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GCC countries put limits on hiring foreign workers. Weaknesses in the financial sector and government administration impose substantial transaction costs on migrant workers who send them. Although difficult to estimate, costs consist of salaries and the increased spending required to expand educational and health services, housing, roads, communications, and other infrastructure to accommodate the basic needs of the newcomers. The foreign labour force is a substantial drain of the GCC states' hard currency earnings, with remittances to migrants' home countries in the early 2000s amounting to $ 27 billion per year, including $ 16 billion from Saudi Arabia alone. It has been shown that the percentage of the GDP that foreign labour generates is roughly equal to what the state has to spend on them.
855:, or "sponsorship" system. Migrant work is typically for two years. Recruitment agencies in sending countries are the main contributors of labour to GCC countries. Through these agencies, sponsors must pay a fee to the recruiter and pay for the worker's round-trip airfare, visas, permits, and wages. Recruiters charge high fees to prospective employees to obtain employment visas, averaging between $ 2,000 and $ 2,500 in such countries as Bangladesh and India. Contract disputes are also common. In Saudi Arabia, foreign workers must have employment contracts written in Arabic and have them signed by the sponsor and themselves to be issued a work permit. Contracts may be written or oral with other GCC countries, such as Kuwait.
870:
strategies to improve this situation, create sufficient employment opportunities for nationals, and limit the dependence on expatriate labour. Restrictions have been imposed: the sponsorship system, the rotational system of expatriate labour to limit the duration of foreigners' stay, curbs on naturalization and the rights of those who have been naturalised, etc. This has also led to efforts to improve the education and training of nationals. Localization remains low among the private sector, however. This is due to the traditionally low income the sector offers. Also included are long working hours, a competitive work environment, and a need to recognise an expatriate supervisor, often difficult to accept.
862:) naturally creates room for violations of the rights of foreign workers. Debt causes workers to work for a certain period of time without a salary to cover these fees. This bondage encourages the practice of international labour migration as women in situations of poverty can find jobs overseas and pay off their debts through work. It is common for the employer or the sponsor to retain the employee's passport and other identity papers as a form of insurance for the amount an employer has paid for the worker's work permit and airfare. Kafeels sell visas to foreign workers with the unwritten understanding that the foreigner can work for an employer other than the sponsor.
294:: Anwerbeabkommen). The initial plan was a rotation principle: a temporary stay (usually two to three years), followed by returning to their homeland. The rotation principle proved inefficient for the industry because inexperienced ones constantly replaced experienced workers. The companies asked for legislation to extend the residence permits. Many foreign workers were followed by their families in the following period and stayed. Until the 1970s, more than four million migrant workers and their families thus came to Germany, mainly from the Mediterranean countries of Italy, Greece, the former Yugoslavia and Turkey.
842:. Emigrants are offered substandard wages and living conditions and must work overtime without extra payment. Workers or their dependents are not paid due to compensation regarding injuries and death. Citizenship is rarely offered, and labour can oftentimes be acquired below the legal minimum wage. Foreign workers often lack access to local labour markets. Oftentimes these workers are legally attached to a sponsor/employer until completion of their employment contract, after which a worker must either renew a permit or leave the country.
874:
delayed pay, and general lack of rights. Sexual harassment of
Filipina housemaids by local employers, especially in Saudi Arabia, has become serious. In recent years, this has resulted in a ban on the migration of females under 21. Such nations as Indonesia have noted the maltreatment of women in the GCC states, with the government calling for an end to the sending of housemaids altogether. In GCC countries, a chief concern with foreign domestic workers in childcare without the desired emphasis on Islamic and Arabic values.
41:
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skill shortages, reductions in output, and tax shortfalls in many developing countries. These burdens are even more apparent in countries where educated workers largely emigrated after receiving a highly subsidised technical education. "Brain Drain refers to the emigration (out-migration) of knowledgeable, well-educated and skilled professionals from their home country to another country, better job opportunities in the new country."
615:
150:, Québec. In 2006, 265,000 foreign workers worked in Canada. Amongst those of working age, there was a 118% increase from 1996. By 2008, the intake of non-permanent immigrants (399,523, the majority of whom are TFWs) had overtaken the intake of permanent immigrants (247,243). To hire foreign workers, Canadian employers must complete a Labour Market Impact Assessment administered by Employment and Social Development Canada.
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territory of the FRG) were countries where more than 0.5% of employees were not citizens. The United
Kingdom 0.91%, Germany 0.94% (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) are countries where more than 0.9% of employees were non-EU countries. countries with more than 0.5% employees were from another EU country were Spain 0.54%, United Kingdom 0.55%, Italy 0.72%, Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG) 0.87%.
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792:), created an unprecedented demand for labour in the oil, construction and industrial sectors. Development demanded a labor force. This demand was met by foreign workers, primarily those from the Arab states, with a later shift to those from Asia-Pacific countries. A rise in the standards of living for citizens of western Asian countries also created a demand for domestic workers in the home.
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eldercare. Common work traits include an average 100-hour work week and virtually non-existent overtime pay. Remuneration differs greatly according to nationality, oftentimes depending on language skills and education level. This is seen with
Filipina domestic workers receiving a higher remuneration than Sri Lankan and Ethiopian nationals.
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833:
In immigrant-producing countries, individuals with less than a high school education continue to be a fiscal burden to the next generation. Skilled workers, however, pay more in taxes than what they receive in social spending from the state. The emigration of highly skilled workers has been linked to
825:
Saudi Arabia is the largest source of remittance payments in the world. Similar to other GCC countries, remittance payments from Saudi Arabia rose during the oil boom years of the 1970s and early 1980s but declined in the mid-1980s. As oil prices fell, budget deficits mounted, and most governments of
877:
Possible developments in the future include a slowdown in the growth of foreign labour. One contributor to this is a dramatic change in demographic trends. The growing birth rate of nationals in the GCC states will lead to a more competitive workforce in the future. This could also lead to a rise in
845:
Racism is prevalent towards migrant workers. With an increasing number of unskilled workers from Asia and Africa, the market for foreign workers became increasingly racialised and dangerous, or "dirty" jobs became associated with Asian and
African workers noted by the term "Abed", meaning dark skin.
829:
The main concerns of developed countries regarding immigration centres are: (1) the local job seekers' fear of competition from migrant workers, (2) the fiscal burden that may result on native taxpayers for providing health and social services to migrants, (3) fears of erosion of cultural identity
813:
In detailed studies of
Pakistani migrants to the West Asia in the early 1980s, the average foreign worker was 25–40 years old. Seventy per cent were married, while families accompanied only 4 per cent. Two-thirds hailed from rural areas, and 83 per cent were production workers. At the time, 40 per
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and
Lebanon and Jordan. The increase of Arab women in the labour force, and changing conceptions of women's responsibilities, have resulted in a shift in household responsibilities to hired domestic workers. Domestic workers perform an array of work in the home: cleaning, cooking, child care, and
795:
Since the 1970s, foreign workers have become a large percentage of the population in most nations in the
Persian Gulf region. Growing competition with nationals in the job sector, along with complaints regarding the treatment of foreign workers, has led to rising tensions between the national and
889:
In 2016, around 7.14% (15.885.300 people) of total EU employment were not citizens, 3.61% (8.143.800) were from another EU Member State, 3.53% (7.741.500) were from a non-EU country. Switzerland 0.53%, France 0.65%, Spain 0.88%, Italy 1.08%, United
Kingdom 1.46%, Germany 1.81% (until 1990 former
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The spending of remittances is seen in two ways. Principally, remittances are sent to the families of guest workers. Though often put towards consumption, remittances are also directed to investment. Investment is seen to lead to the strengthening of infrastructure and facilitating international
873:
In 2005, low-paid Asian workers staged protests, some violent, in Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar for not receiving salaries on time. In March 2006, hundreds of mostly south Asian construction workers stopped work and went on a rampage in Dubai, UAE, to protest their harsh working conditions, low or
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The population in the current GCC states has grown more than eight times during 50 years. Foreign workers have become the primary, dominant labour force in most sectors of the economy and the government bureaucracy. With rising unemployment, GCC governments embarked on formulating labour market
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When a two-year work period is over, or with a job loss, workers must find another employer willing to sponsor them or return to their nation of origin within a short time. Failing to do this entails imprisonment for violation of immigration laws. Protections are nearly non-existent for migrant
324:
services by the state and the host countries' society and by the migrants themselves. Switzerland's transformation into a country of immigration was not until after the accelerated industrialization in the second half of the 19th century. Switzerland was no longer a purely rural Alpine area but
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As of 2007, 10 million workers from
Southeast Asia, South Asia, or Africa live and work in the countries of the Persian Gulf region. Xenophobia in receiving nations is often rampant, as menial work is often allocated only to foreign workers. In host countries, expatriate labour is treated with
802:
are becoming a prominent source of external funding for countries that contribute foreign workers to the GCC countries. On average, the top recipients globally are India, the
Philippines, and Bangladesh. In 2001, $ 72.3 billion was returned as remittances to the countries of origin of foreign
329:, later also the mechanical and chemical industries. Since the middle of the 19th century, mainly German academics, self-employed and craftsmen, but also Italians, who found a job in science, industry, construction and infrastructure construction migrated to Switzerland.
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Lottery program authorises up to 50,000 immigrant visas to be granted each year. This help facilitates foreign nationals with low rates of immigration to the United States a chance to participate in a random drawing for the possibility of obtaining an immigration visa.
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Especially in the later period of the guest worker migration regime , migrants came via chain migration structures. Employers delegated recruitment to the workers who had been in their employment for a while, whom they trusted and whom they expected to help the new
289:
The significant migration phase of labour migrants in the 20th century began in Germany during the 1950s, as the sovereign Germany, since 1955 after repeated pressure from NATO partners, has yielded to the request for closure of the so-called 'Anwerbe' Agreement
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workers, equivalent to 1.3% of the world GDP. The source of income remains beneficial as remittances are often more stable than private capital flows. Despite fluctuations in the economy of GCC countries, the amount of dollars in remittances is usually stable.
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in a country with more preferred job prospects than in their home country. Guest workers are often either sent or invited to work outside their home country or have acquired a job before leaving their home country, whereas
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With this jump in earnings, one benefit that has been seen is the nutritional improvement in households of migrant workers. Other benefits are the lessening of underemployment and unemployment.
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are individuals who have requested and received legal permanent residence from the government in the United States and intend to work in the United States permanently. The United States’
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The FSB border service data says that 2.4 million migrants have arrived in Russia for work between January and June 2019, according to a tally by the RBC news website.
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Since about 1990, the disintegration of the Soviet bloc and the enlargement of the European Union allowed guest workers from Eastern Europe to Western Europe.
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Recenzja: "Migration and Mobility in the Modern Age: Refugees, Travelers, and Traffickers in Europe and Eurasia" / Anika Walke, Jan Musekamp, Nicole Svobodny
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Over one million undocumented immigrants work in agriculture in the United States, while roughly 250,000 are admitted under the H-2A visa, as of 2019.
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investigation found significant evidence for the abuse of foreign laborers in the Taiwanese distant water fishing industry. Taiwanese conglomerate
1990:
1117:- have been profoundly shaped by their colonial past, in particular when migration from the periphery to the postcolonial metropole accelerated.
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Sharma, Nandita. Home Economics: Nationalism and the Making of 'Migrant Workers' in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006
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A report published by human rights organizations in 2022 suggested up to 10,000 migrant workers die annually in the West Asia.
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1956:
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Towers, Brian (January 2007). "The Global Evolution of Industrial Relations: Events, Ideas and the IIRA — Bruce E. Kaufman".
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1941:
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Ruhs, Martin (2002). "Temporary Foreign Worker Programmes: Policies, adverse consequences, and the need to make them work".
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Manseau, Gwennan (2007). "Contractual solutions for migrant labourers: The case of domestic workers in the Middle East".
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offer workers. Their destinations include Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia. A 2020
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Tens of millions of people around the world operate as foreign workers. As of 2018, according to reports from the
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focuses on America's "Guest Workers" including interviews with actual guest workers who work in Montana's forests
1985:
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1975:
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Ratha, Dilip (2005). "Workers' remittances: an important and stable source of external development finance".
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1139:. De Gruyter Reference. Oldenburg: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG (published 2017). p. 461.
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142:(TFWP), under which workers are brought to Canada by their employers for specific jobs. In 2000, the
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Shah, Nasra M. (1983). "Pakistani Workers in the Middle East: Volume, Trends and Consequences".
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Ited Nations Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in the Arab Region
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Hansen, Randall (August 2003). "Migration to Europe since 1945: Its History and its Lessons".
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Domestic work is the single most important category of employment among women migrants to the
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A blockchain-based decentralised system for proper handling of temporary employment contracts
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The demographics of a number of European states - France, Britain, Portugal, Spain, Belgium,
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The United States issues a number of employment-based immigrant visas. These include the
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Abella, Manolo (1995). "Asian migrant and contract workers in the Middle East": 418–423.
1505:"Who is FCF? Taiwan's biggest tuna trader linked to forced labour & illegal fishing"
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Kapiszewski, Andrzej (2006). "Arab versus Asian migrant workers in the GCC countries".
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1468:"Choppy Waters, Forced Labour and Illegal Fishing in Taiwan's Distant Water Fisheries"
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Foreign nationals are permitted to enter Canada on a temporary basis if they have a
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Foreign workers from selected Asian countries, by destination, 2010-11: Thousands
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Foreign workers from selected Asian countries, by destination, 2010-11: Thousands
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The Gig Economy, Smart Contracts and Disruption of traditional work arrangements
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1230:. Government of Canada; Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. 2012-11-07
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region (UAE, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain, which comprise the
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1806:"Labour market and Labour force survey (LFS) statistics - Statistics Explained"
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Schrover, Marlou (20 November 2017). "Labour Migration". In Hofmeester, Karin;
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102:. Between January and June in 2019, 2.4 million foreigners arrived to work in
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1046:"Russia's FSB Publishes Foreign Worker Statistics for First Time in 20 Years"
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Foreign workers migrate to the West Asia as contract workers by means of the
90:. It is estimated that around 5 million foreign workers live in northwestern
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Up to 10,000 Asian migrant workers die in the Gulf every year, claims report
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cent of Pakistan's foreign exchange earnings came from its migrant workers.
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1435:"Historische und soziologische Übersicht über die Migration in der Schweiz"
138:, or possess special permits. The largest category, however, is called the
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Some host countries set up a program to invite guest workers, as did the
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106:. A comparable number of dependents may accompany international workers.
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became a European vanguard in various industries at that time, first of
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to employ foreign workers in speciality occupations temporarily and the
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and problems of assimilation of immigrants, and (4) national security.
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Some foreign workers migrate from former colonies to a former colonial
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1274:"Farmworkers, Mostly Undocumented, Become 'Essential' During Pandemic"
1094:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (published 2012). p. 81.
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are people who work in a country other than one of which they are a
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prejudice despite government attempts to eradicate malpractice and
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often leave their home country without a specific job in prospect.
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from 1955 to 1973, when over one million guest workers (German:
959:(a Canadian Supreme Court case ruling on foreign worker status)
78:, there is an estimated 28 million foreign-born workers in the
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Person working in a country where they do not have citizenship
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Moving Here, Staying Here: The Canadian Immigrant Experience
1299:"Green Cards and Permanent Residence in the U.S. | USAGov"
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Guest Workers and Resistance to U.S. Corporate Despotism
1022:"A Look at the Foreign-Born Labor Force in the US"
117:may operate in building guest-worker communities.
1872:Knox, Paul; Agnew, John; McCarthy, Linda (2003).
1203:"Foreign nationals working temporarily in Canada"
1439:Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für Entwicklungspolitik
878:the numbers of national women in the workforce.
943:(a proposed foreign-worker program in the U.S.)
1898:. Web exhibition. Library and Archives Canada.
1834:European Commission Eurostat Products Datasets
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1224:"What is a Labour Market Impact Assessment?"
121:Foreign workers by country or broader region
1739:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
228:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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907:(historical American guest-worker program)
353:was specifically singled out for links to
82:, which draws most of its immigrants from
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1366:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1180:Jill Hanley; Eric Shragge (May 6, 2006).
930:(historical German guest-worker program)
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
1929:Migrant labour activism in New York City
1830:"Employment by sex, age and citizenship"
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1953:A short film on Thai workers in Israel
1939:Migrant Farmworkers and Their Children
1905:Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
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1539:. International Migration Outlook 2012
796:foreign populations in these nations.
1957:"Guest Workers" and U.S. Unemployment
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1091:Xenophobia and Islamophobia in Europe
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270:began its reliance on guest workers,
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320:The underestimation of the required
266:In Nazi Germany, from 1940 to 1942,
226:adding citations to reliable sources
1876:(4th ed.). London: Hodder Arnold.
1874:The Geography of the World Economy
1484:from the original on 22 April 2020
1409:10.1111/j.1468-2338.2007.00437_1.x
1249:"Employment-Based Immigrant Visas"
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1433:D'amato, Gianni (December 2008).
172:for temporary agricultural work.
1336:10.1111/j.1467-923x.2003.00579.x
1182:"Justice for Immigrant Workers!"
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1272:Jordan, Miriam (2 April 2020).
1136:Handbook Global History of Work
819:Arab States of the Persian Gulf
1991:International factor movements
1656:International Migration Review
911:Dirty, dangerous and demeaning
1:
62:. Some foreign workers use a
1397:Industrial Relations Journal
1362:Cybowski, Milosz K. (2016).
965:: can be used for temporary
784:In 1973, an oil boom in the
1708:Human Rights Law Commentary
858:Dependence on the sponsor (
337:In Asia, some countries in
286:("volunteer") POW workers.
155:Temporary resident (Canada)
86:, including 4 or 5 million
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144:Immigrant Workers Centre
1324:The Political Quarterly
840:exploitation of workers
308:) arrived, mostly from
113:(France, for example).
1901:Ness, Immanuel (2011)
1774:Cite journal requires
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1131:van der Linden, Marcel
997:Third Country National
282:(Eastern workers) and
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44:Foreign farmworker in
1959:- essay and video by
1503:Monaghan, Elizabeth.
153:Further information:
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967:employment contracts
941:Guest worker program
278:(civilian workers),
222:improve this section
94:, half a million in
88:undocumented workers
64:guest worker program
1933:Dollars & Sense
1795:The Guardian. 2022.
923:Foreign Worker Visa
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1951:A gift from heaven
1944:2016-03-12 at the
1894:2007-09-30 at the
1535:2014-08-16 at the
1509:www.greenpeace.org
1475:www.greenpeace.org
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1234:2023-07-31
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