Diao Youlan 1218: 1127: 941:for their choice. 938: 662:Historical schools 655: 639: 580:, as performed by 555: 527:China. In 2010, a 5750: 5749: 5720: 5719: 5606:Hammered dulcimer 5399: 5398: 5047:Dainichido Bugaku 4926: 4925: 4696: 4695: 4661: 4660: 4460: 4459: 4366: 4365: 4076: 4075: 3926:Jinyu Qin Society 3759:Playing technique 3525:978-0-89264-042-3 3494:978-2-88474-197-2 3441:978-962-209-916-6 3185:【人類口頭與非物質文化遺產叢書】. 3150:Yin, Wei (2001). 3129:Gong, Yi (1999). 3114:Xu, Jian (1982). 3039:China Info Travel 2588:【古琴丛谈】. Page 112. 2331:【康熙字典】. Folio 28. 1529:. His successor, 1438:Xiaoxiang Shuiyun 1212:First section of 1170: 1145: 945:Playing technique 883:Xiaoxiang Shuiyun 347: 346: 339: 338: 259:Yale Romanization 191:Standard Mandarin 140: 139: 48:String instrument 16:(Redirected from 5785: 5707:Mexican salterio 5489:Indonesian siter 5444: 5426: 5419: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5327:Slovácko Verbuňk 5197:Khorasan Bakhshi 5062:Cante Alentejano 4953: 4946: 4939: 4930: 4799:Wind instruments 4723: 4716: 4709: 4700: 4504: 4379: 4121: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4080: 3857: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3688: 3681:Guqin Store page 3251:Wuzhi Zhai Qinpu 3080: 3077: 3071: 3068:Wuzhi Zhai Qinpu 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3036: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2907: 2897: 2891: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2857: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2828: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2774: 2768: 2758: 2752: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2564:Wuzhi Zhai Qinpu 2560: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2401:, 29 July 2006) 2395: 2389: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2311: 2250:Guqin aesthetics 2239: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2182:Wuzhi Zhai Qinpu 2060: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2027:Guqin aesthetics 1490:firmiana simplex 1177:Tianwen Ge Qinpu 1172: 1171: 1147: 1146: 1124: 1103: 1091: 1079: 1067: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1041: 515:cello, fretless 376: 368: 367: 366: 359: 335: 334: 333: 311: 310: 309: 288: 287: 267: 266: 246: 245: 244: 243: 242: 235: 220: 219: 206: 205: 182: 165: 164: 142: 42: 35: 21: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5716: 5690: 5671:Streichmelodion 5569: 5528: 5435: 5430: 5400: 5395: 5386: 5262:Ojkanje singing 5162:Jongmyo Jereyak 5082:Cremona violins 5067:Cantonese opera 5042:Byzantine music 5007:Azerbaijani tar 4963: 4957: 4927: 4922: 4897: 4891: 4874:overtone series 4871: 4868:Flageolet tones 4862: 4839: 4803: 4777: 4739:Just intonation 4733: 4727: 4697: 4692: 4657: 4611: 4595: 4559: 4538: 4495: 4469: 4467: 4456: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4429: 4408: 4375: 4373: 4362: 4341: 4185: 4112: 4107: 4077: 4072: 4001: 3945: 3914: 3858: 3849: 3845:Yangguan Sandie 3815:Hujia Shiba-pai 3793: 3764:Popular culture 3720: 3715: 3620: 3581:Video resources 3366:Beijing Qin-xun 3359:Zhongguo Huabao 3266:Yugu Zhai Qinpu 3236:Dahuan Ge Qinpu 3216: 3145:Zhongguo Qinxue 3089: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047:Wayback Machine 3037: 3033: 3029:, 29 July 2006) 3024: 3020: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2914: 2910: 2898: 2894: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2848:Guqin Yanzhoufa 2845: 2841: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2775: 2771: 2759: 2755: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2407:Wayback Machine 2396: 2392: 2383: 2379: 2366: 2364: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2344:, 29 July 2006) 2339: 2335: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2166: 2157: 2076: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2029: 2023: 1912: 1884:Chinese culture 1838:of F, known as 1759: 1757:Playing context 1731:sol la do re mi 1675: 1657: 1622:Yugu Zhai Qinpu 1577: 1571: 1515: 1509: 1450: 1416: 1368: 1319: 1273:. Later in the 1206: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1117: 1107: 1104: 1095: 1092: 1083: 1080: 1071: 1068: 1058:, but raspier. 1036: 1034: 1033: 1032: 977:string harmonic 953: 947: 930: 917: 911: 821:Hujia Shiba-pai 730: 717: 700: 694: 692:Guqin societies 670: 664: 627: 543: 537: 363: 362: 361: 239: 238: 237: 170:Literal meaning 82: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5791: 5789: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5755: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5586:Bowed psaltery 5583: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5555:Persian santur 5552: 5550:Indian santoor 5547: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5357:Tumba francesa 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5332:Song of Sana'a 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5282:Qudud Halabiya 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5127:Garifuna music 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5072:Cantu a tenore 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5032:Bistritsa Babi 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4870:(harmonics) or 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4623:Alligator drum 4619: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3835:Pingsha Luoyan 3832: 3830:Meihua Sannong 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3640: 3631: 3619: 3618:External links 3616: 3615: 3614: 3605: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3563: 3553:300 Tang Poems 3549: 3542: 3528: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3496: 3482: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3429: 3415: 3395: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3333: 3314: 3299: 3288:Qinxue Congshu 3284: 3269: 3262: 3247: 3232: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3177: 3163: 3148: 3141: 3131:Guqin Yanzoufa 3127: 3116:Qinshi Chubian 3112: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3072: 3059: 3050: 3031: 3018: 3005: 3003:, 29 July 2006 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2908: 2892: 2873: 2852: 2839: 2823: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2769: 2753: 2725: 2712: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2643: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2590: 2577: 2568: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2422: 2410: 2390: 2377: 2346: 2333: 2320: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2226: 2210: 2207: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2155:Electric guqin 2153: 2075: 2072: 2054:Pingsha Luoyan 2025:Main article: 2022: 2021:Qin aesthetics 2019: 1947:Munmyo jeryeak 1932:in China, and 1918:A painting by 1911: 1908: 1758: 1755: 1671:Main article: 1656: 1653: 1573:Main article: 1570: 1567: 1539:lunar calendar 1511:Main article: 1508: 1505: 1449: 1446: 1430:Meihua Sannong 1421:Qinxue Congshu 1415: 1412: 1403:Qinxue Congshu 1391:staff notation 1367: 1364: 1318: 1315: 1198:Guqin notation 1196:Main article: 1184: 1179:【天聞閣琴譜】 (1876) 1174: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1149: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1062: 949:Main article: 946: 943: 929: 926: 913:Main article: 910: 907: 887: 886: 876: 866: 860: 854: 840: 837:Three Kingdoms 830: 824: 814: 800: 784: 766: 749: 742:Weibian Sanjue 729: 726: 716: 713: 696:Main article: 693: 690: 666:Main article: 663: 660: 626: 623: 571:Yellow Emperor 539:Main article: 536: 533: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 326: 320: 319: 313: 312: 303: 301:Middle Chinese 297: 296: 294:Middle Chinese 290: 289: 282: 276: 275: 269: 268: 261: 255: 254: 252:Yue: Cantonese 248: 247: 228: 222: 221: 214: 208: 207: 200: 194: 193: 187: 186: 185:Transcriptions 178: 177: 171: 167: 166: 159: 153: 152: 149: 148: 138: 137: 130: 129: 125: 124: 114: 113: 107: 106: 103: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 77: 71: 70: 65: 63:Classification 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5790: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5737:Oscar Schmidt 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725:Manufacturers 5723: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5393: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5307:Samba de roda 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5172:Istrian scale 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157:Hudhud chants 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5052:Beijing opera 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4972:Aka polyphony 4970: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4825:Tromba marina 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4463: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4369: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4117:Silk (string) 4115: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058:Zeng Chengwei 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4038:Lui Tsun-Yuen 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810:Guangling San 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3647:Robert Iolini 3644: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3575:1-903973-69-4 3572: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3561:957-612-471-9 3558: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3546:Kangxi Zidian 3543: 3541: 3540:0-486-21321-8 3537: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3428: 3427:0-295-95941-X 3424: 3420: 3416: 3414: 3413:0-8048-0868-6 3410: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3393:0-8048-0869-4 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345:7-80667-453-5 3342: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3330:7-5060-1454-8 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3311:7-80663-297-2 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3296:7-80568-552-5 3293: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3281:7-80568-865-6 3278: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3259:7-80568-864-8 3256: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3244:7-80663-288-3 3241: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3229:7-80568-973-3 3226: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3214:List of qinpu 3208: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3200:7-80713-209-4 3197: 3193: 3192:Guqin Congtan 3189: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3175:7-213-02955-X 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3160:7-222-03206-1 3157: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3139:7-5320-6621-5 3136: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3124:7-103-02304-2 3121: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3109:7-103-02379-4 3106: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3066:Zhou, Zi'an. 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2586:Guqin Congtan 2581: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2562:Zhou, Zi'an. 2559: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329:Kangxi Zidian 2324: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2270:Guqin tunings 2268: 2266: 2265:Guqin schools 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2227: 2224: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178:Lixing Yuanya 2175: 2171: 2168:The Japanese 2163: 2161: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2142:Mo Dao Zu Shi 2137: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1921: 1920:Chen Hongshou 1916: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1673:Guqin tunings 1666: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1575:Guqin strings 1568: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1523:Zhou Wen Wang 1520: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1495:Catalpa ovata 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:Guangling San 1431: 1425: 1422: 1413: 1411: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1366:Transcription 1365: 1363: 1361: 1360:program music 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1178: 1162: 1154:【琴學入門】 (1867) 1153: 1137: 1114: 1112: 1102: 1097: 1090: 1085: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 952: 944: 942: 934: 927: 925: 922: 916: 908: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 884: 880: 877: 874: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 848: 845:: One of the 844: 841: 838: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 818: 815: 812: 808: 804: 801: 798: 797: 792: 788: 785: 782: 778: 774: 770: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 750: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732: 731: 727: 725: 723: 714: 712: 710: 706: 699: 691: 689: 687: 683: 677: 675: 669: 661: 659: 652: 648: 643: 636: 631: 624: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603:physical laws 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 552: 547: 542: 541:Guqin history 534: 532: 530: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 507:. The use of 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 438: 433: 432: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 411: 406: 402: 398: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 372: 365: 358: 354: 353: 342: 327: 325: 321: 318: 314: 304: 302: 298: 295: 291: 283: 281: 277: 274: 270: 262: 260: 256: 253: 249: 241: 234: 229: 227: 223: 215: 213: 209: 201: 199: 195: 192: 188: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 160: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 136: 131: 126: 123: 119: 115: 112: 108: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 81: 78: 76: 72: 69: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 5686:Violinzither 5560:Iraqi santur 5473: 5382:Xoan singing 5372:Wayang kulit 5322:Silbo Gomero 5141: 5137:Gong culture 4992:Arabic maqam 4881: 4820:Natural horn 4135: 4068:Tsar Teh-Yun 4048:Li Xiangting 4023:Zhang Ziqian 3734:Construction 3717: 3651:Tsar Teh-Yun 3643:Silk on Wood 3625: 3609:Tsar Teh-Yun 3607: 3601: 3587: 3566: 3552: 3545: 3531: 3518: 3499: 3485: 3478: 3462: 3446: 3432: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3384: 3365: 3358: 3336: 3321: 3317: 3303:Mei'an Qinpu 3302: 3287: 3273:Qinxue Rumen 3272: 3265: 3250: 3235: 3220: 3191: 3182: 3181:Part of the 3166: 3151: 3144: 3130: 3115: 3100: 3075: 3067: 3062: 3053: 3034: 3021: 3008: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2911: 2895: 2876: 2864:. Retrieved 2855: 2847: 2842: 2826: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2772: 2756: 2728: 2715: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2651: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2599:Qinxue Rumen 2598: 2593: 2585: 2580: 2571: 2563: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2438: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2393: 2385: 2380: 2372: 2365:. Retrieved 2359: 2349: 2336: 2328: 2323: 2313: 2309: 2237:Music portal 2223:China portal 2202: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2158: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2114: 2099: 2088: 2083: 2053: 2040: 2030: 2008: 2004:Song Taizong 1999: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1955:Song dynasty 1950: 1940: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1861: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1780: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1735:manjiao diao 1734: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1590: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1534: 1531:Zhou Wu Wang 1519:Zhou dynasty 1516: 1507:Construction 1500:Cunninghamia 1493: 1483: 1459: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1408: 1402: 1375:transcribing 1373:(打譜) is the 1370: 1369: 1343:Plum Blossom 1336: 1327:Qinxue Rumen 1326: 1302: 1299:Ming dynasty 1290: 1278: 1275:Tang dynasty 1255: 1254:form called 1247: 1241: 1219: 1213: 1176: 1152:Qinxue Rumen 1151: 1110: 1047: 1038: 1029:slide guitar 1024: 1016: 1008: 996: 992: 984: 980: 964: 956: 954: 939: 918: 909:Contemporary 898: 894: 890: 888: 882: 872: 869:Song Huizong 850: 827:Sima Xiangru 820: 810: 794: 780: 776: 763: 759: 745: 741: 737: 722:Song dynasty 718: 704: 701: 686:Zhang Ziqian 678: 673: 671: 656: 646: 635:Tang dynasty 577: 575: 556: 525: 521:slide guitar 486: 473: 465: 461: 457: 453: 445: 435: 429: 425: 423: 408: 404: 394: 390: 351: 350: 348: 273:Southern Min 198:Hanyu Pinyin 145: 29: 5377:Xi'an guyue 5367:Vedic chant 5232:Morin khuur 5192:Koodiyattam 5167:Iraqi Maqam 4918:Moodswinger 4856:Split sharp 4773:Synthesizer 4768:Human voice 4729:Instrument 4202:Daguangxian 4018:Guan Pinghu 3977:Guo Chuwang 3595:Discography 3221:Shenqi Mipu 2672:《陽關三疊/阳关三叠》 2650:Zha, Fuxi. 2639:Shenqi Mipu 2637:Zhu, Quan. 2597:Zhang, He. 2584:Guo, Ping. 2553:《瀟湘水雲/潇湘水云》 2451:《韋編三絕/韦编三绝》 2433:. Page 122. 2195:The Korean 2148:The Untamed 2096:Zhang Yimou 1900:calligraphy 1888:multi-media 1876:microphones 1857:Tang poetry 1767:bodhisattva 1743:ruibin diao 1687:tuning pegs 1679:yingtou jie 1486:sound board 928:Performance 921:occupations 903:biographies 879:Guo Chuwang 873:Wanqin Tang 833:Zhuge Liang 781:Shenhua Yin 738:Kongzi Duyi 668:Qin schools 653:(1082–1135) 605:related to 582:Guan Pinghu 559:pre-history 551:Han dynasty 529:Song period 517:double bass 317:Old Chinese 54:Other names 5757:Categories 5666:Scheitholt 5661:Psalterium 5565:Swarmandal 5484:Ichigenkin 5342:Sutartinės 5337:Sosso Bala 5317:Shashmaqam 5312:Seto Leelo 5202:Kumi odori 5012:Baul music 4900:3rd bridge 4741:in any key 4731:intonation 4500:Percussion 4468:(woodwind) 4374:(woodwind) 4043:Lin Youren 4028:Wu Jinglüe 3749:Literature 3729:Aesthetics 3212:See also: 3087:References 2846:Gong, Yi. 2384:Yin, Wei. 2367:8 December 2170:ichigenkin 2128:Cao Xueqin 2037:musicality 2011:Edo period 1938:in Korea. 1852:folk style 1715:pentatonic 1448:Organology 1379:note value 1317:Repertoire 1202:See also: 1189:media help 1037:Listen to 728:Historical 649:), by the 466:qixian-qin 448:(钢琴)) and 212:Wade–Giles 118:Ichigenkin 5646:Langeleik 5459:Đàn tranh 5447:East Asia 5440:By region 5362:Vallenato 5217:Long song 5177:Kgal Laox 4913:Pencilina 4908:Monochord 4835:Harmonica 4576:Fangxiang 4571:Bianzhong 4476:Hulusheng 4257:Jing erhu 4222:Diyingehu 4131:Duxianqin 4033:Wu Zhaoji 3972:Confucius 3919:Societies 3870:Guangling 3779:Societies 3665:from 1670 3401:. Tokyo: 3320:【虞山吳氏琴譜】 2982:《雍正祭先農壇圖》 2973:〈蕤賔調/蕤宾调〉 2301:Footnotes 2174:monochord 2033:aesthetic 1965:(se) and 1892:four arts 1777:(386–534) 1747:1 2 4 5 7 1739:1 2 3 5 6 1723:1 2 4 5 6 1626:zhongqing 1614:zhongqing 1467:symbolism 1442:Jiu Kuang 1356:improvise 1291:jianzi pu 1238:shorthand 1222:tablature 1175:From the 1150:From the 981:flageolet 973:harmonics 899:Qinshi Xu 895:Qinshi Bu 817:Cai Wenji 769:Zhuang Zi 734:Confucius 682:Wu Zhaoji 611:overtones 607:vibration 598:Voyager 2 594:Voyager 1 513:pizzicato 509:glissando 505:harmonics 454:xiaotiqin 401:Confucius 128:Musicians 92:Developed 5712:Tremoloa 5695:Americas 5681:Tsymbaly 5656:Psaltery 5651:Langspil 5591:Cimbalom 5581:Autoharp 5519:Yanggeum 5469:Geomungo 5464:Gayageum 5297:Rebetiko 5252:Nhã nhạc 5057:Candombe 5027:Biyelgee 4982:Angklung 4872:natural 4815:Bagpipes 4758:Trombone 4633:Bolanggu 4550:Bianqing 4452:Mangtong 4277:Matouqin 4063:Cheng Yu 4013:Zha Fuxi 3997:Zhu Quan 3967:Cai Yong 3910:Zhucheng 3825:Liu Shui 3798:Melodies 3754:Notation 3043:Archived 2403:Archived 2209:See also 2203:geomungo 2198:geomungo 2190:shamisen 2186:honkyoku 1992:geomungo 1983:gayageum 1957:emperor 1904:painting 1872:concerts 1848:operatic 1840:qin xiao 1787:ensemble 1741:1 2 and 1618:jiazhong 1463:Song era 1339:Yangguan 1311:Zhu Quan 1283:notation 1256:wenzi pu 1252:longhand 1070:〈挑〉 Tiao 901:include 863:Bai Juyi 803:Cai Yong 764:Liu Shui 760:Gao Shan 578:Liu Shui 567:Shennong 501:plucking 493:middle C 387:literati 383:scholars 286:kóo-khîm 218:ku-ch'in 173:ancient 122:geomungo 5626:Kanklės 5616:Kantele 5524:Yazheng 5514:Yangqin 5479:Guzheng 5433:Zithers 5347:Táncház 5277:Quan họ 5272:Pirekua 5267:Pansori 5227:Meshrep 5182:Khuumii 5022:Bigwala 5017:Bećarac 4997:Arirang 4962:: Music 4887:Đàn bầu 4763:Timpani 4683:Lusheng 4678:Kouxian 4399:Paixiao 4353:Yangqin 4337:Zhuiqin 4327:Zhonghu 4317:Yazheng 4171:Sanxian 4146:Konghou 4141:Guzheng 4124:Plucked 4053:Gong Yi 4006:Players 3992:Ruan Ji 3987:Ji Kang 3962:Cai Yan 3890:Pucheng 3880:Lingnan 3863:Schools 3784:Strings 3774:Schools 3744:History 3634:The Qin 2955:〔簡譜/简谱〕 2641:【神竒秘譜】. 2610:《碣石調幽蘭》 2526:《胡笳十八拍》 2460:《幽蘭/幽兰》 2121:Beijing 2106:Xiangqi 2092:guzheng 2044:vibrato 1959:Huizong 1894:: qin, 1753:1 2 3. 1751:2 3 5 6 1699:longyin 1695:yueshan 1683:rongkou 1645:guzheng 1569:Strings 1545:) is 3 1527:Boyikao 1352:compose 1331:gongche 1226:gongche 1082:〈勾〉 Gou 1039:Pei Lan 1017:zou yin 1009:shi yin 965:fan yin 957:san yin 891:Qin Shi 843:Ji Kang 811:Qin Cao 787:Qu Yuan 715:Players 674:qin pai 592:on the 535:History 489:octaves 446:gangqin 431:yangqin 419:bridges 410:guzheng 371:Chinese 265:gú-kàhm 157:Chinese 18:Gu Qing 5631:Kokles 5621:Kannel 5611:Hummel 5574:Europe 5494:Kacapi 5454:Ajaeng 5292:Reggae 5257:Nongak 5247:Nanyin 5237:Mugham 5222:Maloya 5152:Hua'er 5117:Gagaku 5112:Fujara 5097:Eshuva 5077:Ca trù 4666:Others 4653:Zhangu 4648:Tanggu 4591:Yunluo 4524:Paiban 4481:Hulusi 4382:Flutes 4372:Bamboo 4346:Struck 4332:Zhuihu 4282:Maguhu 4272:Leiqin 4267:Laruan 4262:Jinghu 4252:Jiaohu 4232:Erxian 4212:Datong 4181:Yueqin 4161:Qinqin 4151:Liuqin 3900:Yushan 3885:Mei'an 3789:Tuning 3573: 3559: 3538: 3523: 3492: 3439: 3425: 3411: 3391: 3343: 3328: 3313:/J‧331 3309: 3298:/I‧139 3294: 3283:/J‧236 3279: 3261:/J‧237 3257: 3246:/J‧322 3242: 3231:/J‧284 3227: 3198: 3173: 3167:Gu Qin 3162:/I‧866 3158: 3137: 3122: 3107: 3057:【理性元雅】 2866:22 May 2699:《平沙落雁》 2690:《瀟湘水雲》 2681:《梅花三弄》 2490:《莊周夢蝶》 2442:《孔子讀易》 1902:, and 1864:studio 1771:Shanxi 1727:jianpu 1703:fengzu 1655:Tuning 1649:wrench 1637:catgut 1553:and 5 1387:rhythm 1232:using 1230:rhythm 1214:Youlan 1106:〈撥〉 Bo 1094:〈擘〉 Bo 1025:an yin 997:an yin 857:Li Bai 851:Qin Fu 823:, etc. 796:Li Sao 762:. and 746:Youlan 619:UNESCO 450:violin 373:: 280:Tâi-lô 101:Volume 85:zither 80:312.22 68:String 5763:Guqin 5742:Tōkai 5636:Kusle 5601:Gusli 5545:Nuzhe 5540:Kanun 5474:Guqin 5287:Radif 5242:Muqam 5212:Lhamo 5207:Kunqu 5187:Klapa 5147:Gwoka 5142:Guqin 5122:Gagok 5107:Frevo 5092:Duduk 5087:Doina 4882:Guqin 4789:Crook 4643:Paigu 4638:Jiegu 4628:Bangu 4564:Metal 4543:Stone 4514:Guban 4486:Sheng 4466:Gourd 4439:pipes 4435:Free- 4425:Suona 4413:Oboes 4394:Koudi 4322:Xiqin 4297:Tiqin 4287:Sanhu 4247:Huqin 4237:Gaohu 4197:Banhu 4190:Bowed 4136:Guqin 3957:Bo Ya 3875:Jiuyi 3805:Ao Ai 3769:Qinpu 3718:Guqin 3626:Guqin 3332:/I‧78 3206:Qinpu 2964:〈慢角調〉 2890:/蝇头结』 2663:《廣陵散》 2544:『萬琴堂』 2499:《神化引》 2417:聽琴圖, 2315:Li Ji 2295:Yayue 2285:Qinpu 2098:film 2063:music 2017:(琴). 1929:yayue 1880:yajis 1807:qinpu 1711:rosin 1707:yanzu 1610:taigu 1597:steel 1479:nylon 1475:metal 1383:tempo 1303:qinpu 1204:Qinpu 1056:cello 752:Bo Ya 519:or a 497:cello 462:guqin 442:piano 437:huqin 415:frets 405:guqin 360: 352:guqin 330:* 236: 204:gǔqín 146:Guqin 135:below 105:quiet 33:Guqin 5641:Krez 5504:Koto 5499:Khim 5302:Sama 5102:Fado 4987:Aqyn 4673:Gudi 4616:Hide 4600:Clay 4581:Gong 4555:Qing 4519:Muyu 4507:Wood 4447:Bawu 4437:reed 4420:Guan 4404:Xiao 4389:Dizi 4312:Yehu 4307:Tuhu 4302:Tihu 4292:Sihu 4242:Gehu 4227:Erhu 4217:Dihu 4207:Dahu 4166:Ruan 4156:Pipa 3586:The 3571:ISBN 3557:ISBN 3536:ISBN 3521:ISBN 3490:ISBN 3437:ISBN 3423:ISBN 3409:ISBN 3389:ISBN 3341:ISBN 3326:ISBN 3307:ISBN 3292:ISBN 3277:ISBN 3255:ISBN 3240:ISBN 3225:ISBN 3196:ISBN 3171:ISBN 3156:ISBN 3135:ISBN 3120:ISBN 3105:ISBN 3079:〔本曲〕 2946:『雁足』 2937:『鳳足』 2928:『龍齦』 2906:/绒扣』 2868:2010 2810:〖加重〗 2801:〖中清〗 2792:〖太古〗 2783:/凤沼』 2767:/龙池』 2535:【琴賦】 2517:【琴操】 2508:《離騷》 2481:《流水》 2469:《高山》 2369:2020 2275:Koto 2172:, a 2101:Hero 2084:Hero 2015:Koto 1987:geum 1971:geum 1967:geum 1963:seul 1941:The 1868:room 1844:xiao 1832:xiao 1824:dizi 1818:pipa 1792:xiao 1783:solo 1691:zhen 1605:glue 1593:silk 1549:, 6 1471:silk 1436:and 1401:The 1371:Dapu 1325:The 1287:note 1234:dots 897:and 779:and 744:and 705:yaji 633:The 609:and 596:and 590:NASA 563:Fuxi 482:harp 478:lute 385:and 349:The 332:(r)m 133:See 4688:Xun 4607:Fou 4586:Luo 4534:Zhu 4358:Zhu 3905:Zhe 3895:Shu 2919:/轸』 2732:ff「 2619:雍門周 2130:'s 2119:in 2041:nao 1979:hui 1975:qin 1951:aak 1935:aak 1866:or 1850:or 1836:key 1812:xun 1719:5 6 1555:fen 1551:cun 1547:chi 1535:hui 1473:or 1385:or 1354:or 1279:hui 1052:bow 993:hui 985:hui 979:or 807:Han 617:by 458:gu- 426:qin 393:or 391:qin 308:gim 226:IPA 5759:: 5509:Se 4529:Yu 4491:Yu 4176:Se 3407:. 2628:曹柔 2474:^ 2371:. 2358:. 2290:Se 2192:. 2067:qi 1906:. 1898:, 1896:Go 1803:se 1798:se 1773:, 1717:: 1624:, 1521:, 1381:, 1305:(琴 1005:案音 1001:按音 969:泛音 961:散音 893:, 805:: 740:, 709:雅集 621:. 565:, 561:– 396:se 375:古琴 369:; 163:古琴 120:, 5425:e 5418:t 5411:v 4952:e 4945:t 4938:v 4722:e 4715:t 4708:v 4102:e 4095:t 4088:v 3710:e 3703:t 3696:v 3126:. 3111:. 2917:軫 2915:『 2904:剅 2901:絨 2899:『 2888:結 2885:頭 2882:蠅 2880:『 2837:』 2835:足 2832:雁 2830:『 2781:沼 2778:鳳 2776:『 2765:池 2762:龍 2760:『 2751:」 2749:分 2746:五 2743:寸 2740:六 2737:尺 2734:三 2723:』 2721:徽 2719:『 1689:( 1585:膠 1477:- 1307:譜 1295:減 1293:( 1263:字 1260:文 1258:( 1246:( 1191:. 1021:走 1019:( 1013:實 1011:( 1003:/ 999:( 989:徽 987:( 967:( 959:( 885:. 853:. 813:. 799:. 783:. 748:. 707:( 452:( 444:( 355:( 87:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index