259:, which were famed for their foundries. This was ignored by the governor in order to keep the semblance of peace. By October more reports of unusual preparations from the Guardias circulated in the province, and by February 1898, the "fanatics" commenced their "pillaging" throughout Pangasinan, prompting a response from the government. Don Juan Ferrer, relating his eyewitness account, relays that the Guardia de Honor, being a society to venerate the Virgin Mary, prayed to her for guidance in the struggle against the Spanish. Arrested Guardias in December 1898 also testified that their organization was broken up by the Spanish colonial government on account of the Revolution, and that their
406:
townspeople were supposedly organized as "some new religion", their real objective was "extorting money from the public". In reality, the residents of
Cabaruan were engaged in continual raids into the farms and property of neighboring towns. Patrols from Dagupan frequently heard rumors from nearby towns of chronic criminal activity and sordid rites being committed in Cabaruan, although they could do nothing but perform wary surveillance. Any attempt to visit Cabaruan by surprise resulted in the military patrols being greeted by the Cabaruan brass band, yielding no evidence of their activity.
287:, appearing in the countryside and attacking prominent families and administrative units loyal to the new government were frequent. These disturbances threatened political reorganization as well as plans for the expected conflict with the United States. By December 1898, peace and order in the provinces of La Union, Pangasinan, and Tarlac had deteriorated to a critical point. These attacks followed a pattern of rebels assaulting poorly-defended towns, sacking government buildings, destroying official records, robbing Filipinos of consequence as well as Chinese businessmen. The towns of
362:, and some military officials plotted to have him assassinated. They invited him and his men to a party on the pretext that the local officials of Camiling were ready to join him. Pedroche accepted, and during the merrymaking, he and his men were massacred. This event was publicized around different towns in hopes of quelling the rebellion, but this had no effect. By the end of February 1899, the trouble had become serious enough to be considered a general uprising. The town of
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Baltazar were
Antonio Valdez, Gregorio Claveria, and Maria de la Cruz, who were "Christ", the "Holy Ghost", and "the Virgin Mary", respectively. The Guardias were also led by twelve lieutenants who were called the "Savior's Apostles". At its peak the Guardia de Honor had members throughout most of Pangasinan, Tarlac, and La Union.
105:, particularly about the Guardia de Honor, describing the society as a women's association "which entertains no distinction of class or age". Members were distinguished by a silver medal hanging on a blue ribbon. The organization was described as perfectly organized and based upon the continuous veneration of the Virgin. The
413:, where Guardias were led by Hilario Tumbaga, a "Cardinal" of the Guardia de Honor. The Americans, after razing Tayug to the ground in an operation, unwittingly allowed Tumbaga, who was known as a healer and a prophet, to establish a new barrio dominated by Guardias. Ramon Estabillo, another Guardia, founded a new town near
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to give offerings to Mary. Of particular note is the offering given at the end of the last novena of May, as all the flowers and foliage of the temple is recharged, with a colossal rosary made of vegetables that is suspended from the vault, descending from the center of the nave forming pavilions and
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The situation in
Cabaruan itself was becoming less tenable. By 1901 the influx of peasants from all over the province left Cabaruan with little food to spare. Attacks on the rich landowning class and poorer tenant farmers increased in an effort to mitigate this crisis. The increase in attacks only
339:
be sent to calm the province. Troops were sent to guard only the towns, using a policy of attraction to get the peasants to return to a peaceful life. This approach did not work, and popular unrest in the provinces only grew. Leaders would refer to themselves as "Brigadier
General" and employ a
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frequently sent detachments to observe the place. The
Americans were concerned about conflicting reports. There were multiple reports that the streets of Cabaruan were clean and perfectly laid out, and none of the town's people were found to be engaged in work. An observer noted that while the
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Although starting out as a confraternity organized by
Dominican priests, by the turn of the 20th century the Guardia de Honor was heavily radicalized. Its main leaders were situated in Cabaruan, where adherents were led by a man named Baltazar, who referred to himself as "God Almighty". Under
315:, who sought nothing but the disturbance of the established order". Known Guardias were arrested and tried in military courts while promising amnesty to those who would surrender. He also ordered the disarming of the civilian population lest they also join the movement. A
433:, American forces moved to suppress the Guardias in Cabaruan and Santa Ana, leading to the arrests of their leaders. They were executed on June 1, 1901. After this event, the Guardia de Honor disintegrated and began the political reorganization of the province.
132:
had spread as far as Tarlac and
Pampanga. The size of its membership justified division between regional and local units. Alvarez Guerrero's account, in particular, described proceedings of the Guardia de Honor in Tayabas (now Quezon) province.
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strategy of terror to drain resources and popular support from the government. This, along with urgent letters from
General Macabulos, spurred the government to adopt a policy of assassinating the leaders of the popular uprising.
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was declared, hampering
Republican efforts to combat the Americans by forcing them to dedicate troops in Tarlac. Efforts to withdraw detachments from Tarlac were futile, with guerillas ready to attack any
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ending in the presbytery with a cross made of flowers. The feast ends by offering dahlias at the feet of the Virgin. The adherents are described to be dressed immaculately in satin, like brides.
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received multiple reports of continuing disorder in the north, particularly in the provinces of Tarlac and
Pangasinan. Reports of highwaymen and bandits, variously referred to as
141:
By the 1890s a wave of revolutionary fervor had changed the Guardia de Honor to something more radical. The group's activities are unclear between 1896-98 are unclear, but two
382:, commander of the "pacification" forces in the Philippines, grasped neither the military nor social realities of the uprising he faced. Taking from his experience in the
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401:
The occupation of Cabaruan did not yield any long-term result. Wary of the unusual number of people in Cabaruan, and the seeming quiet, the Americans stationed in
366:, for example, tried to request reinforcements to defend its 23,000 inhabitants against "those who call themselves discontented or oppressed and Guards of Honor."
689:
197:, abandoned parishioners in Pangasinan rose up in counter-revolt against the Katipunan. However, modern research suggests that there was indication that the
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and put to jail by revolutionary provincial leaders. There are claims that, faced with a lack of spiritual guidance, and perhaps spurred on by Dominicans in
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In August 1897, the governor of Pangasinan noted a marked increase of membership in the society. Guardias were observed to be preparing
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served to mobilize American forces against the Guardias. On March 3, 1901, in response to the demands of the Pangasinan
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who would organize the sisters in shifts to ensure that at least one of them was praying at any given time of the day.
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The Guardia de Honor particularly found popularity among adherents in Pangasinan and contiguous provinces. By 1877 the
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was more cautious. The Secretary of Agriculture, perhaps aware of the religious nature of the unrest, suggested that
425:, some Guardias led by a lesser prophet settled there after leaving Cabaruan due to disputes regarding food supply.
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26:("Honor Guard of the Virgin Mary" or "Honor Guard") was a Philippine peasant organization most active during the
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of the Guardia de Honor, was acknowledged as one of the leaders in the Camiling uprising. In January 1899,
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whose purpose was to instill devotion to the Virgin Mary. Its members were mainly women, and was led by a
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Cabaruan was not the only Guardia de Honor stronghold during this time. Similar events could be found in
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would assign three sisters to pray in shifts throughout the day and night. This was done without fail.
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and jailed for "illegal money exactions from the more ignorant natives", while General
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and the Spanish colonial government and the former's subsequent exile, members of the
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and sought to suppress them. The Guardia de Honor was most active in the provinces of
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engaged in resistance against the Republic because of these factors.
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189:. With the revolution in full swing, most clerics were arrested by
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to oppose the Katipunan, who had been punished by the Church with
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as a confraternity whose purpose was to instill devotion to the
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40:, the Guardia de Honor became increasingly militant during the
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Luzon at War: Contradictions in Philippine Society, 1898-1902
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were employed by Dominicans to subvert the teachings of the
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The Guardia de Honor was founded by Dominican priests in
524:"Guardia de Honor: Revitalization Within the Revolution"
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decided to eradicate the Guardia de Honor stronghold in
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Response in the affected provinces was severe. General
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to pray fervently and increase their courage so that
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in particular were targets of a popular uprising on
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From October 1898 to December 1899, the established
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in April 1898 supports this claim, calling upon the
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374:By 1899 the American forces had made a foothold in
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398:, which he took in an almost bloodless skirmish.
137:Radicalization during the Philippine Revolution
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112:Alvarez Guerro noted that during some days of
52:both saw the Guardia de Honor as brigands and
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625:Viajes por Filipinas: De Manila á Tayabas
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449:, the Guardia de Honor was organized by
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64:, and was active alongside the similar
1028:"Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set
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331:The response from the government in
101:wrote about the confraternities in
1023:Flags of the Philippine Revolution
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208:, which enforced a truce between
907:American Anti-Imperialist League
1095:Rebel groups in the Philippines
882:Commonwealth of the Philippines
877:Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916
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913:Iglesia Filipina Independiente
50:subsequent colonial government
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759:Kapampangan Counterrevolution
622:Alvarez Guerra, Juan (1887).
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346:, a former corporal in the
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713:Pre-revolutionary revolts
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46:First Philippine Republic
19:Guardia de Honor de Maria
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806:Revolutionary Government
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862:Philippine–American War
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472:Philippine–American War
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263:was Aguinaldo himself.
204:After the terms of the
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801:Dictatorial Government
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356:Tranquilino Paguirigan
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674:Philippine Revolution
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598:. Anvil Publishing.
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30:. Starting out as a
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522:Sturtevant, David.
309:Francisco Macabulos
303:Government response
99:De Manila a Tayabas
95:Juan Alvarez Guerro
831:Republic of Negros
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723:Palmero Conspiracy
328:left defenseless.
163:Zacarias Lizarraga
93:in its followers.
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934:Magdiwang faction
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261:primer jefe
191:katipuneros
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122:El Calvario
91:Virgin Mary
1064:Categories
1048:Spoliarium
737:Concurrent
478:References
378:. General
360:presidente
278:agrabiados
257:Urbiztondo
234:Babailanes
218:Gabinistas
87:Pangasinan
58:Pangasinan
38:Dominicans
22:or simply
958:Documents
949:Pulajanes
919:Katipunan
779:Elections
631:28 August
423:Santa Ana
419:Natividad
352:cabecilla
326:poblacion
159:Katipunan
145:priests,
118:Holy Week
54:tulisanes
850:Epilogue
728:Gomburza
461:See also
447:cofradia
396:Cabaruan
293:Camiling
253:Calasiao
249:machetes
226:Colorums
222:Pampanga
214:cofradia
199:Guardias
183:cofrades
167:Guardias
155:Guardias
130:cofradia
116:and the
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1016:Symbols
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685:Battles
403:Dagupan
333:Malolos
81:Origins
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699:Events
690:People
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299:1898.
289:Bamban
232:, the
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62:Tarlac
44:. The
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171:Spain
784:Pact
633:2018
600:ISBN
548:help
291:and
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