Guild - Knowledge (XXG)

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training, and instead learned their trade at home. This was debunked with Clare Crowston's research on parish schools in France. Instead of apprenticeships, girls could receive an alternative form of vocational training from these schools. Students entered at around eight for two years of education, and were segregated by gender. Boys studied primarily religion, reading, writing, and mathematics; girls learned many of the same topics as well, but a significant portion was devoted to learning needlework. These schools were intended to enrich the vocational training that girls learned, so that they could go on and earn a living. According to Crowston, the most important religious community that offered such training were the Filles de Saint-Agnès, which offered instruction in four trades: linen work, embroidery, lace, and tapestry-making. The school provided all of the tools necessary for girls to learn, and also allowed students to choose which best suited them. Although this was far different than the model of apprenticeship practiced by guilds, the sisters referred to their students as apprentices.

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cities, guild masters purchased discounted materials and hired cheap labor to reduce costs. In Lyon, the underground silk economy thrived, and was a significant portion of the economy. It was made up of mostly female artisans whose work paralleled that of the legitimate trade. The female artisans were important to the guild as they were highly skilled in craft procedures that the guild heavily relied upon, and were essential to production. But they also worked for male entrepreneurs outside of the guild and frequently collaborated with each other to set up their own businesses. In an effort to curb this illicit activity, guildmasters wrote bylaws forbidding men and women to work outside of the guild. The buttonmakers guild of Lyon also complained about illicit work and theft from the non-guild female workers whom they hired. They also took it upon themselves to teach girls the buttonmaking trade, which was the real problem, as their instruction imparted the "mystery" of guild secrets to non-guild members which undermined the guild.

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guild were often wives of guildsmen of the gold-smiths. This type of unity between husband and wife was seen in women's guild participation through the medieval and early modern periods; in order to avoid unpleasant litigation or legal situations, the trades of husband and wife often were the same or complementary. Women were not restricted to solely textile guilds in medieval Cologne, and neither did they have total freedom in all textile guilds. They had limited participation in the guilds of dyers, cotton-weavers, and guilds in the leather industry. They did enjoy full rights in some wood-working guilds, the guilds of coopers and turners. Women also seemed to have extensively engaged in the fish trade, both within and outside of the guild. The butcher and cattle-trade guilds also listed women among their ranks. In practically all of these guilds, a widow was allowed to continue her husband's business. If she remarried to a man who was not a member, she usually lost that right.

897:. Journeymen were able to work for other masters, unlike apprentices, and generally paid by the day and were thus day labourers. After being employed by a master for several years, and after producing a qualifying piece of work, the apprentice was granted the rank of journeyman and was given documents (letters or certificates from his master and/or the guild itself) which certified him as a journeyman and entitled him to travel to other towns and countries to learn the art from other masters. These journeys could span large parts of Europe and were an unofficial way of communicating new methods and techniques, though by no means all journeymen made such travels — they were most common in Germany and Italy, and in other countries journeymen from small cities would often visit the capital. 2588:"Although accreditation is usually justified as a means of giving students and parents an assurance of educational quality, it is important to note that the accreditors do not endeavor to assess the quality of individual programs or departments.... The accreditation system is not based on an evaluation of the results of an institution, but rather upon an evaluation of its inputs and processes. If the inputs and processes look good, acceptable educational quality is assumed. It is as if an organization decided which automobiles would be allowed to be sold by checking to make sure that each car model had tires, doors, an engine and so forth and had been assembled by workers with proper training—but without actually driving any cars" - George C. Leef and Roxana D. Burris, 847:, there were seven to twelve "greater guilds" and fourteen "lesser guilds". The most important of the greater guilds was that for judges and notaries, who handled the legal business of all the other guilds and often served as an arbitrator of disputes. Other greater guilds include the wool, silk, and the money changers' guilds. They prided themselves on a reputation for very high-quality work, which was rewarded with premium prices. The guilds fined members who deviated from standards. Other greater guilds included those of doctors, druggists, and furriers. Among the lesser guilds, were those for bakers, saddle makers, ironworkers and other artisans. They had a sizable membership, but lacked the political and social standing necessary to influence city affairs. 1421:

non-guild artisan could work directly for the crown, or in the "free zones" that were beyond the reach of the guild officers. Clandestine workers in the needle trade were often employed by larger merchant manufacturers. Guild members were also enmeshed in illegal labor, either carrying it out, or hiring those who did illegal work. Nearly everyone was in violation of guild statutes. Masters of the guild would often hire illegal workers to do specific and low-paying parts of the job. In the case of the Wigmakers, it was hair-weaving, the most labor-intensive aspect of the craft. Hair weavers arranged pinches of hair side by side and interlaced them in intricate patterns between six silk threads extended on two wooden rods. Women called

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were members, or did not allow membership at all. The most common way women obtained guild membership was through marriage. Usually only the widows and daughters of known masters were allowed in. Even if a woman entered a guild, she was excluded from guild offices. While this was the overarching practice, there were guilds and professions that did allow women's participation, and the Medieval era was an ever-changing, mutable society—especially considering that it spanned hundreds of years and many different cultures. There were multiple accounts of women's participation in guilds in England and the Continent. In a study of London

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domestic life did not organize women's economic activities. The research has documented women's extensive participation in market relations, craft production, and paid labor in the early modern period. Clare Crowston posits that women gained more control of their own work. In the 16th and 17th centuries, rather than losing control, female linen drapers and hemp merchants established independent guilds. In the late 17th century and onward, there was evidence of growing economic opportunities for women. Seamstresses in Paris and Rouen and flower sellers in Paris acquired their own guilds in 1675. In

611: 1015:" they imposed deadweight losses on the economy. Ogilvie argues they generated limited positive externalities and notes that industry began to flourish only after the guilds faded away. Guilds persisted over the centuries because they redistributed resources to politically powerful merchants. On the other hand, Ogilvie agrees, guilds created "social capital" of shared norms, common information, mutual sanctions, and collective political action. This social capital benefited guild members, even as it arguably hurt outsiders. 2829:), strong cultural identity (the Realtor brand), little price variation with quality differences, and traditional methods in use by all practitioners. In September 2005 the U.S. Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against the National Association of Realtors, challenging NAR practices that (the DOJ asserted) prevent competition from practitioners who use different methods. The DOJ and the Federal Trade Commission in 2005 advocated against state laws, supported by NAR, that disadvantage new kinds of brokers. 1220:

October 1712, the Lyon Wigmaker Guild petitioned the local police magistrates. According to this petition, guildmasters required guild officers to step up policing of statutes forbidding the use of bleached hair or wild goat and lamb hair. The real concern that they had was that bleaching hair destroyed the quality of the wig, making it too thin to style. Guild officers pointed out that if the consumer discovers the bad quality, the guild would be blamed, and the consumer would search elsewhere to purchase goods.

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limiting consumer options in the field of education as it provides a mechanism to limit entrepreneurial 'outsiders' from entering the field of education. George Leef and Roxana Burris study the accreditation system for which they observe is 'highly collegial' and potentially bias in the fact that accreditation review is performed by members of schools who will in turn be reviewed by many of the same people who they have reviewed. They further question the effectiveness of the methods involved in accreditation,

1410:, about half of the defendants were men, and half were women. Daryl Hafter notes that many of the female defendants were practicing trades where they were either completely barred from guild membership, or had austere restrictions within the guild. As joining a guild was expensive, this explains why poorer men would turn to illicit craft. Clandestine artisans were seen as a severe encroachment on guild rights, liberties, and exclusivity. Many guilds feared that this would affect economic stability. 2851:. Medical licensing in most states requires specific training, tests and years of low-paid apprenticeship (internship and residency) under harsh working conditions. Even qualified international or out-of-state doctors may not practice without acceptance by the local medical guild (Medical board). Similarly, nurses and physicians' practitioners have their own guilds. A doctor cannot work as a physician's assistant unless (s)he separately trains, tests and apprentices as one. 2688:, all of which play a ceremonial role in the city's many customs. The City of London livery companies maintain strong links with their respective trade, craft or profession, some still retain regulatory, inspection or enforcement roles. The senior members of the City of London Livery Companies (known as liverymen) elect the sheriffs and approve the candidates for the office of Lord Mayor of London. Guilds also survive in many other towns and cities the UK including in 1200:

they benefited the entire economy but because they benefited the owners, who used political power to protect them. Ogilvie (2011) says they regulated trade for their own benefit, were monopolies, distorted markets, fixed prices, and restricted entrance into the guild. Ogilvie (2008) argues that their long apprenticeships were unnecessary to acquire skills, and their conservatism reduced the rate of innovation and made the society poorer. She says their main goal was

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the wives of hatters or girls who were hired day by day, and who were not content to be so dependent on the guild. The women were accused of theft of materials, buying stolen materials for cheap, and selling them for larger amounts. What was most surprising was the response from the government, which had previously always stood with guilds even at the economy's expense. A royal edict of 1777 formed a corps of these female workers, giving them legitimacy.

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they produced, and to circumvent expensive fees and taxes that may be imposed by governments. Illegal work did not pass unnoticed by authorities at the time, and are documented by police reports and guild complaints. Guild officers were able to arrest people who were working in the trade without guild credentials, and could use municipal law enforcement to aid them in the arrest. Guilds often did take people to court for illegal work. In 18th c.

1140: 2840:, supervised by that state's highest court. The court decides the criteria for entering and staying in the legal profession. In most states, every attorney must become a member of that state's bar association in order to practice law. State laws forbid any person from engaging in the unauthorized practice of law and practicing attorneys are subject to rules of professional conduct that are enforced by the state's supreme court. 2475: 2567:, both of whose focus is on the development of medicine in America, the tying of medical licensing practices to universities was a process intended to do more than protect the public from 'quackery', but was engineered to be unnecessarily prolonged, inefficient, and a costly process so as to deter 'outsiders' from getting into the field, thereby enhancing the prestige and earning power of medical professionals. 1465: 851: 835:, a network of cottagers who spun and wove in their own premises on his account, provided with their raw materials, perhaps even their looms, by the capitalist who took a share of the profits. Such a dispersed system could not so easily be controlled where there was a vigorous local market for the raw materials: wool was easily available in sheep-rearing regions, whereas silk was not. 901: 3003: 821: 2575:"The university and scholars' guilds held onto their power over membership, training, and workplace because early capitalism was not interested in it (there was no product that the capitalist wished to produce)...the cultural prestige of knowledge itself helped keep the scholars' guild and the university alive while all other guilds failed." - Elliot Krause, 1305:

regulate women's participation at this time, limiting the privileges of wives, widows, and daughters. It also forbade masters from hiring women. Crowston notes that the decline thesis has been reaffirmed in the German context by Wiesner and Ogilvie, but that it does not work in looking at the matter from a larger scope, as her expertise is in French history.

572:, a figure which by the 14th century had risen to 350." There were different guilds of metal-workers: the farriers, knife-makers, locksmiths, chain-forgers, nail-makers, often formed separate and distinct corporations; the armourers were divided into helmet-makers, escutcheon-makers, harness-makers, harness-polishers, etc. In Catalan towns, especially at 506: 2659:(2000) Thomas Picketty questions the validity of patents being granted to agricultural corporations who claim to have 'invented' certain GMO seeds. According to Picketty, the falsity of such claims is that the specific breakthrough which allowed for the development of these GMO seeds was in fact only the end outcome of generations of 1417:, the Barber-Wigmaker & Bath Provider Guild struggled against illicit wigmaking and styling. In this case, illicit wigmaking flourished in order to circumvent the expensive wig tax. Women and girls could enter this guild. Illicit wigmakers operated throughout the 18th c., and made continuous contributions to the industry. 1019: 2707:. The aim of the City and Guilds of London Institute was the advancement of technical education. "City and Guilds" operates as an examining and accreditation body for vocational, managerial and engineering qualifications from entry-level craft and trade skills up to post-doctoral achievement. A separate organisation, the 1355:. This legal device made certain that a woman had the right to participate on her own behalf in the economy, and thus did not require references to her husband's resources or possible involvement. If a woman did not join a guild first, she was required to obtain her husband's permission in order to receive the status of 1250:. It documents that 5 out of 110 Parisian guilds were female monopolies, and that only a few guilds systematically excluded women. Boileau notes that some professions were also open to women: surgeons, glass-blowers, chain-mail forgers. Entertainment guilds also had a significant number of women members. 1436:

experienced political conflicts as guilds petitioned the councils to ban clandestine work not only in the city but in rural areas. They were outraged that members of the upperclass in Lübeck would employ rural craftsmen at the expense of the city guild. A lot of their anger spurred from the fact that

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Women's participation within medieval guilds was complex and varied. On one hand, guild membership allowed women to participate in the economy that provided social privilege and community. On the other hand, most trade and craft guilds were male-dominated and frequently limited women's rights if they

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The medieval guild was established by charters or letters patent or similar authority by the city or the ruler and normally held a monopoly on trade in its craft within the city in which it operated: handicraft workers were forbidden by law to run any business if they were not members of a guild, and

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As production became more specialized, trade guilds were divided and subdivided, eliciting the squabbles over jurisdiction that produced the paperwork by which economic historians trace their development: The metalworking guilds of Nuremberg were divided among dozens of independent trades in the boom

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called "guilds" were denounced by Catholic clergy for their "conjurations" — the binding oaths sworn among the members to support one another in adversity, kill specific enemies, and back one another in feuds or in business ventures. The occasion for these oaths were drunken banquets held on December

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was, and is, a DGA member). These guilds maintain their own contracts with production companies to ensure a certain number of their members are hired for roles in each film or television production, and that their members are paid a minimum of guild "scale," along with other labor protections. These

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number of interested parties sought to emulate the model of apprenticeship which European guilds of the Middle Ages had honed to achieve their ends of establishing exclusivity in trades as well as the English concept of a gentleman which had come to be associated with higher income and craftsmanship

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Though most guilds died off by the middle of the nineteenth century, quasi-guilds persist today, primarily in the fields of law, medicine, engineering, and academia. Paralleling or soon after the fall of guilds in Britain and in the United States professional associations began to form. In America a

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Early modern Lyon continued to have a thriving underground economy into the late 18th century. In 1780, the hatters' guild complained that women and girls who sheared skins for the industry had established an underground manufacture 25 years earlier, and that it was still sustained. These women were

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Despite the guilds' fear of illegal craft, underground business often helped guilds survive. The creation of materials was often illicit, or outsourced from other locales. Masters hired non-guild workers to do high-intensive tasks and paid less, while at the same time denigrating their work. In many

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Due to the political, legislative, and social power of many guilds during the medieval and early modern periods, any economic activity that encroached on guild purview was considered criminal activity. The black market was used to get around regulations set by the guild for membership, for the goods

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Guilds were often heavily concerned with product quality. The regulations they established on their own members' work, as well as targeting non-guild members for illicit practice, was to create a standard of work that the consumer could rely on. They were heavily concerned with public perception. In

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There are often subtle dichotomies present in attempting to answer the question of whether modern licensing and accreditation practices are intended to serve the public good, however it be defined. For medieval guilds this dichotomy is exemplified by differing explanations of the same phenomena; of

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Judith Coffin posits that the number of clandestine linen drapers, seamstresses, and tailors, kept pace and probably outstripped the numbers from those guilds. Clandestine workers, male and female, worked in garret shops and rooms under guild jurisdiction. Not all non-guild work was illegal, too. A

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Women did have problems with entering healers' guilds, as opposed to their relative freedom in trade or craft guilds. Their status in healers' guilds were often challenged. The idea that medicine should only be practiced by men was supported by some religious and secular authorities at the time. It

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After this journey and several years of experience, a journeyman could be received as master craftsman, though in some guilds this step could be made straight from apprentice. This would typically require the approval of all masters of a guild, a donation of money and other goods (often omitted for

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The town authorities might be represented in the guild meetings and thus had a means of controlling the handicraft activities. This was important since towns very often depended on a good reputation for export of a narrow range of products, on which not only the guild's, but the town's, reputation

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novels, the guilds of the city of Ankh-Morpork are major civic and economic institutions, with some serving as equivalents to trade unions or government bodies. The Presidents and Heads of the Guilds form an unofficial city council which may advise the Patrician during times of crisis. As part of

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Historian Merry Wiesner attributed a decline in women's labor in south German cities from the 16th-18th centuries to both economic and cultural factors; as trades became more specialized, women's domestic responsibilities hindered them from entering the workforce. German guilds started to further

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there were three guilds that were composed almost entirely of women, the yarn-spinners, gold-spinners, and silk-weavers. Men could join these guilds, but were almost exclusively married to guildswomen. This was a required regulation of the yarn-spinners guild. The guildswomen of the gold-spinners

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The economic consequences of guilds have led to heated debates among economic historians. On the one side, scholars say that since merchant guilds persisted over long periods they must have been efficient institutions (since inefficient institutions die out). Others say they persisted not because

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they gradually fell in most European nations over the course of the 19th century, as the guild system was disbanded and replaced by laws that promoted free trade. As a consequence of the decline of guilds, many former handicraft workers were forced to seek employment in the emerging manufacturing

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It is to prevent this reduction of price, and consequently of wages and profit, by restraining that free competition which would most certainly occasion it, that all corporations, and the greater part of corporation laws, have been established. (...) and when any particular class of artificers or

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Frenchwomen provided vocational training to apprentices. In apprenticeship contracts the names and trades of spouses would both appear. The trades were usually the same or closely related. In earlier research, lack of contracts led scholars to believe that women and girls never received official

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caused the guild some trouble. There was a perception that these workers also trafficked in sex as well as linens, which made the guild emphatic about its own morality. On the other end of the social divide, the linen trade was a respectable occupation for married and single women of high social

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also criticized the guild system for its rigid gradation of social rank and what he saw as the relation of oppressor and oppressed entailed by this system. It was the 18th and 19th centuries that saw the beginning of the low regard in which some people hold the guilds to this day. In part due to

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India's guilds include the Students Guild, Indian Engineers Guild, and the Safety Guild. Other professional associations include the Indian medical Association, Indian Engineers, Indian Dental Association, United nurses Association, etc. Most of them use Union, Association or Society as suffix.

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Taken in the context of guilds, it can be argued that the purpose of accreditation is to provide a mechanism for members of the scholars guild to protect itself, both by limiting outsiders from entering the field and by enforcing established norms onto one another. Contriving means to limit the

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Though in theory anyone can start a college, the 'privilege' in this case is the linking of federal aid to accreditation. While accreditation of a university is entirely optional, attending an accredited university is a prerequisite to receiving federal aid, and this has a powerful influence on

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The university system in general continues to serve as a basis upon which modern quasi-guilds operate in the form of professionalism. 'Universitas' in the Middle Ages meant a society of masters who had the capacity for self-governance, and this term was adopted by students and teachers who came

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argues that this was intended to mitigate competition among guild members, while Dorothy Terry argues this was to prevent guild members from working late into the night while tired and when lighting is poor and therefore producing low quality work. In modern times, while licensing practices are

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organizations replicate guild structure and operation. Professions such as architecture, engineering, geology, and land surveying require varying lengths of apprenticeships before one can gain a "professional" certification. These certifications hold great legal weight: most states make them a

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Early modern Rouen was an important center of guildswomen's activity. By 1775, there were about 700 female masters, accounting for 10% of all guild masters in the city. A survey that circulated in the late 18th century listed that the Rouen ribbonmakers had 149 masters, mistresses, and widows,

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Many historians have done research into the dwindling women's participation in guilds. Studies have provided a contradictory picture. Recent historical research is usually posed in rebuttal to Alice Clark's study on the economic marginalization of women in the 17th c., and has highlighted that

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published a study in 1919 on women's participation in guilds during the Medieval period. She argued that the guild system empowered women to participate in family businesses. This viewpoint, among others of Clark's, has been criticized by fellow historians, and has sparked debate in scholarly

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Epstein and Prak's book (2008) rejects Ogilvie's conclusions. Specifically, Epstein argues that guilds were cost-sharing rather than rent-seeking institutions. They located and matched masters and likely apprentices through monitored learning. Whereas the acquisition of craft skills required

2959:, most super-villains in the series belong to The Guild of Calamitous Intent, which regulates their menacing activities towards their respective protagonists, while also shielding said villains from criminal prosecution. Much of the show's storyline revolves around politics within the Guild. 108:

Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within the city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. Critics argued that these rules reduced

2730:, guilds continue to exist as private member clubs with membership limited to practitioners of particular trades or activities. These clubs are corporations under public law, albeit the membership is voluntary; the president normally comes from the ranks of master-craftsmen and is called 2538:

associations constitute the modern equivalent of a 'guild-privilege', albeit in contrast to guilds of the Middle Ages which held a letters patent which explicitly granted them monopolies on the provision of services, today's quasi-guild privileges are subtler, more complex, and less

769:, and made it difficult for those lacking the capital to set up for themselves or without the approval of their peers to gain access to materials or knowledge, or to sell into certain markets, an area that equally dominated the guilds' concerns. These are defining characteristics of 960:

In many German and Italian cities, the more powerful guilds often had considerable political influence, and sometimes attempted to control the city authorities. In the 14th century, this led to numerous bloody uprisings, during which the guilds dissolved town councils and detained

1000:, these were corporations of wealthy merchants, with their own rights. They therefore constituted an Order which was divided, according to property, into three classes: merchant of the first Guild, of the second Guild, and of the third Guild and was transmissible hereditarily. 2676:

In many European countries, guilds have experienced a revival as local trade organizations for craftsmen, primarily in traditional skills. They may function as forums for developing competence and are often the local units of a national employer's organisation.

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traders thought proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such adulterine guilds, as they were called, were not always disfranchised upon that account, but obliged to fine annually to the king for permission to exercise their usurped privileges.

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tells a miraculous tale of a builder whose art and techniques suddenly left him, but were restored by an apparition of the Virgin Mary in a dream. Michel Rouche remarks that the story speaks for the importance of practically transmitted journeymanship.

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Not all city economies were controlled by guilds; some cities were "free." Where guilds were in control, they shaped labor, production and trade; they had strong controls over instructional capital, and the modern concepts of a lifetime progression of

463:. These signs can be found in many old European towns where guild members marked their places of business. Many survived through time or staged a comeback in industrial times. Today they are restored or even newly created, especially in old town areas. 1337:

Historians have noted the essential contributions that women made to these guilds. Many scholars have asserted that it would have been impossible for male merchants and craftsmen to start a business, let alone run it, without the help of their wives.

788:, which began to divide guild members into "haves" and dependent "have-nots". The civil struggles that characterize the 14th-century towns and cities were struggles in part between the greater guilds and the lesser artisanal guilds, which depended on 753:

system. The guilds also maintained funds in order to support infirm or elderly members, as well as widows and orphans of guild members, funeral benefits, and a 'tramping' allowance for those needing to travel to find work. As the guild system of the

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and held on in German cities into the 19th century, with some special privileges for certain occupations remaining today. In the 15th century, Hamburg had 100 guilds, Cologne 80, and Lübeck 70. The latest guilds to develop in Western Europe were the

2863:, created in 1927 as the Federated Pharmaceutical Services Guild of Australia. The Pharmacy Guild serves "6,000 community pharmacies," while also providing training and standards for the country's pharmacists. Australia's other guilds include the 2571:

together in the twelfth century to form scholars guilds. Though guilds mostly died off by the middle of the nineteenth century, the scholars guild persisted due to its peripheral nature to an industrialized economy. In the words of Elliot Krause,

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circles. Clark's analysis of the period is that things change during the early modern period, specifically the 17th century, and become more stifling for women in guilds. She also posits that domestic life drove women out of guild participation.

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Patents loosely serve as a form of guild privilege in that they restrict potential newcomers to a field of service. The idea of a patent being applied to intangibles (e.g. intellectual patents) has been called to question by various authors. In

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usually argued to in some way protect members of the public (e.g. by ensuring quality standards), it usually can also be argued that these practices have been engineered to limit the number of 'outsiders' who gain entrance to a given field.

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Real-estate brokerage offers an example of a modern American guild system. Signs of guild behavior in real-estate brokerage include: standard pricing (6% of the home price), strong affiliation among all practitioners, self-regulation (see

2871:, the Australian Butcher's Guild, a fraternity of independent butchers which provides links to resources like Australian meat standards and a guide to different beef cuts, and The Artists Guild, a craft guild focusing on female artists. 1341:

The oldest women's guild in Paris dealt in linens, including household linens, layettes for babies, and undergarments. There seemed to be a major wealth disparity among its members. The linen workers whose sheds were at the center of

26: 4258: 1325:. In 1675, Parisian seamstresses requested the guild as their trade was organized and profitable enough to support incorporation. Some of the guilds in Cologne had been made up almost entirely of women since the medieval period. 2745:), which have less resemblance to ancient guilds in that they are organized for all crafts in a certain region, not just one. In them membership is mandatory, and they serve to establish self-governance of the crafts. 1258:

women had participated as full-fledged masters in 7 of the city's 112 guilds since the 13th century. There were still many restrictions. Medieval Parisian guilds did not offer women independent control of their work.

3637: 1154:. Guilds, however, can also be seen as a set of self-employed skilled craftsmen with ownership and control over the materials and tools they needed to produce their goods. Some argue that guilds operated more like 5300:— essays by scholars covering German and Italian territories, the Netherlands, France, and England; plus guilds in cloth spinning, painting, glass blowing, goldsmithing, pewterware, book-selling, and clock making. 3856: 2546:

Nevertheless, it can be argued quasi-guild privileges are in many cases designed not just to serve some notion of public good, but to facilitate the establishing and maintaining of exclusivity in a field of work.

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class, which increasingly came to control the means of production and the capital that could be ventured in expansive schemes, often under the rules of guilds of their own. German social historians trace the

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In France, special provisions had to be made in order to assure that woman could move relatively freely in the textile guilds of Paris and Rouen. They used a special legal formula, the privilege of the

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to remove a stifling tax that had been levied on wigs that same year. The tax was removed in mid-July 1706 although historians do not believe that the guildswomen were the sole reason as to why.

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acquired the right to make articles of clothing for women and children, but not for men or boys over age eight. This division reappeared in every French city where seamstresses entered guilds.

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guilds set high standards for membership, and exclude professional actors, writers, etc. who do not abide by the strict rules for competing within the film and television industry in America.

2726:– the terms used were rather different from town to town), nor any restriction of a craft to a privileged corporation. However, under one other of their old names albeit a less frequent one, 1393:

When French seamstresses attained guild privileges in 1675, their corporate privilege extended to clothing for women and children. When they entered guilds, seamstresses in Paris, Rouen, and

4265: 490:, with incorporated societies of merchants in each town or city holding exclusive rights of doing business there. In many cases they became the governing body of a town. For example, 3826: 817:, the urban revolution of guildmembers against a controlling urban patriciate, sometimes reading into them, however, perceived foretastes of the class struggles of the 19th century. 2696:

where among other celebrations descendants of burgesses are still admitted into membership. With the City of London livery companies, the UK has over 300 extant guilds and growing.

564:. According to Viktor Ivanovich Rutenburg, "Within the guild itself there was very little division of labour, which tended to operate rather between the guilds. Thus, according to 1048:. According to several accounts of this time, guilds became increasingly involved in simple territorial struggles against each other and against free practitioners of their arts. 4696:

Sewell, William H. "Social and Cultural Perspectives on Women’s Work: Comment on Loats, Hafter, and DeGroat". French Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 1997, pp. 49–54. JSTOR,

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Grafe, Regina; Gelderblom, Oscar (Spring 2010). "The Rise and Fall of the Merchant Guilds: Re-thinking the Comparative Study of Commercial Institutions in Premodern Europe".

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only masters were allowed to be members of a guild. Before these privileges were legislated, these groups of handicraft workers were simply called 'handicraft associations'.

1334:

indicating its mixed gendered composition. A tax roll of 1775 indicated that their total membership was about 160, with 58 men, 17 widows, 55 wives, and 30 unmarried women.

2636:, and may prevent cut-throat competition that leads to inferior services undercutting prices. As with historical guilds, such a structure will resist foreign competition. 1238:

of the 15th century by Marian K. Dale, she notes that medieval women could inherit property, belong to guilds, manage estates, and run the family business if widowed. The

3863: 6640: 5340:

Comparative study of the origins and development of merchant guilds in Europe, esp. their emergence during the late Middle Ages and their decline in the Early Modern era

2596:

number of outsiders who gain an entrance to a field (exclusivity) and to enforce work norms among members were both distinguishing feature of guilds in the Middle Ages.

97:

or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but most were regulated by the

4615:

Crowston, Clare. "Women, Gender, and Guilds in Early Modern Europe: An Overview of Recent Research." International Review of Social History, vol. 53, 2008, pp. 19–44.

4549:

Kowaleski, Maryanne, and Judith M. Bennett. "Crafts, Gilds, and Women in the Middle Ages: Fifty Years after Marian K. Dale." Signs, vol. 14, no. 2, 1989, pp. 474–501.

4753:

HOFFMANN, PHILIP R. "In Defence of Corporate Liberties: Early Modern Guilds and the Problem of Illicit Artisan Work." Urban History, vol. 34, no. 1, 2007, pp. 76–88.

4679:

Coffin, Judith G. "Gender and the Guild Order: The Garment Trades in Eighteenth-Century Paris". The Journal of Economic History, vol. 54, no. 4, 1994, pp. 768–93.

4657:

Loats, Carol L. "Gender, Guilds, and Work Identity: Perspectives from Sixteenth-Century Paris." French Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 1997, pp. 15–30. JSTOR,

2053: 6655: 5920: 1066:

systems grew rapidly and made its way into the political and legal systems. Many people who participated in the French Revolution saw guilds as a last remnant of

4089: 2711:

has also close ties with the London livery companies and is involved in the training of master craftworkers in stone and wood carving, as well as fine artists.

1127:. Interest in the medieval guild system was revived during the late 19th century, among far-right circles. Fascism in Italy (among other countries) implemented 1032:

The guild system became a target of much criticism towards the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Critics argued that they hindered

4040: 3909: 5146: 5900: 3054: 878:. Apprentices would typically not learn more than the most basic techniques until they were trusted by their peers to keep the guild's or company's secrets. 85:

who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradespeople belonging to a

6650: 5605: 4585:

Hafter, Daryl M. "Female Masters in the Ribbonmaking Guild of Eighteenth-Century Rouen." French Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 1997, pp. 1–14. JSTOR,

287:, these were organised groups of merchants who specialised in a particular craft and whose membership of the group was voluntary. One such example is the 6026: 3887: 1860: 498:

of the City of London Corporation, the world's oldest continuously elected local government, whose members to this day must be Freemen of the city. The

5635: 3049: 2973: 207: 184: 707:'s administration's concerns to impose unity, control production, and reap the benefits of transparent structure in the shape of efficient taxation. 2990:, which is run by 10 guilds (although these 10 guilds are not necessarily involved in trade, and the term is used more as a substitute for faction) 1775: 710: 3452: 3313: 1920: 1158:

than they were like trade unions (Olson 1982). However, the journeymen organizations, which were at the time illegal, may have been influential.

6660: 5010: 2279: 2788:

In the film and television industry, guild membership is generally a prerequisite for working on major productions in certain capacities. The

699:

handicraft organization into the 16th century. In France, a resurgence of the guilds in the second half of the 17th century is symptomatic of

6645: 5513: 5489: 5449: 5421: 5402: 5379: 5358: 5293: 5272: 4132: 4072: 3984: 3215: 2505: 1161:

The exclusive privilege of a guild to produce certain goods or provide certain services was similar in spirit and character to the original

101:. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the 5915: 4733:

HAFTER, DARYL M. "Women in the Underground Business of Eighteenth-Century Lyon." Enterprise & Society, vol. 2, no. 1, 2001, pp. 11–40.

3834: 3131: 2708: 1106:

Because of industrialization and modernization of the trade and industry, and the rise of powerful nation-states that could directly issue

5861: 5124: 5059: 2700: 2023: 1074:

of 2 March 1791 suppressed the guilds in France. In 1803 the Napoleonic Code banned any coalition of workmen whatsoever. Smith wrote in

870:. Before a new employee could rise to the level of mastery, he had to go through a schooling period during which he was first called an 6863: 6056: 5468: 3717: 3546: 3538: 592: 5985: 4394: 3780: 3744: 3277: 1184:. These are, however, not very important economically except as reminders of the responsibilities of some trades toward the public. 595:, have been formed far more recently. Membership in a livery company is expected for individuals participating in the governance of 70: 2632:

perhaps enforced by peer pressure and software, and other benefits of a strong association of producers of knowledge, benefit from

2063: 1955: 548:, had disappeared, with the apparent exceptions of stonecutters and perhaps glassmakers, mostly the people that had local skills. 6051: 4637:

Pia, M. "The Industrial Position of Woman in the Middle Ages." The Catholic Historical Review, vol. 10, no. 4, 1925, pp. 556–60.

2826: 2028: 1123:

industries, using not closely guarded techniques formerly protected by guilds, but rather the standardized methods controlled by

300: 31: 2033: 6630: 6021: 6011: 5186: 4968: 4323: 2977:, the powerful island kingdom of Númenor is characterized by several guilds, each signified by a metal crest worn on the torso. 2860: 1800: 1624: 502:, effective from the Middle Ages until 1835, gave the right to trade, and was only bestowed upon members of a Guild or Livery. 4532:

Gayne, Mary K. "Illicit Wigmaking in Eighteenth-Century Paris". Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 38, no. 1, 2004, pp. 119–37.

1169:

methods were superseded by modern firms directly revealing their techniques, and counting on the state to enforce their legal

6635: 4491:

Richardson G. (June 2001). "A Tale of Two Theories: Monopolies and Craft Guilds in Medieval England and Modern Imagination".

4179: 4167: 2801: 2797: 2734:("master-in-chief"). Journeymen elect their own representative bodies, with their president having the traditional title of 5167:

Bodenheimer, Thomas; Grumbach, Kevin, eds. (2020). "The health care workforce and the education of health professionals.".

403:(193–211) in 198 AD. In September 2011, archeological investigations done at the site of an artificial harbor in Rome, the 5628: 2640: 2459: 2038: 1970: 1785: 660:

and grandmaster began to emerge. In order to become a master, a journeyman would have to go on a three-year voyage called

436: 1263:

is believed that the Inquisition and witch hunts throughout the ages contributed to the lack of women in medical guilds.

6793: 6041: 5942: 4456:

Epstein, Stephan R. (September 1998). "Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe".

2896: 2868: 2844: 2368: 2323: 2284: 1297:, the number of female artisans recorded in tax rolls rose substantially between the years of 1643 and 1750. In 18th c. 541: 831:

In the countryside, where guild rules did not operate, there was freedom for the entrepreneur with capital to organize

467:

There were several types of guilds, including the two main categories of merchant guilds and craft guilds but also the

6610: 6307: 6253: 5927: 5813: 3534: 3501: 3484: 3362: 3345: 3173: 2848: 2805: 2289: 6092: 5680: 3505: 3366: 1940: 327: 4919: 4816:

The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry

6258: 6122: 6016: 5204: 3765: 2864: 2793: 2318: 2108: 2058: 1925: 1687: 1553: 1516: 584: 3786:

A worker looks at history: being outlines of industrial history specially written for Labour College-Plebs classes

2919:, guilds are used as associations of players or characters with similar interests, such as dungeons, crafting, or 1191:

law could be said to derive in some ways from the original statutes by which the guilds were abolished in Europe.

6337: 6226: 6036: 5937: 5232: 2498: 1011:(2004) argues that guilds negatively affected quality, skills, and innovation. Through what economists now call " 905: 885:, the distance that could be travelled in a day, the title 'journeyman' derives from the French words for 'day' ( 1900: 929:

depended. Controls on the association of physical locations to well-known exported products, e.g. wine from the

921:", which would illustrate the abilities of the aspiring master craftsman; this was often retained by the guild. 610: 6710: 6462: 6332: 6312: 5980: 5932: 5621: 5587: 4886: 2836:

The practice of law in the United States also exemplifies modern guilds at work. Every state maintains its own

2438: 2224: 2164: 2123: 1945: 1506: 1037: 680:

developed as a congeries of specialized guilds. The appearance of the European guilds was tied to the emergent

424: 420: 275: 152: 86: 6367: 2113: 2078: 6513: 6302: 6170: 6117: 5975: 5965: 5854: 3709: 3106: 3008: 2704: 2294: 2239: 2189: 2088: 1965: 1815: 1600: 1363:

allowed a woman to participate in business as a legal adult, sign contracts, go to court, and borrow money.

1275: 1094: 495: 343: 1381:

In July 1706, a group of women, members of the Parisian wigmakers, went to Versailles in order to petition

6605: 6238: 6066: 5757: 3407: 2693: 2609: 2408: 2357: 2083: 1732: 1661: 1655: 1165:

systems that surfaced in England in 1624. These systems played a role in ending the guilds' dominance, as

1131:, operating at the national rather than city level, to try to imitate the corporatism of the Middle Ages. 866:

The guild was made up by experienced and confirmed experts in their field of handicraft. They were called

20: 2785:

is a labor union for journalists and other newspaper workers, with over 30,000 members in North America.

6620: 6506: 6435: 6290: 6175: 5803: 3260:

Powell, Marvin A. (1995). "Metrology and Mathematics in Ancient Mesopotamia". In Sasson, Jack M. (ed.).

3044: 3027: 3017: 2809: 2756:. Following a decree of 4 August 1789, they survived until March 1791 when they were finally abolished. 2444: 2336: 1835: 1737: 1710: 1667: 1573: 1076: 1052: 704: 521: 231: 121: 6137: 2273: 2043: 1855: 1850: 1071: 5120: 1374:, they obtained subordinate positions in the tailors' guilds during the late 17th and 18th centuries. 6729: 6672: 6295: 6275: 6102: 5990: 5910: 5818: 5525: 3571: 2982: 2955: 2920: 2625: 2491: 2133: 1682: 1635: 1630: 1610: 1583: 1448: 1045: 125: 2946:

Lord Vetinari's efforts to 'organise' and reduce crime, criminals including thieves, assassins and '

1301:, there was a significant growth in women's access to guilds, with no restrictions on their rights. 6788: 6783: 6778: 6763: 6625: 6585: 6347: 6317: 6185: 6046: 5970: 5960: 5783: 5685: 5675: 5560:"Development of Economic Organizations and their Role in Human Empowerment during the Gupta Period" 3100: 2813: 2789: 2782: 2689: 2398: 2312: 2266: 2178: 1950: 1795: 1589: 1251: 1041: 778: 742: 499: 218:

constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner. Law 275 stipulated a

129: 3246: 2968:, there exists a guild of that name, including many other kinds of guilds in the kingdom of Fiore. 1313:

There were exclusively female guilds that came out of the woodwork in the 17th century, primarily

1208:

experience-based learning, he argues that this process necessitated many years in apprenticeship.

6831: 6824: 6736: 6615: 6540: 6357: 6322: 6233: 6190: 6160: 6132: 6127: 6097: 6071: 5895: 5847: 5736: 5665: 5331: 5267:. Civilization & capitalism, 15th–18th century. Vol. 2. University of California Press. 5102: 5037: 5029: 4754: 4734: 4680: 4638: 4616: 4550: 4533: 4508: 4473: 4427: 4315: 3654: 3617: 3567: 3456: 3317: 3095: 3022: 2633: 2068: 1830: 1605: 1526: 1247: 157: 3575: 2651:

assigns journeyer and master ranks to those committing to work only or mostly on free software.

1243: 565: 447: 965:

in an attempt to increase their influence. In fourteenth-century north-east Germany, people of

6685: 6555: 6447: 6411: 6401: 6362: 6352: 6280: 6270: 6200: 5788: 5571: 5509: 5485: 5464: 5445: 5417: 5398: 5390: 5375: 5354: 5289: 5268: 5094: 4390: 4175: 4163: 4128: 4068: 4020: 3980: 3881: 3740: 3713: 3673: 3609: 3542: 3273: 3221: 3211: 3168: 3157: 2753: 2449: 2392: 2246: 2184: 1935: 1840: 1742: 1119: 930: 855: 774: 715: 604: 537: 491: 400: 196: 6798: 6753: 6698: 6690: 6680: 6457: 6381: 6221: 6195: 6180: 6087: 5905: 5887: 5808: 5726: 5660: 5348: 5344: 5321: 5313: 5086: 5019: 4974: 4967: 4951: 4944: 4697: 4658: 4586: 4500: 4465: 4419: 4307: 3801: 3734: 3646: 3448: 3309: 3116: 3084: 2817: 2605: 2552: 2403: 2118: 2013: 1998: 1890: 1880: 1810: 1531: 1501: 1008: 867: 832: 759: 661: 657: 549: 472: 98: 50: 3269: 3262: 6858: 6853: 6810: 6773: 6749: 6550: 6545: 6525: 6484: 6479: 6426: 6421: 6285: 6265: 6142: 6107: 5645: 5006:"The Return of the Guilds: Towards a Global History of the Guilds in Pre-industrial Times" 3936: 3760: 3411: 3111: 2987: 2837: 2621: 2479: 2306: 2232: 2171: 2157: 2103: 2073: 2008: 1975: 1960: 1885: 1845: 1790: 1715: 1486: 1394: 1139: 989: 950: 844: 689: 487: 432: 347: 215: 180: 168: 2385: 335: 3562: 3436: 3297: 3240: 2804:

and other profession-specific guilds have the ability to exercise strong control in the

2643:

has from time to time explored a guild-like structure to unite against competition from

6716: 6565: 6248: 6112: 6006: 5952: 5762: 5741: 5721: 5591: 4778:

Death of Guilds:Professions, States, and The Advance of Capitalism, 1930 to The Present

3402: 3126: 3069: 2901: 2685: 2681: 2454: 2151: 2128: 1980: 1805: 1760: 1692: 1615: 1577: 1481: 1059:, and all over Europe a tendency to oppose government control over trades in favour of 985: 970: 871: 766: 755: 738: 730: 615: 588: 513: 351: 90: 4111:

1155 Charter - Worshipful Company of Weavers. The oldest recorded City Livery Company.

2474: 568:'s Book of Handicrafts, by the mid-13th century there were no less than 100 guilds in 6847: 6519: 6440: 6388: 6327: 6165: 6031: 5701: 5599: 5335: 4477: 4431: 4423: 4319: 4311: 4292: 3147: 3136: 2933: 2888: 2881: 2774: 2564: 2217: 2210: 2018: 1865: 1562: 1370:, seamstresses acquired an independent guild in 1579. In several other cities of the 1060: 962: 545: 384: 292: 253: 5505:

The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities

5055: 5041: 4512: 1359:. If she did join a guild, the status was conferred automatically. The privilege of 1176:

Some guild traditions still remain in a few handicrafts, in Europe especially among

6768: 6580: 6575: 6535: 6496: 5798: 5731: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5499: 3931: 3678: 3492: 3397: 3353: 3074: 2905: 2703:

the forerunner of the engineering school (still called City and Guilds College) at

2629: 2535: 2431: 2098: 2003: 1930: 1910: 1875: 1820: 1780: 1770: 1727: 1645: 1558: 1542: 1496: 1491: 1201: 1166: 1115: 1012: 993: 953:, etc., helped to establish a town's place in global commerce — this led to modern 770: 685: 526: 509: 380: 323: 319: 304: 296: 270: 249: 227: 4876:"The Early Development of Medical Licensing Laws in the United States, 1875-1900*" 4569:"GUILDS, WOMEN IN" in "Women in the Middle Ages", Greenwood Press 2004, pp. 384-85 2912:

with song and dance upon her arrival. They present her with am oversized lollipop.

2534:

Licensing and accreditation practices which typically result from the lobbying of

1204:, that is, to shift money to the membership at the expense of the entire economy. 5540: 5503: 5479: 5369: 5283: 5262: 4356: 4062: 3784: 6803: 6758: 6431: 6216: 5828: 5793: 5767: 5552: 3183: 3178: 3064: 3059: 2916: 2843:

Medical associations comparable to guilds include the state Medical Boards, the

2778: 2613: 2203: 1915: 1895: 1722: 1640: 1595: 1521: 1511: 1456: 1371: 1128: 1124: 1100: 1063: 918: 910: 808:". Fiercer struggles were those between essentially conservative guilds and the 362: 339: 315: 235: 110: 5582: 5317: 4022:

Diccionario geográfico universal, por una sociedad de literatos, S.B.M.F.C.L.D.

850: 6702: 6694: 6570: 6491: 6452: 6396: 5371:

Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power and Representation

5218: 5024: 5005: 4504: 4469: 3683: 2998: 2964: 2909: 2867:, representing the country's directors, documentary makers and animators, the 2560: 2523: 2362: 2329: 2196: 1870: 1825: 1677: 1650: 1620: 1547: 1343: 1056: 1033: 900: 875: 785: 688:. Before this time it was not possible to run a money-driven organization, as 653: 645: 600: 416: 396: 117: 5575: 5098: 4293:"Guilds, efficiency, and social capital: evidence from German proto-industry" 4001: 3635:

Ginsburg, Michael (1940). "Roman military clubs and their social functions".

3613: 858:

originated as a meeting place for guilds, as well as a magistrates' seat and

475:

as craftsmen united to protect their common interests. In the German city of

6744: 6560: 6530: 6501: 6243: 5870: 5823: 4410:

Ogilvie, Sheilagh C. (February 2008). "Rehabilitating the Guilds: A Reply".

4373:

Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien

4160:

Property and Prophets: The Evolution of Economic Institutions and Ideologies

3480: 3432: 3393: 3341: 3293: 3090: 3038: 2941: 2928: 2644: 2617: 2419: 2414: 2379: 2300: 1905: 1765: 1672: 1425:

seemed to perform a substantial amount of this work outside masters' shops.

1382: 1367: 1235: 1211:

The extent to which guilds were able to monopolize markets is also debated.

1188: 1177: 1143: 1111: 1089: 1067: 954: 859: 824: 820: 789: 750: 700: 668:

economy of the 13th century, and there were 101 trades in Paris by 1260. In

580:

were a basic agent in the society: a shoemakers' guild is recorded in 1208.

573: 392: 367: 102: 36: 4969:"How Medieval-Style Guilds Will Remake the Tech Behind Facebook and Google" 4846:

The Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in The Mid Nineteenth Century America

2812:

rights and a history of power-brokers also holding guild membership (e.g.,

1433: 973:, origin were not allowed to join some guilds. According to Wilhelm Raabe, 729:

The guilds were identified with organizations enjoying certain privileges (

664:. The practice of the journeyman years still exists in Germany and France. 2777:

guilds exist in several fields. Often, they are better characterized as a

1464: 591:, survive today, with the oldest 869 years old. Other groups, such as the 6468: 3225: 3142: 2947: 2648: 1254:

documents payments to female musicians from Le Puy, Lyons, and Paris. In

1170: 934: 809: 673: 476: 372: 358: 331: 82: 5033: 4945: 4758: 4738: 4642: 4620: 4537: 3621: 3597: 3002: 6406: 6342: 5559: 5326: 4684: 4554: 3497: 3358: 3121: 2715: 2424: 2374: 1322: 1267: 1155: 942: 734: 649: 622: 530: 505: 483: 460: 456: 388: 192: 176: 172: 140: 113:, but defenders maintained that they protected professional standards. 94: 78: 5537:

The Art of Solidarity in the Middle Ages: Guilds in England 1250–1550,

5461:

On the History and Development of Gilds and the Origin of Trade-Unions

5236: 5106: 5074: 3658: 3242:

The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Salerno. Bologna. Paris

3205: 2891:

controls the means of interstellar travel and thus wields great power.

407:, revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of 6061: 5670: 3638:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

3162: 3153: 3032: 2749: 2048: 1536: 1298: 1181: 1162: 1151: 1107: 938: 746: 696: 557: 452: 428: 408: 404: 211: 188: 5182: 4875: 1018: 5139:"Regulation of the legal profession in the United States: overview" 5090: 4716:

Fabricating women: the seamstresses of Old Regime France, 1675-1791

4701: 4662: 4590: 3650: 975:"down into the eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend." 5613: 1414: 1318: 1314: 1294: 1255: 1138: 1017: 966: 899: 849: 819: 762:

transformed into mutual assistance fraternities along such lines.

709: 681: 669: 609: 569: 504: 468: 446: 223: 219: 25: 1437:

they were part of the council who had sworn to uphold the guild.

516:

displaying symbols of various European medieval trades and crafts

6416: 4220:

Great Events from History: Ancient and Medieval Series: 951–1500

3598:"D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia"" 3268:. Vol. III. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 1407: 1103:

behavior, the tide of public opinion turned against the guilds.

997: 946: 677: 395:

date the formation of burial societies among Roman soldiers and

116:

An important result of the guild framework was the emergence of

5843: 5617: 2904:

was a group of Munchkins in the Munchkin Country, who welcomed

256:

between a charterer and shipmaster, while Law 277 stipulated a

139:); they originated as guilds of students (as at Bologna) or of 917:

sons of existing members), and the production of a so-called "

741:

and overseen by local town business authorities (some kind of

5004:

Lucassen, Jan; De Moor, Tine; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2008).

5839: 5598: 4064:

Treasure Islands: Tax Havens and the Men who Stole the World

1463: 5414:

Craftsmen and their Associations in Asia, Africa and Europe

5350:

Institutions and European Trade: Merchant Guilds, 1000–1800

2859:

Australia has several guilds. The most notable of these is

1051:

Two of the most outspoken critics of the guild system were

1022:

An example of the last of the British Guilds meeting rooms

773:

in economics, which dominated most European thinking about

411:(98–117) indicating the existence of a shipbuilders guild. 330:-era (second-century AD) clay tablet from the ruins of the 5075:"The Abolition of the Guilds during the French Revolution" 482:

The continental system of guilds and merchants arrived in

5393:. In Ariès, Philippe; Veyne, Paul; Duby, Georges (eds.). 3564:

The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C.–1875 A.D.

3165:– association of merchants, traders and artisans in India 1150:

Guilds are sometimes said to be the precursors of modern

56: 53: 5397:. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press. pp. 419–. 5442:

Elizabeth's London: Everyday Life in Elizabethan London

5395:

A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium

4090:"Livery Company Records & Furthering Your Ancestry" 3496:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 3357:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 2833:, Civil Action No. 05C-5140 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 7, 2005). 2608:

championed a modern variant of the guild structure for

479:

craft guilds are mentioned in the Towncharter of 1156.

5285:

Guilds, Innovation and the European Economy, 1400–1800

5200: 4259:"The Situation with the Sorbs in the Past and Present" 365:

in approximately 133 AD. Following the passage of the

3139:- a German guild of poets, songwriters, and musicians 2699:

In 1878, the London livery companies established the

765:

European guilds imposed long standardized periods of

71: 5463:. Research & Source Works Series. Burt Frankin. 4831:

The Rise of Professional Society; England since 1885

1240:

Livre des métiers de Paris (Book of Trades of Paris)

792:. "In Florence, they were openly distinguished: the 371:

in 45 BC, and its reaffirmation during the reign of

62: 59: 6671: 6596: 6380: 6209: 6151: 6080: 5999: 5951: 5886: 5877: 5776: 5750: 5694: 5653: 4920:"Can College Accreditation Live Up to Its Promise?" 4918:Leef, George C.; Burris, Roxana D. (July 1, 2002). 471:and religious guild. Guilds arose beginning in the 3261: 874:. After this period he could rise to the level of 640:of Spain: e.g., Valencia (1332) or Toledo (1426). 266:-shekel per day freight rate for a 60-gur vessel. 4170:; and James Christopher Postell and Jim Postell, 4039:. Cityoflondon.gov.uk. 2011-08-08. Archived from 2590:Can College Accreditation Live Up To Its Promise? 941:, tin-glazed earthenwares from certain cities in 784:The guild system survived the emergence of early 5169:Understanding Health Policy: A Clinical Approach 3674:"Huge Ancient Roman Shipyard Unearthed in Italy" 3468:275. If anyone hires a ... day as rent therefor. 3378:§234. If a boatman build ... silver as his wage. 854:One of the legacies of the guilds: the elevated 3329:234. If a shipbuilder builds ... as a present . 3041:- Roman associations similar to medieval guilds 1082: 5541:https://books.google.com/books?id=A0rTBgAAQBAJ 4780:. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. 4565: 4563: 105:constructed and used as guild meeting-places. 5855: 5629: 4000:Burton, Edwin; Marique, Pierre (1910-06-01). 2499: 745:). These were the predecessors of the modern 634: 8: 5553:Medieval Guilds – World History Encyclopedia 4883:Deportment of History, University of Alberta 4231: 4229: 3055:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands 187:for length, area, volume, weight, time, and 5282:Epstein, S.R.; Prak, Maarten, eds. (2008). 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4444: 3388: 3386: 1118:— the guilds' power faded. After the 621:The guild system reached a mature state in 5883: 5862: 5848: 5840: 5636: 5622: 5614: 5121:"U.S. v. National Association of Realtors" 4749: 4747: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4493:Journal of the History of Economic Thought 3736:The Crafts And Culture of a Medieval Guild 3733:Jovinelly, Joann; Netelkos, Jason (2006). 2543:restrictive to consumers in their nature. 2506: 2492: 1443: 893:) from which came the middle English word 533:sought vainly to Christianise the guilds. 322:. In 1816, an archeological excavation in 5528:The European Guilds: An Economic Analysis 5391:"Private life conquers state and society" 5325: 5023: 4798:The European Guilds: An Economic Analysis 4675: 4673: 4671: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4123:Centre international de synthese (1971). 3517:§275. If a man hire ... its hire per day. 3050:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London 2974:The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power 2551:limiting work hours among guild members. 980:Guilds of merchants in the Russian Empire 299:. The Roman guilds failed to survive the 206:) stipulated a 2-shekel wage for each 60- 5481:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe 5201:"ADG - Australian Directors' Guild Home" 4653: 4651: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 3531:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe 1246:, the Grand Provost of Paris under King 1114:protections — often revealing the 4924:American Council of Trustees and Alumni 4235: 4190: 4147: 3453:Records of the Past Exploration Society 3406:. Translated by King, Leonard William. 3314:Records of the Past Exploration Society 3196: 3150:- a French guild of poets and musicians 2950:' were allowed to reorganise as guilds. 2600:Quasi-guilds in the information economy 1455: 587:, more than 110 guilds, referred to as 89:. They sometimes depended on grants of 5011:International Review of Social History 4718:. Duke University Press. pp. 2–3. 4633: 4631: 4629: 4222:. Vol. 3. Salem. pp. 1303–7. 3962: 3950: 3886:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3879: 3706:The Constitution of the Roman Republic 3672:Welsh, Jennifer (September 23, 2011). 3264:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 3087:– merchants' guilds in Valencia, Spain 2663:investment in education and research. 2280:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action 1099:their own inability to control unruly 758:declined during the 17th century, the 692:was the normal way of doing business. 5171:(8 ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 4. 4809: 4807: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4125:L'Encyclopedie et les encyclopedistes 614:The medieval Merchant Guild House in 431:, keeping religious texts, arranging 7: 5306:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5018:. Cambridge University Press: 5–18. 4907:. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 4246: 3975:Rutenburg, Viktor Ivanovich (1988). 3485:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3437:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3398:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3346:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3298:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3204:Gies, Joseph; Gies, Frances (1969). 3132:List of guilds in the United Kingdom 2986:, one of the most popular planes is 2709:City and Guilds of London Art School 16:Association of artisans or merchants 5235:. The Artists Guild. Archived from 5125:United States Department of Justice 5060:City and Guilds of London Institute 4387:Production and Operation Management 4375:, Hildesheim 2013, p. 79. 4344:. London: Unwin Hyman. p. 190. 2831:U.S. v. National Assoc. of Realtors 2701:City and Guilds of London Institute 1080:(Book I, Chapter X, paragraph 72): 443:Middle ages and early modern period 5901:Accidental death and dismemberment 3539:University of North Carolina Press 2527:prerequisite to practising there. 714:A center of urban government: the 593:Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers 14: 4966:METZ, CADE (September 16, 2014). 4833:. Routledge, London and New York. 4385:Bakliwal, V.K. (March 18, 2011). 3447:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 3308:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 2808:as a result of a rigid system of 2741:There are also "craft chambers" ( 32:The Syndics of the Drapers' Guild 6027:Directors and officers liability 4943:SCHWARTZ, PETER (July 1, 1998). 4892:from the original on 2020-10-24. 4848:. Smithsonian Institution Press. 4424:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00417.x 4329:from the original on 2019-04-27. 4312:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00279.x 4207:. The Folio Society. p. 27. 3001: 2827:National Association of Realtors 2684:, the ancient guilds survive as 2473: 656:eventually to widely recognized 583:In England, specifically in the 49: 5539:Oxford University Press, 2015, 5187:The Pharmacy Guild of Australia 4342:The French Revolution 1787-1799 4162:(London: Routledge, 2016), 33. 4102:from the original on 2017-11-16 2900:, an organization known as the 2887:, an organization known as the 2861:The Pharmacy Guild of Australia 695:The guild was at the center of 5353:. Cambridge University Press. 5288:. Cambridge University Press. 4818:. Basic Books, Inc., New York. 4291:Ogilvie, Sheilagh (May 2004). 3977:Feudal society and its culture 3937:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2802:Writers Guild of America, West 2798:Writers Guild of America, East 1328: 1: 5530:. Princeton University Press. 5444:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5221:. Australian Butcher's Guild. 4800:. Princeton University Press. 4389:. Pinnacle Technology, 2011. 4205:Florence: Biography of a City 4203:Hibbert, Christopher (1993). 3035:– Chinese guilds of merchants 2641:open-source-software movement 2460:Common good constitutionalism 1023: 719: 625: 379:required the approval of the 269:A type of guild was known in 200: 185:common Mesopotamian standards 161: 133: 6794:Savings and loan association 5219:"Australian Butchers' Guild" 4361:. Hogarth Press. p. 35. 4174:(London: Wiley, 2007), 284. 4127:. B. Franklin. p. 366. 3245:. Clarendon Press. pp. 3186:– merchants' guilds in Japan 2845:American Medical Association 2324:Popular Representation Party 2285:Brazilian Integralist Action 6227:Insurance-linked securities 5814:Mutualism (economic theory) 5594:(archived 28 November 2006) 5478:Epstein, Steven A. (1991). 4458:Journal of Economic History 3806:Bayerische Staatsbibliothek 3529:Epstein, Steven A. (1995). 3502:University of Chicago Press 3363:University of Chicago Press 3239:Rashdall, Hastings (1895). 3174:Trade Guilds of South India 2849:American Dental Association 2806:cinema of the United States 2620:including any professional 2290:Brazilian Integralist Front 906:The Haarlem Painter's Guild 800:—already there was a 512:of guilds in a town in the 435:, and maintaining specific 6880: 5916:Total permanent disability 5368:Prak, Maarten Roy (2006). 5318:10.1162/jinh.2010.40.4.477 5261:Braudel, Fernand (1992) . 5205:Australian Directors Guild 4861:Guilds in The Middle Agese 4796:Ogilvie, Sheilagh (2019). 4061:Shaxson, Nicholas (2012). 4008:– via Newadvent.org. 2865:Australian Directors Guild 2794:Directors Guild of America 2718:, there are no longer any 1688:Traditionalist Catholicism 1554:Doctrine of the two swords 585:City of London Corporation 389:authorized as legal bodies 150: 128:(at least since 1096) and 18: 6864:Medieval economic history 6819: 6656:Health insurance coverage 5921:Business overhead expense 5526:Ogilvie, Sheilagh. 2019. 5508:. Yale University Press. 5412:Weyrauch, Thomas (1999). 5079:French Historical Studies 5025:10.1017/S0020859008003581 4903:Davidson, Thomas (1900). 4505:10.1080/10427710120049237 4470:10.1017/S0022050700021124 4218:Magill, Frank N. (1972). 4088:Mortorff, Denise (2009). 4006:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2894:In the classic 1939 film 2869:Australian Writers' Guild 2748:Guilds were abolished in 2667:International differences 2319:Palmarian Catholic Church 1309:Independent female guilds 733:), usually issued by the 546:religious confraternities 542:Roman craft organisations 254:contract of affreightment 197:Code of Hammurabi Law 234 6057:Protection and indemnity 5681:Workers' self-management 5590:The last Guild House in 5459:Brentano, Lujo (1969) . 4844:Miller, Lillian (1972). 4714:Crowston, Clare (2001). 4704:. Accessed 26 Nov. 2023. 4687:. Accessed 21 Nov. 2023. 4665:. Accessed 25 Nov. 2023. 4645:. Accessed 25 Nov. 2023. 4623:. Accessed 19 Nov. 2023. 4593:. Accessed 19 Nov. 2023. 4557:. Accessed 29 Nov. 2023. 3979:. Progress. p. 30. 3704:Lintott, Andrew (1999). 2225:Pascendi Dominici Gregis 2179:El liberalismo es pecado 2165:De regno, ad regem Cypri 1656:Political traditionalism 1507:Catholic social teaching 1038:technological innovation 238:. Law 276 stipulated a 2 153:Collegium (ancient Rome) 87:professional association 6514:Explanation of benefits 5986:Variable universal life 5606:Encyclopædia Britannica 5558:Agarwal, Ankit (2012). 5389:Rouche, Michel (1992). 4874:Hamowy, Ronald (1978). 4859:Terry, Dorothy (2000). 4829:Perkin, Harold (1993). 4776:Krause, Elliot (1996). 4761:. Accessed 2 Dec. 2023. 4741:. Accessed 2 Dec. 2023. 4540:. Accessed 2 Dec. 2023. 4445:Epstein & Prak 2008 4412:Economic History Review 4340:Soboul, Alfred (1989). 4300:Economic History Review 3766:Encyclopædia Britannica 3710:Oxford University Press 3207:Life in a medieval city 3107:Guild of St. Bernulphus 3009:Organized labour portal 2962:In Hiro Mashima's work 2705:Imperial College London 2610:independent contractors 2295:Catholic and Royal Army 2190:Famuli vestrae pietatis 678:woolen textile industry 544:, originally formed as 522:egalitarian communities 496:Court of Common Council 494:became the seat of the 314:was any association or 167:–2218 BC), grandson of 124:(established in 1088), 77:) is an association of 6651:Health insurance costs 6052:Professional liability 5758:National Guilds League 5609:(11th ed.). 1911. 5374:. Ashgate Publishing. 5264:The Wheels of Commerce 4905:A History of Education 4358:A History of Socialism 3827:"History and heritage" 3800:Sczesny, Anke (2012). 2694:Preston Guild Merchant 2593: 2581: 2247:O que é o Integralismo 1662:Res publica Christiana 1468: 1329:Women's guild activity 1147: 1087: 1029: 913: 863: 828: 726: 635: 618: 517: 464: 328:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 40: 21:Guild (disambiguation) 6507:Out-of-pocket expense 6368:Workers' compensation 6022:Collateral protection 6012:Business interruption 5804:Libertarian socialism 5440:Picard, Liza (2003). 5416:. VVB Laufersweiler. 5073:Vardi, Liana (1988). 4946:"Re-Organization Man" 4355:Sally Graves (1939). 3902:"Freedom of the City" 3045:Community of practice 3028:Catholic Police Guild 3018:Bourgeois of Brussels 2939:In Terry Pratchett's 2810:intellectual-property 2738:(senior journeyman). 2586: 2573: 2445:Person Dignity Theory 1668:Sun and Moon allegory 1574:Divine right of kings 1467: 1195:Economic consequences 1142: 1077:The Wealth of Nations 1053:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1021: 988:, from the reform of 903: 853: 823: 713: 705:Jean Baptiste Colbert 613: 560:, guilds were called 508: 450: 289:corpus naviculariorum 195:guilds in each city. 191:, which were used by 29: 6730:Corpus Juris Civilis 5819:National syndicalism 5532:covers 1000 to 1880. 4991:Capital and Ideology 4814:Starr, Paul (1982). 4019:Diccionario (1834). 3739:. Rosen. p. 8. 3712:. pp. 183–186. 3596:de Ligt, L. (2001). 2983:Magic: The Gathering 2956:The Venture Brothers 2921:player versus player 2657:Capital and Ideology 2626:intellectual capital 2240:Mes idées politiques 1683:Traditional monarchy 1636:National syndicalism 1631:National Catholicism 1611:Integral nationalism 1584:Ecclesiastical court 1432:In the mid-17th c., 1401:Underground business 1046:business development 344:prescribed the rules 19:For other uses, see 6789:Rochdale Principles 6784:Mutual savings bank 6779:Mutual organization 6764:Cooperative banking 6681:Mesopotamian banker 5961:Longevity insurance 5784:Anarcho-syndicalism 5686:Workplace democracy 5484:. UNC Press Books. 5233:"The Artists Guild" 4371:Holm A. Leonhardt: 4037:"Alphabetical list" 3769:. 1 September 2010. 3441:Records of the Past 3302:Records of the Past 3101:Guild of Saint Luke 2814:DreamWorks Pictures 2790:Screen Actors Guild 2783:The Newspaper Guild 2690:Preston, Lancashire 2577:The Death of Guilds 2480:Politics portal 2399:Clerico-nationalism 1590:Error has no rights 1283:Early modern period 1252:John, Duke of Berry 1095:Communist Manifesto 1042:technology transfer 779:classical economics 743:chamber of commerce 500:Freedom of the City 204: 1755–1750 BC 6541:Insurable interest 6042:Payment protection 5943:Payment protection 5737:Rafael Uribe Uribe 5666:Economic democracy 5588:St. Eloy's Hospice 4989:Picketty, Thomas. 3940:. Merriam-Webster. 3541:. pp. 10–49. 3103:— painter's guilds 3096:Guilds of Brussels 3023:Bourgeois of Paris 2634:economies of scale 1776:Barbey d'Aurevilly 1606:Integral Education 1527:Counter-revolution 1469: 1361:marchande publique 1357:marchande publique 1353:marchande publique 1148: 1030: 1004:Fall of the guilds 992:(beginning of the 914: 864: 829: 777:until the rise of 727: 619: 518: 492:London's Guildhall 465: 332:Temple of Antinous 158:Naram-Sin of Akkad 41: 6841: 6840: 6686:Code of Hammurabi 6661:Vehicle insurance 6556:Replacement value 6448:Actual cash value 6412:Adverse selection 6402:Actuarial science 6376: 6375: 6308:Kidnap and ransom 6281:Extended warranty 5928:Income protection 5837: 5836: 5789:Council communism 5535:Rosser, Gervase. 5515:978-0-300-15767-3 5491:978-0-8078-4498-4 5451:978-0-297-60729-8 5423:978-3-89687-537-2 5404:978-0-674-39974-7 5381:978-0-7546-5339-4 5360:978-1-139-50039-5 5345:Ogilvie, Sheilagh 5295:978-1-139-47107-7 5274:978-0-520-08115-4 5183:"About the Guild" 4134:978-0-8337-1157-1 4074:978-0-09-954172-1 3986:978-5-01-000528-3 3574:. 1915. pp. 3217:978-0-213-76379-4 3169:Trade association 3158:History of retail 2754:French Revolution 2516: 2515: 2450:Orthodox Peronism 2393:Sodalitium Pianum 1389:Division of labor 1120:French Revolution 856:Windsor Guildhall 775:political economy 716:Guildhall, London 538:Early Middle Ages 451:Traditional hand- 401:Septimius Severus 293:merchant mariners 291:, a collegium of 6871: 6799:Social insurance 6754:Friendly society 6646:Health insurance 6474:Short rate table 6222:Catastrophe bond 6123:Lenders mortgage 5884: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5841: 5809:Market socialism 5727:Bertrand Russell 5676:Workers' control 5661:Direct democracy 5648: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5615: 5610: 5602: 5579: 5519: 5495: 5474: 5455: 5427: 5408: 5385: 5364: 5339: 5329: 5299: 5278: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5145:. 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Archived from 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3572:Prudential Press 3559: 3553: 3552: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3489: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3350: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3267: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3201: 3117:Hanseatic League 3085:Germania (guild) 3011: 3006: 3005: 2897:The Wizard of Oz 2818:Steven Spielberg 2743:Handwerkskammern 2686:livery companies 2628:protections, an 2606:Thomas W. Malone 2553:Sheilagh Ogilvie 2508: 2501: 2494: 2478: 2477: 2404:Clerical fascism 2313:Milícia Catalana 2267:Action Française 1601:Gelasian Diarchy 1532:Decentralization 1502:Authoritarianism 1444: 1242:was compiled by 1028: 1025: 868:master craftsmen 833:cottage industry 760:Livery Companies 724: 721: 684:economy, and to 662:journeyman years 652:, and then from 638: 630: 627: 589:livery companies 562:corps de métiers 550:Gregory of Tours 473:High Middle Ages 455:guild sign of a 399:to the reign of 318:that acted as a 295:based at Rome's 273:times. Known as 265: 264: 260: 247: 246: 242: 205: 202: 171:who had unified 166: 163: 138: 135: 111:free competition 99:local government 74: 69: 68: 65: 64: 61: 58: 55: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6815: 6811:Insurance cycle 6774:Fraternal order 6667: 6598: 6592: 6551:Proximate cause 6546:Insurance fraud 6526:General average 6485:Claims adjuster 6427:Risk management 6422:Risk assessment 6386: 6383: 6372: 6338:Prize indemnity 6205: 6153: 6147: 6076: 6037:Over-redemption 5995: 5947: 5938:National health 5879: 5873: 5868: 5838: 5833: 5772: 5746: 5690: 5649: 5646:Guild socialism 5644: 5642: 5597: 5583:Medieval guilds 5557: 5549: 5522: 5516: 5498: 5492: 5477: 5471: 5458: 5452: 5439: 5435: 5433:Further reading 5430: 5424: 5411: 5405: 5388: 5382: 5367: 5361: 5343: 5303: 5296: 5281: 5275: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5242: 5240: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5152: 5150: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5127:. 25 June 2015. 5119: 5118: 5114: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4993:. Galaxy Books. 4988: 4987: 4983: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4812: 4805: 4795: 4794: 4785: 4775: 4774: 4765: 4752: 4745: 4732: 4723: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4695: 4691: 4678: 4669: 4656: 4649: 4636: 4627: 4614: 4597: 4584: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4548: 4544: 4531: 4520: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4370: 4366: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4018: 4017: 4013: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3857:"Archived copy" 3855: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3789:. Plebs League. 3779: 3778: 3774: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3720: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3535:Chapel Hill, NC 3528: 3527: 3523: 3510: 3508: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3461: 3459: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3412:Yale Law School 3392: 3391: 3384: 3371: 3369: 3348: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3322: 3320: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3218: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3156:- particularly 3112:Guild socialism 3007: 3000: 2997: 2877: 2857: 2838:bar association 2781:— for example, 2771: 2762: 2674: 2669: 2622:legal liability 2602: 2521: 2512: 2472: 2465: 2464: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2307:Integrist Party 2274:Acción Española 2261: 2253: 2252: 2233:El Siglo Futuro 2185:Papal documents 2172:Treatise on Law 2158:The City of God 2147: 2139: 2138: 1994: 1986: 1985: 1756: 1748: 1747: 1733:Israeli/Zionist 1706: 1698: 1697: 1673:Social Kingship 1517:Confessionalism 1487:Anti-liberalism 1477: 1403: 1395:Aix-en-Provence 1391: 1331: 1311: 1290: 1285: 1244:Étienne Boileau 1231: 1229:Medieval period 1226: 1224:Women in guilds 1217: 1215:Product quality 1197: 1137: 1026: 1006: 990:Peter the Great 982: 845:Florence, Italy 841: 815:Zunftrevolution 722: 690:commodity money 628: 566:Étienne Boileau 488:Norman Conquest 445: 437:religious cults 387:in order to be 375:(27 BC–14 AD), 373:Caesar Augustus 357:established in 348:membership dues 262: 258: 257: 248:-gerah per day 244: 240: 239: 203: 181:Akkadian Empire 169:Sargon of Akkad 164: 155: 149: 143:(as at Paris). 136: 72: 52: 48: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6877: 6875: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6846: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6832:List of topics 6828: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6717:Burial society 6707: 6706: 6705: 6699:§235–238; §240 6691:§100–105; §126 6683: 6677: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6641:Climate change 6633: 6631:United Kingdom 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6578: 6576:Underinsurance 6573: 6568: 6566:Self-insurance 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6333:Political risk 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6313:Legal expenses 6310: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6093:Builder's risk 6090: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6017:Business owner 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5981:Universal life 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5933:Long-term care 5930: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5844: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5777:Related topics 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5763:Fabian Society 5760: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5742:Ernst Wigforss 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5722:Lionel Robbins 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5595: 5585: 5580: 5555: 5548: 5547:External links 5545: 5544: 5543: 5533: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5496: 5490: 5475: 5470:978-0833703682 5469: 5456: 5450: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5422: 5409: 5403: 5386: 5380: 5365: 5359: 5341: 5312:(4): 477–511. 5301: 5294: 5279: 5273: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5224: 5210: 5192: 5174: 5159: 5130: 5112: 5091:10.2307/286554 5085:(4): 704–717. 5065: 5047: 4996: 4981: 4958: 4935: 4910: 4895: 4866: 4851: 4836: 4821: 4803: 4783: 4763: 4743: 4721: 4706: 4702:10.2307/286798 4689: 4667: 4663:10.2307/286796 4647: 4625: 4595: 4591:10.2307/286795 4571: 4559: 4542: 4518: 4499:(2): 217–242. 4483: 4464:(3): 684–713. 4448: 4437: 4418:(1): 175–182. 4402: 4395: 4377: 4364: 4347: 4332: 4306:(2): 286–333. 4283: 4281:Raabe, p. 189. 4274: 4271:on 2011-07-13. 4250: 4239: 4225: 4210: 4195: 4183: 4151: 4140: 4133: 4115: 4080: 4073: 4053: 4028: 4025:pp. 730–. 4011: 3992: 3985: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3923: 3912:on 19 May 2013 3906:City of London 3893: 3848: 3837:on 18 May 2013 3831:City of London 3818: 3792: 3772: 3752: 3745: 3725: 3719:978-0198150688 3718: 3696: 3664: 3651:10.2307/283119 3627: 3608:(2): 346–349. 3588: 3554: 3548:978-0807844984 3547: 3521: 3472: 3449:Washington, DC 3424: 3403:Avalon Project 3382: 3333: 3310:Washington, DC 3285: 3278: 3252: 3231: 3216: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3145: 3140: 3134: 3129: 3127:Livery company 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3082: 3080:Timpani Guilds 3077: 3072: 3070:Craft Unionism 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3012: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2978: 2971:In the series 2969: 2960: 2951: 2937: 2924: 2913: 2902:Lollipop Guild 2892: 2876: 2873: 2856: 2853: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2682:City of London 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2614:remote workers 2601: 2598: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2455:Third Position 2452: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2358:Traditionalism 2354: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2309: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2236: 2229: 2221: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2152:Catholic Bible 2148: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2059:Lamamié (Juan) 2056: 2054:Lamamié (José) 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1693:Ultramontanism 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1618: 1616:Integral state 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1578:Deposing power 1571: 1565: 1556: 1551: 1545: 1540: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1482:Anti-communism 1478: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1460: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1402: 1399: 1390: 1387: 1330: 1327: 1310: 1307: 1289: 1288:Decline thesis 1286: 1284: 1281: 1274:The historian 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1196: 1193: 1136: 1133: 1005: 1002: 986:Russian Empire 981: 978: 872:apprenticeship 840: 837: 767:apprenticeship 756:City of London 731:letters patent 616:Vyborg, Russia 540:, most of the 514:Czech Republic 444: 441: 415:also included 352:burial society 232:ship charterer 183:, promulgated 151:Main article: 148: 145: 91:letters patent 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6876: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6636:United States 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6520:Force majeure 6517: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6441:Value of life 6439: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6303:Interest rate 6301: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6171:Inland marine 6169: 6167: 6166:GAP insurance 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154:Communication 6150: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5976:Unitised fund 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5966:Mortgage life 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751:Organisations 5749: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:G. D. H. Cole 5700: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5600:"Gilds" 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5564:History Today 5561: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5500:Olson, Mancur 5497: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5239:on 2018-10-19 5238: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5160: 5149:on 2022-10-13 5148: 5144: 5143:Practical Law 5140: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4970: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4939: 4936: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4867: 4862: 4855: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4403: 4398: 4396:9788189472733 4392: 4388: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4348: 4343: 4336: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4193:, p. 316 4192: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4057: 4054: 4043:on 2012-04-18 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3953:, p. 432 3952: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3869:on 2013-07-19 3865: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3748: 3746:9781404207578 3742: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3589: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3413: 3409: 3408:New Haven, CT 3405: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3279:0-684-19279-9 3275: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3256: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3137:Meistersinger 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2934:bounty hunter 2932:, there is a 2931: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2889:Spacing Guild 2886: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775:United States 2769:North America 2768: 2766: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2565:Ronald Hamowy 2562: 2559:As argued by 2557: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2519:Modern guilds 2518: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2260:Organizations 2257: 2256: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2218:Rerum novarum 2215: 2213: 2212: 2211:Immortale Dei 2208: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2019:Constantine I 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625:Accidentalism 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1563:Cooperativism 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1335: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1116:trade secrets 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072:d'Allarde Law 1069: 1065: 1062: 1061:laissez-faire 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1003: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 979: 977: 976: 972: 968: 964: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 926: 922: 920: 912: 908: 907: 902: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 861: 857: 852: 848: 846: 838: 836: 834: 826: 822: 818: 816: 811: 807: 803: 802:popolo grasso 799: 795: 794:Arti maggiori 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 717: 712: 708: 706: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 641: 639: 637: 624: 617: 612: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 527:West Francian 523: 515: 511: 510:Coats of arms 507: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 474: 470: 462: 458: 454: 449: 442: 440: 438: 434: 430: 427:, practicing 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 369: 364: 360: 356: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 297:La Ostia port 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 277: 272: 267: 255: 251: 237: 233: 229: 226:per day on a 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 159: 154: 147:Early history 146: 144: 142: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 112: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 75: 67: 46: 38: 34: 33: 28: 22: 6830: 6823: 6769:Credit union 6735: 6728: 6721: 6709: 6581:Underwriting 6536:Insurability 6518: 6497:Co-insurance 6467: 6463:Cancellation 6254:Catastrophic 6239:Climate risk 6067:Trade credit 5799:Distributism 5732:R. H. Tawney 5717:Karl Polanyi 5712:Arthur Penty 5707:S. G. Hobson 5604: 5567: 5563: 5536: 5527: 5504: 5480: 5460: 5441: 5413: 5394: 5370: 5349: 5309: 5305: 5284: 5263: 5241:. Retrieved 5237:the original 5227: 5213: 5195: 5177: 5168: 5162: 5151:. Retrieved 5147:the original 5142: 5133: 5115: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5056:"What We Do" 5050: 5015: 5009: 4999: 4990: 4984: 4973: 4961: 4950: 4938: 4927:. Retrieved 4923: 4913: 4904: 4898: 4882: 4869: 4860: 4854: 4845: 4839: 4830: 4824: 4815: 4797: 4777: 4715: 4709: 4692: 4545: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4440: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4386: 4380: 4372: 4367: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4335: 4303: 4299: 4286: 4277: 4266:the original 4253: 4242: 4236:Ogilvie 2011 4219: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4191:Braudel 1992 4186: 4171: 4159: 4158:E. K. Hunt, 4154: 4148:Braudel 1992 4143: 4124: 4118: 4110: 4104:. Retrieved 4083: 4063: 4056: 4045:. Retrieved 4041:the original 4031: 4021: 4014: 4005: 3995: 3976: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3935: 3926: 3914:. 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Retrieved 3305: 3301: 3288: 3263: 3255: 3241: 3234: 3206: 3199: 3075:Distributism 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2948:seamstresses 2940: 2927: 2906:Dorothy Gale 2895: 2882: 2858: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2787: 2772: 2763: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2698: 2679: 2675: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2638: 2630:ethical code 2603: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2558: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536:professional 2533: 2529: 2524:Professional 2522: 2437: 2432:Nacionalismo 2430: 2407: 2391: 2386:Neocatólicos 2384: 2367: 2335: 2328: 2311: 2299: 2272: 2265: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2177: 2170: 2163: 2156: 1660: 1646:Panhispanism 1567: 1559:Distributism 1543:Municipalism 1535: 1497:Anti-Zionism 1492:Anti-Masonry 1439: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1412: 1404: 1392: 1380: 1376: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1312: 1303: 1291: 1273: 1266:In medieval 1265: 1261: 1239: 1232: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1202:rent seeking 1198: 1186: 1175: 1167:trade secret 1160: 1149: 1125:corporations 1105: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1075: 1050: 1031: 1013:rent-seeking 1007: 994:17th century 983: 974: 959: 927: 923: 915: 909:in 1675, by 904: 894: 890: 886: 882: 880: 865: 842: 839:Organization 830: 814: 806:popolo magro 805: 801: 797: 793: 783: 771:mercantilism 764: 728: 718:(engraving, 694: 686:urbanization 666: 642: 633: 620: 605:Remembrancer 596: 582: 577: 576:, guilds or 561: 555: 535: 525:26. In 858, 519: 481: 466: 417:fraternities 412: 381:Roman Senate 376: 366: 354: 336:Antinoöpolis 324:Minya, Egypt 320:legal entity 311: 309: 305:Roman Empire 288: 284: 280: 274: 268: 250:freight rate 228:charterparty 156: 118:universities 115: 107: 44: 42: 30: 6804:Trade union 6759:Cooperative 6432:Uncertainty 6291:Index-based 6259:Multi-peril 6217:Reinsurance 6176:Public auto 6081:Residential 5829:Syndicalism 5794:Corporatism 5768:Blue Labour 5327:1874/386235 4067:. Vintage. 3963:Rouche 1992 3951:Rouche 1992 3781:Starr, Mark 3645:: 149–156. 3210:. Crowell. 3184:Za (guilds) 3179:Trade union 3065:Corporatism 3060:Cooperative 2917:video games 2779:labor union 2752:during the 2732:Obermeister 2409:Estado Novo 2204:Quanta Cura 1993:Politicians 1831:Fontcuberta 1641:Natural law 1596:Familialism 1522:Corporatism 1512:Common good 1457:Integralism 1372:Netherlands 1276:Alice Clark 1129:corporatism 1064:free market 1027: 1820 937:regions of 919:masterpiece 911:Jan de Bray 798:Arti minori 786:capitalists 723: 1805 629: 1300 469:frith guild 423:overseeing 391:. Ruins at 326:produced a 316:corporation 165: 2254 137: 1150 6848:Categories 6599:by country 6597:Insurance 6571:Total loss 6492:Deductible 6453:Cash value 6397:Act of God 6382:Insurance 6296:Parametric 6276:Expatriate 6152:Transport/ 6118:Landlords' 6103:Earthquake 5991:Whole life 5911:Disability 5254:References 5243:2018-10-18 5153:2022-06-26 4929:2022-05-22 4180:0471727962 4168:1317461983 4106:2021-04-01 4047:2012-01-10 3873:2013-03-12 3708:. Oxford: 3568:Newark, NJ 3504:. p. 3365:. p. 2965:Fairy Tail 2910:Land of Oz 2875:In fiction 2847:, and the 2561:Paul Starr 2363:Legitimism 2337:Viva Maria 2330:Sanfedisti 2197:Mirari Vos 2134:de Villèle 2124:dos Santos 2119:Santamaria 1971:Valdivieso 1946:dos Santos 1891:Meinvielle 1846:Gelasius I 1811:Eyzaguirre 1796:Castellani 1678:Solidarity 1651:Patriotism 1621:Monarchism 1548:Organicism 1476:Principles 1423:tresseuses 1347:standing. 1344:Les Halles 1178:shoemakers 1144:Shoemakers 1057:Adam Smith 1034:free trade 963:patricians 955:trademarks 876:journeyman 654:journeyman 646:apprentice 601:Lord Mayor 486:after the 425:sacrifices 236:shipmaster 230:between a 222:rate of 3- 103:guildhalls 6745:Syndicate 6711:Collegium 6606:Australia 6561:Risk pool 6531:Indemnity 6502:Copayment 6436:Knightian 6348:Terrorism 6318:Liability 6186:Satellite 6047:Pollution 5971:Term life 5880:insurance 5878:Types of 5871:Insurance 5824:Socialism 5576:2249-748X 5502:(2008) . 5336:145272268 5099:0016-1071 4478:154609939 4432:154741942 4320:154328341 4247:Prak 2006 3802:"Zuenfte" 3614:0023-8856 3481:Hammurabi 3433:Hammurabi 3394:Hammurabi 3342:Hammurabi 3294:Hammurabi 3091:Guildhall 3039:Collegium 2942:Discworld 2929:Star Wars 2855:Australia 2736:Altgesell 2692:, as the 2645:Microsoft 2618:Insurance 2604:In 1998, 2439:El Yunque 2420:Francoism 2415:Falangism 2380:Miguelism 2369:Federales 2301:Cristeros 2029:Fernández 2024:Estévanez 2014:Clavarana 1961:Taparelli 1791:de Bonald 1766:Augustine 1711:Brazilian 1383:Louis XIV 1368:Amsterdam 1236:silkwomen 1189:antitrust 1135:Influence 1112:copyright 1101:corporate 1090:Karl Marx 1068:feudalism 951:Chantilly 931:Champagne 860:town hall 825:Locksmith 790:piecework 751:trademark 701:Louis XIV 650:craftsman 599:, as the 574:Barcelona 433:festivals 393:Lambaesis 368:Lex Julia 355:collegium 312:collegium 276:collegium 179:into the 83:merchants 37:Rembrandt 6825:Category 6703:§275–277 6621:Pakistan 6469:Pro rata 6358:War risk 6323:No-fault 6234:Casualty 6191:Shipping 6161:Aviation 6138:Renters' 6133:Property 6128:Mortgage 6098:Contents 6072:Umbrella 6032:Fidelity 6000:Business 5896:Accident 5654:Concepts 5347:(2011). 5042:39908767 5034:26405465 4887:Archived 4759:44613682 4739:23699806 4643:25012124 4621:26405466 4538:30053631 4513:13298305 4324:Archived 4097:Archived 4002:"Guilds" 3882:cite web 3783:(1919). 3689:June 23, 3622:41539517 3581:June 15, 3511:June 20, 3483:(1904). 3462:June 20, 3435:(1903). 3417:June 20, 3396:(1910). 3372:June 20, 3344:(1904). 3323:June 20, 3296:(1903). 3143:Merchant 2995:See also 2885:universe 2816:founder 2728:Innungen 2649:Advogato 2541:directly 2352:See also 2109:Rocamora 2089:Olazábal 2069:Louis IX 1981:Veuillot 1976:Vermeule 1951:Sardinha 1861:González 1806:Delassus 1755:Thinkers 1738:Lusitano 1723:Catholic 1705:Variants 1568:Guildism 1449:a series 1447:Part of 1248:Louis IX 1171:monopoly 996:) until 935:Bordeaux 810:merchant 796:and the 697:European 674:Florence 672:, as in 603:and the 597:The City 477:Augsburg 413:Collegia 397:mariners 377:collegia 359:Lanuvium 340:Aegyptus 301:collapse 281:collegia 79:artisans 6750:Benefit 6737:Digesta 6673:History 6407:Actuary 6363:Weather 6353:Tuition 6343:Takaful 6271:Deposit 6201:Vehicle 5592:Utrecht 4685:2123610 4555:3174558 3932:"guild" 3916:25 June 3841:25 June 3811:3 March 3761:"Guild" 3602:Latomus 3498:Chicago 3359:Chicago 3122:Kibbutz 2988:Ravnica 2923:combat. 2908:to the 2880:In the 2773:In the 2716:Germany 2680:In the 2647:, e.g. 2425:Tacuara 2375:Carlism 2129:Senante 2114:Sánchez 2104:Quiroga 2084:Nocedal 2074:Maurras 2064:Larraín 2009:Barroso 2004:Ahimeir 1999:Abascal 1966:Urquiza 1941:Salvany 1936:Salgado 1921:le Play 1911:Pius IX 1886:Maurras 1876:Madiran 1816:Ezcurra 1761:Aquinas 1743:Spanish 1323:Cologne 1268:Cologne 1187:Modern 1182:barbers 1156:cartels 1152:cartels 1092:in his 1009:Ogilvie 984:In the 969:, i.e. 967:Wendish 943:Holland 895:journei 891:journée 883:journey 636:gremios 623:Germany 536:In the 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