842:
certain psychological areas study how people's brains are divided: 45% of people are left-brained, 45% are right brained, and 10% are balanced. Left-brained persons tend to be logical, right-brained ones tend to be emotional, and the rest are a combination the two. Then, according to the product or service that enterprises provide, and also the kind of customer, businesses decides the way they are going to manage their street marketing campaigns. Besides, almost all the enterprises base their street marketing campaigns on repeating the messages they spread among their customers. Repetition is related to the unconscious part of the mind. This is the one in charge of making decisions. It lets people know what they are going to choose, as well as what they are going to buy. Businesses follow the principle that establishes that, the more people paying attention to the campaign, the more possibilities that campaign has for being remembered.
941:
to the people which contained messages such as āTimes have changed; the way to find love, tooā or āYou have been reading love stories all your life; experience yours on Match.comā. Also, in Madrid and
Barcelona, Nokia developed a campaign called āAvestruzā (āOstrichā) to promote the 5500 and 5700 mobiles. In the campaign, a group of real-size ostrich puppets tried to interact with young people in order to let them know these mobiles provide a high-quality MP3 playback. The puppets were holding their own telephones and listening to the music. When a young person appeared, the puppet tried to catch his/her attention to show him/her the quality of the mobile. The reason why Nokia decided to use ostriches was that they are big animals, so people could easily look at them.
718:ā, often used in stadiums or tennis courts ā also known as fake grass. Hence, fake endorsements, testimonials and recommendations are all products of Astroturfing in the public-relations sector. Astroturfing involves generating an artificial hype around a particular product or company through a review or discussion on online blogs or forums by an individual who is paid to convey a positive view yet who does not reveal their true motivation. This can have a negative and detrimental effect on a company, should the consumer suspect that the review or opinion is inauthentic and manipulative of public opinion. The result is damage to the company's reputation, and possibly litigation.
976:. A seemingly normal vending machine surprised students by dispensing items that were more than they bargained for. The students received items ranging from extra Coke, pizza, flowers, to even a twelve-foot hero sub. āCokeās goal to inspire consumers through small, surprise moments of happinessā said Paul Iannacchino Jr., Creative Director, Definition 6. With a budget of only $ 60,000, the video generated 500,000 views in the first week. It now has over 7 million views to date. The campaign was so popular that a 30-second edit of the footage was featured during
40:
838:
point of this strategy is to help other organizations, such as schools, by offering them money. Most companies implement this method not only to increase their sales, but to improve their reputation and image among the community. Finally, there is a strategy called "team selling" that consists of forming groups of people, the majority of them young, who go knocking on doors of different houses in a neighborhood. They do this in order to help companies with promoting and selling their products or services.
1060:
undertake a guerrilla marketing campaign. In such cases, many agencies and advertisers will simply go ahead with the operation, meaning that they choose to act without authorization. How is such a choice reached, and on what bases? How is it justified? What impact does this choice have on the performance and costs of the operation? What transformations does this choice bring to the agencyāadvertiser relationship? These are the main questions posed in the development of street marketing operations today.
1079:
During a tough economy, it is important to focus on building relationships rather than sales, and aiming at individuals instead of groups. This promotes repeat sales, referrals and increased size of purchase. The use of telephone as a follow-up tool is helpful in improving customer relationships. Email is also another inexpensive tool for maintaining relationships. Emails can be used to direct people to the company website. The site can be then used to provide information and to advance sales.
949:
denim accessories, on the different streets of the neighborhood. Furthermore, in Italy, the members of the company
Nintendo put into action a campaign in which they used post-its to promote the Wii console. They pasted several post-its with the shapes of some characters from different video games. Those images were placed as if they were billboards on the streets. āWii not forgetā, the name of the campaign, and a brief explanation of it, were the words written on the post-its.
945:
company. Another instance is the
Spanish company Clickair (an extension of Iberia Airlines), that developed a campaign in which a group of five people had to walk through Barcelona streets dressed as Euros. The group was supplying approximately 3,000 tickets to promote different Clickair destinations. The people who first sent a text message with the required information would get free tickets to go on a trip. In the end, the company received a total of 3,390 messages.
1056:
with it constraints and statutory risks for which agencies and advertisers are generally not prepared. The main problem is that, by definition, street mobilization campaigns require the use of public space, and that use must be authorized by government authorities to be legal. This is just as true for simple operations like distributing flyers as it is for mobilizing products or people and, of course, for a disguised campaign.
933:(NECI) sent a group of students to a movie theatre to hand out 400 fliers. The fliers had coupons in which NECI was inviting people to go to its monthly Theme Dinners. Another company, Boston's Kung-Fu Tai Chi Club, chose the option of disseminating fliers instead of placing its advertisements in newspapers. The purpose of the fliers was to promote the company's self-defence classes for women.
925:
and big enterprises have put into action include costumed persons, the distribution of tickets, and people providing samples, among others. As stated before, one guerrilla marketing conventional method that is used by many businesses is to provide fliers. The goal is to create awareness to customers about what the enterprise is doing. One example of this took place in
834:
businesses, it is important that customers stay with them, instead of choosing the competitorsā offers. They implement innovative strategies with which they will not lose position in the market, and they consider supplementation with other advertisement through other mediums, such as radio and television, when using street marketing.
877:(1984).The book describes hundreds of "guerrilla marketing weapons" in use at the time. Guerrilla marketers need to be creative in devising unconventional methods of promotion to maintain the public's interest in a product or service. Levinson writes that when implementing guerrilla marketing tactics, smaller organizations and
980:'s 19th season. The Coca-Cola āHappiness Machineā also went on to receive the CLIO's prestigious Gold Interactive Award at the 51st annual awards dinner held in New York City. After the campaign's success, Coca-Cola decided to continue with the āHappinessā theme and has released similar videos since then.
1068:
In a declining economy, guerrilla marketing is an increasing solution to giving companies the comparative edge over others. During times when companies are downsizing and cutting costs, companies look to guerrilla marketing as a cheaper strategy than conventional marketing. Instead of investing money
963:
Guerrilla marketing is not exclusive to small companies. For big companies it is a high risk, high reward strategy. When successful, it can capture additional market share, but if it fails it can damage the company's brand image. One successful guerrilla marketing campaign is the Coca-Cola āHappiness
959:
used an undercover campaign in 2002, spearheaded by
Jonathan Maron, when they hired 60 actors in ten major cities and had them accost strangers and ask them: "Would you mind taking my picture?" The actor then handed the target a brand new picture phone while talking about how cool the new device was.
924:
There are various organizations that have implemented guerrilla and street marketing strategies. The majority of them are small companies, but there are also big companies that have been involved in the guerrilla and street marketing environment. Most of the examples of the strategies that both small
586:
platforms, significant imagination and energy is required in order to capture the attention of sufficient numbers of people. This is especially the case when one considers that, with other firms competing for people's attention, there can be significant "clutter" in the environment that the consumer
988:
Because of the nature of guerrilla marketing, the message and objective must be clearly defined in order to avoid being misunderstood. Misinterpretation by the targeted audience of the message intended to be promoted is a risk. Word-of-mouth advertising does not always remain sufficiently focused to
940:
organized a street marketing activity in the āFeria del Libroā (āBook Fairā) in Madrid. It consisted of a man dressed like a prince who was walking among the crowd looking for his āreal loveā. He had a glass slipper and even got to try the shoe on some people. A woman behind him was giving bookmarks
841:
When doing guerrilla marketing or street marketing, organizations also consider focusing on the psychological approach. For many companies, this implies if they are having success or not. Street marketing focuses on some psychological aspects to know customers' behavior and preferences. For example,
699:
Grassroots campaigns aim to win customers over individually. A successful grassroots campaign is not about the dissemination of the marketing message in the hope that possible consumers are paying attention, but rather highlights a personal connection between the consumer and the brand, and builds a
518:
uses multiple techniques and practices to establish direct contact with potential customers. One of the goals of this interaction is to cause an emotional reaction in the clients, and the ultimate goal of marketing is to induce people to remember products or brands in a different way than they might
1059:
The authorizations necessary to carry out such a campaign are often very difficult to obtain within the time allotted for bringing the plan to fruition. Numerous potential operations have failed to obtain authorization for safety reasons, and in certain urban areas it is even expressly forbidden to
948:
Along with these examples, there are other street-marketing techniques that are even more unusual. Lee Jeans, a French company dedicated to the selling of jeans, promoted the opening of their new store in rue des
Rosiers in Paris. The method they applied consisted of distributing denims, as well as
833:
Companies develop plans taking into account that the global communication and interaction involved in guerrilla or street marketing is not limited to customers or the media. They are also developed to identify opportunities and collect enough information about products, markets and competitors. For
829:
First, corporations identify the public places where the campaign can be developed such as beaches, cultural events, close to schools, sporting events and recreation areas for children. Next, companies have to develop a plan to get close to different media and the target market. In order to attract
618:
Ambient communication is advertising presented on elements of the environment, including nearly every available physical surface. It is a compilation of intelligence, flexibility, and effective use of the atmosphere. These kinds of ads can be found anywhere and everywhere from hand dryers in public
1078:
According to Jay
Levinson, guerrilla marketing emphasizes strongly on customer follow-up rather than ignoring customers after their purchase. Focusing on customer follow-up is a cheaper strategy because the cost of selling to a new customer is six times higher than selling to an existing customer.
1055:
Street art is thus a subversive activity, hijacking public places and inventing rather paradoxical forms of expression that reformulate ways of communicating, all of which inform street marketing practices. Thus marketing in the street, given that it is inspired by the work of such artists, brings
746:
Street marketing is not confined to fixed print-form advertisements. It is common practice for organizations to use brand ambassadors who distribute product samples or discount vouchers, and answer queries about the product while emphasizing the brand. The brand ambassadors may be accompanied by a
684:
Similar to viral marketing, buzz marketing uses high-profile media to encourage the public to discuss the brand or product. Buzz marketing works best when consumer's responses to a product or service and subsequent endorsements are genuine, without the company paying them. Buzz generated from buzz
837:
Various strategies are used in guerrilla marketing. One strategy involves providing offers to increase sales. In many cases, businesses do not only supply their products or services to be recognized, but they also offer other things for free. Another instance is to present a fundraiser offer. The
538:
about the product being marketed. It is a way of advertising that increases consumers' engagement with the product or service, and is designed to create a memorable experience. By creating a memorable experience, it also increases the likelihood that a consumer, or someone who interacted with the
860:
Through the experience and the ephemeral feelings shared between the company and the target, advertisers and agencies generate a feeling of intimacy that resonates beyond the encounter. This feeling of nearness becomes all the more lasting as the affected individuals relive this encounter on the
738:
Street marketing uses unconventional means of advertising or promoting products and brands in public areas. The main goal is to encourage consumers to remember and recall the brand or product marketed. As a division of guerrilla marketing, street marketing is specific to all marketing activities
633:
Ambush marketing is a form of associative marketing, used by an organization to capitalize upon the awareness, attention, goodwill, and other benefits, generated by having an association with an event or property, without that organization having an official or direct connection to that event or
952:
In some cases, some street marketing may incite the ire of local authorities; such was the case in
Houston, Texas, when BMW's ad agency (Street Factory Media in Minneapolis) attached a replication, made from styrofoam, of a Mini-Cooper to the side of a downtown building. For the cost of a small
910:
to begin campaigns, share-able features and event host events. Other companies run competitions or discounts based on encouraging users to share or create content related to their product. Viral videos are an incredibly popular form of guerrilla marketing in which companies film entertaining or
898:
with guerrilla tactics. Simple examples consist of using 'loading' pages or image alt texts to display an entertaining or informative message to users waiting to access the content they were trying to get to. As users dislike waiting with no occupation on the web, it is essential, and easy, to
944:
There are enterprises that disseminate passes or tickets to different events. For example, Sony invests on joining promoters and tells them that they have to infiltrate in public meetings. What they have to do is to distribute free tickets to concerts and other musical events sponsored by the
893:
The web is rife with examples of guerrilla marketing, to the extent that many people don't notice its presence - until a particularly successful campaign arises. The desire for instant gratification of internet users provides an avenue for guerrilla marketing by allowing businesses to combine
546:
Guerrilla marketing is relatively inexpensive, and focuses more on reach rather than frequency. For guerrilla campaigns to be successful, companies generally do not need to spend large amounts of money, but they need to have imagination, energy and time. Therefore, guerrilla marketing has the
669:
Viral marketing describes any strategy that encourages individuals to pass on a marketing message to others (often via online social-media platforms), creating the potential for exponential growth in the message's exposure and influence. Like viruses, such strategies take advantage of rapid
534:ālose popularity, marketers and advertisers have felt compelled to find new strategies to convey their commercial messages to the consumer. Guerrilla marketing focuses on taking the consumer by surprise to make a dramatic impression about the product or brand. This in turn creates
598:
Guerrilla marketing has also evolved to include street marketing, which itself has evolved to encompass activities beyond the everyday realm of urban streets and thus now includes newer promotional methodologies. Examples include mass-printed flyers and animated digital signage.
670:
multiplication to explode the message to thousands, to millions. Off the
Internet, viral marketing has been referred to as "word-of-mouth", "creating a buzz", "leveraging the media", "network marketing", But on the Internet, for better or worse, it's called "viral marketing".
1075:. A group of film students filmed an amateur horror movie. By setting up an internet campaign devoted to spreading rumors about the fictitious 'Blair Witch', it created a lot of interest for the film. With a budget of $ 50,000, the movie grossed $ 250 million worldwide.
554:, because purchasing decisions are often made by the unconscious mind. To keep the product or service in the unconscious mind requires repetition, so if a buzz is created around a product, and if it is shared amongst friends, then this mechanism enables repetition.
646:
created 'find your
Greatness' spots where they featured athletes from several locations called London (but without showing the real London or referring to the Olympic games). This was intended to build a strong association between the London Olympics and Nike.
1052:'s on-line debacle with Zipatoni. The company attempted to promote Zipatoni through a stealth marketing campaign, which was quickly detected by the internet community, resulting in Sony immediately experiencing a backlash from video game enthusiasts.
885:, the authors write: "...in order to sell a product or a service, a company must establish a relationship with the customer. It must build trust and support the customer's needs, and it must provide a product that delivers the promised benefits..."
1069:
in the marketing process, guerrillas invest energy, time and creativity. If done successfully, companies will be able to reach conventional goals for profits and growth with a smaller marketing budget. One such example is the
637:
This form of marketing is typically seen at major events where rivals of official sponsors attempt to build an association with the event and increase awareness for their brands, sometimes covertly. For example, during the
845:
When a company decides to do a guerrilla marketing campaign which could be anything out of viral, ambient, ambush, street or stealth, the focus for them is to meet the objectives. The main objectives for them are:
915:
even create interactive elements like the themed Google logo games to spark interest and engagement. These dynamic guerrilla marketing tactics can become news globally and give businesses considerable publicity.
830:
attention, street marketing events not only involve unusual activities, but use technology as part of the events. The purpose is to increase the value of the campaigns and get potential consumers' attention.
590:
Guerrilla marketing is popular for small or medium-sized businesses who have tight budgets. But the same tactics have also been used by large companies trying to differentiate themselves from competitors via
747:
kiosk containing product samples or demonstration materials, or wearing a "walking billboard". The physical interaction with consumers has a greater influencing power than traditional passive advertising.
714:
Astroturfing is among the most controversial guerrilla marketing strategies, and it has a high risk of backfiring for the company marketing the product or service. Astroturfing derives from artificial ā
989:
present the intended message. The rumor-like spread of word-of-mouth marketing is uncontrollable once released, and can result in a misrepresentation of the message or confusion about a brand.
582:
using different techniques from usual and small tactic strategies used by armed civilians. Because the key goal is to manipulate consumers into talking about the product or brand via
754:
broadly consisting of young urbanites (15 ā 30 years old), is often put forth as the most susceptible target for the campaigns due to its associations with the culture of the street.
1170:
Bernard Cova & Marcel Saucet, "The Secret Lives of
Unconventional Campaigns: Street Marketing on the Fringe", Journal of Marketing Communications, 2014;Jay Conrad Levinson, 1984
1573:
Borghini, Stefania; Visconti, Luca M.; Anderson, Laurel; Sherry Jr, John F. (2010). "Symbiotic postures of commercial advertising and street art: Implications for creativity".
1730:
Bernard Cova and Marcel Saucet, Unconventional Marketing: from Guerrilla to Consumer Made," in Routledge Companion on The Future of Marketing, Routledge, September 2013.
1048:
Another problem presents itself if marketers fail to properly execute an undercover campaign. They run considerable risk of backlash. An example of this can be found in
1766:
Bernard Cova and Marcel Saucet, Unconventional Marketing: from Guerrilla to Consumer Made," in Routledge Companion on The Future of Marketing, Routledge, September 2013
655:
Stealth marketing is a type of advertising in which a product or service is promoted in a way that is intended to draw attention without appearing to be promotional.
2403:
1876:
1348:
Marcel Bernard Cova & Marcel Saucet, "The Secret Lives of Unconventional Campaigns: Street Marketing on the Fringe", Journal of Marketing Communications, 2014
750:
Street marketing is understood as mobilizing not only the space of the streets but also the imagination of the street: that of street culture and street art. The
992:
Another risk involves wrongly timed (or wrongly placed) events, which may actually be perceived to be against the interests of the consumer. For instance, in an
1408:
Solomon, M., Marshall, G., Stuart, E. (2008). Marketing, Real People, Real Choices. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States of America: Pearson Education.
777:
This consists of personalizing a high-traffic space using brand imagery. The idea is to create a micro-universe in order to promote a new product or service.
2112:
1833:
1652:
Saucet, Marcel; Cova, Bernard (2014-03-18). "The Secret Lives of Unconventional Campaigns: Street Marketing on the Fringe by Bernard Cova, Marcel Saucet".
1369:
Bernard Cova & Marcel Saucet, "The Secret Lives of Unconventional Campaigns: Street Marketing on the Fringe", Journal of Marketing Communications, 2014
1021:
Some guerrilla marketing may incite the ire of local authorities. Then risks are assessed and may still be considered worthwhile. Such was the case in
1290:
1142:
1041:), to the side of a downtown building in January 2013. For the small cost of a city-issued fine, the company received front page advertising in the
973:
1536:
Berman M. (c2007). Street-Smart Advertising: How to Win the Battle of the Buzz. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
853:
To touch most of the five sensory identities of the customer/consumer, enhancing personal experience with the brand and building a good reputation
1776:
739:
carried out in streets and public areas such as parks, streets, and events. Street marketing also encompasses advertising outdoors, such as on
1235:
1906:
1527:
Jacobs, J. (2012). Faking it ā how to kill a business through astroturfing on social media. Professional Updates Management, 64(9), 567-570.
911:
surprising videos that internet users are likely to share and enjoy, that subtly advertise their service or product. Some companies such as
757:
According to Marcel Saucet and Bernard Cova, street marketing can be used as a general term encompassing six principal types of activities:
685:
marketing campaigns is referred to as "amplified WOM" (word-of-mouth), and "organic WOM" is when buzz occurs naturally by the consumer.
471:
1693:
2059:
2031:
1197:
1930:
Douglas West, John Ford, (2001), Advertising agency philosophies and employee risk taking, Journal of Advertising 30, no. 1: 77ā91
1264:
2105:
743:(shopping carts, in the US), public toilets, sides of cars or public transport, manhole covers, footpaths, rubbish bins, etc.
1884:
1747:
1088:
930:
2408:
899:
capture their attention this way. Other website methods include interesting web features such as engaging landing pages.
2413:
1820:
1447:
39:
2098:
787:
The goal of such actions is to create a space in which the brand's message is communicated through human activity.
395:
1941:
566:, which employs atypical tactics to achieve an objective. In 1984, the term guerrilla marketing was introduced by
2219:
972:, filmed a reaction video of a Coke vending machine dispensing ādosesā of happiness to unsuspecting students in
936:
Other businesses apply the technique of sending disguised people to promote things on the streets. For example,
2353:
821:
or contests. The idea is to promote a product, service, or brand value through organization of a public event.
119:
797:
This form of mobile presentation is based on the development of means of transport: taxi, bike, Segway, etc.
550:
The message to consumers is often designed to be clear and concise. This type of marketing also works on the
2398:
1546:
540:
464:
410:
390:
375:
189:
164:
139:
79:
2082:
1419:
1225:
547:
potential to be effective for small businesses, especially if they are competing against bigger companies.
2144:
1006:
993:
592:
199:
1150:
1857:
1665:
1472:
1001:
733:
567:
385:
237:
149:
134:
1513:
Baker, M. & Hart, S. (2008). The Marketing Book. (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.
767:
This activity is more traditional, and is the most common form of street marketing employed by brands.
1780:
850:
To create enough buzz to serve in word-of-mouth, helping the brand to establish well with its products
17:
2393:
2160:
639:
400:
330:
292:
204:
184:
99:
63:
1227:
Guerrilla Marketing: Easy and Inexpensive Strategies for Making Big Profits from Your Small Business
881:
are actually at an advantage. Ultimately, however, guerrilla marketers must "deliver the goods". In
2313:
1424:
1071:
926:
870:
571:
504:
491:
strategy in which a company uses surprise and/or unconventional interactions in order to promote a
350:
340:
277:
154:
94:
2262:
2254:
1625:
1590:
1049:
496:
492:
457:
433:
370:
360:
355:
307:
159:
124:
31:
2023:
An Investigation into the Relevance of Guerrilla Marketing to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
1118:
2227:
2168:
2136:
2121:
2055:
2027:
1743:
1657:
1653:
1231:
1193:
1042:
1011:
613:
563:
443:
312:
287:
282:
257:
174:
169:
1694:"Taryn Rose Launches Dresr: Street Marketing a Luxury Brand - Case - Harvard Business School"
2361:
2289:
1617:
1582:
1185:
1098:
996:
which took place on January 31, 2007, several magnetic circuit boardsāeach with an flashing
727:
628:
551:
531:
438:
335:
272:
262:
242:
227:
194:
179:
144:
129:
109:
2184:
1701:
1678:
1490:
1328:
664:
543:, the product or service being advertised reaches more people than initially anticipated.
428:
302:
104:
2152:
1180:
Belch, Michael A.; Belch, George E. (2008-06-05), "Integrated Marketing Communications",
578:. The term itself was from the inspiration of guerrilla warfare which was unconventional
953:
city-issued fine, the company received front page advertising on the Houston Chronicle.
2281:
2192:
895:
679:
535:
345:
47:
and can be regarded as "anti-typical" for advertisements, as it is basically negative.
2387:
2337:
2321:
1629:
1383:
1324:
1015:
977:
956:
878:
740:
595:. Similar marketing tactics have also been used by individuals seeking employment.
380:
267:
2090:
1834:"Small Agency of the Year, Campaign of the Year: Definition 6's 'Happiness Machine'"
1189:
1018:
were closed as police examined, removed, and (in some cases) destroyed the devices.
2329:
1946:
1594:
1093:
969:
856:
To reach the target successfully by taking the brand to them in their daily routine
751:
709:
583:
1608:
Black; Neville (2009). "Fly-Posting: An Exploration of a 'Controversial' Medium".
2049:
2021:
1942:"Dr Dre beats Olympic brand police by sending headphones to Team GB | Media"
1316:
2345:
2305:
488:
247:
222:
114:
1586:
2297:
1804:
1621:
694:
643:
527:
405:
1967:
2369:
2200:
1993:
1038:
965:
937:
818:
515:
500:
365:
297:
54:
619:
bathrooms and petrol pumps through to bus hand straps and golf-hole cups.
1863:
907:
903:
2235:
1022:
960:
In this way, an everyday activity was converted into a branding event.
84:
1384:"Ambient Communication: How to Engage Consumers in Urban Touch-Points"
912:
89:
1742:; Levinson, Jay Conrad; Godin, Seth; Mariner Books; November 1994;
869:
The guerrilla marketing promotion strategy was first identified by
1026:
523:
252:
232:
44:
38:
1721:
Jay Conrad Levinson, 1984;Marcel Saucet & Bernard Cova, 2014
1034:
2094:
902:
Many online marketing strategies also use social media such as
807:
These activities involve the customization of street elements.
539:
campaign, will tell their friends about the product. Thus, via
1030:
997:
715:
579:
1000:
cartoon figureāwere attached to metal surfaces in and around
1033:'s ad agency, Street Factory Media, attached a replica of a
1491:"Practical Ecommerce | Insights for Online Merchants"
1877:"Houston Issues Ticket To A Mini Cooper Parked On A Wall"
522:
As traditional advertising media channelsāsuch as print,
43:
Ad sticker of a boxing studio in Germany. The message is
817:
These activities take the form of spectacles, such as
1448:"Nathan Sorrell, Nike's Fat Jogger, Vows to Get Thin"
1014:. Several subway stations, bridges, and a portion of
1377:
1375:
2274:
2247:
2212:
2129:
1547:"Street Marketing | What is Street Marketing?"
1404:
1402:
1400:
1265:"The 25 Most Influential Business Management Books"
2051:Your Ad Here: The Cool Sell of Guerrilla Marketing
1523:
1521:
1519:
1291:"'Guerrilla marketing' gives small firms the edge"
1968:"How to Pull Off a Guerrilla Marketing Campaign"
1907:"New Sony viral marketing ploy angers consumers"
1182:The International Encyclopedia of Communication
1010:. The circuit boards were mistakenly taken for
2106:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1568:
1566:
1365:
1363:
1249:
1247:
465:
8:
1317:"30 Seconds with Guerrilla Marketing's Guru"
562:The term "guerrilla marketing" is traced to
2113:
2099:
2091:
472:
458:
50:
1994:"Guerrilla Marketing in a Tough Economy"
2054:. New York: New York University Press.
1109:
53:
2404:Promotion and marketing communications
1817:The Hidden (In Plain Sight) Persuaders
1674:
1663:
1642:Marcel Saucet & Bernard Cova, 2014
18:Guerrilla marketing warfare strategies
700:lasting relationship with the brand.
7:
1418:Simon Chadwick And Nicholas Burton.
1219:
1217:
1992:Levinson, Jay Conrad (2003-11-17).
1777:"Street Marketing by Marcel Saucet"
1610:Journal of Marketing Communications
1289:Linda S. Wallace (March 12, 1989).
27:Unconventional advertising strategy
762:Distribution of flyers or products
25:
1211:What is Guerrilla Marketing, 2015
1740:The Guerrilla Marketing Handbook
1692:Goldberg, Lena G. (2014-11-06).
1004:to promote the animated series,
883:The Guerrilla Marketing Handbook
1190:10.1002/9781405186407.wbieci038
861:internet through social media.
1905:Krotoski, Aleks (2006-12-11).
1801:Undercover Marketing Uncovered
1184:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,
1147:Creativeguerrillamarketing.com
1143:"What Is Guerrilla Marketing?"
1089:Customer experience management
931:New England Culinary Institute
587:is forced to deal with daily.
503:. The term was popularized by
1:
2084:Gotcha! Ads Push the Envelope
1866:online; retrieved March 2014.
1224:Levinson, Jay Conrad (2007).
30:For the Sri Lankan film, see
1883:. 2013-01-10. Archived from
1315:Greco, Susan (August 1995).
1823:;" December 5, 2004; pg. 68
1821:The New York Times Magazine
1263:Josh Sanburn (2011-08-09).
964:Machineā. In January 2010,
2430:
1587:10.2753/joa0091-3367390308
889:Online guerrilla marketing
731:
725:
707:
692:
677:
662:
626:
611:
396:Promotional representative
29:
2220:San Francisco Mime Troupe
2048:Serazio, Michael (2013).
1622:10.1080/13527260802091022
1357:Jay Conrad Levinson, 1984
519:have been accustomed to.
2026:. Munich: GRIN Verlag.
2020:Bach, Benjamin (2007).
994:ill-conceived promotion
391:Promotional merchandise
376:Out-of-home advertising
165:Account-based marketing
2145:Semiological guerrilla
1750:; accessed March 2014.
1673:Cite journal requires
1575:Journal of Advertising
1295:Lawrence Journal-World
1007:Aqua Teen Hunger Force
593:social media campaigns
200:Horizontal integration
48:
2255:Theatre of Situations
1551:Marketing-schools.org
1495:Webmarketingtoday.com
1119:"Guerrilla Marketing"
1002:Boston, Massachusetts
974:St. John's University
734:Tissue-pack marketing
570:'s creative director
386:Product demonstration
238:Corporate anniversary
42:
2409:Strategic management
2161:Guerrilla television
1887:on February 15, 2013
1477:Cambridge Dictionary
689:Grassroots marketing
640:2012 London Olympics
558:Etymology and origin
401:Visual merchandising
331:Behavioral targeting
205:Vertical integration
185:Influencer marketing
2314:Jay Conrad Levinson
2177:Guerrilla marketing
2087:; CNN/Money article
1473:"Stealth Marketing"
1425:Wall Street Journal
1382:Rossella Gambetti.
1072:Blair Witch Project
968:, with the help of
927:Montpelier, Vermont
875:Guerrilla Marketing
871:Jay Conrad Levinson
576:Guerrilla Marketing
572:Jay Conrad Levinson
509:Guerrilla Marketing
505:Jay Conrad Levinson
485:Guerrilla marketing
351:In-game advertising
341:Display advertising
217:Promotional content
2414:Types of marketing
2263:Situationist prank
1050:Sony Entertainment
772:Product animations
499:. It is a type of
434:Marketing research
371:Online advertising
361:Native advertising
356:Mobile advertising
308:Sex in advertising
125:Consumer behaviour
49:
32:Guerilla Marketing
2381:
2380:
2349:(1938–1994)
2341:(1943–1978)
2325:(1936–1989)
2309:(1932–2016)
2301:(1931–1994)
2293:(1905–1980)
2285:(1891–1995)
2169:Invisible theater
2137:Guerrilla theatre
2122:Guerrilla theatre
1862: ; article;
1859:Boston Bomb Scare
1819:; Walker, Rob; "
1479:. 15 August 2024.
1446:Rebecca Cullers.
1237:978-0-7499-2811-7
1064:Inexpensive costs
1043:Houston Chronicle
1037:-Cooper (made of
1012:explosive devices
825:Typical procedure
802:Uncovered actions
741:shopping trolleys
651:Stealth marketing
642:, footwear maker
614:Ambient awareness
608:Ambient marketing
564:guerrilla warfare
482:
481:
444:Consumer research
325:Promotional media
313:Underwriting spot
288:Product placement
268:On-hold messaging
258:Loyalty marketing
175:Product marketing
170:Digital marketing
16:(Redirected from
2421:
2374:
2366:
2362:Michael Shamberg
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2290:Jean-Paul Sartre
2286:
2267:
2259:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2092:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1873:
1867:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1830:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1779:. Archived from
1773:
1767:
1764:
1751:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1700:. Archived from
1689:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1379:
1370:
1367:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1149:. Archived from
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1114:
1099:Mobile marketing
782:Human animations
728:Street marketing
722:Street marketing
629:Ambush marketing
623:Ambush marketing
552:unconscious mind
474:
467:
460:
439:Mystery shopping
336:Brand ambassador
273:Personal selling
263:Mobile marketing
243:Direct marketing
228:Ambush marketing
195:Annoyance factor
180:Social marketing
130:Consumer culture
110:Brand management
51:
21:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2185:Culture jamming
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2125:
2124:and derivations
2119:
2079:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1815:
1811:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1672:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1085:
1066:
986:
922:
891:
867:
827:
736:
730:
724:
712:
706:
697:
691:
682:
676:
667:
665:Viral marketing
661:
659:Viral marketing
653:
631:
625:
616:
610:
605:
560:
478:
449:
448:
429:Market research
424:
416:
415:
326:
318:
317:
303:Sales promotion
218:
210:
209:
105:Brand licensing
75:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Business books
2396:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2282:Edward Bernays
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2193:Tactical media
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2077:External links
2075:
2074:
2073:
2060:
2045:
2032:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1984:
1959:
1932:
1923:
1897:
1868:
1850:
1840:. 26 July 2010
1825:
1809:
1793:
1768:
1752:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1684:
1675:|journal=
1644:
1635:
1616:(4): 209ā226.
1600:
1562:
1538:
1529:
1515:
1506:
1482:
1464:
1438:
1410:
1396:
1371:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1307:
1281:
1255:
1243:
1236:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1172:
1163:
1134:
1117:Kenton, Will.
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1065:
1062:
985:
984:Strategic risk
982:
921:
918:
896:wait marketing
890:
887:
866:
863:
858:
857:
854:
851:
826:
823:
815:
814:
805:
804:
795:
794:
785:
784:
775:
774:
765:
764:
726:Main article:
723:
720:
708:Main article:
705:
702:
693:Main article:
690:
687:
680:Buzz marketing
678:Main article:
675:
674:Buzz marketing
672:
663:Main article:
660:
657:
652:
649:
627:Main article:
624:
621:
612:Main article:
609:
606:
604:
601:
559:
556:
480:
479:
477:
476:
469:
462:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
346:Drip marketing
343:
338:
333:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
120:Communications
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
76:
73:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2426:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2373:(1959–)
2371:
2368:
2365:(1945–)
2363:
2360:
2357:(1943–)
2355:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2338:Emmett Grogan
2336:
2333:(1941–)
2331:
2328:
2323:
2322:Abbie Hoffman
2320:
2317:(1933–)
2315:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:Theoreticians
2273:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2063:
2061:9780814724590
2057:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2035:
2033:9783638874052
2029:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1940:Mark Sweney.
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1783:on 2014-05-02
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1704:on 2017-05-01
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:(3): 115ā28.
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1325:New York City
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1199:9781405186407
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1153:on 2017-03-20
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1016:Interstate 93
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
983:
981:
979:
978:American Idol
975:
971:
967:
961:
958:
957:Sony Ericsson
954:
950:
946:
942:
939:
934:
932:
928:
919:
917:
914:
909:
905:
900:
897:
888:
886:
884:
880:
879:entrepreneurs
876:
872:
864:
862:
855:
852:
849:
848:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
813:
812:Event actions
810:
809:
808:
803:
800:
799:
798:
793:
790:
789:
788:
783:
780:
779:
778:
773:
770:
769:
768:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
753:
748:
744:
742:
735:
729:
721:
719:
717:
711:
703:
701:
696:
688:
686:
681:
673:
671:
666:
658:
656:
650:
648:
645:
641:
635:
630:
622:
620:
615:
607:
602:
600:
596:
594:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
557:
555:
553:
548:
544:
542:
541:word of mouth
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
517:
512:
510:
507:'s 1984 book
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:advertisement
486:
475:
470:
468:
463:
461:
456:
455:
453:
452:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
420:
419:
412:
411:Word-of-mouth
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Point of sale
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
322:
321:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
214:
213:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
140:Effectiveness
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
71:
70:
65:
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2330:Peter Coyote
2176:
2153:SpaĆguerilla
2083:
2065:. Retrieved
2050:
2037:. Retrieved
2022:
2001:. Retrieved
1998:Entrepreneur
1997:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1974:. 2010-04-19
1972:Entrepreneur
1971:
1962:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:The Guardian
1945:
1935:
1926:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:The Guardian
1910:
1900:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:the original
1880:
1871:
1858:
1853:
1842:. Retrieved
1837:
1828:
1816:
1812:
1800:
1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:the original
1771:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1697:
1687:
1666:cite journal
1647:
1638:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1578:
1574:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:
1541:
1532:
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1423:
1413:
1387:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1320:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:
1258:
1226:
1207:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:the original
1146:
1137:
1126:. Retrieved
1123:Investopedia
1122:
1112:
1094:Earned media
1077:
1070:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1020:
1005:
991:
987:
970:Definition 6
962:
955:
951:
947:
943:
935:
929:, where the
923:
901:
892:
882:
874:
873:in his book
868:
859:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
752:Y-generation
749:
745:
737:
713:
710:Astroturfing
704:Astroturfing
698:
683:
668:
654:
636:
632:
617:
597:
589:
584:social media
575:
574:in his book
561:
549:
545:
521:
513:
508:
484:
483:
155:Segmentation
80:Distribution
74:Key concepts
36:
2394:Advertising
2346:Jerry Rubin
2306:Umberto Eco
2130:Derivations
1881:Bmwblog.com
1420:"Ambushed!"
1253:Bourn, 2009
1230:. Piatkus.
568:Leo Burnett
532:direct mail
248:Franchising
223:Advertising
190:Attribution
115:Co-creation
2388:Categories
2298:Guy Debord
2248:Precursors
2003:2016-03-31
1978:2016-03-31
1953:2017-03-01
1917:2010-05-26
1891:2017-03-01
1844:2016-03-31
1805:60 Minutes
1787:2017-03-01
1748:0395700132
1708:2017-03-01
1556:2017-03-01
1500:2017-03-01
1332:Retrieved
1157:2017-03-01
1128:2019-05-14
1105:References
819:flash mobs
792:Road shows
732:See also:
695:Grassroots
634:property.
528:television
514:Guerrilla
406:Web banner
293:Propaganda
100:Activation
64:Management
2370:Mark Dery
2354:Paul Ryan
2201:Flash mob
1838:adage.com
1630:167843516
1457:April 12,
1431:April 12,
1389:April 12,
1274:April 12,
1039:Styrofoam
966:Coca-Cola
938:Match.com
516:marketing
501:publicity
366:New media
298:Publicity
150:Promotion
135:Dominance
55:Marketing
1913:. London
1864:CNN News
1083:See also
1031:BMW Auto
920:Examples
908:LinkedIn
904:Facebook
865:Strategy
423:Research
278:Premiums
233:Branding
160:Strategy
2236:Yippies
2228:Diggers
2067:26 June
2039:26 June
2014:Sources
1698:Hbs.edu
1658:2411026
1595:2784881
1334:26 June
1321:inc.com
1300:June 5,
1029:, when
1023:Houston
580:warfare
497:service
493:product
95:Service
85:Pricing
2266:(1958)
2258:(1947)
2239:(1967)
2231:(1966)
2223:(1959)
2213:Groups
2204:(2003)
2196:(1996)
2188:(1985)
2180:(1984)
2172:(1974)
2164:(1971)
2156:(1967)
2148:(1967)
2140:(1965)
2058:
2030:
1746:
1656:
1628:
1593:
1452:AdWeek
1234:
1196:
913:Google
530:, and
487:is an
283:Prizes
145:Ethics
90:Retail
45:ironic
1626:S2CID
1591:S2CID
1027:Texas
603:Types
524:radio
253:Label
2069:2015
2056:ISBN
2041:2015
2028:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1679:help
1654:SSRN
1459:2016
1433:2016
1391:2016
1336:2015
1329:Inc.
1302:2017
1276:2016
1269:Time
1232:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1035:Mini
906:and
716:turf
644:Nike
536:buzz
1803:; "
1618:doi
1583:doi
1186:doi
998:LED
495:or
2390::
1996:.
1970:.
1944:.
1909:.
1879:.
1836:.
1755:^
1696:.
1670::
1668:}}
1664:{{
1624:.
1614:15
1612:.
1589:.
1579:39
1577:.
1565:^
1549:.
1518:^
1493:.
1475:.
1450:.
1422:.
1399:^
1374:^
1362:^
1327::
1323:.
1319:.
1293:.
1267:.
1246:^
1216:^
1192:,
1145:.
1121:.
1045:.
1025:,
526:,
511:.
2114:e
2107:t
2100:v
2071:.
2043:.
2006:.
1981:.
1956:.
1920:.
1894:.
1847:.
1807:"
1790:.
1711:.
1681:)
1677:(
1660:.
1632:.
1620::
1597:.
1585::
1559:.
1503:.
1461:.
1435:.
1393:.
1338:.
1304:.
1278:.
1240:.
1188::
1160:.
1131:.
473:e
466:t
459:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
