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Officials could also conduct multiple executions faster, thanks to a more effective blade recovery system and the eventual removal of the tilting board (bascule). Those deemed likely to struggle were backed slowly into the device from behind a curtain to prevent them from seeing it prior to the execution. A metal screen covered the blade as well in order to conceal it from the sight of the condemned.
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However, because the guillotine was invented specifically to be more humane, the issue of whether or not the condemned experiences pain has been thoroughly examined and remains a controversial topic. Certain eyewitness accounts of guillotine executions suggest anecdotally that awareness may persist momentarily after decapitation, although there is no scientific consensus on the matter.
838:, which is now the Tribunal Judiciaire de Versailles. Numerous issues with the proceedings arose: inappropriate behaviour by spectators, incorrect assembly of the apparatus, and secret cameras filming and photographing the execution from several storeys above. In response, the French government ordered that future executions be conducted in the prison courtyard in private.
611:, claimed in his memoirs that King Louis XVI, an amateur locksmith, recommended that the device employ an oblique blade rather than a crescent one, lest the blade not be able to cut through all necks; the neck of the king, who himself died by guillotine years later, was offered up discreetly as an example. The first execution by guillotine was performed on a highwayman
326:. While the name "guillotine" dates from this period, similar devices had been in use elsewhere in Europe over several centuries. Use of an oblique blade and the pillory-like restraint device set this type of guillotine apart from others. Display of severed heads had long been one of the most common ways European sovereigns exhibited their power to their subjects.
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regime enacted the 10/59 Decree in 1959, mobile special military courts were dispatched to the countryside in order to intimidate the rural population; they used guillotines, which had belonged to the former French colonial power, in order to carry out death sentences on the spot. One such guillotine
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The original German guillotines resembled the French Berger 1872 model, but they eventually evolved into sturdier and more effective machines. Built primarily of metal instead of wood, these new guillotines had heavier blades than their French predecessors and thus could use shorter uprights as well.
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Ever since the guillotine's first use, there has been debate as to whether or not the guillotine provided as swift and painless a death as
Guillotin had hoped. With previous methods of execution that were intended to be painful, few expressed concern about the level of suffering that they inflicted.
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were beheaded with a sword or an axe, which often took two or more blows to kill the condemned. The condemned or their families would sometimes pay the executioner to ensure that the blade was sharp in order to achieve a quick and relatively painless death. Commoners were usually hanged, which could
1025:, the Netherlands, the first person to be beheaded was Anthony van Benthem, a criminal confined in a mental institution. He killed a cellmate after being called a sodomite. He was executed at Paardenveld on 27 July 1811. Back then, the Netherlands was part of the French Empire, Utrecht being in the
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It was at that point that I called out again and, once more, without any spasm, slowly, the eyelids lifted and undeniably living eyes fixed themselves on mine with perhaps even more penetration than the first time. Then there was a further closing of the eyelids, but now less complete. I attempted
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Within these three openings are the hallows set for them. And behold what I would do to them if their three heads were therein ... She setteth her hand toward the openings and draweth forth a pin that was fastened into the wall, and a cutting blade of steel droppeth down, of steel sharper than any
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Next
Languille's eyes very definitely fixed themselves on mine and the pupils focused themselves. I was not, then, dealing with the sort of vague dull look without any expression, that can be observed any day in dying people to whom one speaks: I was dealing with undeniably living eyes which were
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For a time, executions by guillotine were a popular form of entertainment that attracted great crowds of spectators, with vendors selling programs listing the names of the condemned. But more than being popular entertainment alone during the Terror, the guillotine symbolized revolutionary ideals:
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I waited for several seconds. The spasmodic movements ceased. It was then that I called in a strong, sharp voice: "Languille!" I saw the eyelids slowly lift up, without any spasmodic contractions – I insist advisedly on this peculiarity – but with an even movement,
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Here, then, is what I was able to note immediately after the decapitation: the eyelids and lips of the guillotined man worked in irregularly rhythmic contractions for about five or six seconds. This phenomenon has been remarked by all those finding themselves in the same conditions as myself for
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in
England was a wooden structure consisting of two wooden uprights, capped by a horizontal beam, of a total height of 4.5 metres (15 ft). The blade was an axe head weighing 3.5 kg (7.7 lb), attached to the bottom of a massive wooden block that slid up and down in grooves in the
588:, physician to the King and Secretary to the Academy of Surgery. Guillotin was also on the committee. The group was influenced by beheading devices used elsewhere in Europe, such as the Italian Mannaia (or Mannaja, which had been used since Roman times), the
844:(17 November 1903 – 30 July 1943) was one of the last women to be executed in France. Giraud was convicted in Vichy France and was guillotined for having performed 27 abortions in the Cherbourg area on 30 July 1943. Her story was dramatized in the 1988 film
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at the bottom of the frame, holding the position of the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass; the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below.
820:, from whom they obtained parts, the knife and lunette, of one of the original guillotines used during the Reign of Terror. The executioner had "pawned his guillotine, and got into woeful trouble for alleged trafficking in municipal property".
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469:, in 1581, and a 1644 publication began circulating the legend that Morton himself commissioned the Maiden after he had seen the Halifax Gibbet. The Maiden was readily dismantled for storage and transport, and it is now on display in the
647:(in English: To the lamp post!) symbolized popular justice in revolutionary France. The revolutionary radicals hanged officials and aristocrats from street lanterns and also employed more gruesome methods of execution, such as
1018:, Belgium, the last person to be beheaded was Francis Kol. Convicted of robbery and murder, he received his punishment on 8 May 1856. During the period from 19 March 1798 to 30 March 1856, there were 19 beheadings in Antwerp.
596:(3.5 kg). While many of these prior instruments crushed the neck or used blunt force to take off a head, a number of them also used a crescent blade to behead and a hinged two-part yoke to immobilize the victim's neck.
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to implement a less painful alternative. While not the device's inventor, Guillotin's name ultimately became an eponym for it. Contrary to popular myth, Guillotin did not die by guillotine but rather by natural causes.
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The guillotine remained the official method of execution in France until the death penalty was abolished in 1981. The final three guillotinings in France before its abolition were those of child-murderers
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on 25 April 1792 in front of what is now Place de l'Hôtel de Ville, the city hall of Paris. All citizens condemned to die were from then on executed there, until the scaffold was moved on 21 August to the
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used the guillotine between 1933 and 1945 to execute 16,500 prisoners, 10,000 of them in 1944 and 1945 alone. Notable political victims executed by the guillotine under the Nazi government included
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1860:
Pre-1971 Code de
Justice Militaire, article 336: "Les justiciables des juridictions des forces armées condamnés à la peine capitale sont fusillés dans un lieu désigné par l'autorité militaire."
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had inflicted manual beheading and a variety of methods of execution, many of which were more gruesome and required a high level of precision and skill to carry out successfully.
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uprights. This device was mounted on a large square platform 1.25 metres (4 ft) high. It is not known when the
Halifax Gibbet was first used; the first recorded execution in
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In the
Western Hemisphere, the guillotine saw only limited use. The only recorded guillotine execution in North America north of the Caribbean took place on the French island of
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razor, and closeth up the three openings. "Even thus will I cut off their heads when they shall set them into those three openings thinking to adore the hallows that are beyond."
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In Sweden, beheading became the mandatory method of execution in 1866. The guillotine replaced manual beheading in 1903, and it was used only once, in the execution of murderer
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A number of countries, primarily in Europe, continued to employ this method of execution into the 19th and 20th centuries, but they ceased to use it before France did in 1977.
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until abolition of the death penalty in 1981, apart from certain crimes against the security of the state, or for the death sentences passed by military courts, which entailed
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501:, who proposed on 10 October 1789 the use of a special device to carry out executions in France in a more humane manner. A death penalty opponent, he was displeased with the
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According to Nazi records, the guillotine was eventually used to execute some 16,500 people between 1933 and 1945, many of them resistance fighters and political dissidents.
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Having only one method of civil execution for all regardless of class was also seen as an expression of equality among citizens. The guillotine was then the only civil
322:, where the revolution's supporters celebrated it as the people's avenger and the revolution's opponents vilified it as the pre-eminent symbol of the violence of the
903:, where about 150 people were beheaded between 1850 and 1945: most of them were convicts exiled from France and incarcerated within the "bagne", or penal colonies.
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progressed, the
National Assembly researched a new method to be used on all condemned people regardless of class, consistent with the idea that the purpose of
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789:. The man about to be beheaded, Pierre Vaillat, robbed and killed two elder siblings on Christmas Day 1896. He was convicted of his crimes on 9 March 1897.
749:); the guillotine stood in the corner near the Hôtel Crillon where the City of Brest Statue can be found today. The machine was moved several times, to the
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1872:: "By exception to article 12, when the death penalty is handed for crimes against the safety of the State, execution shall take place by firing squad.".
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The machine was judged successful because it was considered a humane form of execution in contrast with more cruel methods used in the pre-revolutionary
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The use of beheading machines in Europe long predates such use during the French
Revolution in 1792. An early example of the principle is found in the
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equality in death equivalent to equality before the law; open and demonstrable revolutionary justice; and the destruction of privilege under the
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773:, then the popular public face of lower-class patriotic radicalism, thus considered the guillotine a positive force for revolutionary progress.
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Louis
Collenot d'Angremont was a royalist famed for having been the first guillotined for his political ideas, on 21 August 1792. During the
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the effect of a third call; there was no further movement – and the eyes took on the glazed look which they have in the dead.
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868:(on 10 September 1977) in Marseille. Djandoubi's death was the last time that the guillotine was used for an execution by any government.
442:, or "Remedies for Both Good and Bad Fortune" shows a device similar to the Halifax Gibbet in the background being used for an execution.
2659:). New York, NY, 1839. No ISBN. (First Edition. Many reprintings of this important history have been done during the last two centuries.)
934:("beheading machine") and was used in various German states from the 19th century onwards, becoming the preferred method of execution in
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maker, to construct a prototype. Antoine Louis is also credited with the design of the prototype. France's official executioner,
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were sent to the guillotine. Most of the time, executions in Paris were carried out in the Place de la
Revolution (former Place
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1058:, Stockholm. Ander was also the last person to be executed in Sweden before capital punishment was abolished there in 1921.
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and German engineer Tobias Schmidt built a prototype for the guillotine. According to the memoir of the French executioner
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The design of the guillotine was intended to make capital punishment more reliable and less painful in accordance with new
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On 6 August 1909, the guillotine was used at the junction of the Boulevard Arago and the Rue de la Santé, behind the
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Gabriel Beaurieux, a physician who observed the head of executed prisoner Henri Languille, wrote on 28 June 1905:
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A retouched photo of the execution of Languille in 1905 with foreground figures painted in over the original photo
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who were executed at the guillotine in 1793. Towards the end of the Terror in 1794, revolutionary leaders such as
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quite distinct and normal, such as happens in everyday life, with people awakened or torn from their thoughts.
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dates from 1280, but that execution may have been by sword, axe, or gibbet. The machine remained in use until
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In recent years, a limited number of individuals have killed themselves using self-constructed guillotines.
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This article is about the device used to carry out executions by beheading. For the paper slicing tool, see
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Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688–1847 / edited by Henry Sanson. pp 260–261.
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abbaye de monte-à-regret : définition avec Bob, dictionnaire d'argot, l'autre trésor de la langue
2354:"Georgia House of Representatives – 1995/1996 Sessions HB 1274 – Death penalty; guillotine provisions"
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During the span of its usage, the French guillotine has gone by many names, some of which include:
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After its adoption, the device remained France's standard method of judicial execution until the
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n 1792, Nicholas-Jacques Pelletier became the first person to be put to death with a guillotine.
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criminal court, designed a beheading machine and employed Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer and
405:, dated to about 1210. Although the device is imaginary, its function is clear. The text says:
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1702:"Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688–1847 / Edited by Henry Sanson"
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Ich gehe bis nach Karlsruhe: Eine Geschichte des Bundesverfassungsgerichts – Ein SPIEGEL-Buch
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1673:"1738–1814 – Joseph-Ignace Guillotin : biographie historique d'une figure saintaise"
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R. Po-chia Hsia, Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith,
2143:""Grausam, unmenschlich und erniedrigend" – Celler Häftlinge gegen Hinrichtungen in USA"
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in September 1967 when the murderers Paul Beirau and Günter Herzfeld were executed. The
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between June 1793 and July 1794 about 17,000 people were guillotined, including former
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The Making of the West, Peoples and Culture, A Concise History, Volume II: Since 1340
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in 1307" showing a similar execution machine, suggesting its early use in Ireland.
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972:, who was convicted of high treason after distributing anti-Nazi pamphlets at the
767:, which used separate forms of execution for nobility and commoners. The Parisian
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used the guillotine in East Germany between 1950 and 1966 for secret executions.
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and executed by guillotine in January 1934. The Nazi government also guillotined
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In the late 1840s, the Tussaud brothers Joseph and Francis, gathering relics for
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910:(which had a bagne too until the end of the 19th century) and at least twice in
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should always take the form of decapitation "by means of a simple mechanism".
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of 1577 included a picture of "The execution of Murcod Ballagh near Merton in
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2242:[The angel maker in Helsingborg drowned eight foster care children].
1047:) was introduced as a method of execution in 1834; it was last used in 1913.
465:, Scotland and was in use from April 1565 to 1710. One of those executed was
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in 1981. The last person to be executed by a government via guillotine was
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and other common, more grisly methods of execution and sought to persuade
302:. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled
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A 20 April 1897 public execution by guillotine in front of the prison of
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Around the World in 220 Days: The Odyssey of an American Traveler Abroad
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suggested the use of a straight, angled blade instead of a curved one.
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Does the head remain briefly conscious after decapitation (revisited)?
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For a period of time after its invention, the guillotine was called a
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1390:
Loi n°81-908 du 9 octobre 1981 portant abolition de la peine de mort
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629:. In France, before the invention of the guillotine, members of the
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History of the guillotine, construction details, with rare photos
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looking at me. After several seconds, the eyelids closed again .
2653:
The French Revolution in Three Volumes, Volume 3: The Guillotine
1899:"Goodness Beyond Virtue: Jacobins During the French Revolution "
1686:
website, accessed 2009-06-27, citing M. Georges de Labruyère in
980:, and other members of the German student resistance group, the
938:
times in many parts of the country. The guillotine, axe and the
581:
was simply to end life rather than to inflict unnecessary pain.
385:, introduced in 1564 and used until 1716, now on display at the
2769:
1627:
Parker, John William (26 July 1834). "The Halifax Gibbet-Law".
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In Switzerland, it was used for the last time by the canton of
230:
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1343:, Second Edition (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 664.
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suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with a
2442:"Russian engineer commits suicide with homemade guillotine"
1731:. National Museum of Crime & Punishment. Archived from
1081:
In the United States in 1996, Georgia State Representative
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in 1965. In South America, the guillotine was only used in
880:
in 1889, of Joseph Néel, with a guillotine brought in from
705:; the person who had just been executed in this drawing is
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was constructed in 1564 for the Provost and Magistrates of
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Apparatus designed for carrying out executions by beheading
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Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
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Louisette or Louison (from the name of prototype designer
1122:
observing what happens after the severing of the neck ...
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were the legal methods of execution during the era of the
434:(1495–1537) woodcut illustration from the 1532 edition of
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2279:. Cornell University Southeast Asia Program. p. 27.
1437:
High History of the Grail, translated by Sebastian Evans
266:
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Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police
2152:(in German). Celle, Germany. 10 October 2007. p. 15
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La Raccourcisseuse Patriotique (The Patriotic Shortener)
1085:
unsuccessfully sponsored a bill to replace that state's
294:) is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out
333:
ideas of human rights. Prior to use of the guillotine,
2240:"Änglamakerskan i Helsingborg dränkte åtta fosterbarn"
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No Other Road to Take: Memoir of Mrs Nguyen Thi Dinh
1851:: "Any person sentenced to death shall be beheaded."
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Essays on the early period of the French Revolution
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71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1587:, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Ltd, p. 22,
1190:La Cravate à Capet (Capet's Necktie, Capet being
864:(on 23 June 1977) in Douai and torturer-murderer
641:, prior to the guillotine's adoption, the slogan
2532:. Medical Publishing Company. 1898. p. 436.
2057:"8 Things You May Not Know About the Guillotine"
1490:, Williams and Norgate (1916), pp. 137, 299–303.
2552:. Languefrancaise.net. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
2086:. Schultz, Arthur R. (Trans.). Middletown, CT:
1926:"The Last Public Execution by Guillotine, 1939"
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709:. Robespierre is the figure marked "10" in the
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1399:. Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
1206:La Bascule à Charlot (Charlot's Rocking-chair)
830:The last public guillotining in France was of
713:, holding a handkerchief to his shattered jaw.
2781:
2722:with a gallery, history, name list, and quiz.
906:Within the Southern Hemisphere, it worked in
8:
2620:. Ktakafka.free.fr. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
427:forbade capital punishment for petty theft.
314:The guillotine is best known for its use in
2015:"The history of beheading and decapitation"
490:. However, it was later named after French
2788:
2774:
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1824:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p.
1043:In Greece, the guillotine (along with the
872:Overseas departments and regions of France
1993:"A Bit of France off the Coast of Canada"
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
2275:Nguyen Thi Dinh; Mai V. Elliott (1976).
2121:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. p. 55.
1203:Les Bois de Justice (Timbers of Justice)
1154:Le Vasistas or La Lucarne (The Fanlight)
887:In the Caribbean, it was used rarely in
3136:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
2586:. Medarus.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
1795:. New York: H. Holt. pp. 222–223.
1764:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2007. p.
1433:
1431:
1298:
1151:Le Rasoir National (The National Razor)
1148:La Monte-à-regret (The Regretful Climb)
799:Church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie
2639:. Whonamedit. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
2390:from the original on 27 September 2008
1976:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1969:
1901:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard. p. 283.
1612:Executive Producer Don Cambou (2001).
1562:
1160:Le Moulin à Silence (The Silence Mill)
2655:. Charles C. Little and James Brown (
2466:Buncomber, Andrew (3 December 1999).
2003:from the original on 1 December 2017.
1991:Wren, Christopher S. (27 July 1986).
1915:, Evans Brothers Limited, pp. 142–43.
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
7:
3141:Capital punishment for homosexuality
2508:from the original on 25 January 2010
1958:from the original on 1 December 2017
1353:Janes, Regina (1991). "Beheadings".
1327:participating institution membership
1209:Le Prix Goncourt des Assassins (The
895:; its last use in the region was at
69:adding citations to reliable sources
2611:guillotine du XIVeme arrondissement
2577:Joseph-Ignace GUILLOTIN (1738–1814)
2478:from the original on 2 January 2017
2411:"Man kills himself with guillotine"
2409:Sulivan, Anne (16 September 2007).
2360:from the original on 4 October 2013
2356:. The General Assembly of Georgia.
2219:from the original on 5 October 2017
2207:Bolmstedt, Åsa (21 December 2006).
2115:Rolf Lamprecht (5 September 2011).
2055:Andrews, Evan (15 September 2014).
1475:, The Guillotine Headquarters 2014.
1282:Use of capital punishment by nation
964:, a Dutch communist blamed for the
801:, before being moved again, to the
546:after whom the guillotine was named
2031:Guillotine: The Timbers of Justice
1886:. London: Penguin. pp. 75–76.
25:
3064:Most recent executions by country
2238:Rystad, Johan G. (1 April 2015).
2171:John O. Koehler (5 August 2008).
2083:The White Rose: Munich, 1942–1943
467:James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton
2325:Kruzel, John (1 November 2013).
1708:from the original on 11 May 2014
1456:, The British Museum Collection.
1225:
987:The guillotine was last used in
860:(on 28 July 1976) in Marseille,
660:legal execution method in France
565:Sensing the growing discontent,
518:French surgeon and physiologist
348:on 10 September 1977 in France.
253:
205:
163:
45:
3116:Religion and capital punishment
2691:Guillotine; Its Legend and Lore
1870:Pre-1981 penal code, article 13
1849:Pre-1981 penal code, article 12
1760:Chase's Calendar of Events 2007
693:'s execution on 16 October 1793
342:abolition of capital punishment
56:needs additional citations for
2380:"Guillotine death was suicide"
2197:Gazet van Mechelen, 8 May 1956
2034:. History Press. p. 131.
2028:Robert Frederick Opie (2013).
1884:"The Guilloine and the Terror"
1616:. A&E Television Networks.
1555:Sanson, Charles-Henri (1831).
816:, grandson of the executioner
550:On 10 October 1789, physician
440:De remediis utriusque fortunae
402:High History of the Holy Grail
1:
3059:Enforcement or use by country
2762:", 17 December 1881, pp. 392.
2737:"The Guillotine Headquarters"
2468:"Guillotine used for suicide"
1614:Modern Marvels: Death Devices
1487:Edinburgh, A Historical Study
1036:in the execution of murderer
926:, the guillotine is known as
812:wax museum, visited the aged
599:Laquiante, an officer of the
3182:Capital punishment in France
2760:The Origin of the Guillotine
1644:Croker, John Wilson (1857).
1247:Capital punishment in France
1200:La demi-lune (The Half-Moon)
1173:Mirabelle (from the name of
991:in 1949 in the execution of
2986:Hanged, drawn and quartered
2720:The Guillotine Headquarters
2417:. Tennessee. Archived from
2327:"Bring Back the Guillotine"
2300:Farrara, Andrew J. (2004).
2211:[The angel maker].
2177:. Basic Books. p. 18.
1559:. Tôme 3. pp. 400–408.
1530:"Origins of the Guillotine"
1411:"History of the guillotine"
471:National Museum of Scotland
387:National Museum of Scotland
36:Guillotine (disambiguation)
3213:
2304:. Buy Books. p. 415.
1897:Higonnet, Patrice (2000).
637:In the early phase of the
318:, particularly during the
29:
2669:History of the Guillotine
2215:(in Swedish). LRF Media.
2088:Wesleyan University Press
1509:National Museums Scotland
1466:History of the guillotine
1314:Oxford English Dictionary
664:execution by firing squad
613:Nicolas Jacques Pelletier
584:A committee formed under
2805:Current judicial methods
2688:Gerould, Daniel (1992).
2672:(1st ed.), London:
2616:8 September 2013 at the
2582:15 December 2012 at the
1911:Leonard Cottrell (1952)
1816:Abbott, Jeffery (2007).
1569:: CS1 maint: location (
1471:6 September 2015 at the
1139:Names for the guillotine
1070:is still on show at the
369:on its original site in
3172:18th-century inventions
2498:"Can the head survive?"
1882:Arasse, Daniel (1989).
1319:Oxford University Press
1180:La Bécane (The Machine)
805:, on 29 November 1851.
552:Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
544:Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
499:Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
371:Halifax, West Yorkshire
149:The guillotine used in
2635:4 October 2012 at the
1930:Rare Historical Photos
1718:accessed 28 April 2016
1136:
1105:
803:Grande Roquette prison
790:
739:Maximilien Robespierre
714:
703:Maximilien Robespierre
694:
682:
569:banned the use of the
547:
534:Introduction in France
447:Holinshed's Chronicles
412:
393:
374:
154:
34:. For other uses, see
2548:14 March 2014 at the
1650:. J. Murray. p.
1630:The Saturday Magazine
1103:
1089:with the guillotine.
995:and was last used in
962:Marinus van der Lubbe
784:
700:
688:
677:
541:
380:
364:
153:between 1789 and 1821
148:
1789:Scurr, Ruth (2007).
1678:20 July 2011 at the
1671:Edmond-Jean Guérin,
1454:Asset No. 1613536198
1395:31 July 2013 at the
1170:Madame La Guillotine
1157:La Veuve (The Widow)
974:University of Munich
946:(1871–1918) and the
818:Charles-Henri Sanson
814:Henry-Clément Sanson
755:Place de la Bastille
747:Place de la Concorde
653:burning at the stake
634:take many minutes.
609:Charles-Henri Sanson
524:Charles-Henri Sanson
65:improve this article
3192:Execution equipment
2949:Republican marriage
2878:Damnatio ad bestias
2756:Scientific American
1317:(Online ed.).
1257:Henri Désiré Landru
1072:War Remnants Museum
930:("falling axe") or
842:Marie-Louise Giraud
507:Louis XVI of France
3167:1789 introductions
3121:Wrongful execution
3033:Suffocation in ash
2889:Blowing from a gun
2797:Capital punishment
2664:John Wilson Croker
2440:Staglin, Douglas.
2256:on 8 December 2015
1997:The New York Times
1735:on 1 February 2009
1583:R. F. Opie (2003)
1557:Mémoires de Sanson
1536:. 4 September 2011
1262:Rozalia Lubomirska
1106:
791:
751:Place de la Nation
715:
695:
683:
618:Place du Carrousel
579:capital punishment
573:. In 1791, as the
560:capital punishment
548:
394:
375:
155:
3197:French inventions
3149:
3148:
3126:Botched execution
2749:The Straight Dope
2735:Fabricius, Jørn.
2651:Carlyle, Thomas.
2421:on 19 August 2016
2386:. 24 April 2003.
2150:Cellesche Zeitung
2128:978-3-641-06094-7
2101:978-0-8195-6086-5
1835:978-0-312-36656-8
1802:978-0-8050-8261-6
1775:978-0-07-146818-3
1409:Fabricius, Jørn.
1325:(Subscription or
1272:Plötzensee Prison
1242:Bals des victimes
1183:Le Massicot (The
1056:Långholmen Prison
1038:Hans Vollenweider
976:with her brother
858:Christian Ranucci
795:French Revolution
701:The execution of
678:The execution of
639:French Revolution
575:French Revolution
556:National Assembly
365:A replica of the
320:French Revolution
141:
140:
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16:(Redirected from
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2830:Lethal injection
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719:Reign of Terror
707:Georges Couthon
672:
670:Reign of Terror
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3187:Decapitation
3023:Slow slicing
3005:
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2823:firing squad
2747:
2730:(in English)
2690:
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2657:Little Brown
2652:
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2510:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2482:11 September
2480:. Retrieved
2471:
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2451:11 September
2449:. Retrieved
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2425:11 September
2423:. Retrieved
2419:the original
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2394:26 September
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2250:Egmont Group
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1792:Fatal Purity
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1733:the original
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1538:. Retrieved
1533:
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1512:. Retrieved
1504:
1501:"The Maiden"
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1418:. Retrieved
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1308:"guillotine"
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1065:, after the
1060:
1052:Alfred Ander
1049:
1045:firing squad
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1029:department.
1020:
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997:East Germany
989:West Germany
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940:firing squad
932:Köpfmaschine
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80:"Guillotine"
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
32:Paper cutter
3079:Executioner
2919:Crucifixion
2894:Brazen bull
2884:Blood eagle
2865:Ancient and
2845:Gas chamber
2696:Blast Books
2674:John Murray
1962:21 November
1484:Maxwell, H
1387:(in French)
1096:Controversy
1054:in 1910 at
605:harpsichord
18:Guillotined
3162:Guillotine
3156:Categories
3043:Waist chop
3007:Mazzatello
3001:Ishikozume
2996:Impalement
2991:Immurement
2981:Guillotine
2929:Decimation
2630:Guillotine
2512:17 October
2338:30 January
2260:1 December
2223:1 December
2090:. p.
1657:21 October
1633:(132): 32.
1593:0750930349
1585:Guillotine
1534:Snopes.com
1329:required.)
1294:References
1233:Law portal
1083:Doug Teper
982:White Rose
936:Napoleonic
893:Martinique
889:Guadeloupe
882:Martinique
878:St. Pierre
836:Versailles
793:After the
777:Retirement
735:Saint-Just
725:and Queen
601:Strasbourg
592:, and the
398:Old French
357:Precursors
296:executions
159:guillotine
151:Luxembourg
121:April 2017
91:newspapers
3101:Last meal
3074:Death row
2976:Gibbeting
2850:Beheading
2682:Q19040187
2446:USA Today
2364:3 October
1565:cite book
1505:Nms.ac.uk
1192:Louis XVI
1040:in 1940.
1027:Zuyderzée
1007:Elsewhere
649:the wheel
567:Louis XVI
528:Louis XVI
514:Invention
496:Freemason
492:physician
488:louisette
482:Etymology
463:Edinburgh
391:Edinburgh
373:, in 2008
300:beheading
3106:Penology
3018:Scaphism
2956:Elephant
2944:Drowning
2924:Crushing
2818:Shooting
2678:Wikidata
2666:(1853),
2633:Archived
2614:Archived
2580:Archived
2546:Archived
2506:Archived
2476:Archived
2388:Archived
2384:BBC News
2358:Archived
2217:Archived
2080:(1983).
2001:Archived
1972:cite web
1956:Archived
1936:22 April
1706:Archived
1704:. 1876.
1688:le Matin
1676:Archived
1514:2 August
1469:Archived
1420:21 March
1393:Archived
1219:See also
1175:Mirabeau
1034:Obwalden
928:Fallbeil
753:and the
743:Louis XV
631:nobility
436:Petrarch
291:-yə-teen
3028:Stoning
2971:Garrote
2966:Flaying
2961:Falling
2914:Burning
2899:Boiling
2869:methods
2855:Stoning
2813:Hanging
2156:28 July
2061:HISTORY
1739:13 June
1371:2928715
1023:Utrecht
1016:Antwerp
924:Germany
918:Germany
711:tumbrel
452:Ireland
421:Halifax
352:History
308:pillory
201:-ə-teen
105:scholar
3013:Sawing
2909:Burial
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383:Maiden
335:France
316:France
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2332:Slate
2146:(PDF)
1712:9 May
1367:JSTOR
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558:that
304:blade
112:JSTOR
98:books
3084:list
2700:ISBN
2514:2020
2484:2016
2453:2016
2427:2016
2396:2008
2366:2013
2340:2020
2306:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2262:2015
2225:2015
2179:ISBN
2158:2024
2123:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2036:ISBN
1978:link
1964:2017
1938:2024
1830:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1741:2009
1714:2014
1659:2010
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1571:link
1542:2020
1516:2019
1439:ISBN
1422:2022
1067:Diệm
978:Hans
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