455:
1705:
278:, ritual vessels ranging from clay to bronze are often found in the tombs of these sites. The form, shapes, and décor, provide hints to the every vessel's function as well as the early beliefs that inspired them. Early Chinese religion has been difficult for scholars to understand due to a lack of extensive archaeological evidence on Neolithic religious philosophies and ritual practices. The early Shang dynasty, however, had a much more concrete religion in regards to beliefs and practices ranging from ancestor worship to funerary rituals, and a developed system to perform sacrifices. As these beliefs could have extended back into earlier periods in China, a common center of worship included such elements such as ancestors, fertility concerns as well as other spirits or gods of the natural elements.
282:
692:
1949:
191:
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sickness, death, and eventually the afterlife, all of which coexisted with people as having a high influence on one's life. In some cases, ritual vessels provided a way to maintain harmony between the spirit world and the earthly realm through vessels holding sacrifices, or vessels like the gu being drunk by humans in ritual ceremonies.
351:
The term gu had not been ever previously found inscribed on any other vessels and the first mention of this term was not until the 11th century found in early artist and antiquarian, Li
Gonglin's writings. Li, a painter and avid collector of early bronzes, is credited for designating the name of the
330:
In Book 6, verse 25, of the
Confucian Analects, a gu is referred to. It was a cup to be drunk from specifically in religious sites but first by the rulers of the Shang dynasty. Its functional use for a human rather than a spirit is also noted based on the construction of the gu vessel for its design
454:
293:
The ritual vessels of early China are an extension of the spiritual or religious world, in which the powers that seemed to exist in nature may have carried a high influence in the inspiration of the vessels. The powers of nature included those that could have resided in animals, plants, water,
678:
is 13.6 cm high with four rising bands as decorations. Its body looks almost like a column, but gets wider at the mouth. Similar pottery objects have been found in other areas as well and these objects are suggested to be the predecessors of bronze
890:
Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan 國立故宮博物院, Catalogue of the
Special Exhibition of Shang and Chou Dynasty Bronze Wine Vessels 商周青銅酒器特展圖錄(Taipei: Zhonghua min guo Taibei Shi Shilin qu Weishuangxi & Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan, 1989), 124 &
334:
The only evidence we have of ritual use of this vessel is its strong association with wine, spirits, and high class rulers. Later engraved vessels help support the significance of ritual wine drinking as part of ritual ceremony. The
535:. This vessel is 25.2 cm high and its mouth is about 13.2 cm wide. Its neck is long and slim without any decorations. Low ribbon-like relief appears at the lower section of the vessel and it does not have a foot.
265:
makes sense in modern times because of its shape. The long stem made it easy to hold and sip from, while still allowing it to take on unique and elegant features. The drinking of wine was made from this cup.
647:-shape vessel". It is 29.2 cm high and can be roughly divided into 3 sections. The top section is a funnel shape container. Nonetheless, the other two sections distinguish this vessel form a bronze
306:
was a common wine vessel to be found in high class areas. This wine vessel has been found in places such as meeting areas were high class
Chinese members would gather for wine with one another. The
310:
vessel can be unique in a number of ways. The more elegant styled vessels with more relief and design would be found more commonly in the high class surroundings. The simpler, tall and narrow,
403:
dynasty (around 11th century to 8th century B.C.), but the style of the late Shang period, or rather the Anyang Style, survived and the style of the early Shang period also revived. Moreover,
235:
is tall and slender, with a slightly flared base that tapers to a slim center section before widening again into a trumpet-like mouth, wider than the base. Its surface is often decorated with
505:
also have decors that extend from its waist to the rim of the mouth in three triangle registers. In fact, bronze vessels made in Anyang phase are usually fully decorated with decors.
916:
Alt, Wayne. Ritual and the Social
Construction of Sacred Artifacts: An Analysis of “Analects” 6.25. Philosophy East and West, Vol. 55, No. 3. University of Hawaii Press, 2005., 461
1937:
318:
vessel was found to be listed under the "Wine
Containers" list of artifacts that have been found in the Shang civilizations. This allows archaeologists to focus on locations of
834:
have slim waist and wide-opened mouth and they are coated with black and red lacquer with some rising bands as decorations. Archaeologists date
Bianjiashan back to the
749:
is a funnel-shape cup, which becomes narrow at the bottom. Meanwhile, it has a raised-up foot that gets wider at the bottom, which make its outlook similar to bronze
446:
have this kind of cross-shape holes, though their diverse decors and shapes suggest they might have been made in different time periods in the Shang dynasty.
1601:
485:, also found from a tomb at Anyang, is about 31 cm high and its mouth is almost twice as wide as its bottom. Second, from this time onward, the base of
261:
cultures. Inscriptions have been found on ancient vessels stating that it was common to drink wine in
Chinese cultures. The creation of a vessel such as the
458:
Goblet (Gu) with 2 bands of taotie motifs. Bronze. Shang dynasty, 1150-1050 BCE. From China, probably made in the capital Anyang. Victoria and Albert Museum
257:
vessel was known for its use as a wine-drinking vessel. It is said to have developed from other elaborate cups that also had high stems and were found in
1192:
1930:
651:. The middle section is a long stem, decorated with engraved grooves and a high rising band. The lower section is its stand with three square legs.
1915:
1923:
352:
gu vessel based on an experiment on a gu vessel he owned. In his experiment, he measures that his gu vessel can hold exactly two pints or
1559:
1142:
624:
599:
937:
Harrist, Robert E. The Artist as
Antiquarian: Li Gonglin and His Study of Early Chinese Art. Artibus Asiae. Vol. 55, No. ¾ (1995), 261
1390:
1129:
Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan 國立故宮博物院, Catalogue of the
Special Exhibition of Shang and Chou Dynasty Bronze Wine Vessels 商周青銅酒器特展圖錄,125.
1568:
1224:
427:, an early Shang dynasty site. Decors on this vessel are concentrated on a band at the lower part of its body, which, according to
2449:
1594:
1823:
691:
438:
from Erligang has some cross-shape holes on its foot, which is a common feature among some Shang bronzes. For example, all the
281:
1335:
1088:
167:
115:
1576:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on gus
1573:
1294:
527:
motif on its waist celebrates the early Shang styles by locating its decors on one band. Another example is the Lü Fu Yi
2429:
2470:
2245:
1882:
1587:
925:
Fong, Mary H. The Origin of Chinese Representation of the Human Figure. Artibus Asiae. Vol. 49, No. ½ (1988-1989), 11
979:(Washington D.C.: Sackler Foundation/Cambridge: Sackler Museum, 1990), 14–15. Robert Bagley, "Shang Archaeology", in
1897:
784:
at the same period, though its waist is thicker. It have some long scratched slashes covered its surface as decor.
481:
from Anyang is 25.5 cm high and its mouth is 14.2 cm wide, which significantly surpasses its bottom. Chü
339:
vessel appears in an engraving of a ritual scene found on a yi vessel discovered in a tomb in Shaanxi in which the
1196:
1953:
984:
494:
286:
360:
while the designated character means “ridge” or "flange" based on those decorative elements found on his gu.
2475:
2444:
1364:商周青銅酒器特展圖錄. Taipei: Zhonghua min guo Taibei Shi Shilin qu Weishuangxi & Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan, 1989.
2148:
983:, edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 169–170.
1610:
1547:
1469:, edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, 124–291. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
804:
2213:
2143:
1383:
Qingtong Jue & Jia de Mimi: Cong Shiqian Taigui dao Xiashang Wenhua Qiyuan bing Duandai Wenti Yanjiu
213:
2155:
1979:
513:
Imitations or revivals of former styles appear in the late Shang period and early Western Zhou period.
1486:
Alt, Wayne. "Ritual and the Social Construction of Sacred Artifacts: An Analysis of 'Analects' 6.25".
331:
is logical in that it can hold liquid and can be easily held in one's hand unlike other wine vessels.
2119:
1743:
1266:
Guoli Gugong Bowuyuan, Guan Ware of the Southern Song Dynasty, Vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Cafa, 1962), 72–73.
2131:
578:
Modern Chinese archaeologists have identified numbers of neolithic pottery wine drinking vessels as
1974:
2033:
1996:
2404:
2389:
2284:
2267:
2255:
2223:
2167:
2160:
2136:
1425:
The Golden Age of Chinese Archaeology: Celebrated Discoveries from the People's Republic of China
964:
The Golden Age of Chinese Archaeology: Celebrated Discoveries from the People's Republic of China
372:
is name of a bronze vessel form, similar vessels have been made of clay and wood long before the
151:
143:
2179:
2419:
2240:
1556:
1386:
1340:
1331:
1221:
1139:
1084:
621:
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is about 14.5 cm high with a 14.7-cm-wide mouth and a 10.1-cm-wide base. Meanwhile, this
314:
vessels would be found throughout the family's households. According to the Tsun family, the
99:
91:
2250:
2196:
1500:
Harrist, Robert E. The Artist as Antiquarian: Li Gonglin and His Study of Early Chinese Art.
707:
discovered from Erlitou and Erligang suggest they might have direct relation with the bronze
2439:
2114:
835:
655:
632:
424:
56:
33:
2218:
2434:
2409:
2394:
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199:
77:
2399:
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2208:
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2096:
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2008:
1892:
1839:
1831:
1649:
881:
Smith, Howard. Chinese Religion in the Shang Dynasty. Numen. Vol. 8. Brill, 1961., 143
514:
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1542:
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2341:
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2045:
1903:
1855:
1807:
1791:
1629:
1551:
1228:
738:
532:
392:
217:
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The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.
1467:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.
1376:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.
1298:
981:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.
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2028:
2018:
1986:
1969:
1775:
1767:
1704:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1634:
769:
400:
221:
190:
63:
1362:
Catalogue of the Special Exhibition of Shang and Chou Dynasty Bronze Wine Vessels
1242:
Catalogue of the Special Exhibition of Shang and Chou Dynasty Bronze Wine Vessels
474:
at this time was usually higher than 20 cm with slim body and a wide mouth.
2424:
2321:
2023:
1799:
1679:
1659:
1574:
The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China
1458:
Wang王, Shouzhi 壽芝. "Shanxi Chenggu Chutu de Shangdai Qingtong Qi 陝西城固出土的商代青銅器",
1355:
The Great Bronze Age of China: An Exhibition from the People’s Republic of China
1180:
The Great Bronze Age of China: An Exhibition from the People’s Republic of China
1025:
The Great Bronze Age of China: An Exhibition from the People’s Republic of China
734:
733:, although scholars still have disputes in identifying it as the capital of the
160:
1010:
Wang Shouzhi 王壽芝, "Shanxi Chenggu Chutu de Shangdai Qingtong Qi 陝西城固出土的商代青銅器",
2106:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1694:
796:
730:
720:
373:
2201:
2124:
1083:北京圖書館藏青銅器全形拓片集, Vol. 3 (Beijing: Beijing Tushuguan Chubanshe, 1997), 74–108.
423:
has been discovered at the north corner of the upper level of the Tomb M2 in
2235:
2230:
1961:
1624:
428:
258:
108:
636:
501:, whose pictures are shown on this page, possess this feature. Third, some
274:
Throughout the hundreds of Neolithic to early dynastic sites discovered in
395:(around 16th century to 11th century B.C.). Xiaoneng Yang points out that
2303:
2280:
2275:
2067:
1863:
1579:
1385:青銅爵,斝的秘密：從史前陶鬶到夏商文化起源並斷代問題研究. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press, 2007.
1350:
1028:
823:
640:
225:
129:
1493:
Fong, Mary H. The Origin of Chinese Representation of the Human Figure.
614:, while some appear similar and might be the direct ancestors of bronze
2384:
2379:
2362:
2351:
2345:
2330:
2309:
2091:
1815:
1399:. Washington, D.C.: Sackler Foundation/Cambridge: Sackler Museum, 1990.
994:
564:
764:
and some other Shang sites in the heyday of the Bronze Age. A pottery
224:
dynasties (1600–256 BC). It was used to drink wine or to offer ritual
2366:
2079:
2063:
2055:
1887:
1759:
773:
761:
523:
475:
237:
2038:
2001:
1182:, ed. Wen Fong (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980), 35–38.
1178:
Kuang-Chih Chang, "The Chinese Bronze Age: A Modern Synthesis", in
590:
continued to exist even after it transformed into a bronze vessel.
559:
s waist is only slightly narrower than its month and base. Another
2326:
1948:
1397:
Western Zhou Ritual Bronzes from the Arthur M. Sackler Collections
1138:"Gray Pottery Gu-beaker", Shandong Museum, accessed Nov. 6, 2012,
1115:
Western Zhou Ritual Bronzes from the Arthur M. Sackler Collections
977:
Western Zhou Ritual Bronzes from the Arthur M. Sackler Collections
737:, China's first dynasty recorded by historical texts, or an early
690:
671:
463:
462:
Huge changes had taken place before the capital of Shang moved to
453:
343:
being used in the engraving highly resembles the gu of the Shang.
275:
189:
1040:
Zhongguo Qingtong Qi Quanji Bianji Weiyuanhui 中國青銅器全集編輯委員會, ed.,
1430:
Zhongguo Qingtong Qi Quanji Bianji Weiyuanhui 中國青銅器全集編輯委員會, ed.
1919:
1583:
799:, but it was used as vase instead of a wine drinking vessel. A
2013:
1689:
1411:
Spirit and Ritual: The Morse Collection of Ancient Chinese Art
1257:(New Heaven and London: Yale University Press, 1980), 106–107.
1055:
Spirit and Ritual: The Morse Collection of Ancient Chinese Art
1516:
The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China
1490:, Vol. 55, No. 3. University of Hawaii Press, 2005. 461–469.
1330:北京圖書館藏青銅器全形拓片集. Beijing: Beijing Tushuguan Chubanshe, 1997.
547:
became short and squat, while gradually disappeared. Wan Qi
1222:
http://www.sach.gov.cn/tabid/1094/InfoID/21682/Default.aspx
1140:
http://www.sdmuseum.com/english/Collections-Pottery-29.html
803:
with tubular handles, glazed in light greyish-blue in the
1434:中國青銅器全集, Vol. 2. Beijing : Wen wu chu ban she, 1997.
950:(London : British Museum Publications, 1987), 65–66.
172:
148:
134:
120:
1479:
Smith, Howard. "Chinese Religion in the Shang Dynasty".
1044:中國青銅器全集, Vol. 2 (Beijing: Wen wu chu ban she, 1997), 51.
966:(Washington, D. C.: National Gallery of Art, 1999), 238.
933:
931:
551:
can be dated back to the mid–Western Zhou dynasty. This
1023:
Bagley, "The Zhengzhou Phase (the Erligang Period", in
322:
vessels to help indicate the class status of the site.
1569:
State Administration of Cultural Heritage. "Tao Gu 陶觚"
415:
Zhengzhou phase (Erligang period) of the Shang dynasty
1347:. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press, 1980.
1328:
Beijing Tushuguan Cang Qingtong Qi Quanxing Tapian Ji
1081:
Beijing Tushuguan Cang Qingtong Qi Quanxing Tapian Ji
391:
is one of the most common bronze vessel forms in the
96:
82:
68:
1031:(New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980), 98–99.
877:
875:
873:
871:
654:
Some pottery drinking vessels excavated in the late
2361:
2266:
2105:
2054:
1960:
1875:
1712:
1617:
1518:. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
1427:. Washington, D. C.: National Gallery of Art, 1999.
1418:
Monumentality in Early Chinese Art and Architecture
1102:
Monumentality in Early Chinese Art and Architecture
999:
Monumentality in Early Chinese Art and Architecture
270:
Early inspiration for the creation of the gu vessel
166:
159:
142:
128:
114:
107:
90:
76:
62:
55:
50:
32:
23:
1406:. London : British Museum Publications, 1987.
1057:(New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982), 24.
912:
910:
567:, is similar in shape, but a little bit smaller.
1001:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), 48.
489:raised up slightly with a short round foot. The
1528:Loewe, Michael and Edward L. Shaughnessy, eds.
1374:Loewe, Michael and Edward L. Shaughnessy, eds.
723:, but their shapes are not entirely identical.
768:from a tomb that can be dated to the reign of
1931:
1595:
1413:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982.
1357:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980.
826:has yielded numbers of lacquered vessels and
431:, is a characteristic of Early Shang bronze.
38:
8:
1532:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
1521:Bagley, Rober W. “Meaning and Explanation.”
1420:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
1378:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
1218:Zaoqi Zhongguo: Zhonghua Wenming Qiyuan Zhan
807:, for example, imitates the shape of bronze
610:look very different from the form of bronze
1444:New Haven and London Yale University Press
1220:早期中國：中華文明起源展, last modified Oct. 11, 2009,
900:New Haven and London Yale University Press
495:Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, D.C.
1938:
1924:
1916:
1602:
1588:
1580:
1557:Shandong Museum. "Gray Pottery Gu-beaker."
598:Numbers of pottery vessels unearthed from
47:
1125:
1123:
842:may have certain connections with bronze
606:by archaeologists. Some of these pottery
1472:Zhao趙, Ye 曄. "Tanmi Bianjiashan 探秘卞家山."
1465:Bagley, Robert. "Shang Archaeology." In
280:
1280:Zhao Ye 趙曄, "Tanmi Bianjiashan 探秘卞家山",
1276:
1274:
1272:
854:
699:discovered in 1960 at the Erlitou sites
1369:Guan Ware of the Southern Song Dynasty
958:
956:
666:that looks striking similar to bronze
150:
98:
20:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
729:has been considered as a part of the
670:has been excavated at Shilipu (十里鋪),
563:discovered in a hoard in Zhangjiapo,
470:also changed in Anyang phase. First,
387:Based on archaeological discoveries,
7:
442:vessels and some other bronzes from
364:Historical developments and examples
18:Ancient Chinese ritual bronze vessel
1497:. Vol. 49, No. ½ (1988-1989), 5-38.
1360:Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan 國立故宮博物院.
1240:Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan 國立故宮博物院,
543:In the middle Western Zhou period,
658:appear more similar to the bronze
14:
1504:. Vol. 55, No. ¾ (1995), 237–280.
1439:Ancient Chinese and Ordos Bronzes
863:Ancient Chinese and Ordos Bronzes
586:-shape vessel". Besides, Ceramic
521:that is 28.5 cm high with a
450:Anyang phase of the Shang dynasty
1947:
1703:
1404:Chinese Bronzes: Art and Rituals
1068:Chinese Bronzes: Art and Rituals
948:Chinese Bronzes: Art and Rituals
1483:. Vol. 8. Brill, 1961. 142–150.
198:from the middle Shang dynasty,
173:
149:
135:
121:
1167:Qingtong Jue & Jia de Mimi
1079:Beijing Tushuguan 北京圖書館, ed.,
830:is a major vessel type. These
811:, but it functions as a vase.
711:. As mentioned above, pottery
356:of liquid which is equal to a
97:
83:
69:
39:
1:
1543:Encyclopædia Britannica entry
1326:Beijing Tushuguan 北京圖書館, ed.
795:continues to exist after the
776:in Anyang. The shape of this
285:A gu from the Shang dynasty,
836:late Liangzhu Culture period
407:disappeared in the reign of
1883:Chinese bronze inscriptions
539:Middle Western Zhou dynasty
533:the Hoard of the Wei Family
411:in the 10th century B.C.E.
399:became less popular in the
2492:
1898:Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
1437:Rawson, J. and Bunker, E.
1432:Zhouguo Qingtong Qi Quanji
1042:Zhouguo Qingtong Qi Quanji
861:Rawson, J. and Bunker, E.
780:is very similar to bronze
509:Early Western Zhou dynasty
1954:Alcoholic drinks in China
1701:
499:Shanghai Museum, Shanghai
287:Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
184:
46:
28:
1488:Philosophy East and West
1371:. Hong Kong: Cafa, 1962.
466:, Shang's last capital.
1476:東方博物, 24 (2006): 38–45.
1367:Guoli Gugong Bowuyuan.
643:, is categorized as a "
1611:Chinese ritual bronzes
846:in the Shang dynasty.
805:National Palace Museum
715:coexisted with bronze
700:
459:
290:
203:
2214:Niulanshan Distillery
1827:of Marquis Yi of Zeng
1523:Archives of Asian Art
1244:商周青銅酒器特展圖錄, appendix.
822:Bianjiashan (卞家山) in
694:
622:A gray pottery beaker
457:
284:
245:The beginning of the
214:Chinese ritual bronze
212:is a type of ancient
193:
2380:Changyu Pioneer Wine
1713:Individual artifacts
1423:Yang, Xiaoneng, ed.
962:Xiaoneng Yang, ed.,
326:Examples of function
2268:Fermented beverages
602:sites are named as
425:Erligang, Zhengzhou
2471:Chinese bronzeware
2435:Shangri-La Brewery
2430:San Miguel Brewery
2390:Great Leap Brewing
2144:Hengshui Laobaigan
1562:2016-03-04 at the
1446:Shang Civilization
1345:Shang Civilization
1282:Dongfang Bowu 東方博物
1255:Shang Civilization
1253:Kwang-Chih Chang,
1145:2016-03-04 at the
902:Shang Civilization
838:and suggest these
701:
627:2016-03-04 at the
517:has pointed out a
460:
291:
289:, Washington, D.C.
204:
2458:
2457:
2420:Lucky Buddha Beer
2350:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2241:Xinghuacun Fenjiu
2156:Jiangsu Shuanggou
2084:
2078:
2072:
2056:Distilled spirits
1913:
1912:
1744:Four-goat Square
1690:Zun (尊) or Yi (彝)
1462:文博 6 (1988): 3–9.
1409:Thorp, Robert L.
1402:Rawson, Jessica.
1395:Rawson, Jessica.
1341:Chang, Kwang-Chih
1053:Robert L. Thorp,
1014:文博 6 (1988), 3–9.
788:Later time period
741:sites. A pottery
594:The Neolithic Age
493:displayed in the
202:, Shanghai, China
188:
187:
180:
179:
116:Yale Romanization
57:Standard Mandarin
2483:
2450:Zhujiang Brewery
2440:Tsingtao Brewery
2348:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2259:
2227:
2205:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2115:Beijing Hongxing
2082:
2076:
2070:
2042:
2005:
1983:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1707:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1525:46 (1993): 6–26.
1381:Lv呂, Qichang琪昌.
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1297:. Archived from
1291:
1285:
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1301:on 2013-01-15
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1229:archive.today
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1216:"Tao Gu 陶觚",
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1199:on 2013-01-16
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2107:Distilleries
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1316:Bibliography
1303:. Retrieved
1299:the original
1289:
1284:, 24 (2006).
1281:
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1254:
1249:
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1236:
1217:
1212:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:the original
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662:. A pottery
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64:Hanyu Pinyin
15:
2298:Shaoxingjiu
2288: [
2285:Chengangjiu
2254: [
2222: [
2200: [
2183: [
2171: [
2168:Jiannanchun
2159: [
2147: [
2135: [
2123: [
2037: [
2000: [
1978: [
1848:Fujita ram
1840:Fu Hao owl
1640:Fangyi (方彜)
904:1980 pg. 24
865:1990 pg. 80
774:Zu Jia (祖甲)
770:Zugeng (祖庚)
735:Xia dynasty
419:One bronze
161:Old Chinese
2465:Categories
1808:Shi Qiang
1695:TLV mirror
1552:Christie's
1416:Wu, Hung.
1336:7501312850
1305:2012-12-04
1203:2012-12-04
1089:7501312850
850:References
815:Lacquered
797:Bronze Age
731:Bronze Age
721:Bronze Age
695:A pottery
497:, and the
374:Bronze Age
168:Zhengzhang
78:Wade–Giles
2363:Breweries
2236:Xifengjiu
2231:Wuliangye
2180:Jiuguijiu
1962:Drinkware
1856:Simu Xin
1832:Luboshez
1825:Bianzhong
1792:Mao Gong
1776:Kang Hou
1650:Guang (觥)
1625:Bianzhong
1351:Fong, Wen
1169:青銅爵、斝的秘密.
600:Neolithic
531:found in
429:Max Loehr
368:Although
259:Neolithic
226:libations
2405:Cheerday
2367:wineries
2342:Putaojiu
2322:Lizhijiu
2281:Huangjiu
2276:Gouqijiu
2074:Kaoliang
2068:Erguotou
1768:Houmuwu
1630:Ding (鼎)
1560:Archived
1548:Exemplar
1453:Articles
1225:Archived
1193:"陶觚（gū）"
1143:Archived
1113:Rawson,
1104:, 52–53.
1070:, 65–66.
1066:Rawson,
1029:Wen Fong
824:Zhejiang
756:Pottery
703:Pottery
641:Shandong
635:site in
625:Archived
571:Ceramic
347:The name
130:Jyutping
2385:CR Snow
2375:Beijing
2352:Ningxia
2346:Museles
2331:Choujiu
2310:Liaojiu
2304:Huadiao
2251:Yingjia
2197:Langjiu
1876:Related
1802:fanglei
1685:You (卣)
1675:Lei (罍)
1670:Jue (爵)
1665:Jia (斝)
1655:Gui (簋)
1635:Dui (敦)
995:Hung Wu
747:Erlitou
719:in the
674:. This
565:Shaanxi
476:Fu Hao
380:Bronze
34:Chinese
2365:&
2246:Yanghe
2080:Maotai
2064:Baijiu
1888:Taotie
1736:Da Yu
1728:Da Ke
1720:Da He
1680:Yi (匜)
1660:Hu (壺)
1645:Gu (觚)
1389:
1353:, ed.
1334:
1295:"中国考古"
1087:
762:Anyang
637:Tai'an
524:taotie
249:vessel
238:taotie
2337:Pijiu
2327:Mijiu
2292:]
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