Guild - Knowledge (XXG)

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training, and instead learned their trade at home. This was debunked with Clare Crowston's research on parish schools in France. Instead of apprenticeships, girls could receive an alternative form of vocational training from these schools. Students entered at around eight for two years of education, and were segregated by gender. Boys studied primarily religion, reading, writing, and mathematics; girls learned many of the same topics as well, but a significant portion was devoted to learning needlework. These schools were intended to enrich the vocational training that girls learned, so that they could go on and earn a living. According to Crowston, the most important religious community that offered such training were the Filles de Saint-Agnès, which offered instruction in four trades: linen work, embroidery, lace, and tapestry-making. The school provided all of the tools necessary for girls to learn, and also allowed students to choose which best suited them. Although this was far different than the model of apprenticeship practiced by guilds, the sisters referred to their students as apprentices.

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cities, guild masters purchased discounted materials and hired cheap labor to reduce costs. In Lyon, the underground silk economy thrived, and was a significant portion of the economy. It was made up of mostly female artisans whose work paralleled that of the legitimate trade. The female artisans were important to the guild as they were highly skilled in craft procedures that the guild heavily relied upon, and were essential to production. But they also worked for male entrepreneurs outside of the guild and frequently collaborated with each other to set up their own businesses. In an effort to curb this illicit activity, guildmasters wrote bylaws forbidding men and women to work outside of the guild. The buttonmakers guild of Lyon also complained about illicit work and theft from the non-guild female workers whom they hired. They also took it upon themselves to teach girls the buttonmaking trade, which was the real problem, as their instruction imparted the "mystery" of guild secrets to non-guild members which undermined the guild.

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guild were often wives of guildsmen of the gold-smiths. This type of unity between husband and wife was seen in women's guild participation through the medieval and early modern periods; in order to avoid unpleasant litigation or legal situations, the trades of husband and wife often were the same or complementary. Women were not restricted to solely textile guilds in medieval Cologne, and neither did they have total freedom in all textile guilds. They had limited participation in the guilds of dyers, cotton-weavers, and guilds in the leather industry. They did enjoy full rights in some wood-working guilds, the guilds of coopers and turners. Women also seemed to have extensively engaged in the fish trade, both within and outside of the guild. The butcher and cattle-trade guilds also listed women among their ranks. In practically all of these guilds, a widow was allowed to continue her husband's business. If she remarried to a man who was not a member, she usually lost that right.

908:. Journeymen were able to work for other masters, unlike apprentices, and generally paid by the day and were thus day labourers. After being employed by a master for several years, and after producing a qualifying piece of work, the apprentice was granted the rank of journeyman and was given documents (letters or certificates from his master and/or the guild itself) which certified him as a journeyman and entitled him to travel to other towns and countries to learn the art from other masters. These journeys could span large parts of Europe and were an unofficial way of communicating new methods and techniques, though by no means all journeymen made such travels — they were most common in Germany and Italy, and in other countries journeymen from small cities would often visit the capital. 2599:"Although accreditation is usually justified as a means of giving students and parents an assurance of educational quality, it is important to note that the accreditors do not endeavor to assess the quality of individual programs or departments.... The accreditation system is not based on an evaluation of the results of an institution, but rather upon an evaluation of its inputs and processes. If the inputs and processes look good, acceptable educational quality is assumed. It is as if an organization decided which automobiles would be allowed to be sold by checking to make sure that each car model had tires, doors, an engine and so forth and had been assembled by workers with proper training—but without actually driving any cars" - George C. Leef and Roxana D. Burris, 858:, there were seven to twelve "greater guilds" and fourteen "lesser guilds". The most important of the greater guilds was that for judges and notaries, who handled the legal business of all the other guilds and often served as an arbitrator of disputes. Other greater guilds include the wool, silk, and the money changers' guilds. They prided themselves on a reputation for very high-quality work, which was rewarded with premium prices. The guilds fined members who deviated from standards. Other greater guilds included those of doctors, druggists, and furriers. Among the lesser guilds, were those for bakers, saddle makers, ironworkers and other artisans. They had a sizable membership, but lacked the political and social standing necessary to influence city affairs. 1432:

non-guild artisan could work directly for the crown, or in the "free zones" that were beyond the reach of the guild officers. Clandestine workers in the needle trade were often employed by larger merchant manufacturers. Guild members were also enmeshed in illegal labor, either carrying it out, or hiring those who did illegal work. Nearly everyone was in violation of guild statutes. Masters of the guild would often hire illegal workers to do specific and low-paying parts of the job. In the case of the Wigmakers, it was hair-weaving, the most labor-intensive aspect of the craft. Hair weavers arranged pinches of hair side by side and interlaced them in intricate patterns between six silk threads extended on two wooden rods. Women called

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were members, or did not allow membership at all. The most common way women obtained guild membership was through marriage. Usually only the widows and daughters of known masters were allowed in. Even if a woman entered a guild, she was excluded from guild offices. While this was the overarching practice, there were guilds and professions that did allow women's participation, and the Medieval era was an ever-changing, mutable society—especially considering that it spanned hundreds of years and many different cultures. There were multiple accounts of women's participation in guilds in England and the Continent. In a study of London

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domestic life did not organize women's economic activities. The research has documented women's extensive participation in market relations, craft production, and paid labor in the early modern period. Clare Crowston posits that women gained more control of their own work. In the 16th and 17th centuries, rather than losing control, female linen drapers and hemp merchants established independent guilds. In the late 17th century and onward, there was evidence of growing economic opportunities for women. Seamstresses in Paris and Rouen and flower sellers in Paris acquired their own guilds in 1675. In

622: 1026:" they imposed deadweight losses on the economy. Ogilvie argues they generated limited positive externalities and notes that industry began to flourish only after the guilds faded away. Guilds persisted over the centuries because they redistributed resources to politically powerful merchants. On the other hand, Ogilvie agrees, guilds created "social capital" of shared norms, common information, mutual sanctions, and collective political action. This social capital benefited guild members, even as it arguably hurt outsiders. 2840:), strong cultural identity (the Realtor brand), little price variation with quality differences, and traditional methods in use by all practitioners. In September 2005 the U.S. Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against the National Association of Realtors, challenging NAR practices that (the DOJ asserted) prevent competition from practitioners who use different methods. The DOJ and the Federal Trade Commission in 2005 advocated against state laws, supported by NAR, that disadvantage new kinds of brokers. 1231:

October 1712, the Lyon Wigmaker Guild petitioned the local police magistrates. According to this petition, guildmasters required guild officers to step up policing of statutes forbidding the use of bleached hair or wild goat and lamb hair. The real concern that they had was that bleaching hair destroyed the quality of the wig, making it too thin to style. Guild officers pointed out that if the consumer discovers the bad quality, the guild would be blamed, and the consumer would search elsewhere to purchase goods.

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limiting consumer options in the field of education as it provides a mechanism to limit entrepreneurial 'outsiders' from entering the field of education. George Leef and Roxana Burris study the accreditation system for which they observe is 'highly collegial' and potentially bias in the fact that accreditation review is performed by members of schools who will in turn be reviewed by many of the same people who they have reviewed. They further question the effectiveness of the methods involved in accreditation,

1421:, about half of the defendants were men, and half were women. Daryl Hafter notes that many of the female defendants were practicing trades where they were either completely barred from guild membership, or had austere restrictions within the guild. As joining a guild was expensive, this explains why poorer men would turn to illicit craft. Clandestine artisans were seen as a severe encroachment on guild rights, liberties, and exclusivity. Many guilds feared that this would affect economic stability. 2862:. Medical licensing in most states requires specific training, tests and years of low-paid apprenticeship (internship and residency) under harsh working conditions. Even qualified international or out-of-state doctors may not practice without acceptance by the local medical guild (Medical board). Similarly, nurses and physicians' practitioners have their own guilds. A doctor cannot work as a physician's assistant unless (s)he separately trains, tests and apprentices as one. 2699:, all of which play a ceremonial role in the city's many customs. The City of London livery companies maintain strong links with their respective trade, craft or profession, some still retain regulatory, inspection or enforcement roles. The senior members of the City of London Livery Companies (known as liverymen) elect the sheriffs and approve the candidates for the office of Lord Mayor of London. Guilds also survive in many other towns and cities the UK including in 1211:

they benefited the entire economy but because they benefited the owners, who used political power to protect them. Ogilvie (2011) says they regulated trade for their own benefit, were monopolies, distorted markets, fixed prices, and restricted entrance into the guild. Ogilvie (2008) argues that their long apprenticeships were unnecessary to acquire skills, and their conservatism reduced the rate of innovation and made the society poorer. She says their main goal was

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the wives of hatters or girls who were hired day by day, and who were not content to be so dependent on the guild. The women were accused of theft of materials, buying stolen materials for cheap, and selling them for larger amounts. What was most surprising was the response from the government, which had previously always stood with guilds even at the economy's expense. A royal edict of 1777 formed a corps of these female workers, giving them legitimacy.

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they produced, and to circumvent expensive fees and taxes that may be imposed by governments. Illegal work did not pass unnoticed by authorities at the time, and are documented by police reports and guild complaints. Guild officers were able to arrest people who were working in the trade without guild credentials, and could use municipal law enforcement to aid them in the arrest. Guilds often did take people to court for illegal work. In 18th c.

1151: 2851:, supervised by that state's highest court. The court decides the criteria for entering and staying in the legal profession. In most states, every attorney must become a member of that state's bar association in order to practice law. State laws forbid any person from engaging in the unauthorized practice of law and practicing attorneys are subject to rules of professional conduct that are enforced by the state's supreme court. 2486: 2578:, both of whose focus is on the development of medicine in America, the tying of medical licensing practices to universities was a process intended to do more than protect the public from 'quackery', but was engineered to be unnecessarily prolonged, inefficient, and a costly process so as to deter 'outsiders' from getting into the field, thereby enhancing the prestige and earning power of medical professionals. 1476: 862: 846:, a network of cottagers who spun and wove in their own premises on his account, provided with their raw materials, perhaps even their looms, by the capitalist who took a share of the profits. Such a dispersed system could not so easily be controlled where there was a vigorous local market for the raw materials: wool was easily available in sheep-rearing regions, whereas silk was not. 912: 3014: 832: 2586:"The university and scholars' guilds held onto their power over membership, training, and workplace because early capitalism was not interested in it (there was no product that the capitalist wished to produce)...the cultural prestige of knowledge itself helped keep the scholars' guild and the university alive while all other guilds failed." - Elliot Krause, 1316:

regulate women's participation at this time, limiting the privileges of wives, widows, and daughters. It also forbade masters from hiring women. Crowston notes that the decline thesis has been reaffirmed in the German context by Wiesner and Ogilvie, but that it does not work in looking at the matter from a larger scope, as her expertise is in French history.

583:, a figure which by the 14th century had risen to 350." There were different guilds of metal-workers: the farriers, knife-makers, locksmiths, chain-forgers, nail-makers, often formed separate and distinct corporations; the armourers were divided into helmet-makers, escutcheon-makers, harness-makers, harness-polishers, etc. In Catalan towns, especially at 517: 2670:(2000) Thomas Picketty questions the validity of patents being granted to agricultural corporations who claim to have 'invented' certain GMO seeds. According to Picketty, the falsity of such claims is that the specific breakthrough which allowed for the development of these GMO seeds was in fact only the end outcome of generations of 1428:, the Barber-Wigmaker & Bath Provider Guild struggled against illicit wigmaking and styling. In this case, illicit wigmaking flourished in order to circumvent the expensive wig tax. Women and girls could enter this guild. Illicit wigmakers operated throughout the 18th c., and made continuous contributions to the industry. 1030: 2718:. The aim of the City and Guilds of London Institute was the advancement of technical education. "City and Guilds" operates as an examining and accreditation body for vocational, managerial and engineering qualifications from entry-level craft and trade skills up to post-doctoral achievement. A separate organisation, the 1366:. This legal device made certain that a woman had the right to participate on her own behalf in the economy, and thus did not require references to her husband's resources or possible involvement. If a woman did not join a guild first, she was required to obtain her husband's permission in order to receive the status of 1261:. It documents that 5 out of 110 Parisian guilds were female monopolies, and that only a few guilds systematically excluded women. Boileau notes that some professions were also open to women: surgeons, glass-blowers, chain-mail forgers. Entertainment guilds also had a significant number of women members. 1447:

experienced political conflicts as guilds petitioned the councils to ban clandestine work not only in the city but in rural areas. They were outraged that members of the upperclass in Lübeck would employ rural craftsmen at the expense of the city guild. A lot of their anger spurred from the fact that

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Women's participation within medieval guilds was complex and varied. On one hand, guild membership allowed women to participate in the economy that provided social privilege and community. On the other hand, most trade and craft guilds were male-dominated and frequently limited women's rights if they

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The medieval guild was established by charters or letters patent or similar authority by the city or the ruler and normally held a monopoly on trade in its craft within the city in which it operated: handicraft workers were forbidden by law to run any business if they were not members of a guild, and

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As production became more specialized, trade guilds were divided and subdivided, eliciting the squabbles over jurisdiction that produced the paperwork by which economic historians trace their development: The metalworking guilds of Nuremberg were divided among dozens of independent trades in the boom

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called "guilds" were denounced by Catholic clergy for their "conjurations" — the binding oaths sworn among the members to support one another in adversity, kill specific enemies, and back one another in feuds or in business ventures. The occasion for these oaths were drunken banquets held on December

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was, and is, a DGA member). These guilds maintain their own contracts with production companies to ensure a certain number of their members are hired for roles in each film or television production, and that their members are paid a minimum of guild "scale," along with other labor protections. These

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number of interested parties sought to emulate the model of apprenticeship which European guilds of the Middle Ages had honed to achieve their ends of establishing exclusivity in trades as well as the English concept of a gentleman which had come to be associated with higher income and craftsmanship

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Though most guilds died off by the middle of the nineteenth century, quasi-guilds persist today, primarily in the fields of law, medicine, engineering, and academia. Paralleling or soon after the fall of guilds in Britain and in the United States professional associations began to form. In America a

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Early modern Lyon continued to have a thriving underground economy into the late 18th century. In 1780, the hatters' guild complained that women and girls who sheared skins for the industry had established an underground manufacture 25 years earlier, and that it was still sustained. These women were

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Despite the guilds' fear of illegal craft, underground business often helped guilds survive. The creation of materials was often illicit, or outsourced from other locales. Masters hired non-guild workers to do high-intensive tasks and paid less, while at the same time denigrating their work. In many

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Due to the political, legislative, and social power of many guilds during the medieval and early modern periods, any economic activity that encroached on guild purview was considered criminal activity. The black market was used to get around regulations set by the guild for membership, for the goods

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Guilds were often heavily concerned with product quality. The regulations they established on their own members' work, as well as targeting non-guild members for illicit practice, was to create a standard of work that the consumer could rely on. They were heavily concerned with public perception. In

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There are often subtle dichotomies present in attempting to answer the question of whether modern licensing and accreditation practices are intended to serve the public good, however it be defined. For medieval guilds this dichotomy is exemplified by differing explanations of the same phenomena; of

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Judith Coffin posits that the number of clandestine linen drapers, seamstresses, and tailors, kept pace and probably outstripped the numbers from those guilds. Clandestine workers, male and female, worked in garret shops and rooms under guild jurisdiction. Not all non-guild work was illegal, too. A

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Women did have problems with entering healers' guilds, as opposed to their relative freedom in trade or craft guilds. Their status in healers' guilds were often challenged. The idea that medicine should only be practiced by men was supported by some religious and secular authorities at the time. It

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After this journey and several years of experience, a journeyman could be received as master craftsman, though in some guilds this step could be made straight from apprentice. This would typically require the approval of all masters of a guild, a donation of money and other goods (often omitted for

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The town authorities might be represented in the guild meetings and thus had a means of controlling the handicraft activities. This was important since towns very often depended on a good reputation for export of a narrow range of products, on which not only the guild's, but the town's, reputation

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novels, the guilds of the city of Ankh-Morpork are major civic and economic institutions, with some serving as equivalents to trade unions or government bodies. The Presidents and Heads of the Guilds form an unofficial city council which may advise the Patrician during times of crisis. As part of

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Historian Merry Wiesner attributed a decline in women's labor in south German cities from the 16th-18th centuries to both economic and cultural factors; as trades became more specialized, women's domestic responsibilities hindered them from entering the workforce. German guilds started to further

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there were three guilds that were composed almost entirely of women, the yarn-spinners, gold-spinners, and silk-weavers. Men could join these guilds, but were almost exclusively married to guildswomen. This was a required regulation of the yarn-spinners guild. The guildswomen of the gold-spinners

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The economic consequences of guilds have led to heated debates among economic historians. On the one side, scholars say that since merchant guilds persisted over long periods they must have been efficient institutions (since inefficient institutions die out). Others say they persisted not because

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they gradually fell in most European nations over the course of the 19th century, as the guild system was disbanded and replaced by laws that promoted free trade. As a consequence of the decline of guilds, many former handicraft workers were forced to seek employment in the emerging manufacturing

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It is to prevent this reduction of price, and consequently of wages and profit, by restraining that free competition which would most certainly occasion it, that all corporations, and the greater part of corporation laws, have been established. (...) and when any particular class of artificers or

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Frenchwomen provided vocational training to apprentices. In apprenticeship contracts the names and trades of spouses would both appear. The trades were usually the same or closely related. In earlier research, lack of contracts led scholars to believe that women and girls never received official

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caused the guild some trouble. There was a perception that these workers also trafficked in sex as well as linens, which made the guild emphatic about its own morality. On the other end of the social divide, the linen trade was a respectable occupation for married and single women of high social

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also criticized the guild system for its rigid gradation of social rank and what he saw as the relation of oppressor and oppressed entailed by this system. It was the 18th and 19th centuries that saw the beginning of the low regard in which some people hold the guilds to this day. In part due to

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India's guilds include the Students Guild, Indian Engineers Guild, and the Safety Guild. Other professional associations include the Indian medical Association, Indian Engineers, Indian Dental Association, United nurses Association, etc. Most of them use Union, Association or Society as suffix.

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Taken in the context of guilds, it can be argued that the purpose of accreditation is to provide a mechanism for members of the scholars guild to protect itself, both by limiting outsiders from entering the field and by enforcing established norms onto one another. Contriving means to limit the

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Though in theory anyone can start a college, the 'privilege' in this case is the linking of federal aid to accreditation. While accreditation of a university is entirely optional, attending an accredited university is a prerequisite to receiving federal aid, and this has a powerful influence on

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The university system in general continues to serve as a basis upon which modern quasi-guilds operate in the form of professionalism. 'Universitas' in the Middle Ages meant a society of masters who had the capacity for self-governance, and this term was adopted by students and teachers who came

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argues that this was intended to mitigate competition among guild members, while Dorothy Terry argues this was to prevent guild members from working late into the night while tired and when lighting is poor and therefore producing low quality work. In modern times, while licensing practices are

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organizations replicate guild structure and operation. Professions such as architecture, engineering, geology, and land surveying require varying lengths of apprenticeships before one can gain a "professional" certification. These certifications hold great legal weight: most states make them a

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Early modern Rouen was an important center of guildswomen's activity. By 1775, there were about 700 female masters, accounting for 10% of all guild masters in the city. A survey that circulated in the late 18th century listed that the Rouen ribbonmakers had 149 masters, mistresses, and widows,

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Many historians have done research into the dwindling women's participation in guilds. Studies have provided a contradictory picture. Recent historical research is usually posed in rebuttal to Alice Clark's study on the economic marginalization of women in the 17th c., and has highlighted that

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published a study in 1919 on women's participation in guilds during the Medieval period. She argued that the guild system empowered women to participate in family businesses. This viewpoint, among others of Clark's, has been criticized by fellow historians, and has sparked debate in scholarly

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Epstein and Prak's book (2008) rejects Ogilvie's conclusions. Specifically, Epstein argues that guilds were cost-sharing rather than rent-seeking institutions. They located and matched masters and likely apprentices through monitored learning. Whereas the acquisition of craft skills required

2970:, most super-villains in the series belong to The Guild of Calamitous Intent, which regulates their menacing activities towards their respective protagonists, while also shielding said villains from criminal prosecution. Much of the show's storyline revolves around politics within the Guild. 119:

Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within the city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. Critics argued that these rules reduced

2741:, guilds continue to exist as private member clubs with membership limited to practitioners of particular trades or activities. These clubs are corporations under public law, albeit the membership is voluntary; the president normally comes from the ranks of master-craftsmen and is called 2549:

associations constitute the modern equivalent of a 'guild-privilege', albeit in contrast to guilds of the Middle Ages which held a letters patent which explicitly granted them monopolies on the provision of services, today's quasi-guild privileges are subtler, more complex, and less

780:, and made it difficult for those lacking the capital to set up for themselves or without the approval of their peers to gain access to materials or knowledge, or to sell into certain markets, an area that equally dominated the guilds' concerns. These are defining characteristics of 971:

In many German and Italian cities, the more powerful guilds often had considerable political influence, and sometimes attempted to control the city authorities. In the 14th century, this led to numerous bloody uprisings, during which the guilds dissolved town councils and detained

1011:, these were corporations of wealthy merchants, with their own rights. They therefore constituted an Order which was divided, according to property, into three classes: merchant of the first Guild, of the second Guild, and of the third Guild and was transmissible hereditarily. 2687:

In many European countries, guilds have experienced a revival as local trade organizations for craftsmen, primarily in traditional skills. They may function as forums for developing competence and are often the local units of a national employer's organisation.

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traders thought proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such adulterine guilds, as they were called, were not always disfranchised upon that account, but obliged to fine annually to the king for permission to exercise their usurped privileges.

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tells a miraculous tale of a builder whose art and techniques suddenly left him, but were restored by an apparition of the Virgin Mary in a dream. Michel Rouche remarks that the story speaks for the importance of practically transmitted journeymanship.

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Not all city economies were controlled by guilds; some cities were "free." Where guilds were in control, they shaped labor, production and trade; they had strong controls over instructional capital, and the modern concepts of a lifetime progression of

474:. These signs can be found in many old European towns where guild members marked their places of business. Many survived through time or staged a comeback in industrial times. Today they are restored or even newly created, especially in old town areas. 1348:

Historians have noted the essential contributions that women made to these guilds. Many scholars have asserted that it would have been impossible for male merchants and craftsmen to start a business, let alone run it, without the help of their wives.

799:, which began to divide guild members into "haves" and dependent "have-nots". The civil struggles that characterize the 14th-century towns and cities were struggles in part between the greater guilds and the lesser artisanal guilds, which depended on 764:

system. The guilds also maintained funds in order to support infirm or elderly members, as well as widows and orphans of guild members, funeral benefits, and a 'tramping' allowance for those needing to travel to find work. As the guild system of the

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and held on in German cities into the 19th century, with some special privileges for certain occupations remaining today. In the 15th century, Hamburg had 100 guilds, Cologne 80, and Lübeck 70. The latest guilds to develop in Western Europe were the

2874:, created in 1927 as the Federated Pharmaceutical Services Guild of Australia. The Pharmacy Guild serves "6,000 community pharmacies," while also providing training and standards for the country's pharmacists. Australia's other guilds include the 2582:

together in the twelfth century to form scholars guilds. Though guilds mostly died off by the middle of the nineteenth century, the scholars guild persisted due to its peripheral nature to an industrialized economy. In the words of Elliot Krause,

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circles. Clark's analysis of the period is that things change during the early modern period, specifically the 17th century, and become more stifling for women in guilds. She also posits that domestic life drove women out of guild participation.

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Patents loosely serve as a form of guild privilege in that they restrict potential newcomers to a field of service. The idea of a patent being applied to intangibles (e.g. intellectual patents) has been called to question by various authors. In

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usually argued to in some way protect members of the public (e.g. by ensuring quality standards), it usually can also be argued that these practices have been engineered to limit the number of 'outsiders' who gain entrance to a given field.

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Real-estate brokerage offers an example of a modern American guild system. Signs of guild behavior in real-estate brokerage include: standard pricing (6% of the home price), strong affiliation among all practitioners, self-regulation (see

2882:, the Australian Butcher's Guild, a fraternity of independent butchers which provides links to resources like Australian meat standards and a guide to different beef cuts, and The Artists Guild, a craft guild focusing on female artists. 1352:

The oldest women's guild in Paris dealt in linens, including household linens, layettes for babies, and undergarments. There seemed to be a major wealth disparity among its members. The linen workers whose sheds were at the center of

37: 4269: 1336:. In 1675, Parisian seamstresses requested the guild as their trade was organized and profitable enough to support incorporation. Some of the guilds in Cologne had been made up almost entirely of women since the medieval period. 2756:), which have less resemblance to ancient guilds in that they are organized for all crafts in a certain region, not just one. In them membership is mandatory, and they serve to establish self-governance of the crafts. 1269:

women had participated as full-fledged masters in 7 of the city's 112 guilds since the 13th century. There were still many restrictions. Medieval Parisian guilds did not offer women independent control of their work.

3648: 1165:. Guilds, however, can also be seen as a set of self-employed skilled craftsmen with ownership and control over the materials and tools they needed to produce their goods. Some argue that guilds operated more like 5311:— essays by scholars covering German and Italian territories, the Netherlands, France, and England; plus guilds in cloth spinning, painting, glass blowing, goldsmithing, pewterware, book-selling, and clock making. 3867: 2557:

Nevertheless, it can be argued quasi-guild privileges are in many cases designed not just to serve some notion of public good, but to facilitate the establishing and maintaining of exclusivity in a field of work.

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class, which increasingly came to control the means of production and the capital that could be ventured in expansive schemes, often under the rules of guilds of their own. German social historians trace the

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In France, special provisions had to be made in order to assure that woman could move relatively freely in the textile guilds of Paris and Rouen. They used a special legal formula, the privilege of the

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to remove a stifling tax that had been levied on wigs that same year. The tax was removed in mid-July 1706 although historians do not believe that the guildswomen were the sole reason as to why.

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acquired the right to make articles of clothing for women and children, but not for men or boys over age eight. This division reappeared in every French city where seamstresses entered guilds.

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guilds set high standards for membership, and exclude professional actors, writers, etc. who do not abide by the strict rules for competing within the film and television industry in America.

2737:– the terms used were rather different from town to town), nor any restriction of a craft to a privileged corporation. However, under one other of their old names albeit a less frequent one, 1404:

When French seamstresses attained guild privileges in 1675, their corporate privilege extended to clothing for women and children. When they entered guilds, seamstresses in Paris, Rouen, and

4276: 501:, with incorporated societies of merchants in each town or city holding exclusive rights of doing business there. In many cases they became the governing body of a town. For example, 3837: 828:, the urban revolution of guildmembers against a controlling urban patriciate, sometimes reading into them, however, perceived foretastes of the class struggles of the 19th century. 2707:

where among other celebrations descendants of burgesses are still admitted into membership. With the City of London livery companies, the UK has over 300 extant guilds and growing.

575:. According to Viktor Ivanovich Rutenburg, "Within the guild itself there was very little division of labour, which tended to operate rather between the guilds. Thus, according to 1059:. According to several accounts of this time, guilds became increasingly involved in simple territorial struggles against each other and against free practitioners of their arts. 4707:

Sewell, William H. "Social and Cultural Perspectives on Women’s Work: Comment on Loats, Hafter, and DeGroat". French Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 1997, pp. 49–54. JSTOR,

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Grafe, Regina; Gelderblom, Oscar (Spring 2010). "The Rise and Fall of the Merchant Guilds: Re-thinking the Comparative Study of Commercial Institutions in Premodern Europe".

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only masters were allowed to be members of a guild. Before these privileges were legislated, these groups of handicraft workers were simply called 'handicraft associations'.

1345:

indicating its mixed gendered composition. A tax roll of 1775 indicated that their total membership was about 160, with 58 men, 17 widows, 55 wives, and 30 unmarried women.

2647:, and may prevent cut-throat competition that leads to inferior services undercutting prices. As with historical guilds, such a structure will resist foreign competition. 1249:

of the 15th century by Marian K. Dale, she notes that medieval women could inherit property, belong to guilds, manage estates, and run the family business if widowed. The

3874: 6651: 5351:

Comparative study of the origins and development of merchant guilds in Europe, esp. their emergence during the late Middle Ages and their decline in the Early Modern era

2607:

number of outsiders who gain an entrance to a field (exclusivity) and to enforce work norms among members were both distinguishing feature of guilds in the Middle Ages.

108:

or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but most were regulated by the

4626:

Crowston, Clare. "Women, Gender, and Guilds in Early Modern Europe: An Overview of Recent Research." International Review of Social History, vol. 53, 2008, pp. 19–44.

4560:

Kowaleski, Maryanne, and Judith M. Bennett. "Crafts, Gilds, and Women in the Middle Ages: Fifty Years after Marian K. Dale." Signs, vol. 14, no. 2, 1989, pp. 474–501.

4764:

HOFFMANN, PHILIP R. "In Defence of Corporate Liberties: Early Modern Guilds and the Problem of Illicit Artisan Work." Urban History, vol. 34, no. 1, 2007, pp. 76–88.

4690:

Coffin, Judith G. "Gender and the Guild Order: The Garment Trades in Eighteenth-Century Paris". The Journal of Economic History, vol. 54, no. 4, 1994, pp. 768–93.

4668:

Loats, Carol L. "Gender, Guilds, and Work Identity: Perspectives from Sixteenth-Century Paris." French Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 1997, pp. 15–30. JSTOR,

2064: 6666: 5931: 1077:

systems grew rapidly and made its way into the political and legal systems. Many people who participated in the French Revolution saw guilds as a last remnant of

4100: 2722:

has also close ties with the London livery companies and is involved in the training of master craftworkers in stone and wood carving, as well as fine artists.

1138:. Interest in the medieval guild system was revived during the late 19th century, among far-right circles. Fascism in Italy (among other countries) implemented 1043:

The guild system became a target of much criticism towards the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Critics argued that they hindered

4051: 3920: 5157: 5911: 3065: 889:. Apprentices would typically not learn more than the most basic techniques until they were trusted by their peers to keep the guild's or company's secrets. 96:

who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradespeople belonging to a

6661: 5616: 4596:

Hafter, Daryl M. "Female Masters in the Ribbonmaking Guild of Eighteenth-Century Rouen." French Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 1997, pp. 1–14. JSTOR,

298:, these were organised groups of merchants who specialised in a particular craft and whose membership of the group was voluntary. One such example is the 6037: 3898: 1871: 509:

of the City of London Corporation, the world's oldest continuously elected local government, whose members to this day must be Freemen of the city. The

5646: 3060: 2984: 218: 195: 718:'s administration's concerns to impose unity, control production, and reap the benefits of transparent structure in the shape of efficient taxation. 3001:, which is run by 10 guilds (although these 10 guilds are not necessarily involved in trade, and the term is used more as a substitute for faction) 1786: 721: 3463: 3324: 1931: 1169:

than they were like trade unions (Olson 1982). However, the journeymen organizations, which were at the time illegal, may have been influential.

6671: 5021: 2290: 2799:

In the film and television industry, guild membership is generally a prerequisite for working on major productions in certain capacities. The

710:

handicraft organization into the 16th century. In France, a resurgence of the guilds in the second half of the 17th century is symptomatic of

6656: 5524: 5500: 5460: 5432: 5413: 5390: 5369: 5304: 5283: 4143: 4083: 3995: 3226: 2516: 1172:

The exclusive privilege of a guild to produce certain goods or provide certain services was similar in spirit and character to the original

112:. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the 5926: 4744:

HAFTER, DARYL M. "Women in the Underground Business of Eighteenth-Century Lyon." Enterprise & Society, vol. 2, no. 1, 2001, pp. 11–40.

3845: 3142: 2719: 1117:

Because of industrialization and modernization of the trade and industry, and the rise of powerful nation-states that could directly issue

5872: 5135: 5070: 2711: 2034: 1085:

of 2 March 1791 suppressed the guilds in France. In 1803 the Napoleonic Code banned any coalition of workmen whatsoever. Smith wrote in

881:. Before a new employee could rise to the level of mastery, he had to go through a schooling period during which he was first called an 6874: 6067: 5479: 3728: 3557: 3549: 603: 5996: 4405: 3791: 3755: 3288: 1195:. These are, however, not very important economically except as reminders of the responsibilities of some trades toward the public. 606:, have been formed far more recently. Membership in a livery company is expected for individuals participating in the governance of 81: 2643:

perhaps enforced by peer pressure and software, and other benefits of a strong association of producers of knowledge, benefit from

2074: 1966: 559:, had disappeared, with the apparent exceptions of stonecutters and perhaps glassmakers, mostly the people that had local skills. 6062: 4648:

Pia, M. "The Industrial Position of Woman in the Middle Ages." The Catholic Historical Review, vol. 10, no. 4, 1925, pp. 556–60.

2837: 2039: 1134:

industries, using not closely guarded techniques formerly protected by guilds, but rather the standardized methods controlled by

311: 42: 2044: 6641: 6032: 6022: 5197: 4979: 4334: 2988:, the powerful island kingdom of Númenor is characterized by several guilds, each signified by a metal crest worn on the torso. 2871: 1811: 1635: 513:, effective from the Middle Ages until 1835, gave the right to trade, and was only bestowed upon members of a Guild or Livery. 4543:

Gayne, Mary K. "Illicit Wigmaking in Eighteenth-Century Paris". Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 38, no. 1, 2004, pp. 119–37.

1180:

methods were superseded by modern firms directly revealing their techniques, and counting on the state to enforce their legal

6646: 4502:

Richardson G. (June 2001). "A Tale of Two Theories: Monopolies and Craft Guilds in Medieval England and Modern Imagination".

4190: 4178: 2812: 2808: 2745:("master-in-chief"). Journeymen elect their own representative bodies, with their president having the traditional title of 5178:

Bodenheimer, Thomas; Grumbach, Kevin, eds. (2020). "The health care workforce and the education of health professionals.".

414:(193–211) in 198 AD. In September 2011, archeological investigations done at the site of an artificial harbor in Rome, the 5639: 2651: 2470: 2049: 1981: 1796: 671:

and grandmaster began to emerge. In order to become a master, a journeyman would have to go on a three-year voyage called

447: 1274:

is believed that the Inquisition and witch hunts throughout the ages contributed to the lack of women in medical guilds.

6804: 6052: 5953: 4467:

Epstein, Stephan R. (September 1998). "Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe".

2907: 2879: 2855: 2379: 2334: 2295: 1308:, the number of female artisans recorded in tax rolls rose substantially between the years of 1643 and 1750. In 18th c. 552: 842:

In the countryside, where guild rules did not operate, there was freedom for the entrepreneur with capital to organize

478:

There were several types of guilds, including the two main categories of merchant guilds and craft guilds but also the

6621: 6318: 6264: 5938: 5824: 3545: 3512: 3495: 3373: 3356: 3184: 2859: 2816: 2300: 6103: 5691: 3516: 3377: 1951: 338: 4930: 4827:

The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry

6269: 6133: 6027: 5215: 3776: 2875: 2804: 2329: 2119: 2069: 1936: 1698: 1564: 1527: 595: 3797:

A worker looks at history: being outlines of industrial history specially written for Labour College-Plebs classes

2930:, guilds are used as associations of players or characters with similar interests, such as dungeons, crafting, or 1202:

law could be said to derive in some ways from the original statutes by which the guilds were abolished in Europe.

6348: 6237: 6047: 5948: 5243: 2509: 1022:(2004) argues that guilds negatively affected quality, skills, and innovation. Through what economists now call " 916: 896:, the distance that could be travelled in a day, the title 'journeyman' derives from the French words for 'day' ( 1911: 940:

depended. Controls on the association of physical locations to well-known exported products, e.g. wine from the

932:", which would illustrate the abilities of the aspiring master craftsman; this was often retained by the guild. 621: 6721: 6473: 6343: 6323: 5991: 5943: 5632: 5598: 4897: 2847:

The practice of law in the United States also exemplifies modern guilds at work. Every state maintains its own

2449: 2235: 2175: 2134: 1956: 1517: 1048: 691:

developed as a congeries of specialized guilds. The appearance of the European guilds was tied to the emergent

435: 431: 286: 163: 97: 6378: 2124: 2089: 6524: 6313: 6181: 6128: 5986: 5976: 5865: 3720: 3117: 3019: 2715: 2305: 2250: 2200: 2099: 1976: 1826: 1611: 1374:

allowed a woman to participate in business as a legal adult, sign contracts, go to court, and borrow money.

1286: 1105: 506: 354: 1392:

In July 1706, a group of women, members of the Parisian wigmakers, went to Versailles in order to petition

6616: 6249: 6077: 5768: 3418: 2704: 2620: 2419: 2368: 2094: 1743: 1672: 1666: 1176:

systems that surfaced in England in 1624. These systems played a role in ending the guilds' dominance, as

1142:, operating at the national rather than city level, to try to imitate the corporatism of the Middle Ages. 877:

The guild was made up by experienced and confirmed experts in their field of handicraft. They were called

31: 2796:

is a labor union for journalists and other newspaper workers, with over 30,000 members in North America.

6631: 6517: 6446: 6301: 6186: 5814: 3271:

Powell, Marvin A. (1995). "Metrology and Mathematics in Ancient Mesopotamia". In Sasson, Jack M. (ed.).

3055: 3038: 3028: 2820: 2767:. Following a decree of 4 August 1789, they survived until March 1791 when they were finally abolished. 2455: 2347: 1846: 1748: 1721: 1678: 1584: 1087: 1063: 715: 532: 242: 132: 6148: 2284: 2054: 1866: 1861: 1082: 5131: 1385:, they obtained subordinate positions in the tailors' guilds during the late 17th and 18th centuries. 6740: 6683: 6306: 6286: 6113: 6001: 5921: 5829: 5536: 3582: 2993: 2966: 2931: 2636: 2502: 2144: 1693: 1646: 1641: 1621: 1594: 1459: 1056: 136: 2957:

Lord Vetinari's efforts to 'organise' and reduce crime, criminals including thieves, assassins and '

1312:, there was a significant growth in women's access to guilds, with no restrictions on their rights. 6799: 6794: 6789: 6774: 6636: 6596: 6358: 6328: 6196: 6057: 5981: 5971: 5794: 5696: 5686: 5571:"Development of Economic Organizations and their Role in Human Empowerment during the Gupta Period" 3111: 2824: 2800: 2793: 2700: 2409: 2323: 2277: 2189: 1961: 1806: 1600: 1262: 1052: 789: 753: 510: 229:

constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner. Law 275 stipulated a

140: 3257: 2979:, there exists a guild of that name, including many other kinds of guilds in the kingdom of Fiore. 1324:

There were exclusively female guilds that came out of the woodwork in the 17th century, primarily

1219:

experience-based learning, he argues that this process necessitated many years in apprenticeship.

6842: 6835: 6747: 6626: 6551: 6368: 6333: 6244: 6201: 6171: 6143: 6138: 6108: 6082: 5906: 5858: 5747: 5676: 5342: 5278:. Civilization & capitalism, 15th–18th century. Vol. 2. University of California Press. 5113: 5048: 5040: 4765: 4745: 4691: 4649: 4627: 4561: 4544: 4519: 4484: 4438: 4326: 3665: 3628: 3578: 3467: 3328: 3106: 3033: 2644: 2079: 1841: 1616: 1537: 1258: 168: 3586: 2662:

assigns journeyer and master ranks to those committing to work only or mostly on free software.

1254: 576: 458: 976:

in an attempt to increase their influence. In fourteenth-century north-east Germany, people of

6696: 6566: 6458: 6422: 6412: 6373: 6363: 6291: 6281: 6211: 5799: 5582: 5520: 5496: 5475: 5456: 5428: 5409: 5401: 5386: 5365: 5300: 5279: 5105: 4401: 4186: 4174: 4139: 4079: 4031: 3991: 3892: 3751: 3724: 3684: 3620: 3553: 3284: 3232: 3222: 3179: 3168: 2764: 2460: 2403: 2257: 2195: 1946: 1851: 1753: 1130: 941: 866: 785: 726: 615: 548: 502: 411: 207: 6809: 6764: 6709: 6701: 6691: 6468: 6392: 6232: 6206: 6191: 6098: 5916: 5898: 5819: 5737: 5671: 5359: 5355: 5332: 5324: 5097: 5030: 4985: 4978: 4962: 4955: 4708: 4669: 4597: 4511: 4476: 4430: 4318: 3812: 3745: 3657: 3459: 3320: 3127: 3095: 2828: 2616: 2563: 2414: 2129: 2024: 2009: 1901: 1891: 1821: 1542: 1512: 1019: 878: 843: 770: 672: 668: 560: 483: 109: 61: 3280: 3273: 6869: 6864: 6821: 6784: 6760: 6561: 6556: 6536: 6495: 6490: 6437: 6432: 6296: 6276: 6153: 6118: 5656: 5017:"The Return of the Guilds: Towards a Global History of the Guilds in Pre-industrial Times" 3947: 3771: 3422: 3122: 2998: 2848: 2632: 2490: 2317: 2243: 2182: 2168: 2114: 2084: 2019: 1986: 1971: 1896: 1856: 1801: 1726: 1497: 1405: 1150: 1000: 961: 855: 700: 498: 443: 358: 226: 191: 179: 2396: 346: 3573: 3447: 3308: 3251: 2815:

and other profession-specific guilds have the ability to exercise strong control in the

2654:

has from time to time explored a guild-like structure to unite against competition from

6727: 6576: 6259: 6123: 6017: 5963: 5773: 5752: 5732: 5602: 4789:

Death of Guilds:Professions, States, and The Advance of Capitalism, 1930 to The Present

3413: 3137: 3080: 2912: 2696: 2692: 2465: 2162: 2139: 1991: 1816: 1771: 1703: 1626: 1588: 1492: 1070:, and all over Europe a tendency to oppose government control over trades in favour of 996: 981: 882: 777: 766: 749: 741: 626: 599: 524: 362: 101: 4122:

1155 Charter - Worshipful Company of Weavers. The oldest recorded City Livery Company.

2485: 579:'s Book of Handicrafts, by the mid-13th century there were no less than 100 guilds in 6858: 6530: 6451: 6399: 6338: 6176: 6042: 5712: 5610: 5346: 4488: 4442: 4434: 4330: 4322: 4303: 3158: 3147: 2944: 2899: 2892: 2785: 2575: 2228: 2221: 2029: 1876: 1573: 1381:, seamstresses acquired an independent guild in 1579. In several other cities of the 1071: 973: 556: 395: 303: 264: 5516:

The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities

5066: 5052: 4523: 1370:. If she did join a guild, the status was conferred automatically. The privilege of 1187:

Some guild traditions still remain in a few handicrafts, in Europe especially among

6779: 6591: 6586: 6546: 6507: 5809: 5742: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5510: 3942: 3689: 3503: 3408: 3364: 3085: 2916: 2714:

the forerunner of the engineering school (still called City and Guilds College) at

2640: 2546: 2442: 2109: 2014: 1941: 1921: 1886: 1831: 1791: 1781: 1738: 1656: 1569: 1553: 1507: 1502: 1212: 1177: 1126: 1023: 1004: 964:, etc., helped to establish a town's place in global commerce — this led to modern 781: 696: 537: 520: 391: 334: 330: 315: 307: 281: 260: 238: 4887:"The Early Development of Medical Licensing Laws in the United States, 1875-1900*" 4580:"GUILDS, WOMEN IN" in "Women in the Middle Ages", Greenwood Press 2004, pp. 384-85 2923:

with song and dance upon her arrival. They present her with am oversized lollipop.

2545:

Licensing and accreditation practices which typically result from the lobbying of

1215:, that is, to shift money to the membership at the expense of the entire economy. 5551: 5514: 5490: 5380: 5294: 5273: 4367: 4073: 3795: 6814: 6769: 6442: 6227: 5839: 5804: 5778: 5563: 3194: 3189: 3075: 3070: 2927: 2854:

Medical associations comparable to guilds include the state Medical Boards, the

2789: 2624: 2214: 1926: 1906: 1733: 1651: 1606: 1532: 1522: 1467: 1382: 1139: 1135: 1111: 1074: 929: 921: 819:". Fiercer struggles were those between essentially conservative guilds and the 373: 350: 326: 246: 121: 5593: 5328: 4033:

Diccionario geográfico universal, por una sociedad de literatos, S.B.M.F.C.L.D.

861: 6713: 6705: 6581: 6502: 6463: 6407: 5382:

Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power and Representation

5229: 5035: 5016: 4515: 4480: 3694: 3009: 2975: 2920: 2878:, representing the country's directors, documentary makers and animators, the 2571: 2534: 2373: 2340: 2207: 1881: 1836: 1688: 1661: 1631: 1558: 1354: 1067: 1044: 911: 886: 796: 699:. Before this time it was not possible to run a money-driven organization, as 664: 656: 611: 427: 407: 128: 5586: 5109: 4304:"Guilds, efficiency, and social capital: evidence from German proto-industry" 4012: 3646:

Ginsburg, Michael (1940). "Roman military clubs and their social functions".

3624: 869:

originated as a meeting place for guilds, as well as a magistrates' seat and

486:

as craftsmen united to protect their common interests. In the German city of

6755: 6571: 6541: 6512: 6254: 5881: 5834: 4421:

Ogilvie, Sheilagh C. (February 2008). "Rehabilitating the Guilds: A Reply".

4384:

Kartelltheorie und Internationale Beziehungen. Theoriegeschichtliche Studien

4171:

Property and Prophets: The Evolution of Economic Institutions and Ideologies

3491: 3443: 3404: 3352: 3304: 3101: 3049: 2952: 2939: 2655: 2628: 2430: 2425: 2390: 2311: 1916: 1776: 1683: 1436:

seemed to perform a substantial amount of this work outside masters' shops.

1393: 1378: 1246: 1222:

The extent to which guilds were able to monopolize markets is also debated.

1199: 1188: 1154: 1122: 1100: 1078: 965: 870: 835: 831: 800: 761: 711: 679:

economy of the 13th century, and there were 101 trades in Paris by 1260. In

591:

were a basic agent in the society: a shoemakers' guild is recorded in 1208.

584: 403: 378: 113: 47: 4980:"How Medieval-Style Guilds Will Remake the Tech Behind Facebook and Google" 4857:

The Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in The Mid Nineteenth Century America

2823:

rights and a history of power-brokers also holding guild membership (e.g.,

1444: 984:, origin were not allowed to join some guilds. According to Wilhelm Raabe, 740:

The guilds were identified with organizations enjoying certain privileges (

675:. The practice of the journeyman years still exists in Germany and France. 2788:

guilds exist in several fields. Often, they are better characterized as a

1475: 602:, survive today, with the oldest 869 years old. Other groups, such as the 6479: 3236: 3153: 2958: 2659: 1265:

documents payments to female musicians from Le Puy, Lyons, and Paris. In

1181: 945: 820: 684: 487: 383: 369: 342: 93: 5044: 4956: 4769: 4749: 4653: 4631: 4548: 3632: 3608: 3013: 6417: 6353: 5570: 5337: 4695: 4565: 3508: 3369: 3132: 2726: 2435: 2385: 1333: 1278: 1166: 953: 745: 660: 633: 541: 516: 494: 471: 467: 399: 203: 187: 183: 151: 124:, but defenders maintained that they protected professional standards. 105: 89: 5548:

The Art of Solidarity in the Middle Ages: Guilds in England 1250–1550,

5472:

On the History and Development of Gilds and the Origin of Trade-Unions

5247: 5117: 5085: 3669: 3253:

The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Salerno. Bologna. Paris

3216: 2902:

controls the means of interstellar travel and thus wields great power.

418:, revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of 17: 6072: 5681: 3649:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

3173: 3164: 3043: 2760: 2059: 1547: 1309: 1192: 1173: 1162: 1118: 949: 757: 707: 568: 463: 439: 419: 415: 222: 199: 5193: 4886: 1029: 5150:"Regulation of the legal profession in the United States: overview" 5101: 4727:

Fabricating women: the seamstresses of Old Regime France, 1675-1791

4712: 4673: 4601: 3661: 986:"down into the eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend." 5624: 1425: 1329: 1325: 1305: 1266: 1149: 1028: 977: 910: 860: 830: 773:

transformed into mutual assistance fraternities along such lines.

720: 692: 680: 620: 580: 515: 479: 457: 234: 230: 36: 1448:

they were part of the council who had sworn to uphold the guild.

527:

displaying symbols of various European medieval trades and crafts

6427: 4231:

Great Events from History: Ancient and Medieval Series: 951–1500

3609:"D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia"" 3279:. Vol. III. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 1418: 1114:

behavior, the tide of public opinion turned against the guilds.

1008: 957: 688: 406:

date the formation of burial societies among Roman soldiers and

127:

An important result of the guild framework was the emergence of

5854: 5628: 2915:

was a group of Munchkins in the Munchkin Country, who welcomed

267:

between a charterer and shipmaster, while Law 277 stipulated a

150:); they originated as guilds of students (as at Bologna) or of 928:

sons of existing members), and the production of a so-called "

752:

and overseen by local town business authorities (some kind of

5015:

Lucassen, Jan; De Moor, Tine; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2008).

5850: 5609: 4075:

Treasure Islands: Tax Havens and the Men who Stole the World

1474: 5425:

Craftsmen and their Associations in Asia, Africa and Europe

5361:

Institutions and European Trade: Merchant Guilds, 1000–1800

2870:

Australia has several guilds. The most notable of these is

1062:

Two of the most outspoken critics of the guild system were

1033:

An example of the last of the British Guilds meeting rooms

784:

in economics, which dominated most European thinking about

422:(98–117) indicating the existence of a shipbuilders guild. 341:-era (second-century AD) clay tablet from the ruins of the 5086:"The Abolition of the Guilds during the French Revolution" 493:

The continental system of guilds and merchants arrived in

5404:. In Ariès, Philippe; Veyne, Paul; Duby, Georges (eds.). 3575:

The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C.–1875 A.D.

3176:– association of merchants, traders and artisans in India 1161:

Guilds are sometimes said to be the precursors of modern

67: 64: 5408:. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press. pp. 419–. 5453:

Elizabeth's London: Everyday Life in Elizabethan London

5406:

A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium

4101:"Livery Company Records & Furthering Your Ancestry" 3507:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 3368:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 2844:, Civil Action No. 05C-5140 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 7, 2005). 2619:

championed a modern variant of the guild structure for

490:

craft guilds are mentioned in the Towncharter of 1156.

5296:

Guilds, Innovation and the European Economy, 1400–1800

5211: 4270:"The Situation with the Sorbs in the Past and Present" 376:

in approximately 133 AD. Following the passage of the

3150:- a German guild of poets, songwriters, and musicians 2710:

In 1878, the London livery companies established the

776:

European guilds imposed long standardized periods of

82: 5474:. Research & Source Works Series. Burt Frankin. 4842:

The Rise of Professional Society; England since 1885

1251:

Livre des métiers de Paris (Book of Trades of Paris)

803:. "In Florence, they were openly distinguished: the 382:

in 45 BC, and its reaffirmation during the reign of

73: 70: 6682: 6607: 6391: 6220: 6162: 6091: 6010: 5962: 5897: 5888: 5787: 5761: 5705: 5664: 4931:"Can College Accreditation Live Up to Its Promise?" 4929:Leef, George C.; Burris, Roxana D. (July 1, 2002). 482:and religious guild. Guilds arose beginning in the 3272: 885:. After this period he could rise to the level of 651:of Spain: e.g., Valencia (1332) or Toledo (1426). 277:-shekel per day freight rate for a 60-gur vessel. 4181:; and James Christopher Postell and Jim Postell, 4050:. Cityoflondon.gov.uk. 2011-08-08. Archived from 2601:Can College Accreditation Live Up To Its Promise? 952:, tin-glazed earthenwares from certain cities in 795:The guild system survived the emergence of early 5180:Understanding Health Policy: A Clinical Approach 3685:"Huge Ancient Roman Shipyard Unearthed in Italy" 3479:275. If anyone hires a ... day as rent therefor. 3389:§234. If a boatman build ... silver as his wage. 865:One of the legacies of the guilds: the elevated 3340:234. If a shipbuilder builds ... as a present . 3052:- Roman associations similar to medieval guilds 1093: 5552:https://books.google.com/books?id=A0rTBgAAQBAJ 4791:. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. 4576: 4574: 116:constructed and used as guild meeting-places. 5866: 5640: 4011:Burton, Edwin; Marique, Pierre (1910-06-01). 2510: 756:). These were the predecessors of the modern 645: 8: 5564:Medieval Guilds – World History Encyclopedia 4894:Deportment of History, University of Alberta 4242: 4240: 3066:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands 198:for length, area, volume, weight, time, and 5293:Epstein, S.R.; Prak, Maarten, eds. (2008). 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4455: 3399: 3397: 1129:— the guilds' power faded. After the 632:The guild system reached a mature state in 5894: 5873: 5859: 5851: 5647: 5633: 5625: 5132:"U.S. v. National Association of Realtors" 4760: 4758: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4504:Journal of the History of Economic Thought 3747:The Crafts And Culture of a Medieval Guild 3744:Jovinelly, Joann; Netelkos, Jason (2006). 2554:restrictive to consumers in their nature. 2517: 2503: 1454: 904:) from which came the middle English word 544:sought vainly to Christianise the guilds. 333:. In 1816, an archeological excavation in 5539:The European Guilds: An Economic Analysis 5402:"Private life conquers state and society" 5336: 5034: 4809:The European Guilds: An Economic Analysis 4686: 4684: 4682: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4134:Centre international de synthese (1971). 3528:§275. If a man hire ... its hire per day. 3061:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London 2985:The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power 2562:limiting work hours among guild members. 991:Guilds of merchants in the Russian Empire 310:. The Roman guilds failed to survive the 217:) stipulated a 2-shekel wage for each 60- 5492:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe 5212:"ADG - Australian Directors' Guild Home" 4664: 4662: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 3542:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe 1257:, the Grand Provost of Paris under King 1125:protections — often revealing the 4935:American Council of Trustees and Alumni 4246: 4201: 4158: 3464:Records of the Past Exploration Society 3417:. Translated by King, Leonard William. 3325:Records of the Past Exploration Society 3207: 3161:- a French guild of poets and musicians 2961:' were allowed to reorganise as guilds. 2611:Quasi-guilds in the information economy 1466: 598:, more than 110 guilds, referred to as 100:. They sometimes depended on grants of 5022:International Review of Social History 4729:. Duke University Press. pp. 2–3. 4644: 4642: 4640: 4233:. Vol. 3. Salem. pp. 1303–7. 3973: 3961: 3897:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3890: 3717:The Constitution of the Roman Republic 3683:Welsh, Jennifer (September 23, 2011). 3275:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 3098:– merchants' guilds in Valencia, Spain 2674:investment in education and research. 2291:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action 1110:their own inability to control unruly 769:declined during the 17th century, the 703:was the normal way of doing business. 5182:(8 ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 4. 4820: 4818: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4136:L'Encyclopedie et les encyclopedistes 625:The medieval Merchant Guild House in 442:, keeping religious texts, arranging 7: 5317:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5029:. Cambridge University Press: 5–18. 4918:. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. 4257: 3986:Rutenburg, Viktor Ivanovich (1988). 3496:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3448:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3409:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3357:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3309:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3215:Gies, Joseph; Gies, Frances (1969). 3143:List of guilds in the United Kingdom 2997:, one of the most popular planes is 2720:City and Guilds of London Art School 27:Association of artisans or merchants 5246:. The Artists Guild. Archived from 5136:United States Department of Justice 5071:City and Guilds of London Institute 4398:Production and Operation Management 4386:, Hildesheim 2013, p. 79. 4355:. London: Unwin Hyman. p. 190. 2842:U.S. v. National Assoc. of Realtors 2712:City and Guilds of London Institute 1091:(Book I, Chapter X, paragraph 72): 454:Middle ages and early modern period 5912:Accidental death and dismemberment 3550:University of North Carolina Press 2538:prerequisite to practising there. 725:A center of urban government: the 604:Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers 25: 4977:METZ, CADE (September 16, 2014). 4844:. Routledge, London and New York. 4396:Bakliwal, V.K. (March 18, 2011). 3458:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 3319:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 2819:as a result of a rigid system of 2752:There are also "craft chambers" ( 43:The Syndics of the Drapers' Guild 6038:Directors and officers liability 4954:SCHWARTZ, PETER (July 1, 1998). 4903:from the original on 2020-10-24. 4859:. Smithsonian Institution Press. 4435:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00417.x 4340:from the original on 2019-04-27. 4323:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00279.x 4218:. The Folio Society. p. 27. 3012: 2838:National Association of Realtors 2695:, the ancient guilds survive as 2484: 667:eventually to widely recognized 594:In England, specifically in the 60: 5550:Oxford University Press, 2015, 5198:The Pharmacy Guild of Australia 4353:The French Revolution 1787-1799 4173:(London: Routledge, 2016), 33. 4113:from the original on 2017-11-16 2911:, an organization known as the 2898:, an organization known as the 2872:The Pharmacy Guild of Australia 706:The guild was at the center of 5364:. Cambridge University Press. 5299:. Cambridge University Press. 4829:. Basic Books, Inc., New York. 4302:Ogilvie, Sheilagh (May 2004). 3988:Feudal society and its culture 3948:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2813:Writers Guild of America, West 2809:Writers Guild of America, East 1339: 1: 5541:. Princeton University Press. 5455:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5232:. Australian Butcher's Guild. 4811:. Princeton University Press. 4400:. Pinnacle Technology, 2011. 4216:Florence: Biography of a City 4214:Hibbert, Christopher (1993). 3046:– Chinese guilds of merchants 2652:open-source-software movement 2471:Common good constitutionalism 1034: 730: 636: 390:required the approval of the 280:A type of guild was known in 211: 196:common Mesopotamian standards 172: 144: 6805:Savings and loan association 5230:"Australian Butchers' Guild" 4372:. Hogarth Press. p. 35. 4185:(London: Wiley, 2007), 284. 4138:. B. Franklin. p. 366. 3256:. Clarendon Press. pp. 3197:– merchants' guilds in Japan 2856:American Medical Association 2335:Popular Representation Party 2296:Brazilian Integralist Action 6238:Insurance-linked securities 5825:Mutualism (economic theory) 5605:(archived 28 November 2006) 5489:Epstein, Steven A. (1991). 4469:Journal of Economic History 3817:Bayerische Staatsbibliothek 3540:Epstein, Steven A. (1995). 3513:University of Chicago Press 3374:University of Chicago Press 3250:Rashdall, Hastings (1895). 3185:Trade Guilds of South India 2860:American Dental Association 2817:cinema of the United States 2631:including any professional 2301:Brazilian Integralist Front 917:The Haarlem Painter's Guild 811:—already there was a 523:of guilds in a town in the 446:, and maintaining specific 6891: 5927:Total permanent disability 5379:Prak, Maarten Roy (2006). 5329:10.1162/jinh.2010.40.4.477 5272:Braudel, Fernand (1992) . 5216:Australian Directors Guild 4872:Guilds in The Middle Agese 4807:Ogilvie, Sheilagh (2019). 4072:Shaxson, Nicholas (2012). 4019:– via Newadvent.org. 2876:Australian Directors Guild 2805:Directors Guild of America 2729:, there are no longer any 1699:Traditionalist Catholicism 1565:Doctrine of the two swords 596:City of London Corporation 400:authorized as legal bodies 161: 139:(at least since 1096) and 29: 6875:Medieval economic history 6830: 6667:Health insurance coverage 5932:Business overhead expense 5537:Ogilvie, Sheilagh. 2019. 5519:. Yale University Press. 5423:Weyrauch, Thomas (1999). 5090:French Historical Studies 5036:10.1017/S0020859008003581 4914:Davidson, Thomas (1900). 4516:10.1080/10427710120049237 4481:10.1017/S0022050700021124 4229:Magill, Frank N. (1972). 4099:Mortorff, Denise (2009). 4017:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2905:In the classic 1939 film 2880:Australian Writers' Guild 2759:Guilds were abolished in 2678:International differences 2330:Palmarian Catholic Church 1320:Independent female guilds 744:), usually issued by the 557:religious confraternities 553:Roman craft organisations 265:contract of affreightment 208:Code of Hammurabi Law 234 6068:Protection and indemnity 5692:Workers' self-management 5601:The last Guild House in 5470:Brentano, Lujo (1969) . 4855:Miller, Lillian (1972). 4725:Crowston, Clare (2001). 4715:. Accessed 26 Nov. 2023. 4698:. Accessed 21 Nov. 2023. 4676:. Accessed 25 Nov. 2023. 4656:. Accessed 25 Nov. 2023. 4634:. Accessed 19 Nov. 2023. 4604:. Accessed 19 Nov. 2023. 4568:. Accessed 29 Nov. 2023. 3990:. Progress. p. 30. 3715:Lintott, Andrew (1999). 2236:Pascendi Dominici Gregis 2190:El liberalismo es pecado 2176:De regno, ad regem Cypri 1667:Political traditionalism 1518:Catholic social teaching 1049:technological innovation 249:. Law 276 stipulated a 2 164:Collegium (ancient Rome) 98:professional association 6525:Explanation of benefits 5997:Variable universal life 5617:Encyclopædia Britannica 5569:Agarwal, Ankit (2012). 5400:Rouche, Michel (1992). 4885:Hamowy, Ronald (1978). 4870:Terry, Dorothy (2000). 4840:Perkin, Harold (1993). 4787:Krause, Elliot (1996). 4772:. Accessed 2 Dec. 2023. 4752:. Accessed 2 Dec. 2023. 4551:. Accessed 2 Dec. 2023. 4456:Epstein & Prak 2008 4423:Economic History Review 4351:Soboul, Alfred (1989). 4311:Economic History Review 3777:Encyclopædia Britannica 3721:Oxford University Press 3218:Life in a medieval city 3118:Guild of St. Bernulphus 3020:Organized labour portal 2973:In Hiro Mashima's work 2716:Imperial College London 2621:independent contractors 2306:Catholic and Royal Army 2201:Famuli vestrae pietatis 689:woolen textile industry 555:, originally formed as 533:egalitarian communities 507:Court of Common Council 505:became the seat of the 325:was any association or 178:–2218 BC), grandson of 135:(established in 1088), 88:) is an association of 6662:Health insurance costs 6063:Professional liability 5769:National Guilds League 5620:(11th ed.). 1911. 5385:. Ashgate Publishing. 5275:The Wheels of Commerce 4916:A History of Education 4369:A History of Socialism 3838:"History and heritage" 3811:Sczesny, Anke (2012). 2705:Preston Guild Merchant 2604: 2592: 2258:O que é o Integralismo 1673:Res publica Christiana 1479: 1340:Women's guild activity 1158: 1098: 1040: 924: 874: 839: 737: 646: 629: 528: 475: 339:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 51: 32:Guild (disambiguation) 6518:Out-of-pocket expense 6379:Workers' compensation 6033:Collateral protection 6023:Business interruption 5815:Libertarian socialism 5451:Picard, Liza (2003). 5427:. VVB Laufersweiler. 5084:Vardi, Liana (1988). 4957:"Re-Organization Man" 4366:Sally Graves (1939). 3913:"Freedom of the City" 3056:Community of practice 3039:Catholic Police Guild 3029:Bourgeois of Brussels 2950:In Terry Pratchett's 2821:intellectual-property 2749:(senior journeyman). 2597: 2584: 2456:Person Dignity Theory 1679:Sun and Moon allegory 1585:Divine right of kings 1478: 1206:Economic consequences 1153: 1088:The Wealth of Nations 1064:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1032: 999:, from the reform of 914: 864: 834: 724: 716:Jean Baptiste Colbert 624: 571:, guilds were called 519: 461: 300:corpus naviculariorum 206:guilds in each city. 202:, which were used by 40: 6741:Corpus Juris Civilis 5830:National syndicalism 5543:covers 1000 to 1880. 5002:Capital and Ideology 4825:Starr, Paul (1982). 4030:Diccionario (1834). 3750:. Rosen. p. 8. 3723:. pp. 183–186. 3607:de Ligt, L. (2001). 2994:Magic: The Gathering 2967:The Venture Brothers 2932:player versus player 2668:Capital and Ideology 2637:intellectual capital 2251:Mes idées politiques 1694:Traditional monarchy 1647:National syndicalism 1642:National Catholicism 1622:Integral nationalism 1595:Ecclesiastical court 1443:In the mid-17th c., 1412:Underground business 1057:business development 355:prescribed the rules 30:For other uses, see 6800:Rochdale Principles 6795:Mutual savings bank 6790:Mutual organization 6775:Cooperative banking 6692:Mesopotamian banker 5972:Longevity insurance 5795:Anarcho-syndicalism 5697:Workplace democracy 5495:. UNC Press Books. 5244:"The Artists Guild" 4382:Holm A. Leonhardt: 4048:"Alphabetical list" 3780:. 1 September 2010. 3452:Records of the Past 3313:Records of the Past 3112:Guild of Saint Luke 2825:DreamWorks Pictures 2801:Screen Actors Guild 2794:The Newspaper Guild 2701:Preston, Lancashire 2588:The Death of Guilds 2491:Politics portal 2410:Clerico-nationalism 1601:Error has no rights 1294:Early modern period 1263:John, Duke of Berry 1106:Communist Manifesto 1053:technology transfer 790:classical economics 754:chamber of commerce 511:Freedom of the City 215: 1755–1750 BC 6552:Insurable interest 6053:Payment protection 5954:Payment protection 5748:Rafael Uribe Uribe 5677:Economic democracy 5599:St. Eloy's Hospice 5000:Picketty, Thomas. 3951:. Merriam-Webster. 3552:. pp. 10–49. 3114:— painter's guilds 3107:Guilds of Brussels 3034:Bourgeois of Paris 2645:economies of scale 1787:Barbey d'Aurevilly 1617:Integral Education 1538:Counter-revolution 1480: 1372:marchande publique 1368:marchande publique 1364:marchande publique 1159: 1041: 1015:Fall of the guilds 1003:(beginning of the 925: 875: 840: 788:until the rise of 738: 630: 529: 503:London's Guildhall 476: 343:Temple of Antinous 169:Naram-Sin of Akkad 52: 6852: 6851: 6697:Code of Hammurabi 6672:Vehicle insurance 6567:Replacement value 6459:Actual cash value 6423:Adverse selection 6413:Actuarial science 6387: 6386: 6319:Kidnap and ransom 6292:Extended warranty 5939:Income protection 5848: 5847: 5800:Council communism 5546:Rosser, Gervase. 5526:978-0-300-15767-3 5502:978-0-8078-4498-4 5462:978-0-297-60729-8 5434:978-3-89687-537-2 5415:978-0-674-39974-7 5392:978-0-7546-5339-4 5371:978-1-139-50039-5 5356:Ogilvie, Sheilagh 5306:978-1-139-47107-7 5285:978-0-520-08115-4 5194:"About the Guild" 4145:978-0-8337-1157-1 4085:978-0-09-954172-1 3997:978-5-01-000528-3 3585:. 1915. pp. 3228:978-0-213-76379-4 3180:Trade association 3169:History of retail 2765:French Revolution 2527: 2526: 2461:Orthodox Peronism 2404:Sodalitium Pianum 1400:Division of labor 1131:French Revolution 867:Windsor Guildhall 786:political economy 727:Guildhall, London 549:Early Middle Ages 462:Traditional hand- 412:Septimius Severus 304:merchant mariners 302:, a collegium of 16:(Redirected from 6882: 6810:Social insurance 6765:Friendly society 6657:Health insurance 6485:Short rate table 6233:Catastrophe bond 6134:Lenders mortgage 5895: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5852: 5820:Market socialism 5738:Bertrand Russell 5687:Workers' control 5672:Direct democracy 5659: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5626: 5621: 5613: 5590: 5530: 5506: 5485: 5466: 5438: 5419: 5396: 5375: 5350: 5340: 5310: 5289: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5156:. 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Malone 2564:Sheilagh Ogilvie 2519: 2512: 2505: 2489: 2488: 2415:Clerical fascism 2324:Milícia Catalana 2278:Action Française 1612:Gelasian Diarchy 1543:Decentralization 1513:Authoritarianism 1455: 1253:was compiled by 1039: 1036: 879:master craftsmen 844:cottage industry 771:Livery Companies 735: 732: 695:economy, and to 673:journeyman years 663:, and then from 649: 641: 638: 600:livery companies 573:corps de métiers 561:Gregory of Tours 484:High Middle Ages 466:guild sign of a 410:to the reign of 329:that acted as a 306:based at Rome's 284:times. Known as 276: 275: 271: 258: 257: 253: 216: 213: 182:who had unified 177: 174: 149: 146: 122:free competition 110:local government 85: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 69: 66: 21: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6826: 6822:Insurance cycle 6785:Fraternal order 6678: 6609: 6603: 6562:Proximate cause 6557:Insurance fraud 6537:General average 6496:Claims adjuster 6438:Risk management 6433:Risk assessment 6397: 6394: 6383: 6349:Prize indemnity 6216: 6164: 6158: 6087: 6048:Over-redemption 6006: 5958: 5949:National health 5890: 5884: 5879: 5849: 5844: 5783: 5757: 5701: 5660: 5657:Guild socialism 5655: 5653: 5608: 5594:Medieval guilds 5568: 5560: 5533: 5527: 5509: 5503: 5488: 5482: 5469: 5463: 5450: 5446: 5444:Further reading 5441: 5435: 5422: 5416: 5399: 5393: 5378: 5372: 5354: 5314: 5307: 5292: 5286: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5161: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5138:. 25 June 2015. 5130: 5129: 5125: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5004:. Galaxy Books. 4999: 4998: 4994: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4889: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4806: 4805: 4796: 4786: 4785: 4776: 4763: 4756: 4743: 4734: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4706: 4702: 4689: 4680: 4667: 4660: 4647: 4638: 4625: 4608: 4595: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4559: 4555: 4542: 4531: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4450: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4381: 4377: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3889: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3868:"Archived copy" 3866: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3800:. Plebs League. 3790: 3789: 3785: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3546:Chapel Hill, NC 3539: 3538: 3534: 3521: 3519: 3498: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3472: 3470: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3423:Yale Law School 3403: 3402: 3395: 3382: 3380: 3359: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3333: 3331: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3229: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3167:- particularly 3123:Guild socialism 3018: 3011: 3008: 2888: 2868: 2849:bar association 2792:— for example, 2782: 2773: 2685: 2680: 2633:legal liability 2613: 2532: 2523: 2483: 2476: 2475: 2364: 2356: 2355: 2318:Integrist Party 2285:Acción Española 2272: 2264: 2263: 2244:El Siglo Futuro 2196:Papal documents 2183:Treatise on Law 2169:The City of God 2158: 2150: 2149: 2005: 1997: 1996: 1767: 1759: 1758: 1744:Israeli/Zionist 1717: 1709: 1708: 1684:Social Kingship 1528:Confessionalism 1498:Anti-liberalism 1488: 1414: 1406:Aix-en-Provence 1402: 1342: 1322: 1301: 1296: 1255:Étienne Boileau 1242: 1240:Medieval period 1237: 1235:Women in guilds 1228: 1226:Product quality 1208: 1148: 1037: 1017: 1001:Peter the Great 993: 856:Florence, Italy 852: 826:Zunftrevolution 733: 701:commodity money 639: 577:Étienne Boileau 499:Norman Conquest 456: 448:religious cults 398:in order to be 386:(27 BC–14 AD), 384:Caesar Augustus 368:established in 359:membership dues 273: 269: 268: 259:-gerah per day 255: 251: 250: 214: 192:Akkadian Empire 180:Sargon of Akkad 175: 166: 160: 154:(as at Paris). 147: 83: 63: 59: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6888: 6886: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6857: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6843:List of topics 6839: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6728:Burial society 6718: 6717: 6716: 6710:§235–238; §240 6702:§100–105; §126 6694: 6688: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6652:Climate change 6644: 6642:United Kingdom 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6589: 6587:Underinsurance 6584: 6579: 6577:Self-insurance 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6344:Political risk 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6324:Legal expenses 6321: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6104:Builder's risk 6101: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6028:Business owner 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5992:Universal life 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5944:Long-term care 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5855: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5788:Related topics 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5774:Fabian Society 5771: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5753:Ernst Wigforss 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5733:Lionel Robbins 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5606: 5596: 5591: 5566: 5559: 5558:External links 5556: 5555: 5554: 5544: 5532: 5531: 5525: 5507: 5501: 5486: 5481:978-0833703682 5480: 5467: 5461: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5433: 5420: 5414: 5397: 5391: 5376: 5370: 5352: 5323:(4): 477–511. 5312: 5305: 5290: 5284: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5235: 5221: 5203: 5185: 5170: 5141: 5123: 5102:10.2307/286554 5096:(4): 704–717. 5076: 5058: 5007: 4992: 4969: 4946: 4921: 4906: 4877: 4862: 4847: 4832: 4814: 4794: 4774: 4754: 4732: 4717: 4713:10.2307/286798 4700: 4678: 4674:10.2307/286796 4658: 4636: 4606: 4602:10.2307/286795 4582: 4570: 4553: 4529: 4510:(2): 217–242. 4494: 4475:(3): 684–713. 4459: 4448: 4429:(1): 175–182. 4413: 4406: 4388: 4375: 4358: 4343: 4317:(2): 286–333. 4294: 4292:Raabe, p. 189. 4285: 4282:on 2011-07-13. 4261: 4250: 4236: 4221: 4206: 4194: 4162: 4151: 4144: 4126: 4091: 4084: 4064: 4039: 4036:pp. 730–. 4022: 4003: 3996: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3934: 3923:on 19 May 2013 3917:City of London 3904: 3859: 3848:on 18 May 2013 3842:City of London 3829: 3803: 3783: 3763: 3756: 3736: 3730:978-0198150688 3729: 3707: 3675: 3662:10.2307/283119 3638: 3619:(2): 346–349. 3599: 3565: 3559:978-0807844984 3558: 3532: 3483: 3460:Washington, DC 3435: 3414:Avalon Project 3393: 3344: 3321:Washington, DC 3296: 3289: 3263: 3242: 3227: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3171: 3162: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3140: 3138:Livery company 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3091:Timpani Guilds 3088: 3083: 3081:Craft Unionism 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2989: 2982:In the series 2980: 2971: 2962: 2948: 2935: 2924: 2913:Lollipop Guild 2903: 2887: 2884: 2867: 2864: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2693:City of London 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2625:remote workers 2612: 2609: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2466:Third Position 2463: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2439: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2369:Traditionalism 2365: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2247: 2240: 2232: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2204: 2193: 2186: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2163:Catholic Bible 2159: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2070:Lamamié (Juan) 2067: 2065:Lamamié (José) 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1704:Ultramontanism 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1629: 1627:Integral state 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1589:Deposing power 1582: 1576: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1551: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1493:Anti-communism 1489: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1471: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1413: 1410: 1401: 1398: 1341: 1338: 1321: 1318: 1300: 1299:Decline thesis 1297: 1295: 1292: 1285:The historian 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1207: 1204: 1147: 1144: 1016: 1013: 997:Russian Empire 992: 989: 883:apprenticeship 851: 848: 778:apprenticeship 767:City of London 742:letters patent 627:Vyborg, Russia 551:, most of the 525:Czech Republic 455: 452: 426:also included 363:burial society 243:ship charterer 194:, promulgated 162:Main article: 159: 156: 102:letters patent 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6887: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6845: 6844: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6647:United States 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6531:Force majeure 6528: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6452:Value of life 6450: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6314:Interest rate 6312: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182:Inland marine 6180: 6178: 6177:GAP insurance 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165:Communication 6161: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5987:Unitised fund 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5977:Mortgage life 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762:Organisations 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713:G. D. H. Cole 5711: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5638: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5611:"Gilds" 5607: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5575:History Today 5572: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5511:Olson, Mancur 5508: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5250:on 2018-10-19 5249: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5171: 5160:on 2022-10-13 5159: 5155: 5154:Practical Law 5151: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5011: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4981: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4950: 4947: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4866: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4409: 4407:9788189472733 4403: 4399: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4278: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4204:, p. 316 4203: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4068: 4065: 4054:on 2012-04-18 4053: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3967: 3964:, p. 432 3963: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3894: 3880:on 2013-07-19 3876: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3759: 3757:9781404207578 3753: 3749: 3748: 3740: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3600: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3424: 3420: 3419:New Haven, CT 3416: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3290:0-684-19279-9 3286: 3282: 3277: 3276: 3267: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3148:Meistersinger 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2945:bounty hunter 2943:, there is a 2942: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2900:Spacing Guild 2897: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2786:United States 2780:North America 2779: 2777: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2576:Ronald Hamowy 2573: 2570:As argued by 2568: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2530:Modern guilds 2529: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2271:Organizations 2268: 2267: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2229:Rerum novarum 2226: 2224: 2223: 2222:Immortale Dei 2219: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2030:Constantine I 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1636:Accidentalism 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1574:Cooperativism 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1346: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1127:trade secrets 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083:d'Allarde Law 1080: 1076: 1073: 1072:laissez-faire 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 990: 988: 987: 983: 979: 975: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 937: 933: 931: 923: 919: 918: 913: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 872: 868: 863: 859: 857: 849: 847: 845: 837: 833: 829: 827: 822: 818: 814: 813:popolo grasso 810: 806: 805:Arti maggiori 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 728: 723: 719: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 652: 650: 648: 635: 628: 623: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 543: 539: 538:West Francian 534: 526: 522: 521:Coats of arms 518: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 473: 469: 465: 460: 453: 451: 449: 445: 441: 438:, practicing 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 380: 375: 371: 367: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 308:La Ostia port 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288: 283: 278: 266: 262: 248: 244: 240: 237:per day on a 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 170: 165: 158:Early history 157: 155: 153: 142: 138: 134: 130: 125: 123: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 86: 78: 57: 49: 45: 44: 39: 33: 19: 6841: 6834: 6780:Credit union 6746: 6739: 6732: 6720: 6592:Underwriting 6547:Insurability 6529: 6508:Co-insurance 6478: 6474:Cancellation 6265:Catastrophic 6250:Climate risk 6078:Trade credit 5810:Distributism 5743:R. H. Tawney 5728:Karl Polanyi 5723:Arthur Penty 5718:S. G. Hobson 5615: 5578: 5574: 5547: 5538: 5515: 5491: 5471: 5452: 5424: 5405: 5381: 5360: 5320: 5316: 5295: 5274: 5252:. Retrieved 5248:the original 5238: 5224: 5206: 5188: 5179: 5173: 5162:. Retrieved 5158:the original 5153: 5144: 5126: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5067:"What We Do" 5061: 5026: 5020: 5010: 5001: 4995: 4984: 4972: 4961: 4949: 4938:. Retrieved 4934: 4924: 4915: 4909: 4893: 4880: 4871: 4865: 4856: 4850: 4841: 4835: 4826: 4808: 4788: 4726: 4720: 4703: 4556: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4451: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4397: 4391: 4383: 4378: 4368: 4361: 4352: 4346: 4314: 4310: 4297: 4288: 4277:the original 4264: 4253: 4247:Ogilvie 2011 4230: 4224: 4215: 4209: 4202:Braudel 1992 4197: 4182: 4170: 4169:E. K. Hunt, 4165: 4159:Braudel 1992 4154: 4135: 4129: 4121: 4115:. Retrieved 4094: 4074: 4067: 4056:. Retrieved 4052:the original 4042: 4032: 4025: 4016: 4006: 3987: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3946: 3937: 3925:. 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Retrieved 3316: 3312: 3299: 3274: 3266: 3252: 3245: 3217: 3210: 3086:Distributism 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2959:seamstresses 2951: 2938: 2917:Dorothy Gale 2906: 2893: 2869: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2798: 2783: 2774: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2709: 2690: 2686: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2649: 2641:ethical code 2614: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2587: 2585: 2580: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547:professional 2544: 2540: 2535:Professional 2533: 2448: 2443:Nacionalismo 2441: 2418: 2402: 2397:Neocatólicos 2395: 2378: 2346: 2339: 2322: 2310: 2283: 2276: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2234: 2227: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2167: 1671: 1657:Panhispanism 1578: 1570:Distributism 1554:Municipalism 1546: 1508:Anti-Zionism 1503:Anti-Masonry 1450: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1423: 1415: 1403: 1391: 1387: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1323: 1314: 1302: 1284: 1277:In medieval 1276: 1272: 1250: 1243: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1213:rent seeking 1209: 1197: 1186: 1178:trade secret 1171: 1160: 1136:corporations 1116: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1086: 1061: 1042: 1024:rent-seeking 1018: 1005:17th century 994: 985: 970: 938: 934: 926: 920:in 1675, by 915: 905: 901: 897: 893: 891: 876: 853: 850:Organization 841: 825: 817:popolo magro 816: 812: 808: 804: 794: 782:mercantilism 775: 739: 729:(engraving, 705: 697:urbanization 677: 653: 644: 631: 616:Remembrancer 607: 593: 588: 587:, guilds or 572: 566: 546: 536:26. In 858, 530: 492: 477: 428:fraternities 423: 392:Roman Senate 387: 377: 365: 347:Antinoöpolis 335:Minya, Egypt 331:legal entity 322: 320: 316:Roman Empire 299: 295: 291: 285: 279: 261:freight rate 239:charterparty 167: 129:universities 126: 118: 55: 53: 41: 6815:Trade union 6770:Cooperative 6443:Uncertainty 6302:Index-based 6270:Multi-peril 6228:Reinsurance 6187:Public auto 6092:Residential 5840:Syndicalism 5805:Corporatism 5779:Blue Labour 5338:1874/386235 4078:. Vintage. 3974:Rouche 1992 3962:Rouche 1992 3792:Starr, Mark 3656:: 149–156. 3221:. Crowell. 3195:Za (guilds) 3190:Trade union 3076:Corporatism 3071:Cooperative 2928:video games 2790:labor union 2763:during the 2743:Obermeister 2420:Estado Novo 2215:Quanta Cura 2004:Politicians 1842:Fontcuberta 1652:Natural law 1607:Familialism 1533:Corporatism 1523:Common good 1468:Integralism 1383:Netherlands 1287:Alice Clark 1140:corporatism 1075:free market 1038: 1820 948:regions of 930:masterpiece 922:Jan de Bray 809:Arti minori 797:capitalists 734: 1805 640: 1300 480:frith guild 434:overseeing 402:. Ruins at 337:produced a 327:corporation 176: 2254 148: 1150 6859:Categories 6610:by country 6608:Insurance 6582:Total loss 6503:Deductible 6464:Cash value 6408:Act of God 6393:Insurance 6307:Parametric 6287:Expatriate 6163:Transport/ 6129:Landlords' 6114:Earthquake 6002:Whole life 5922:Disability 5265:References 5254:2018-10-18 5164:2022-06-26 4940:2022-05-22 4191:0471727962 4179:1317461983 4117:2021-04-01 4058:2012-01-10 3884:2013-03-12 3719:. Oxford: 3579:Newark, NJ 3515:. p. 3376:. p. 2976:Fairy Tail 2921:Land of Oz 2886:In fiction 2858:, and the 2572:Paul Starr 2374:Legitimism 2348:Viva Maria 2341:Sanfedisti 2208:Mirari Vos 2145:de Villèle 2135:dos Santos 2130:Santamaria 1982:Valdivieso 1957:dos Santos 1902:Meinvielle 1857:Gelasius I 1822:Eyzaguirre 1807:Castellani 1689:Solidarity 1662:Patriotism 1632:Monarchism 1559:Organicism 1487:Principles 1434:tresseuses 1358:standing. 1355:Les Halles 1189:shoemakers 1155:Shoemakers 1068:Adam Smith 1045:free trade 974:patricians 966:trademarks 887:journeyman 665:journeyman 657:apprentice 612:Lord Mayor 497:after the 436:sacrifices 247:shipmaster 241:between a 233:rate of 3- 114:guildhalls 6756:Syndicate 6722:Collegium 6617:Australia 6572:Risk pool 6542:Indemnity 6513:Copayment 6447:Knightian 6359:Terrorism 6329:Liability 6197:Satellite 6058:Pollution 5982:Term life 5891:insurance 5889:Types of 5882:Insurance 5835:Socialism 5587:2249-748X 5513:(2008) . 5347:145272268 5110:0016-1071 4489:154609939 4443:154741942 4331:154328341 4258:Prak 2006 3813:"Zuenfte" 3625:0023-8856 3492:Hammurabi 3444:Hammurabi 3405:Hammurabi 3353:Hammurabi 3305:Hammurabi 3102:Guildhall 3050:Collegium 2953:Discworld 2940:Star Wars 2866:Australia 2747:Altgesell 2703:, as the 2656:Microsoft 2629:Insurance 2615:In 1998, 2450:El Yunque 2431:Francoism 2426:Falangism 2391:Miguelism 2380:Federales 2312:Cristeros 2040:Fernández 2035:Estévanez 2025:Clavarana 1972:Taparelli 1802:de Bonald 1777:Augustine 1722:Brazilian 1394:Louis XIV 1379:Amsterdam 1247:silkwomen 1200:antitrust 1146:Influence 1123:copyright 1112:corporate 1101:Karl Marx 1079:feudalism 962:Chantilly 942:Champagne 871:town hall 836:Locksmith 801:piecework 762:trademark 712:Louis XIV 661:craftsman 610:, as the 585:Barcelona 444:festivals 404:Lambaesis 379:Lex Julia 366:collegium 323:collegium 287:collegium 190:into the 94:merchants 48:Rembrandt 6836:Category 6714:§275–277 6632:Pakistan 6480:Pro rata 6369:War risk 6334:No-fault 6245:Casualty 6202:Shipping 6172:Aviation 6149:Renters' 6144:Property 6139:Mortgage 6109:Contents 6083:Umbrella 6043:Fidelity 6011:Business 5907:Accident 5665:Concepts 5358:(2011). 5053:39908767 5045:26405465 4898:Archived 4770:44613682 4750:23699806 4654:25012124 4632:26405466 4549:30053631 4524:13298305 4335:Archived 4108:Archived 4013:"Guilds" 3893:cite web 3794:(1919). 3700:June 23, 3633:41539517 3592:June 15, 3522:June 20, 3494:(1904). 3473:June 20, 3446:(1903). 3428:June 20, 3407:(1910). 3383:June 20, 3355:(1904). 3334:June 20, 3307:(1903). 3154:Merchant 3006:See also 2896:universe 2827:founder 2739:Innungen 2660:Advogato 2552:directly 2363:See also 2120:Rocamora 2100:Olazábal 2080:Louis IX 1992:Veuillot 1987:Vermeule 1962:Sardinha 1872:González 1817:Delassus 1766:Thinkers 1749:Lusitano 1734:Catholic 1716:Variants 1579:Guildism 1460:a series 1458:Part of 1259:Louis IX 1182:monopoly 1007:) until 946:Bordeaux 821:merchant 807:and the 708:European 685:Florence 683:, as in 614:and the 608:The City 488:Augsburg 424:Collegia 408:mariners 388:collegia 370:Lanuvium 351:Aegyptus 312:collapse 292:collegia 90:artisans 6761:Benefit 6748:Digesta 6684:History 6418:Actuary 6374:Weather 6364:Tuition 6354:Takaful 6282:Deposit 6212:Vehicle 5603:Utrecht 4696:2123610 4566:3174558 3943:"guild" 3927:25 June 3852:25 June 3822:3 March 3772:"Guild" 3613:Latomus 3509:Chicago 3370:Chicago 3133:Kibbutz 2999:Ravnica 2934:combat. 2919:to the 2891:In the 2784:In the 2727:Germany 2691:In the 2658:, e.g. 2436:Tacuara 2386:Carlism 2140:Senante 2125:Sánchez 2115:Quiroga 2095:Nocedal 2085:Maurras 2075:Larraín 2020:Barroso 2015:Ahimeir 2010:Abascal 1977:Urquiza 1952:Salvany 1947:Salgado 1932:le Play 1922:Pius IX 1897:Maurras 1887:Madiran 1827:Ezcurra 1772:Aquinas 1754:Spanish 1334:Cologne 1279:Cologne 1198:Modern 1193:barbers 1167:cartels 1163:cartels 1103:in his 1020:Ogilvie 995:In the 980:, i.e. 978:Wendish 954:Holland 906:journei 902:journée 894:journey 647:gremios 634:Germany 547:In the 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