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769:(1803â1884) became one of the outstanding virtuosi on these early instruments and is credited with making the zither a household instrument. In 1838, Nikolaus Weigel of Munich conceived the idea of adopting fixed bridges, adding additional strings, tuning them in the cycle of fifths, and chromatically fretting the fingerboard â effectively converting a rather crude folk instrument into the concert zither. His ideas were not, however, widely accepted until 1862, when luthier Max Amberger of Munich fabricated a new zither based on Weigel's design. At this point the zither had reached something very close to its modern concert form. Within a relatively short time the new design had largely replaced the old Volkszither (though still called by the same name among folk musicians) throughout central Europe, particularly in the
36:
348:(more recently described as a fretless zither or "guitar zither"). Concert and Alpine zithers are traditionally found in Slovenia, Austria, Hungary, France, north-western Croatia, the southern regions of Germany, Alpine Europe, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Emigration from these areas during the 19th century introduced the concert and Alpine zither to North and South America. Chord zithers similar to the instrument in the photograph also became popular in North America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These variants all use metal strings, similar to the
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983:. Late 19th and early 20th century versions of the instrument were often called 'harp zithers' â so-named because the pillar extension seemed a miniature version of the harp's pillar. The extra contrabass strings ran parallel to the other strings on these earlier instruments, the diagonal arrangement illustrated developed later to assist the right hand in reaching the strings.
1916:
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form various chords to be played by the left hand. The strings to the right are single (or pairs of) strings intended for the right hand to pick out the melody. Tuning can vary widely from manufacturer to manufacturer and even from model to model, but is usually indicated on the instrument itself, in the form of a chart painted or glued under the strings.
627:
891:
1954:, which uses bars with felt pads attached underneath placed across and above the strings, is probably the most successful adaptation. However, the absence of a fretboard makes the autoharp a closer relative of the chord zither than the concert zither. Presence of the concert zither in classical music remains sparse.
881:
Although interest in the zither had once more begun to wane by the late 1960s, owing to the two
American vogues there are still many used instruments to be found, in various states of disrepair. It has become something of a truism that most zithers seen today are either 60 or 110 years old. Currently
1957:
Concert and Alpine zithers remain in use by a relatively small number of contemporary musicians from various global regions and musical genres, either out of interest in traditional musical styles for the instrument, or from a desire to seek new sounds for their music. New variations on the concert
1892:
The concept of the chord zither is different from that of the concert and alpine zithers. These instruments may have from 12 to 50 (or more) strings, depending on design. All the strings are played open, in the manner of a harp. The strings on the left are arranged in groups of three or four, which
920:
Anton Karas and Ruth
Welcome used instruments of similar design to the one illustrated. After World War II, Karas (according to zither scholar GĂŒnter Wittenstein, who was acquainted with him) performed on an instrument of larger dimensions than normal â with a 43 cm standard scale length
1888:
on the right thumb. The first and second fingers of the right hand pluck the accompaniment and bass strings, and the third finger of the right hand plucks the contrabass strings (there are variants on this technique), some musicians use
Plectrums on the other 4 fingers too so they can strike the
990:
below gives tuning details, including pitches and octaves. Munich tuning is on top, and Vienna tuning below. Some players have used Vienna tuning only for the fretted strings, and Munich tuning for the unfretted strings. Full
Viennese tuning is normally used only on instruments with 38 or fewer
906:
may have from 29 to 38 strings, with 34 or 35 being most typical. These are arranged as follows: four or five fretted melody strings, placed above a guitar-like fretboard; 12 unfretted "accompaniment" strings; followed by 12 unfretted "bass" strings; followed by a varying number of "contrabass"
805:, who used two instruments simultaneously, have revealed the virtuosic capability of the chord zither to modern musicians seeking to revive it. By the 1920s, this popularity had begun to wane, as other string instruments (notably guitars) increased in popularity along with the new fashion for
796:
instrument in many homes. During that period, a number of U.S.-based instrument manufacturers, many of them founded by, or staffed with, European (and especially German and
Austrian) luthiers, were producing concert zithers. Chord zithers were often marketed under confusing brand names like
488:
form the most important category from an occidental point of view because they include our stringed keyboard instruments. The strings are stretched out over a board, which is rectangular or trapezoidal or in some other shape, and which is glued onto a shallow
2748:
English language site based in the U.S. Contains biographies of early performers and personalities associated with the history of concert and Alpine zithers, mainly in the U.S. Also contacts for resources like instrument maintenance, enthusiast clubs and
1975:
in 1989, used a zither technique to play electric guitar. Blind from the age of one, Healey began playing when he was three with the instrument flat on his lap, left hand above the fingerboard in the same manner as a zitherist. Although he used a
390:, published during the early 17th century. It is not fully understood how "zitter" or "zither" came to be applied to the instruments in this article as well as German varieties of the cittern. Other types of zither also existed in Germany, mostly
978:
Alpine zithers are tuned in a similar manner to the concert zither, with the accompaniment and bass strings each providing a full set of 12 chromatic pitches also arranged in a cycle of fifths. Contrabass strings are arranged in a descending
916:
pitches) available above the 12th fret, while the higher fretted strings still have higher chromatic pitches available at these half-frets. Nearly all instruments made after 1960, however, have full-length frets all the way up the fretboard.
180:
870:). Australian-born singer Shirley Abicair popularised the chord zither when she used it for accompaniment in her TV shows, live performances and recordings in Britain in the 1950s and '60s. Zither music also featured in a
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has 42 strings, and differs from the concert zither primarily in requiring the addition of an extension to the body of the instrument to support both the longer additional contrabass strings and their tuners.
954:
lower, giving a particularly distinctive tone to the contrabass strings. The resulting lower string tension also enabled Karas to perform an expressive vibrato on the fingerboard melody strings. Film director
1926:
Since the zither requires advanced technique to play anything more than simple tunes, the vast majority of the concert zithers sold never attained more than amateur or (mostly) ornamental use; the playing of
167:
631:
Plate. The
Romance of the Western Chamber. In a scene from a popular play, the heroine is shown in contemplation, playing her zither. From China, Qing Dynasty, 18th century CE. National Museum of Scotland,
991:
strings. However Optima makes
Strings to allow for "Extended Viennese Tuning" w/ 42 Strings going all the way down to C#1 (the same note on the 2nd Fret of the 5th string on a 5 string Electric Bass).
910:
On some older zithers, one may find "half-frets" above the 12th fret, which extend only under the first two or three strings. This results in the lower fretted strings having no pitches (or no
792:
The zither went through two periods of great popularity in the United States. The first of these was in the late 19th through early 20th century, when it was greatly in vogue as a
773:. As the 'concert zither' it also began to attract the attention of serious composers, a number of whom, themselves, became concert zither virtuosi. These composers, called the "
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921:
for the fingerboard strings. He used
Viennese tuning (see below), but with an altered chromatic sequence for the fingerboard and open strings. The accompaniment strings G and F
179:
1857:
Note that the C#, F, & A Strings of the
Unfretted String section on the Fretted Zither are Colored Red because like the Red C Strings & Blue/Black F Strings of a
364:, which was used in this form for the title covers on many 16th- and 17th-century German-printed manuscript books originally for the 'cittern' â from the Greek word
2761:
von Werner Wölfing. German language site with photographs, history and different types of zither, links to further information and resources, zither makers and players
717:
furnishes an example of this older type of
European zither. By the late 18th century, two principal varieties of European concert zither had developed, known as the
3143:
2732:
English language site dedicated to the chord zither. The authors present arguments for the instrument to be renamed 'fretless zither'. Contains some dead links.
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1965:
While use of the concert zither itself has declined, zither music and technique continue to influence contemporary musicians. For example: Canadian musician
833:" was released as a single in 1949â50 and became a best-seller in the UK. Following its release in the U.S. in 1950, it spent eleven weeks at number one on
1881:
The zither is played by plucking the strings while it lies flat on a table (which acts as a resonator to amplify the sound), or it can be held on the lap.
959:, (on whose oak kitchen table the music was performed), described the sound as "gritty and dirty", perfectly reflecting the atmospheric mood of the film.
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656:, dating from 433 BC. Similar instruments along this design were developed over the following centuries, for example, the Japanese silk-strung
1884:
On concert and Alpine zithers, the melody strings are pressed to the fingerboard ("fretted") with the fingers of the left hand, and plucked with a
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2192:
850:
This new popularity for the zither lasted until well into the 1960s with many successful albums during the period from performers such as Karas,
731:(with both sides rounded). Both styles are still found in concert zithers today, although the Salzburg style has become by far the most common.
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zither have also been employed, including the electric zitherâand recent instruments that share zither characteristics, such as the
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magazine film preview stated that "the famous musical score by Anton Karas" would have the audience "in a dither with his zither".
754:
The zither became a popular folk music instrument in Bavaria and Austria and, at the beginning of the 19th century, was known as a
684:" has brought wider recognition to these other zither family members, both ancient and modern. Many of these instruments have been
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As a result, manufacturers attempted to simplify the instrument with various keyboard devices attached to the melody strings (
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music for the film, which featured only a concert zither (no other instruments) â was performed by the Viennese musician
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strings. Some of these employed movable bridges similar to the Japanese koto, used for retuning the drone strings. The Alpine
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858:. German-born American Ruth Welcome released a number of very popular theme-based zither albums between 1958 and 1965 (e.g.,
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402:, but these generally have their own individual regional names and may have been in use before the introduction into the
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2279:
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2323:"Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann"
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bass strings. This brought the contrabasses closer to the fingerboard where the player could reach them more easily.
615:
The word has also been used in conjunction with brand varieties of other string instruments, for example, the zither
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2755:
German language site describing transition from drone zither to 19th century Mittenwald and Salzburg concert zither
653:
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1943:
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classification system, the term refers to a larger family of similarly shaped instruments that also includes the
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1971:
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707:, having long, usually rectangular, sound boxes, with one or more melody strings and several unfretted
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283:
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In the 1950s, interest in zithers resurfaced due in great measure to the success of the 1949 British
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In Europe and other more northern and western regions, early zithers were more similar to the modern
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264:
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von Werner Chudik. Contains article by GĂŒnter Wittenstein discussing the zither tuning used by Karas
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2020:
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German language site with pictures of vintage instruments including bowed zithers (here called
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2010:
882:(2019) only a few independent luthiers and mid-European makers are producing new instruments.
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63:
46:
1861:, they act as "Separator Strings" to give the Musician useful reference points when playing.
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1980:
guitar throughout his career, the instrument was in effect being used as an electric zither.
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596:(where the neck serves no separate function other than to extend the string length), and
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Zithers are typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers or a
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family. In modern terminology, it is more specifically an instrument consisting of many
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801:' or 'mandoline zither'. The recently rediscovered recordings of the gospel singer
689:
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439:
427:
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to classify all stringed instruments in which the strings do not extend beyond the
391:
325:
In modern common usage the term "zither" refers to three specific instruments: the
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113:
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Chart from 29 April to 8 July. The exposure made Karas an international star. A
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There are two popular tunings for the modern zither: Munich and Viennese. The
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The part is sometimes played on a mandolin, when a zither is not available.
1919:
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813:
315:
1915:
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The earliest known surviving instrument of the zither family is a Chinese
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1951:
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1939:
1909:
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gave the instrument a prominent solo in one of his most famous waltzes, "
719:
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509:
422:
system, an academic instrument classification method, also uses the term
287:
279:
268:
82:
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3121:
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2084:
2015:
1874:
793:
665:
577:
573:
545:
521:
407:
403:
365:
361:
349:
318:), but, unlike guitars and lutes, a zither lacks a distinctly separate
259:
2580:"The 101 strangest records on Spotify: Ruth Welcome â Romantic Zither"
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2322:
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3597:
3308:
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2999:
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2862:
2822:
2528:
2114:
743:
673:
581:
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322:
assembly. The number of strings varies, from one to more than fifty.
20:
2168:
played the part on the violin at a New Year's Day concert in Vienna.
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641:
635:
626:
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533:
517:
291:
781:", flourished between 1870 and 1910. And no less a composer than
376:
mentions an Englishman who came to Germany with a small cittern,
3207:
2867:
2139:
1858:
311:
3601:
3467:
3125:
2774:
2415:"Source and stream: early music and living traditions in China"
966:
An Alpine Zither. Note the "harp post" at the top of the image.
688:
electronically and are available in instrument banks for music
275:
stretched across a thin, flat body, the topic of this article.
2687:
Die Zither in der Schweiz: Von den AnfÀngen bis zur Gegenwart
1889:
Accompaniment Strings more easily & get a sharper attack.
225:
927:
were tuned an octave higher, while contrabass strings tuned E
894:
Concert zither with a fretted fingerboard. This variety is a
2308:(1619); Oxford University Press; London: 1986. 019316406X
240:
156:
222:
2770:
237:
219:
907:
strings, with five or six being the most common number.
680:
of Madagascar; and many others. Increasing interest in "
2745:
2634:"The Twilight Zone (1959) s01e33 Episode Script - SS"
2366:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 463.
234:
216:
2321:
von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Sachs, Curt (March 1961).
724:(with a rounded side away from the player), and the
3959:
3928:
3887:
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3675:
3635:
3579:
3563:
3527:
3501:
3430:
3379:
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2808:
1019:
231:
213:
147:
97:
89:
69:
52:
45:
2765:Anton Karas page by his Grandson (English version)
314:, a zither's body serves as a resonating chamber (
267:. Historically, it could be any instrument of the
2704:; University of Missouri (1981). ASIN: B00072D9GI
2736:"Zither collection of the University of Leipzig"
2673:Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary
2199:. Oxford University Press. 2013. Archived from
483:
504:This includes such diverse instruments as the
3613:
3479:
3137:
2786:
999:Tuning chart for concert and Alpine zithers:
612:also fall within this broad categorical use.
8:
775:
756:
378:
28:
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3486:
3472:
3464:
3144:
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3122:
2812:
2793:
2779:
2771:
2479:
2477:
1001:
2316:
2314:
1014:
1004:
360:The word "zither" is derived from Latin
2702:A Selective Bibliography for the Zither
2181:
2157:
1838:
1834:
1164:
1011:
1009:
406:of 'cythara' and its German derivative
398:(which was mentioned by Praetorius) or
3495:Traditional Polish musical instruments
2445:
2434:
652:, a fretless instrument, found in the
501:, it may be a psaltery or a dulcimer.
190:
27:
2675:; W. W. Norton & Company (1975).
2578:Fitzpatrick, Rob (4 September 2013).
2487:. www.zithers-usa.com. Archived from
2187:
2185:
252:
16:Class of stringed musical instruments
7:
2730:"Fretless Zithers" at MinerMusic.com
2661:; Chelsea House Publishing (2000).
672:of Greece and the Middle East; the
3101:Musical Instrument Factory of Riga
2529:"Song title 199 â Third Man Theme"
2512:, a 28 November 1949 article from
2363:The History of Musical Instruments
14:
1969:, featured in the film thriller
896:discant Salzburger Konzertzither
209:
191:Problems playing this file? See
176:
34:
71:HornbostelâSachs classification
4062:Belarusian musical instruments
3967:List of Swedish folk musicians
3667:Traditional Nordic dance music
2711:, vol. 1 & 2; Unbekannt .
1950:, etc.). The invention of the
170:G'schichten aus dem Wienerwald
1:
4057:Ukrainian musical instruments
4027:Hungarian musical instruments
4017:Slovenian musical instruments
2306:De Organographia Part I and I
310:. Like an acoustic guitar or
4022:Croatian musical instruments
2531:. Tsort.info. 8 October 2007
4052:Russian musical instruments
2568:. HDNet, 22 September 2010.
2280:Online Etymology Dictionary
1499:
1167:
950:, Karas tuned the zither a
787:Tales from the Vienna Woods
4080:
4047:Slovak musical instruments
4037:Polish musical instruments
4012:German musical instruments
2550:"The Third Man" DVD review
2389:"The English Zither-Banjo"
2327:The Galpin Society Journal
2197:Oxford Dictionaries Online
1841:
1031:
1028:
1025:
886:Concert and Alpine zithers
864:Zither South of the Border
654:tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
81:, plucked by fingers or a
18:
4042:Czech musical instruments
4032:Swiss musical instruments
2709:Zither In Der Volksmusik
2566:The Ultimate Trailer Show
2255:. Random House, Inc. 2013
2253:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1847:
1844:
1022:
738:Zitherist before 1850 in
152:
104:
40:Different concert zithers
33:
3219:Six-Hole and Long Flutes
2719:, 3-708-40155-7 (German)
868:Zither Goes to Hollywood
380:einem kleinen Citterlein
288:hammered dulcimer family
19:Not to be confused with
2229:. Merriam-Webster. 2013
1922:'s electric drum zither
623:History and development
4007:Folk music instruments
2444:Cite journal requires
1931:was a rare exception.
1923:
1912:
1878:
967:
899:
841:Best Sellers in Stores
776:
757:
751:
700:
645:
633:
491:
379:
370:used in Ancient Greece
337:(each of which uses a
330:
257:, from the Greek word
161:
2689:; Turtleback (1995).
2554:Turner Classic Movies
2300:Praetorius, Michael;
1918:
1904:
1872:
965:
939:replaced the regular
893:
737:
698:
639:
630:
430:. Categories include
372:. The German scholar
298:instruments like the
160:
3951:Norwegian folk music
3946:Icelandic folk music
3153:Hungarian folk music
3071:Appalachian dulcimer
2659:Stringed Instruments
2510:Music: Zither Dither
2360:Sachs, Curt (1940).
2223:"Strings on a table"
1500:Viennese (extended)
1005:Zither tuning chart
598:keyboard instruments
514:Appalachian dulcimer
265:stringed instruments
3045:Tambourine de Bearn
2965:Epinette des Vosges
2902:West and South Asia
2685:MĂŒhlemann, Lorenz;
2227:Merriam-Webster.com
2036:Washington Phillips
2021:Michel de Montaigne
1978:Fender Stratocaster
1929:Washington Phillips
988:zither tuning chart
831:The Third Man Theme
803:Washington Phillips
765:Viennese zitherist
590:Pedal steel guitars
493:The strings may be
333:), its variant the
99:Related instruments
30:
3941:Finnish folk music
3629:Swedish folk music
2707:Schuler, Manfred;
2700:Ralston, Jack L.;
2657:Dearling, Robert;
2387:Pestcoe, Schlomo.
1924:
1913:
1879:
1865:Playing techniques
968:
900:
752:
701:
646:
644:with seven strings
634:
384:, in his treatise
374:Michael Praetorius
162:
3989:
3988:
3936:Danish folk music
3693:Polka and Polkett
3655:Nordic folk music
3595:
3594:
3461:
3460:
3119:
3118:
3089:
3088:
2975:Hammered dulcimer
2753:'Zithernhistorie'
2393:creekdontrise.com
2071:George Washington
1852:
1851:
783:Johann Strauss II
750:-style instrument
705:mountain dulcimer
699:Alpine Scheitholt
506:hammered dulcimer
263:) are a class of
202:
201:
181:
168:Zither solo from
132:, ground zither,
64:String instrument
47:String instrument
4069:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3599:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3465:
3454:
3444:
3231:Transverse flute
3169:Cegléd water jug
3146:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3076:Mexican salterio
2858:Indonesian siter
2813:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2772:
2671:Marcuse, Sibyl;
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2552:, Sean Axmaker,
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2430:
2424:. Archived from
2419:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2318:
2309:
2302:Syntagma Musicum
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2203:on 30 March 2013
2189:
2169:
2162:
2031:Johann Petzmayer
1897:Contemporary use
1829:
1828:
1812:
1811:
1789:
1788:
1772:
1771:
1755:
1754:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1486:
1485:
1469:
1468:
1452:
1451:
1429:
1428:
1412:
1411:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1002:
938:
937:
932:
931:
926:
925:
779:
771:Alpine countries
767:Johann Petzmayer
760:
670:qÄnĆ«n (or kanun)
420:HornbostelâSachs
387:Syntagma Musicum
382:
368:, an instrument
284:HornbostelâSachs
256:
254:[ËtsÉȘtÉ]
251:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
183:
182:
159:
38:
31:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4066:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3955:
3924:
3920:Mixolydian mode
3883:
3873:Svensk sÀckpipa
3771:
3671:
3650:Music of Sweden
3631:
3626:
3596:
3591:
3575:
3559:
3523:
3497:
3492:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3426:
3402:Hungarian minor
3397:Hungarian gypsy
3375:
3313:
3240:
3183:
3155:
3150:
3120:
3115:
3085:
3059:
3040:Streichmelodion
2938:
2897:
2804:
2799:
2726:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2585:TheGuardian.com
2577:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2491:on 3 March 2016
2483:
2482:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2443:
2433:
2431:on 29 May 2008.
2428:
2422:Oxford Journals
2417:
2413:Stephen Jones.
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2095:Baltic psaltery
2080:
2075:
2046:Wilfried Scharf
1991:Shirley Abicair
1986:
1984:Notable players
1899:
1867:
1854:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
997:
981:chromatic scale
941:cycle of fifths
935:
934:
929:
928:
923:
922:
888:
874:episode â
860:Romantic Zither
856:Shirley Abicair
625:
416:
358:
308:streichmelodion
294:and a few rare
249:
230:
212:
208:
198:
197:
189:
187:
186:
185:
184:
177:
174:
163:
157:
76:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3905:Harmonic minor
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:Bowed psaltery
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Persian santur
2921:
2919:Indian santoor
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2740:Streichzithern
2733:
2725:
2724:External links
2722:
2721:
2720:
2705:
2698:
2683:
2669:
2647:
2646:
2625:
2607:"Ruth Welcome"
2598:
2570:
2558:
2542:
2520:
2502:
2473:
2468:britannica.com
2455:
2446:|journal=
2405:
2379:
2372:
2352:
2339:10.2307/842168
2310:
2293:
2266:
2240:
2214:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2051:John Sebastian
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Dorothy Carter
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1898:
1895:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1639:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1617:
1614:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1553:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1382:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1296:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:Accompaniment
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
996:
993:
904:concert zither
887:
884:
664:of Indonesian
624:
621:
588:, and others.
468:trough zithers
460:ground zithers
415:
412:
357:
354:
327:concert zither
304:bowed dulcimer
300:bowed psaltery
200:
199:
188:
175:
166:
165:
164:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
144:
102:
101:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
73:
67:
66:
56:
54:Classification
50:
49:
43:
42:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4075:
4074:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:Miscellaneous
3958:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3803:HĂ€rjedalspipa
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3767:Wedding march
3765:
3763:Miscellaneous
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Oscar Schmidt
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:Manufacturers
3092:
3082:
3079:
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3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
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3008:
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2727:
2723:
2718:
2717:3-853-66837-2
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:3-729-60584-4
2692:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:Other sources
2635:
2629:
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2614:
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2608:
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2373:0-393-02068-1
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2250:
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2128:
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2108:
2106:
2105:Guitar zither
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2069:
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2061:King Kalakaua
2059:
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2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1960:Chapman stick
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1873:Zitherist in
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1837:
1823:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1783:
1777:
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1188:
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1123:
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1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
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1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:Contrabasses
1018:
1008:
1003:
1000:
994:
992:
989:
984:
982:
976:
973:
972:Alpine zither
964:
960:
958:
953:
949:
948:The Third Man
944:
942:
918:
915:
914:
908:
905:
897:
892:
885:
883:
879:
877:
873:
872:Twilight Zone
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
818:The Third Man
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
799:guitar zither
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
778:
772:
768:
763:
761:
759:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
730:
728:
723:
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715:
710:
706:
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691:
687:
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679:
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671:
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629:
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613:
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587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:tromba marina
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
490:
487:
486:Board-zithers
482:
480:
477:According to
475:
473:
472:frame zithers
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:board zithers
449:
445:
441:
440:stick zithers
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:drone zithers
389:
388:
383:
381:
375:
371:
367:
363:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
335:Alpine zither
332:
331:Konzertzither
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:
255:
245:
206:
196:
194:
173:
171:
151:
146:
143:
139:
138:trough zither
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
55:
51:
48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
3978:
3971:
3895:Aeolian mode
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3754:
3747:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3659:
3642:
3554:
3447:
3437:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3301:
3294:
3290:Stroh violin
3282:
3275:
3259:
3258:
3246:Chordophones
3223:
3206:
3055:Violinzither
2929:Iraqi santur
2801:
2739:
2708:
2701:
2686:
2672:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2637:. Retrieved
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2610:
2601:
2589:. Retrieved
2583:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2523:
2513:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:the original
2467:
2458:
2437:cite journal
2426:the original
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:
2382:
2362:
2355:
2330:
2326:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2278:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2226:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2196:
2166:Lorin Maazel
2160:
2066:Dave Cousins
2056:Ruth Welcome
2026:Dolly Parton
1970:
1964:
1956:
1944:celestaphone
1933:
1925:
1891:
1883:
1880:
1856:
1853:
998:
987:
985:
977:
971:
969:
947:
945:
933:, F, D, E, C
919:
911:
909:
903:
901:
895:
880:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:Ruth Welcome
849:
844:
834:
816:
811:
791:
774:
764:
755:
753:
747:
746:, playing a
725:
718:
712:
702:
690:synthesizers
647:
614:
503:
494:
492:
485:
484:
476:
464:harp zithers
451:
448:raft zithers
444:tube zithers
436:musical bows
434:(made up of
428:sounding box
423:
417:
385:
377:
359:
346:chord zither
345:
334:
326:
324:
277:
258:
204:
203:
169:
148:Sound sample
142:frame zither
126:board zither
114:stick zither
25:
3980:Riksspelman
3915:Lydian mode
3910:Ionian mode
3900:Dorian mode
3852:Psalmodicon
3838:Nyckelharpa
3776:Instruments
3730:SlÀngpolska
3661:Spelmanslag
3540:Hurdy-gurdy
3271:Hurdy-gurdy
3266:Double bass
2759:Zitherseite
2746:"Zither US"
2041:Lee Ranaldo
2011:FĂ©lix LajkĂł
2006:Anton Karas
1996:Basia Bulat
1967:Jeff Healey
1908:playing an
1906:Basia Bulat
827:Anton Karas
758:Volkszither
740:Ausseerland
682:world music
678:tube zither
606:harpsichord
594:lap guitars
456:box zithers
432:Bar zithers
344:), and the
342:fingerboard
134:harp zither
122:raft zither
118:tube zither
110:musical bow
77:(Resonated
75:314.122-5,6
60:Chordophone
3996:Categories
3706:3/4 Dances
3682:2/4 Dances
3676:Tune Types
3644:Gammaldans
3502:Percussion
3417:Pentatonic
3412:Mixolydian
3189:Aerophones
3179:Tambourine
3174:Jew's harp
3161:Percussion
3035:Scheitholt
3030:Psalterium
2934:Swarmandal
2853:Ichigenkin
2681:0393007588
2667:0791060926
2398:4 February
2286:4 February
2259:26 October
2233:26 October
2207:26 October
2176:References
2120:Violinharp
2110:Swarmandal
1972:Road House
1936:Marxophone
1877:, Slovenia
1015:Unfretted
957:Carol Reed
823:soundtrack
807:jazz music
777:Altmeister
727:Mittenwald
714:Scheitholt
602:clavichord
586:swarmandal
454:(includes
414:Organology
396:scheitholt
193:media help
130:box zither
106:Bar zither
79:box zither
3929:Relations
3866:SpilÄpipa
3859:SÀlgflöjt
3844:Moraharpa
3796:Drejelire
3783:Accordion
3744:4/4 Dance
3370:Verbunkos
3303:ĂtĆgardon
3236:Wood horn
3214:Reed pipe
3197:Accordion
3015:Langeleik
2828:ÄĂ n tranh
2816:East Asia
2809:By region
2485:"History"
1920:Liam Finn
952:semi-tone
913:chromatic
878:in 1960.
836:Billboard
814:film noir
632:Edinburgh
600:like the
566:ÄĂ n tranh
394:like the
356:Etymology
329:(German:
316:sound box
282:. In the
93:Antiquity
90:Developed
3831:NĂ€verlur
3699:Schottis
3687:Engelska
3571:Trombita
3509:Harmonia
3422:Phrygian
3356:Legényes
3349:LĂĄnytĂĄnc
3335:KarikĂĄzĂł
3254:Cimbalom
3225:TĂĄrogatĂł
3202:Clarinet
3081:Tremoloa
3064:Americas
3050:Tsymbaly
3025:Psaltery
3020:Langspil
2960:Cimbalom
2950:Autoharp
2888:Yanggeum
2838:Geomungo
2833:Gayageum
2697:(German)
2518:magazine
2464:"Zither"
2333:: 3â29.
2275:"zither"
2249:"zither"
2193:"zither"
2145:Tautirut
2100:Dulcimer
2090:Autoharp
2078:See also
1952:autoharp
1948:tremoloa
1940:dolceola
1910:autoharp
1886:plectrum
1845:Concert
1827:♯
1810:♯
1787:♯
1770:♯
1753:♭
1730:♯
1719:♯
1708:♯
1655:♭
1644:♭
1633:♯
1622:♯
1611:♯
1558:♭
1547:♭
1536:♭
1484:♯
1467:♯
1450:♭
1427:♯
1410:♭
1387:♯
1376:♯
1365:♯
1312:♭
1301:♭
1290:♯
1279:♯
1268:♯
1215:♭
1204:♭
1012:Fretted
936:♯
930:♭
924:♯
876:Mr Bevis
839:'s U.S.
748:Salzburg
720:Salzburg
666:gamelans
640:Chinese
570:autoharp
562:gayageum
510:psaltery
280:plectrum
269:psaltery
83:plectrum
4002:Zithers
3973:Spelman
3824:LĂ„tfiol
3749:GÄnglÄt
3717:Mazurka
3636:General
3587:CymbaĆy
3545:Mazanki
3528:Strings
3453:(dance)
3449:TĂĄnchĂĄz
3387:Aeolian
3342:Körtånc
3328:CsĂĄrdĂĄs
3296:Tambura
2995:KanklÄs
2985:Kantele
2893:Yazheng
2883:Yangqin
2848:Guzheng
2802:Zithers
2749:events.
2612:Discogs
2535:24 June
2130:Guzheng
2125:Kantele
2085:Adjalin
2016:Laraaji
1875:Maribor
1848:Alpine
1839:Notes:
1168:Munich
1029:Basses
1023:Melody
1020:String
829:. His "
794:parlour
686:sampled
578:yangqin
574:santoor
546:kantele
542:kanklÄs
522:guzheng
499:stopped
408:cognate
404:lexicon
366:kithara
362:cythara
350:cittern
339:fretted
273:strings
260:cithara
250:German:
205:Zithers
3888:Scales
3879:Violin
3817:Kohorn
3810:Hummel
3789:Cittra
3723:Polska
3555:Zither
3519:KozioĆ
3443:(song)
3431:Styles
3407:Ionian
3392:Dorian
3380:Scales
3319:Dances
3309:Violin
3284:Kontra
3260:Citera
3000:Kokles
2990:Kannel
2980:Hummel
2943:Europe
2863:Kacapi
2823:Ajaeng
2715:
2693:
2679:
2665:
2639:6 June
2618:6 June
2591:6 June
2495:6 June
2370:
2347:842168
2345:
2115:Ukelin
1842:Basic
1165:Pitch
995:Tuning
854:, and
821:. The
744:Styria
729:zither
722:zither
674:valiha
668:; the
660:; the
582:santur
558:valiha
554:kokles
550:kannel
424:zither
400:hummel
306:, and
172:(1:04)
29:Zither
21:Cither
3711:Hambo
3580:Other
3363:UgrĂłs
3277:Koboz
3111:TĆkai
3005:Kusle
2970:Gusli
2914:Nuzhe
2909:Kanun
2843:Guqin
2429:(PDF)
2418:(PDF)
2343:JSTOR
2152:Notes
2135:Guqin
709:drone
662:siter
650:guqin
642:guqin
617:banjo
610:piano
538:kanun
534:gusli
518:guqin
479:Sachs
296:bowed
292:piano
3756:Snoa
3737:Vals
3564:Wind
3550:Suka
3535:Basy
3514:Koza
3439:NĂłta
3208:Duda
3010:Krez
2873:Koto
2868:Khim
2713:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2677:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2641:2016
2620:2016
2593:2016
2537:2013
2515:Time
2497:2016
2450:help
2400:2023
2368:ISBN
2288:2023
2261:2013
2235:2013
2209:2013
2140:Koto
1859:Harp
970:The
946:For
845:Time
676:, a
658:koto
608:and
530:koto
495:open
489:box.
470:and
462:and
438:and
418:The
320:neck
312:lute
290:and
2335:doi
2304::
1160:42
1157:41
1154:40
1151:39
1148:38
1145:37
1142:36
1139:35
1136:34
1133:33
1130:32
1127:31
1124:30
1121:29
1118:28
1115:27
1112:26
1109:25
1106:24
1103:23
1100:22
1097:21
1094:20
1091:19
1088:18
1085:17
1082:16
1079:15
1076:14
1073:13
1070:12
1067:11
1064:10
789:".
497:or
466:),
442:),
62:),
3998::
2878:Se
2609:.
2582:.
2476:^
2466:.
2441::
2439:}}
2435:{{
2420:.
2391:.
2341:.
2331:14
2329:.
2325:.
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2277:.
2251:.
2225:.
2195:.
2184:^
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1946:,
1942:,
1938:,
1061:9
1058:8
1055:7
1052:6
1049:5
1046:4
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560:,
556:,
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536:,
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2643:.
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