Guard rail - Knowledge (XXG)

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welded to baseplates and anchored to the floor, or set and concreted into the floor. In industrial and distribution facilities the steel guardrail systems provide solid protection for property and personnel by restricting and controlling where in-plant vehicular traffic may operate. These guardrail systems also serve as a warning for people to be aware of hazardous in facility vehicular traffic. Some facility safety steel guardrail systems utilize one horizontal rail, where others employ two or three rails. While a single rail safety guardrail located some 15 inches (38 cm) above floor level may be sufficient to control vehicle traffic, it could present a trip hazard to pedestrians since it is not as noticeable as a double or triple guardrail system where the top rail is some 40 inches (100 cm) above the floor level.

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not keep a truck from toppling over it, while a motorbike might slip under a higher rail. To address these concerns, significant research and development of a system that could contain and redirect vehicles of varying weights and heights was developed and crash tested (both controlled and simulated). As a result, the Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) was developed and successfully crash tested per NCHRP Report 350 TL-3 criteria. The MGS has a higher mounting height, uses larger posts and blockouts as compared to the strong-post W-beam guardrail. One other significant difference is that MGS rail splices occur at mid-span compared to at the posts like the strong-post W-beam guardrail.

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industrial environment. At the turn of the 21st century, several companies developed safety products constructed with polymer designed specifically for industrial environments and in 2001 a dedicated industrial alternative to steel guardrail was invented by a British-based company, and thus the first fixed flexible polymer safety guardrail was introduced to the market. In the early 2000s, an Italian company added a version of a polymer bumper providing small bumpers for walls and equipment in the food industry. A Belgian company also introduced a flexible barrier in 2010 and in 2014 a US based company introduced a hybrid polymer-steel guardrail for industrial environments.

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guardrail was protecting. Additionally, an airborne vehicle is likely to collide in a manner that the vehicle was not designed for, increasing the risk of failure in the vehicle's collision safety systems. A guardrail will have some give and deflection upon impact. The amount of deflection depends on many factors of which speed and weight of vehicle, type of guardrail installed, height of rail, length of posts, soil conditions and a number of other factors can all play a role. Guardrailing must be installed so that it is not so rigid that the rail will fail upon impact or the posts will snap off at the point where they are embedded within the ground.

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being introduced in industrialized countries in the 1990s. In the US and UK, these introductions, combined with the demonstrable success of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 (US), and Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (UK), led to workplace safety being taken more seriously at industrial facilities. Businesses worldwide began to see the value of effective workplace safety, in both the direct commercial sense of protecting assets, but also in the improved productivity levels of a protected workforce. Part of this increase in desire for industrial workplace protection, was a growth in demand for safety guardrails.

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operational and delivery capability established, functional and non-functional fit for purpose assessments undertaken, and a cyber security assessment completed. Technology delivery teams are constrained by the Guardrail to use that particular database technology, but can do so confidently for the scenarios in which usage has been defined and approved. If a technology delivery team chose a different database technology that is not defined within the technology standards, they could be introducing commercial, organisational or operational risk as the pre-requisite due diligence has not been undertaken.

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safety guardrail systems rate and test their products at varying impact levels due to variation in guardrail product systems they offer, which can range from simple low impact energy pedestrian guardrail systems to high impact energy industrial traffic guardrail systems. In order to standardize testing for both steel and polymer guardrails, the Protective Guarding Manufacturers Association (ProGMA) industry group of the Material Handling Industry (MHI) trade association is currently working with ANSI to develop an industry endorsed testing and reporting standard.

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general, the minimum length of guardrail with an end anchor at the trailing end and an end terminal on the approach end will be 62.5 to 75 feet (19.1 to 22.9 m) in length. An example would be where an overhead roadside sign structure is placed within what is considered the clear recovery zone—an engineer would need to determine that the structure has a potential to be impacted and the impact of a vehicle with that structure would be much more severe than impacting the guardrail.

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are often added as a retrofit to existing roads, newer roads are designed to minimize roadside obstacles, whether that may include aligning a road on a smoother curve or filling in a ravine which would eliminate the need for guardrail altogether. In addition to new research into end treatments, public awareness among both drivers and engineers has been gradually reducing injuries and fatalities due to guardrails.

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vehicle contact may cause harm to property or personnel. Common uses for guardrail systems may be along an aisle or building wall. Often guardrails are placed around equipment installations to prevent inadvertent contact from lift trucks. The guardrail provides a safety barrier preventing lift trucks or other in-plant vehicles from traveling into equipment, building walls, or personnel.

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being intended for this application. Simultaneously, another version of steel guardrail was developed by Kee Clamp Steel for restraining cattle in the agriculture industry, this was released in 1934 and, like Armco guardrail, is still often used in industrial environments. Box beam steel and I-beam steel are other examples of fabricated steel commonly used to make safety guardrails.

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roadway into oncoming traffic (commonly referred to as a median barrier). Roadside obstacles are typically referred to as fixed objects. A secondary objective is keeping the vehicle upright while deflected along the guardrail. Variables such as motorist speed and vehicle orientation when striking the guardrail are crucial factors in the effectiveness of guardrail performance.

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within workplace environments with test methods for safety barrier impact resilience (commonly referred to as PAS13). This outlines test method guidelines for comparing like-for-like guardrail products, as well as being the current best practice traffic management procedures for a workplace and providing a standard for the safety guardrails within them.

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impact. In addition, a blockout may be used to increase the offset of guardrail with an obstacle such as a curb. The posts' primary purpose is to maintain the height of the guardrail during the initial stages of post deflection. Maintaining guardrail height also reduces the potential for a vehicle to vault over the guardrail upon initial impact.

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terminals) all playing an integral role in how the guardrail will function upon impact. Soil conditions, height of rail, presence of curb or dike, weight of impacting vehicle, distance from back of post to hinge point and depth of post within soil can all determine how well the system will function upon impact.

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Railway trackage has guard rails (aka check rails) to guide wheels through possible catch points on turnouts or diamonds. Similarly, guard rails may be installed inside the innermost running rails on very sharp curves. The other most common usage is to prevent damage to other structures, especially

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limit the amount of guardrail placed as much as possible, as guardrails should only be placed when the roadside conditions pose a greater threat than the guardrail itself. In fact, in the hierarchy of five roadside safety treatments, shielding with guardrails ranks fourth. Therefore, while guardrails

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Modern installations of guardrails are designed to allow the guiderail to deform under the load of the crash, and safely redirecting a vehicle back onto the roadway at a somewhat shallow angle. It is important that the approach grades to a guardrail system be very flat (typically 10:1 or flatter) and

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A guardrail is effectively one strong band that transfers the force of the vehicle to the rail elements, posts, and end terminals or anchors. A run of guardrail must be anchored at each terminating end either by transitioning the rail into a fixed anchor such as a bridge rail or with an end terminal

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One of the main concerns with strong-post W-beam guardrail has been the ability of the system to contain and redirect modern vehicles that have a higher center of gravity along with the increased weight of those vehicles. The problem with this is that a guardrail of the optimum height for a car might

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Until 2017 there were no accepted standards for how safety guardrail tests were conducted, or how the results were communicated. In 2017, the BSI (British Standards Institution) published the publicly available specification, PAS 13:2017 Code of Practice for safety barriers used in traffic management

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The Polymer Impact Dispersal Safety Guardrail design offers an advantage over steel guardrails. Steel guardrails, if impacted with sufficient energy, will permanently deform and require repair or replacement to the impacting vehicle, the guardrail itself, and even the floor substrate. Where the

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The most common industrial or facility safety guardrail systems are constructed of steel, where the upright posts are made of heavy wall steel tubing-either round or square, with heavy gauge ribbed steel rails mechanically attached to the uprights by bolts or other fasteners. The uprights may be

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As governments around the world courted the voting power of working people and trade unions in the 1980s, the health and safety rights of workers became of greater importance. This set the governmental procedures in motion that would see a flurry of regulations and legislation around workplace safety

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Absorption is when the force of impact is directly transferred between the vehicle and guardrail, which may cause the end to puncture the vehicle. This is most common where a "whale tail" or blunt end treatment exists. To mitigate this a number of guiderail end treatments exist such as "extruder end

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are also lined with them. An example of a common residential guard rail (US) handrail (Brit.) is a wood railing around a deck or patio. In the US this is typically built on-site from pressure treated lumber thus featuring a simplistic design of vertical baluster spaced every 3.5 inches (8.9 cm)

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In most cases, a guardrail would not be able to withstand the impact of a vehicle just by the strength of the individual posts in the area hit by the vehicle. Guardrailing functions as a system with the guardrail, posts, connection of the rail to the posts and to each other, and the end anchors (or

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are frequently installed in the median, being expected to withstand frequent impacts from both sides, while the shoulders of the road often have cheaper guardrail. Although the use of concrete barriers on the right side of highway is becoming a much for frequent occurrence in areas where guardrail

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expensive; cable and wood posts, steel and wood/metal posts, steel box-beam, and concrete barriers. While cheaper guardrail is the weakest, often being destroyed from the impact of a light vehicle, it is inexpensive and quick to repair, so this is frequently used in low-traffic rural areas. On the

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In the US, there is no ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Standard for testing guardrails. Steel guardrail system manufacturers test their systems to withstand impacts from a 10,000-pound (4,500 kg) load moving at four miles per hour (6.4 km/h), whereas manufacturers of polymer

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Standard 1910.28(b)(15), employees who work on surfaces that are 4 feet (1.2 m) or higher off of the ground must have personal fall protection systems in place, such as handrails or guardrails. Although the OSHA standard calls for a guardrail or guardrail system to protect workers on elevated

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The majority of safety guardrails used in industrial workplaces are made from fabricated steel. Steel guardrail was originally developed by Armco (The American Rolling Mill Company) in 1933 as highway guardrail but is often used in the factories and warehouses of the industrial sector, despite not

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have died when crushed against them by motor vehicles. Close "safety barriers" to roads have been found to increase the chances of injury to pedestrians for a number of reasons including increasing inattention of drivers and pedestrians. For these reasons some councils in the United Kingdom have

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Guard lrails are intended to deflect. The amount of deflection is dependent on a number of factors, some of which include the type and weight of impacting vehicle, height the guardrail is placed, type of soil the posts may be embedded within, length of embedment of the posts, and distance of the

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In 1992 a yellow polymer cover sleeve for steel guardrails was introduced by a Detroit-based company which enhanced the visibility of steel safety guardrails in industrial environments and removed the need for continual repainting. This polymer cover was the beginning of polymer guardrail in the

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Lastly, a vehicle can become airborne upon striking a guardrail with a buried end treatment if the slope to which the end anchor is buried is relatively flat (3:1 or flatter), which may negate the purpose of the guardrail, if the vehicle continues beyond the guardrail and strikes the object the

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The most common type of guardrail in use today is the Blocked-Out W-beam (Strong Post). The strong-post W-beam guardrail consists of wood posts and wood blockouts or steel posts with wood or plastic blockouts. The wood or plastic blockouts reduce or minimize a vehicle snagging on the posts upon

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In traffic engineering, a highway guardrail may prevent an errant vehicle from hitting roadside obstacles, which may be either man-made (sign structures, culvert inlets, utility poles) or natural (trees, rock croppings), running off the road and going down a steep embankment, or veering off the

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The term "guardrail" as used in industry and distribution facilities refers to floor mounted systems consisting of horizontal rails attached to upright posts that resemble outdoor highway guardrail. The facility safety guardrails control in-plant vehicular traffic and protect areas where errant

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Though they have usually prevented far more serious accidents, guardrails are considered roadside obstacles as well and transportation engineers must weigh whether placing a guardrail will reduce the severity of an impact as compared to what may be impacted if the guardrail were not placed. In

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There are many types of polymer used in manufacturing safety guardrail. Polymer grains may be blended as part of the production process in order to enhance the natural properties of polymer in different ways. The most common types of polymer used are: polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl

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are fitted with guard rails as a means of protection against accidental falls. Any abrupt change in elevation where the higher portion is accessible makes a fall possible. Due to this responsibility and liability, rails are placed to protect people using the premises. Guardrails in the US are

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Each of these guardrails constrain what technology teams can do within approved boundaries (the scope of the guardrail). For example, a technology standard may define a certain database as the standard to use within an organisation. The approved standard would have a commercial agreement,

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Manufacturers produce several grades of steel safety guardrail. Each grade is suited to a different application which may be determined by size and type of vehicles used in the facility, the volume of traffic to be controlled, or the value/risk associated with the areas being guarded.

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hinge point to the face of the guardrail are just a few. A guardrail that deflects significantly can causes pocketing, which has the potential to snag a vehicle, which may cause it to flip, roll, or cause the rail to fail entirely, allowing a vehicle to penetrate the guardrail.

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The posts also play a role in the amount of resistance and deflection a guardrail may experience during impact. Resistance in a strong post system results from a combination of tensile and flexural stiffness of the rail and the bending and shearing resistance of the posts.

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other hand, concrete barriers can usually withstand direct hits from a larger variety of vehicle types, making them well suited for use on high volume routes such as freeways. While rarely damaged, they would be considerably more expensive and time-consuming to repair.

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or end anchor placed in the ground or within an embankment. Newer concrete barriers, while usually strong enough to withstand direct hits by cars, still work on a similar principle in deflecting heavier vehicles such as trucks.

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Impact Dispersal Safety Guardrail design allows the guardrail to bend on impact, disperse the energy, and return to its original shape. Resulting in no damage to the guardrail or the impacting vehicle.

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that defines the boundaries in which technology change can be executed in a manner that is aligned with organisational strategy, risk, architecture, operational and cyber security requirements.

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may be sustaining frequent impacts and the ability for maintenance repairs may be restricted by the general area or work windows due to high traffic volumes for most of the day.

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Impact Dispersal, which applies multi-component engineering to enable guardrails to bend on impact, absorbing and dispersing energy, before returning to their original shape.

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Building codes also require that no opening in a guard be of a size such that a 4-inch (10 cm) sphere may pass. There are three exceptions according to the 2003

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that grades and fixed objects behind guardrail be placed at a distance so that it will not affect the performance of the guardrail upon impact and deflection.

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treatments", "eccentric loaders" and "driveway wrap treatments" which result in blunt ends rarely being left exposed in modern installations.

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Section 1012.3 which allow openings to not exceed 8 or 21 inches (20 or 53 cm) depending on occupancy groups or special areas.

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work areas, current industry terminology would refer to that type of safety system as a handrail system or safety rail system.

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In cities occasionally pedestrian railings (and barriers) are installed at the immediate side of a roads. However,

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Central Fix, which utilizes a solid polymer post fixed into the ground with cement and steel subterranean fixings.

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did so and found that the rate of injury to pedestrians decreased three times faster than elsewhere in the city.

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chloride (PVC). Using these types of polymer, there are three basic design philosophies for polymer guardrails:

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There are different types of "industrial" or "facility safety" guardrail systems, each with its own advantages.

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Flexible polymer guardrail with handrail for pedestrians and high strength lower rail to absorb vehicle impacts

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can be numerous, and are required by building codes in many circumstances. Handrails along

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The removal of barriers divorcing wheeled traffic from pedestrians is an essential of the

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are most common in vertical railings around homes. Park and garden railings commonly in

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for decking, manufacturers, like TimberTech are providing composite railing components.

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is another choice that is traditional and sturdy. Decorative examples are considered

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generally required by code where there is a drop of 30 inches (0.76 m) or more.

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where adjacent terrain is steep. Railings may also be located at scenic overlooks.

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A major architect imaginatively used handrails representing social stability,

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A cast iron grille of decorative railings interspersed by weighty columns in

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and glass panels open the view while still providing safety, as at the

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is less restrictive on its own than a guard rail and provides support.

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High security railings (particularly if in flat metal then a type of

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Freestanding fixture meant to aid in pedestrian and vehicle safety

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Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway

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A truck crashed through the central barrier of a German freeway (

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There are four general types of guardrail, ranging from weakest

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typically use stainless steel cables strung horizontally. Glass

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removed their pedestrian railings. This was after London's

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Test Standards for Industrial or Facility Safety Guardrail

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demonstrating compliance with Building Codes (Standards).

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Hybrid, which features a steel core encased in polymer.

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Protective Guarding Manufacturers Association (ProGMA)

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Staircase railings in the Degré du roi, part of the

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Unsourced material may be challenged and 2358: 2003: 1590: 1566: 1552: 1544: 1243:"Wilgard Guard Rails | Warehouse Barriers" 1267:"HEARTLAND STEEL PRODUCTS - SAFETY RAILS" 175:Learn how and when to remove this message 377:Guardrail protecting expensive machinery 752: 633:Examples of technology guardrails are: 590:Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea 506:A removable guardrail as median barrier 218:— North America) collapses at a 2662:Median / Central reservation 1525:Roadside Hardware Policy and Guidance 418:Steel facility guardrail in warehouse 7: 1464:"Cycling: the key ways to stay safe" 303:. With the increasing popularity of 153:adding citations to reliable sources 828:Bare architecture: a schizoanalysis 2580:Risk compensation (road transport) 25: 1387:U.S. Department of Transportation 787:The Details of Modern Architectur 2946:Glossary of road transport terms 125: 1109:from the original on 2009-11-20 670:(conceptual, logical, physical) 1529:Federal Highway Administration 1156:Warehouse & Logistics News 825:Smith, Chris L. (2017-10-19). 1: 2928:Pavement performance modeling 2918:International roughness index 2923:Present serviceability index 2717:Sidewalk / Pavement 2262:Diamond grinding of pavement 1534:Glass Railing Building Codes 2895:Underpass / Tunnel 2890:Overpass / Flyover 2644:High-occupancy vehicle lane 2534:Driving under the influence 1608:Freeway / Motorway 1430:Rashid Razaq (2009-04-09). 599:paradigm and philosophy in 320:International Building Code 284:(a type of footbridge) and 88:particularly on and beside 32:Guard rail (disambiguation) 3008: 1822:Highway systems by country 1494:Ben Webster (2006-04-08). 618:bridges, in a derailment. 610: 483: 280:forming a balustrade, and 253:Examples of this are both 29: 2977:Pedestrian infrastructure 2941: 2933:Granular base equivalency 2752:Traffic signal preemption 2160:Right-in/right-out (RIRO) 2066:Single-point urban (SPUI) 1462:Helen Pidd (2009-12-03). 961:Omega Industrial Products 908:www.roofingcontractor.com 565:inexpensive to strongest 2913:Pavement condition index 2639:High-occupancy toll lane 2634:Contraflow lane reversal 2609:Barrier transfer machine 875:"Timeline - Armco Steel" 784:Ford, Edward R. (2003). 555:Transportation engineers 329:. The guard rails of an 43:Petit appartement du roi 1767:Express-collector setup 668:Reference Architectures 349:. This is also done on 2951:Road types by features 2846:Raised pavement marker 2813:Constant-slope barrier 2737:Traffic directionality 2727:Street running railway 2150:Protected intersection 1504:. Times Newspapers Ltd 1291:"Steel Guardrail Test" 1271:www.heartlandsteel.com 831:. London: Bloomsbury. 613:Guard rails (railroad) 507: 499: 440: 419: 378: 242: 231: 207: 199: 193:Niagara Falls, Ontario 54: 2808:Concrete step barrier 2145:Offset T-intersection 837:10.5040/9781350015821 761:"Protective Guarding" 726:Platform screen doors 706:Concrete step barrier 505: 493: 484:Further information: 438: 417: 376: 237: 213: 205: 190: 40: 2851:Road surface marking 2549:Single-vehicle crash 2272:Full depth recycling 2170:Seagull intersection 301:Grand Canyon Skywalk 276:may be supported by 149:improve this section 47:Palace of Versailles 30:For other uses, see 2982:Protective barriers 2677:Pedestrian crossing 2240:Reinforced concrete 2076:Three-level diamond 1787:Two-lane expressway 1772:Farm-to-market road 1219:"GuardRail Systems" 653:Technical Standards 70:protective guarding 2707:Runaway truck ramp 2529:Driver's education 2317:Rubberized asphalt 2252:Crocodile cracking 2175:Split intersection 1943:Hierarchy of roads 1904:Single carriageway 508: 500: 441: 420: 405:Types of guardrail 379: 243: 232: 208: 200: 55: 2992:Bridge components 2959: 2958: 2767:Wide outside lane 2593: 2592: 2570:Automotive safety 2451:Road slipperiness 2198: 2197: 2046:Diverging diamond 1993: 1992: 1909:Single-track road 1851:Bicycle boulevard 1181:shop.bsigroup.com 1083:www.bloomberg.com 846:978-1-350-01581-4 572:Concrete barriers 480:Automotive safety 431:Polymer Guardrail 410:Steel Ribbed Rail 389:In the US, under 331:observation tower 214:A crowd barrier ( 185: 184: 177: 16:(Redirected from 2999: 2987:Street furniture 2803:Cat's eye (road) 2624:Complete streets 2396:Dead Man's Curve 2359: 2297:Pavement milling 2212:Asphalt concrete 2155:Quadrant roadway 2096: 2018: 2004: 1970:Street hierarchy 1618:Elevated highway 1591: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1545: 1527:– United States 1513: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1491: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1440:. 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Archived from 879:sites.google.com 871: 865: 864: 862: 861: 822: 816: 815: 813: 812: 781: 775: 774: 772: 771: 757: 305:composite lumber 220:college football 180: 173: 169: 166: 160: 129: 121: 101:anti-climb paint 21: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2937: 2905: 2899: 2870: 2861:Traffic barrier 2821:F-Shape barrier 2776: 2732:Traffic calming 2692:Reversible lane 2682:Pedestrian zone 2667:Motorcycle lane 2629:Contraflow lane 2601:time allocation 2600: 2589: 2585:Underride guard 2553: 2515: 2401:Expansion joint 2363: 2353: 2346: 2332:Stamped asphalt 2194: 2125:Continuous flow 2098: 2094: 2093: 2085: 2019: 2015:grade-separated 2012: 2011: 1989: 1948:Private highway 1921: 1826: 1740: 1622: 1580: 1572: 1521: 1516: 1507: 1505: 1493: 1492: 1483: 1474: 1472: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1408: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1382: 1380:"Guardrail 101" 1378: 1377: 1373: 1364: 1362: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1340: 1338: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1251: 1249: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1227: 1225: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1185: 1183: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1110: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1063: 1061: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1039: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1015: 1013: 1005: 1004: 1000: 991: 989: 980: 979: 975: 966: 964: 955: 954: 950: 941: 939: 928:"HSE: Timeline" 926: 925: 921: 912: 910: 902: 901: 897: 888: 886: 873: 872: 868: 859: 857: 847: 824: 823: 819: 810: 808: 798: 783: 782: 778: 769: 767: 759: 758: 754: 750: 745: 731:Traffic barrier 681: 624: 615: 609: 581: 579:Traffic dangers 488: 486:Traffic barrier 482: 469: 433: 412: 407: 371: 369:Facility safety 268:Guard rails in 222:game, spilling 181: 170: 164: 161: 146: 130: 119: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2972:Road transport 2964: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2831:Jersey barrier 2828: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2762:Unused highway 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2742:Traffic island 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2539:Drowsy driving 2536: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2421:Level crossing 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 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1678: 1673: 1668: 1666:Czech Republic 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1597: 1595:Limited-access 1588: 1582: 1581: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1520: 1519:External links 1517: 1515: 1514: 1481: 1454: 1422: 1406: 1371: 1347: 1323: 1299: 1282: 1258: 1234: 1210: 1192: 1168: 1143: 1119: 1105:. 2009-11-20. 1094: 1070: 1046: 1022: 998: 973: 948: 932:www.hse.gov.uk 919: 895: 866: 845: 817: 796: 776: 751: 749: 746: 744: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 716:Jersey barrier 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 686:Cable railings 682: 680: 677: 672: 671: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 623: 620: 611:Main article: 608: 605: 580: 577: 481: 478: 468: 465: 460: 459: 456: 453: 432: 429: 411: 408: 406: 403: 370: 367: 293:Cable railings 183: 182: 133: 131: 124: 118: 115: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3004: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2841:Noise barrier 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2798:Cable barrier 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2747:Traffic lanes 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2687:Refuge island 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2652:Living street 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2619:Climbing lane 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2596: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2521:Human factors 2518: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2486:Traffic light 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2436:Oversize load 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2426:Manhole cover 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2257:Crushed stone 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2140:Michigan left 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2092:Intersections 2088: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2041:Directional T 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2010: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1958:special route 1956: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1876:Frontage road 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1752:Arterial road 1750: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1736:United States 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1586:Types of road 1583: 1579: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1458: 1455: 1444:on 2010-04-18 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1396:on 2015-01-05 1392: 1388: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1337: 1336:www.asafe.com 1333: 1327: 1324: 1313: 1312:www.asafe.com 1309: 1303: 1300: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1193: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1144: 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Retrieved 764: 755: 736:Traffic cone 673: 632: 625: 616: 601:urban design 597:shared space 594: 582: 566: 562: 560: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 474: 470: 461: 446: 442: 425: 421: 400: 396: 388: 384: 380: 339:Eiffel Tower 335:Space Needle 333:such as the 324: 317: 309:Wrought iron 291: 267: 252: 244: 215: 171: 162: 147:Please help 135: 112: 105: 94: 82:metalworking 69: 65: 61: 57: 56: 2904:Performance 2836:Kassel kerb 2793:Botts' dots 2781:Demarcation 2481:Storm drain 2446:Road debris 2371:Aquaplaning 2364:environment 2352:Road safety 2230:Cobblestone 2180:Superstreet 1985:Winter road 1933:Concurrency 1926:Other terms 1917:Sunken lane 1886:Main street 1831:Local roads 1360:www.mhi.org 1132:www.mmh.com 765:www.mhi.org 357:to prevent 327:Alvar Aalto 58:Guard rails 2966:Categories 2906:indicators 2875:Structures 2826:Guard rail 2702:Road verge 2575:Seat belts 2511:Snowsquall 2476:Speed bump 2456:Road train 2277:Glassphalt 2217:Bioasphalt 2190:Turnaround 2165:Roundabout 2095:(at-grade) 2061:Roundabout 2026:Cloverleaf 1881:Green lane 1817:Trunk road 1745:Main roads 1628:By country 1508:2009-12-23 1475:2009-12-08 1448:2009-12-08 1400:2017-11-14 1365:2019-06-03 1341:2019-10-24 1317:2019-08-23 1276:2019-08-23 1252:2019-08-23 1228:2019-08-23 1186:2019-06-03 1162:2019-06-03 1137:2019-06-03 1113:2019-06-03 1088:2019-06-03 1064:2019-06-03 1040:2019-06-03 1016:2019-08-23 992:2019-06-03 967:2019-06-03 942:2019-06-03 913:2019-06-03 889:2019-06-03 860:2023-06-30 855:1002209835 811:2023-06-30 770:2019-08-20 748:References 663:Guidelines 648:Strategies 638:Principles 622:Technology 355:overpasses 216:guard rail 62:guardrails 51:Versailles 2697:Road diet 2599:Space and 2544:Road rage 2431:Oil spill 2391:Crosswind 2381:Black ice 2376:Avalanche 2302:Permeable 2135:Jughandle 2130:Hook turn 2036:Free-flow 1980:Toll road 1899:Side road 1856:Boulevard 1812:Super two 1807:Ring road 1782:Link road 1681:Hong Kong 1636:Australia 1578:hierarchy 1501:The Times 806:966185775 359:accidents 297:balusters 286:balconies 278:balusters 274:stairways 270:buildings 228:sidelines 226:onto the 136:does not 78:finialled 45:, in the 18:Guardrail 2885:Causeway 2722:Shoulder 2558:Vehicles 2506:Whiteout 2466:Rockfall 2461:Roadkill 2386:Bleeding 2362:Road and 2322:Sealcoat 2247:Corduroy 2235:Concrete 2225:Chipseal 2204:Surfaces 2056:Raindrop 1871:Driveway 1866:Dead end 1846:Backroad 1797:2+2 road 1792:2+1 road 1716:Portugal 1706:Pakistan 1356:"ProGMA" 1107:Archived 1079:"Stocks" 741:Ironwork 711:Handrail 691:Baluster 679:See also 658:Patterns 643:Policies 628:artifact 607:Railways 585:cyclists 363:suicides 313:ironwork 282:catwalks 191:Sign in 108:handrail 97:palisade 66:railings 53:, France 2788:Bollard 2772:Woonerf 2501:Washout 2441:Pothole 2354:factors 2342:Texture 2312:Plastic 2292:Macadam 2081:Trumpet 2031:Diamond 1802:Parkway 1777:Highway 1691:Ireland 1671:Germany 1661:Croatia 1641:Belgium 1247:Wildeck 721:Parapet 696:Bollard 351:bridges 157:removed 142:sources 2881:Bridge 2565:Airbag 2337:Tarmac 2282:Gravel 2110:Bowtie 2051:Parclo 1975:Stroad 1938:Detour 1913:Street 1841:Avenue 1726:Taiwan 1711:Poland 1676:Greece 1651:Canada 1646:Brazil 986:Boplan 853: 843: 804: 794: 86:motifs 2307:Plank 2221:Brick 2071:Stack 1837:Alley 1721:Spain 1701:Nepal 1696:Italy 1686:India 1656:China 1394:(PDF) 1383:(PDF) 1294:(PDF) 343:fence 245:Many 90:gates 74:fence 2817:Curb 2648:Lane 2411:Ford 2327:Sett 2267:Dirt 1895:Road 1575:Road 851:OCLC 841:ISBN 802:OCLC 792:ISBN 391:OSHA 361:and 353:and 347:cage 257:and 224:fans 140:any 138:cite 2471:Rut 2406:Fog 2287:Ice 833:doi 567:and 563:and 496:A24 345:or 337:or 151:by 68:or 2968:: 1498:. 1484:^ 1466:. 1434:. 1409:^ 1385:. 1358:. 1334:. 1310:. 1269:. 1245:. 1221:. 1203:. 1179:. 1154:. 1130:. 1081:. 1057:. 1033:. 1009:. 984:. 959:. 930:. 906:. 877:. 849:. 839:. 800:. 763:. 498:). 365:. 315:. 106:A 103:. 92:. 64:, 60:, 49:, 2017:) 2013:( 1567:e 1560:t 1553:v 1511:. 1478:. 1451:. 1403:. 1368:. 1344:. 1320:. 1296:. 1279:. 1255:. 1231:. 1207:. 1189:. 1165:. 1140:. 1116:. 1091:. 1067:. 1043:. 1019:. 995:. 970:. 945:. 916:. 892:. 863:. 835:: 814:. 773:. 230:. 178:) 172:( 167:) 163:( 159:. 145:. 34:. 20:)

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