Gulf of Tonkin incident - Knowledge (XXG)

3325: 3716: 3875:. These logs were not available before Johnson's resolution was presented to Congress. After urging Congress that they should be wary of Johnson's coming attempt to convince Congress of his resolution, Morse failed to gain enough cooperation and support from his colleagues to mount any sort of movement to stop it. Immediately after the resolution was read and presented to Congress, Morse began to fight it. He contended in speeches to Congress that the actions taken by the United States were actions outside the constitution and were "acts of war rather than acts of defense." Morse's efforts were not immediately met with support, largely because he revealed no sources and was working with very limited information. It was not until after the United States became more involved in the war that his claim began to gain support throughout the United States government. 3402: 3731:, to "show the flag" after the first incident. This time their orders indicated that the ships were to close to no less than 11 miles (18 km) from the coast of North Vietnam. During an evening of rough weather and heavy seas, the destroyers received radar, sonar, and radio signals that they believed signaled another attack by the North Vietnamese navy. For some two hours (from about 21:40 to about 23:35, local time) the ships fired on radar targets and maneuvered vigorously amid electronic and visual reports of enemies. Despite the Navy's claim that two attacking torpedo boats had been sunk, there was no wreckage, bodies of dead North Vietnamese sailors, or other physical evidence present at the scene of the alleged engagement. 3994: 3656: 3915: 4079: 3512: 3843:"). That same day he used the "hot line" to Moscow, and assured the Soviets he had no intent in opening a broader war in Vietnam. Early on August 5, Johnson publicly ordered retaliatory measures stating, "The determination of all Americans to carry out our full commitment to the people and to the government of South Vietnam will be redoubled by this outrage." One hour and forty minutes after his speech, aircraft launched from U.S. carriers reached North Vietnamese targets. On August 5, at 10:40, these planes bombed four torpedo boat bases and an oil-storage facility in 175: 3520: 3948:, CIA analyst from 1963 to 1990, the CIA, "not to mention President Lyndon Johnson, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy all knew full well that the evidence of any armed attack on the evening of Aug. 4, 1964, the so-called 'second' Tonkin Gulf incident, was highly dubious. ... During the summer of 1964, President Johnson and the Joint Chiefs of Staff were eager to widen the war in Vietnam. They stepped up sabotage and hit-and-run attacks on the coast of North Vietnam." 3273:, who were legally campaigning for the promised elections between 1955 and 1957, were suppressed by the government. In March 1956, the North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956. A communist-led uprising began against Diem's government in April 1957. The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959, and on July 28, North Vietnamese forces 162: 4012: 3398:(intelligence gathering) program, conducted by destroyer patrols in the western Pacific, with the cover name DESOTO. The first missions in the Tonkin Gulf began in February 1964. While intelligence collected by DESOTO missions could be used by OPLAN-34A planners and commanders, they were separate programs not known to coordinate mission planning except to warn DESOTO patrols to stay clear of 34A operational areas. 7395: 3952:, carrying electronic spying gear, was to collect signals intelligence from the North Vietnamese coast, and the coastal attacks were seen as a helpful way to get the North Vietnamese to turn on their coastal radars. For this purpose, it was authorized to approach the coast as close as 13 kilometers (8 mi) and the offshore islands as close as four; the latter had already been subjected to shelling from the sea. 3808: 7028: 7018: 7390: 4152: 3772:

present a confusing picture although certain that the original ambush was bona fide." It is likely that McNamara did not inform either the president or Admiral U. S. Grant Sharp Jr. about Herrick's misgivings or Herrick's recommendation for further investigation. At 18:00 Washington time (05:00 in the Gulf of Tonkin), Herrick cabled yet again, this time stating, "the first boat to close the

4225:, where intelligence analysts mistakenly believed the destroyers would soon be attacked. This would have been communicated back to the NSA along with evidence supporting such a conclusion, but in fact the evidence did not do that. Hanyok attributed this to the deference that the NSA would have likely given to the analysts who were closer to the event. As the evening progressed, further 3257:

a general election by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state. The accords allowed free movement of the population between the north and south for three hundred days. They also forbade the political interference of other countries in the area, the creation of new governments without the stipulated elections, and foreign military presence. By 1961, South Vietnamese President

3477: 59: 4140:, meeting with former Secretary McNamara, denied that Vietnamese gunboats had attacked American destroyers on August 4, while admitting to the attack on August 2. A taped conversation of a meeting several weeks after passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was released in 2001, revealing that McNamara expressed doubts to Johnson that the attack had even occurred. 7038: 3856: 3229: 4163:. In the foreword, he notes "Among the many books written on the Vietnamese war, half a dozen note a 1967 letter to the editor of a Connecticut newspaper which was instrumental in pressuring the Johnson administration to tell the truth about how the war started. The letter was mine." The story discusses Lt. White reading Admiral Stockdale's 4039:), titled the Southeast Asia Resolution, which granted Johnson the authority to conduct military operations in Southeast Asia without the benefit of a declaration of war. The resolution gave Johnson approval "to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the 4007:

By early afternoon of August 4, Washington time, Herrick had reported to the Commander in Chief Pacific in Honolulu that "freak weather effects" on the ship's radar had made such an attack questionable. In fact, Herrick stated in a message sent at 1:27 pm Washington time that no North Vietnamese

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signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The accords, which were signed by other participants including the Viet Minh, mandated a temporary ceasefire line, which separated southern and northern Vietnam to be governed by the State of Vietnam and the Viet Minh respectively. The accords called for

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On November 30, 2005, the NSA released a first installment of previously classified information regarding the Gulf of Tonkin incident, including a moderately sanitized version of Hanyok's article. The Hanyok article states that intelligence information was presented to the Johnson administration "in

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s sonar reports were faulty and the Johnson administration knew it prior to going to Congress to request support for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. White's book explains the difference between lies of commission and lies of omission. Johnson was guilty of willful lies of omission. White was featured

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wrote that he was asked in early August 1964 to determine if the radar operator's report showed a real torpedo boat attack or an imagined one. He asked for further details on time, weather and surface conditions. No further details were forthcoming. In the end he concluded that there were no torpedo

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McNamara later testified that he had read the message after his return to the Pentagon that afternoon. But he did not immediately call Johnson to tell him that the whole premise of his decision at lunch to approve McNamara's recommendation for retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam was highly

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He emphasized commitment to both the American people, and the South Vietnamese government. He also reminded Americans that there was no desire for war. "A close scrutiny of Johnson's public statements ... reveals no mention of preparations for overt warfare and no indication of the nature and extent

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traveled on a mission in South Vietnam. They were recruited for the job by the Norwegian intelligence officer Alf Martens Meyer. Martens Meyer, who was head of department at the military intelligence staff, operated on behalf of U.S. intelligence. The three skippers did not know who Meyer really was

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such a manner as to preclude responsible decision makers in the Johnson administration from having the complete and objective narrative of events." Instead, "only information that supported the claim that the communists had attacked the two destroyers was given to Johnson administration officials."

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stated she had evaded a torpedo attack and opened fire with its five-inch (127 mm) guns, forcing the torpedo boats away. Two of the torpedo boats had come as close as 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) and released one torpedo each, but neither one was effective, coming no closer than

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McNamara: "It was just confusion, and events afterward showed that our judgment that we'd been attacked that day was wrong. It didn't happen. And the judgment that we'd been attacked on August 2nd was right. We had been, although that was disputed at the time. So we were right once and wrong once.

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time), Herrick sent a cable in which he acknowledged that the second attack may not have happened and that there may actually have been no Vietnamese craft in the area: "Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager

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In July 1964, "the situation along North Vietnam's territorial waters had reached a near boil", because of South Vietnamese commando raids and airborne operations that inserted intelligence teams into North Vietnam, as well as North Vietnam's military response to these operations. On the night of

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re-examined Herrick's ship's log and determined that the first torpedo report from August 4, which Herrick had maintained had occurred—the "apparent ambush"—was in fact unfounded. Although information obtained well after the fact supported Captain Herrick's statements about the inaccuracy of the

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had called for the U.S. to "drive the communists out of South Vietnam", even if that meant attacking both North Vietnam and communist China. Even so, the Johnson administration in the second half of 1964 focused on convincing the American public that there was no chance of war between the United

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One hour later, Herrick sent another cable, stating, "Entire action leaves many doubts except for apparent ambush at beginning. Suggest thorough reconnaissance in daylight by aircraft." In response to requests for confirmation, at around 16:00 Washington time, Herrick cabled, "Details of action

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And ultimately it was concluded that almost certainly the attack had occurred. But even at the time there was some recognition of a margin of error, so we thought it highly probable but not entirely certain. And because it was highly probable—and because even if it hadn't occurred, there was

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to stage daylight runs into North Vietnamese waters, testing the 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) limit and North Vietnamese resolve. These runs into North Vietnamese territorial waters coincided with South Vietnamese coastal raids and were interpreted as coordinated operations by the

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islands, the MACV-SOG had launched a covert long-term agent team into North Vietnam, which was promptly captured. On August 1 and 2, flights of CIA-sponsored Laotian fighter-bombers (piloted by Thai mercenaries) attacked border outposts well within southwestern North Vietnam. According to Edwin

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to stay 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) off the North Vietnamese coast put the ship in international waters, as North Vietnam claimed only a 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) limit as its territory (or off of its off-shore islands). In addition, many nations had previously

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had engaged the North Vietnamese Navy on August 2, but that the incident of August 4 was based on bad naval intelligence and misrepresentations of North Vietnamese communications. The official US government claim is that it was based mostly on erroneously interpreted communications intercepts.

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In the face of growing uncertainties over the course of the day regarding whether the attack had occurred, the Johnson administration ended up basing its conclusion mostly on communications intercepts erroneously assessed to be North Vietnamese preparations to carry out an attack and a North

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in 1936. Moreover it officially claimed a 12 nmi limit, which is practically identical to the old 20 km French claim, after the incidents of August, in September 1964. The North Vietnamese stance is that they always considered a 12 nautical mile limit, consistent with the positions

5733: 3643:, when confronted, was approaching Hòn Mê Island, three to four nautical miles (nmi) (6 to 7 km) inside the 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) limit claimed by North Vietnam. This territorial limit was unrecognized by the United States. After the skirmish, Johnson ordered 3391:(ICC), which had been established in 1954 to oversee the terms of the Geneva Accords, but the U.S. denied any involvement. Four years later, Secretary McNamara admitted to Congress that the U.S. ships had in fact been cooperating in the South Vietnamese attacks against North Vietnam. 3467:

was under orders not to approach closer than eight miles (13 km) from North Vietnam's coast and four miles (6 km) from Hon Nieu island. When a MACV-SOG commando raid was being carried out against Hon Nieu, the ship was 120 miles (190 km) away from the attacked area.

4069:. He asserts "I maintain that President Johnson, Secretary McNamara and the Joint Chiefs of Staff gave false information to Congress in their report about US destroyers being attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin." White continued his whistleblowing activities in the 1968 documentary 4229:(SIGINT) did not support any such ambush, but the NSA personnel were apparently so convinced of an attack that they ignored the 90% of SIGINT that did not support that conclusion, and that was also excluded from any reports they produced for the consumption by the president. 3883:

The U.S. government was still seeking evidence on the night of August 4 when Johnson gave his address to the American public on the incident; messages recorded that day indicate that neither Johnson nor McNamara was certain of an attack. Various news sources, including

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told a British journalist after the war that "at that time ... many people ... were looking for any excuse to initiate bombing". George Ball stated that the mission of the destroyer warship involved in the Gulf of Tonkin incident "was primarily for provocation."

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John McNaughton suggested in September 1964 that the U.S. prepare to take actions to provoke a North Vietnamese military reaction, including plans to use DESOTO patrols North. William Bundy's paper dated September 8, 1964, suggested more DESOTO patrols as well.

4133:. Stockdale said his superiors ordered him to keep quiet about this. After he was captured, this knowledge became a heavy burden. He later said he was concerned that his captors would eventually force him to reveal what he knew about the second incident. 3423:

Moïse, the Hanoi government (which, unlike the U.S. government, had to give permission at the highest levels for the conduct of such missions) probably assumed that they were all a coordinated effort to escalate military actions against North Vietnam.

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Both sides agree that North Vietnam attacked a U.S. Navy ship in the gulf on Aug. 2 as it cruised close to shore. But it was an alleged second attack two days later that led to the first U.S. bombing raid on the North and propelled America deep into

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and the two destroyers continued the DESOTO mission. On the evening of August 4, the ships opened fire on radar returns that had been preceded by communications intercepts, which US forces claimed meant an attack was imminent. The commander of the

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Ultimately, President Johnson authorized bombing in response to what he thought had been the second attack ? It hadn't occurred, but that's irrelevant to the point I'm making here. He authorized the attack on the assumption it had occurred…"

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Vietnamese after action report. Later analysis showed those communications to have concerned the recovery of torpedo boats damaged in the August 2 attack and North Vietnamese observations of (but not participation in) the August 4 U.S. actions.

4031:, that the U.S. Navy had supported South Vietnamese military operations in the Gulf. He thus characterized the attack as "unprovoked" since the ship had been in international waters. As a result of his testimony, on August 7, Congress passed a 3489:

July 30, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked a North Vietnamese radar station on Hòn Mê island. According to Hanyok, "it would be attacks on these islands, especially Hòn Mê, by South Vietnamese commandos, along with the proximity of the

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territorial waters, which triggered a response from North Vietnamese forces. The United States government falsely claimed that a second incident occurred on August 4, 1964, between North Vietnamese and United States ships in the waters of the

3148:, reported that the ships were being attacked by North Vietnamese boats when, in fact, there were no North Vietnamese boats in the area. While Herrick soon reported doubts regarding the task force's initial perceptions of the attack, the 5875: 3922:

The use of the set of incidents as a pretext for escalation of U.S. involvement followed the issuance of public threats against North Vietnam, as well as calls from American politicians in favor of escalating the war. On May 4, 1964,

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in November 1963, he had begun a limited withdrawal of 1,000 U.S. forces before the end of 1963. Johnson's views were likewise complex, but he had supported military escalation as a means of challenging what was perceived to be the

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Sharp's claims, however, included some factually incorrect statements. North Vietnam did not adhere to an 8-kilometer (5 mi) limit for its territorial waters; instead it adhered to a 20-kilometer (12 mi) limit claimed by

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as the aggressor and which put the United States into a more acceptable defensive posture." Johnson also referred to the attacks as having taken place "on the high seas", suggesting that they had occurred in international waters.

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article. According to intelligence officials, the view of government historians that Hanyok's report should become public was rebuffed by policy makers concerned that comparisons might be made to intelligence used to justify the

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to ask what happened on August 4, 1964. "Absolutely nothing", Giáp replied. Giáp confirmed that the attack had been imaginary. In 2005, an internal National Security Agency historical study was declassified; it concluded that

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of covert land and air measures that already were operational." Johnson's statements were short to "minimize the U.S. role in the conflict; a clear inconsistency existed between Johnson's actions and his public discourse."

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mission was made even more provocative by being timed to coincide with commando raids, creating the impression that the Maddox was directing those missions ..." Thus, the North Vietnamese had every reason to believe that

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North Vietnam's General Giáp suggested that the DESOTO patrol had been sent into the gulf to provoke North Vietnam into giving the U.S. an excuse for escalation of the war. Various government officials and men aboard

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later torpedo reports as well as the 1981 Herrick and Scheer conclusion about the inaccuracy of the first, indicating that there was no North Vietnamese attack that night, at the time U.S. authorities and all of the

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reported: "Through the darkness, from the West and south ... intruders boldly sped ... at least six of them ... they opened fire on the destroyers with automatic weapons, this time from as close as 2,000 yards."

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radioed she was under attack from the three boats, closing to within 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi), while located 28 nautical miles (52 km; 32 mi) away from the North Vietnamese coast in

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stated that there was "no doubt in Sharp's mind that the U.S. would now have to answer this attack", and that there was no debate or confusion within the administration regarding the incident.

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While doubts regarding the perceived second attack have been expressed since 1964, it was not until years later that it was shown conclusively never to have happened. In the 2003 documentary

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Shortly before midnight, on August 4, Johnson interrupted national television to make an announcement in which he described an attack by North Vietnamese vessels on two U.S. Navy warships,

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strong feeling we should have responded to the first attack, which we were positive had occurred—President Johnson decided to respond to the second . I think it is now clear did not occur

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had originally supported the policy of sending military advisers to Diem, he had begun to alter his thinking by September 1963, because of what he perceived to be the ineptitude of the

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along the coast by radar and were thus aware that the destroyer had not actually attacked North Vietnam and that Hanoi (or the local commander) had ordered its craft to engage

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fired three rounds to warn off the communist boats. This initial action was never reported by the Johnson administration, which insisted that the Vietnamese boats fired first.

1601: 1591: 6248: 4201:, an historian for the NSA, concluded that the NSA distorted intelligence reports passed to policy makers regarding the August 4 incident. The NSA historian said agency staff 4412: 7031: 6594: 4248:, but we were told only to give facts with no elaboration on the nature of the evidence. Everyone knew how volatile LBJ was. He did not like to deal with uncertainties." 3114:

and the North Vietnamese boats attacked with torpedoes and machine gun fire. In the ensuing engagement, one U.S. aircraft (which had been launched from aircraft carrier

408: 349: 3321:. After Kennedy's assassination, Johnson ordered in more U.S. forces to support the Saigon government, beginning a protracted United States presence in Southeast Asia. 498: 6218: 3121:) was damaged, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats were damaged, and four North Vietnamese sailors were killed, with six more wounded. There were no U.S. casualties. 982: 1606: 5267: 7447: 6433: 5954: 4417: 4020:

questionable. Johnson had fended off proposals from McNamara and other advisers for a policy of bombing North Vietnam on four occasions since becoming president.

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Fredrik Logevall, "Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 200

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the evidence to make it appear that an attack had occurred. Hanyok's conclusions were initially published in the Winter 2000/Spring 2001 Edition of

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Others, such as Admiral Sharp, maintained that U.S. actions did not provoke the August 2 incident. He claimed that the North Vietnamese had tracked

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As much as anything else, it was an awareness that Johnson would brook no uncertainty that could undermine his position. Faced with this attitude,

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Although the boats were crewed by South Vietnamese naval personnel, approval for each mission conducted under the plan came directly from Admiral

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had been involved in providing intelligence support for South Vietnamese attacks at Hòn Mê and Hòn Ngư, Johnson denied, in his testimony before

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Ball, Moya Ann (1991). "Revisiting the Gulf of Tonkin Crisis: An Analysis of the Private Communication of President Johnson and his Advisers".

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campaign to develop heavy industry and defense industry in China's interior where it would be more protected in the event of foreign invasion.

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boats on the night in question, and that the White House was interested only in confirmation of an attack, not that there was no such attack.

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began patrols of the North Vietnamese coast to collect intelligence, coming within a few miles of Hòn Mê island. A U.S. aircraft carrier, the

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had been tracked since July 31 and that she had attacked fishing boats on August 2 forcing the North Vietnamese Navy to "fight back".

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leadership that the United States would eventually invade China. This triggered greater support among leadership for Mao Zedong's

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Hanyok included his study of Tonkin Gulf as one chapter in an overall history of NSA involvement and American SIGINT, in the

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relied on the wrongly interpreted National Security Agency communications intercepts to conclude that the attack was real.

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torpedo reports are doubtful in that it is suspected that sonarman was hearing the ship's own propeller beat" [

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s crew stated that they were convinced that an attack had taken place. As a result, planes from the aircraft carriers

3344: 2603: 2507: 2472: 2467: 2157: 1867: 717: 401: 6409: 4998:, "Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against NVN." July–October 1964, National Archives Identifier no. 5890500 3965:, who spent three years in the United States Navy as an intelligence analyst, writes that the primary purpose of the 6820: 885: 7432: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7089: 6976: 6781: 6645: 6391: 5683: 4988: 3297: 2875: 2769: 2131: 2094: 1799: 1739: 1678: 1618: 359: 6243: 4866:

Lawrence, A. T. (2009). Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.

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patrol boats had actually been sighted. Herrick proposed a "complete evaluation before any further action taken."

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version of the overall history was released in January 2008 by the National Security Agency and published by the

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had fired her initial warning shots, attacked the retiring P-4s, claiming one was sunk and one heavily damaged.

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was one of the U.S. pilots flying overhead during the second alleged attack. Stockdale writes in his 1984 book

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The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred during the first year of the Johnson administration. While U.S. President

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aggression. The resolution served as Johnson's legal justification for deploying U.S. conventional forces to

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in the mid 1980s, then contacting Stockdale who connected White with Joseph Schaperjahn, chief sonarman on

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attempted to hold a fundraiser to raise awareness about possible faulty records of the incident involving

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were sent to hit North Vietnamese torpedo boat bases and fuel facilities during Operation Pierce Arrow.

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The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 40 Years Later; Flawed Intelligence and the Decision for War in Vietnam

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Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group, Documentation Study (July 1970)

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Within thirty minutes of the August 4 incident, Johnson had decided on retaliatory attacks (dubbed "

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had earlier conducted an intelligence-gathering mission in similar circumstances without incident.

3676: 3585: 3439: 3405: 3347:(CIA) in 1961. In 1964, the program was transferred to the Defense Department and conducted by the 3249: 3085: 3046: 2951: 2695: 2668: 2645: 2596: 2492: 2454: 2377: 2150: 1921: 1888: 1645: 1506: 1428: 1405: 1392: 1227: 1132: 941: 820: 799: 771: 744: 626: 481: 468: 456: 451: 64: 6761: 7109: 6686: 6672: 5922: 5895:"Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2–4 August 1964" 5625: 5335: 5223: 4601: 4474: 4193: 3166: 3062: 3053:) was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the 2926: 2820: 2813: 2568: 2555: 2497: 2412: 2302: 2281: 2227: 1948: 1909: 1805: 1753: 1716: 1709: 1637: 1560: 1549: 1493: 1449: 1295: 1262: 1241: 1213: 1197: 1092: 1044: 904: 890: 879: 853: 826: 731: 724: 670: 663: 612: 583: 571: 541: 487: 476: 439: 6676: 1611: 5245: 3317:

was to be applied to prevent the fall of Southeast Asia to communism under the precepts of the

7278: 7132: 6766: 6659: 6486: 6165: 6146: 6086: 6046: 6025: 5789: 5697: 5687: 5615: 5567: 5421: 5095: 5061: 4867: 4791: 4764: 4739: 4698: 4486: 4295: 3692: 3414:

On July 29, 1964, the night before it launched actions against North Vietnamese facilities on

3278: 3195: 2963: 2720: 2581: 2512: 2184: 2137: 2046: 1894: 1854: 1666: 1659: 1421: 1372: 1248: 1162: 1111: 1030: 988: 962: 872: 806: 792: 750: 738: 651: 554: 548: 434: 327: 6069: 3419: 7216: 7171: 7052: 6776: 6708: 6529: 6519: 6501: 5918:

Robert J. Hanyok: His United States National Security Council study on Tonkin Gulf Deception

5306: 5215: 4642: 4579: 4478: 4287: 4144: 4046:

The Gulf of Tonkin Incident also had impacts in China, where it increased perceptions among

4032: 3735: 3703: 3539:, which had a top speed of 28 knots, resumed her routine patrol, and three North Vietnamese 3415: 3336: 3293: 3270: 3261:

faced significant discontent among some quarters of the southern population, including some

3253: 2708: 2462: 2446: 2427: 2396: 2383: 1788: 1773: 1702: 1629: 1542: 1520: 1442: 1411: 1379: 1321: 1063: 1023: 932: 925: 703: 633: 559: 518: 428: 420: 263: 5124:"Electronic Briefing Book No. 132 - Essay: 40th Anniversary of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident" 4962: 6992: 6897: 6816: 6603: 6333: 6319: 6307: 5931: 5901: 5859:

The Gulf of Tonkin Events—Fifty Years Later: A Footnote to the History of the Vietnam War

5480: 5123: 4995: 4638: 4575: 4118: 4062:

Johnson commented privately: "For all I know, our navy was shooting at whales out there."

3957: 3891: 3885: 3763: 3620: 3431: 3289: 3266: 3145: 2755: 2327: 1848: 1696: 1478: 1456: 1365: 1335: 1255: 1138: 1125: 1118: 1087: 846: 697: 619: 215: 195: 4161:

The Gulf of Tonkin Events—Fifty Years Later: A Footnote to the History of the Vietnam War

3364:

when they agreed to a job that involved them in sabotage missions against North Vietnam.

6324: 6312: 6300: 7345: 7312: 6771: 6745: 6695: 5364: 4468: 4253: 4011: 3812: 3609: 3531:, and several intercepted communications indicated that they were preparing to attack. 3199: 3157: 3129: 3071: 2850: 2748: 2701: 2675: 2588: 2575: 1978: 1860: 911: 684: 565: 205: 98: 17: 6539: 5786:

In Love and War: The Story of a Family's Ordeal and Sacrifice During the Vietnam Years

4531: 3807: 3296:

government and its inability and unwillingness to make needed reforms (which led to a

3125:

was "unscathed except for a single bullet hole from a Vietnamese machine gun round".

7411: 7160: 6668: 6423: 6405: 6040: 5879: 5227: 5023: 4093: 3962: 3924: 3340: 3318: 3258: 3223: 3207: 3096: 3066: 3058: 2856: 2842: 1767: 1575: 1529: 994: 839: 444: 180: 167: 33: 4819:"Transcript of Broadcast With Walter Cronkite Inaugurating a CBS Television Program" 3707:

regarding the law of the sea of both the Soviet Union and China, their main allies.

3555:

changed course from northeasterly to southeasterly and increased speed to 25 knots.

7247: 6786: 5720: 5629: 5446: 5026:. February 19, 1981. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved November 9, 2010. 4221:

Reviewing the NSA's archives, Hanyok concluded that the August 4 incident began at

4151: 3945: 3435: 3306: 3240:

was intended to settle outstanding issues following the end of hostilities between

3169:, admitted that there was no attack on August 4. In 1995, McNamara met with former 3111: 283: 5829:"Engineering in the CIA: ELINT, Stealth and the Beginnings of Information Warfare" 5541: 5415: 5094:. ASEAN Economic Research Unit, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 47. 3723:

On August 4, another DESOTO patrol off the North Vietnamese coast was launched by

6140: 6019: 5612:

The Foreign Policy of Lyndon B. Johnson: The United States and the World, 1963–69

4785: 4631: 4568: 4244:

was quoted as saying "... we knew it was bum dope that we were getting from

7181: 6382: 5942: 5837: 5219: 4202: 3864: 3828: 3624:

has been revised in light of a 2001 internal NSA historical study, which states:

3380: 3360: 3314: 3054: 365: 274: 50: 6326:

Tonkin Gulf: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Code Words Used in Original Documents

5588: 7237: 6230:

Tonkin Gulf Intelligence "Skewed" According to Official History and Intercepts

5978: 5701: 5310: 5297:

Cherwitz, Richard A. (1980). "Masking Inconsistency: The Tonkin Gulf Crisis".

70:

during August 2 encounter, showing three North Vietnamese motor torpedo boats.

6346:, FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1964–1968, VOLUME I, VIETNAM, 1964. 6090: 4065:

In 1967, former naval officer John White wrote a letter to the editor of the

119: 106: 7361: 6417: 6225:

US Navy Historical Site showing charts and photos of the incident (archived)

4241: 4084: 3739:

sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. No actual visual sightings by

3282: 3245: 3203: 3082: 1151: 257: 58: 6271:

Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Reports (R) and Translations (T) Mar–Oct 1964

5917: 3580:

evaded them. Another P-4 received a direct hit from a five-inch shell from

3476: 6122:. Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. Archived from 5442:"Deceit and dishonesty: Ben Bradlee's 1987 James Cameron memorial lecture" 4482: 3600:

suffered only minor damage from a single 14.5 mm bullet from a P-4's

3497:

did not participate in the commando attacks. In this context, on July 31,

7138: 4215: 4159:

In 2014, as the incident's 50th anniversary approached, John White wrote

3898: 3562:

fired three warning shots. The North Vietnamese boats then attacked, and

3454: 3376: 3310: 3262: 2013: 5979:"Spartans in Darkness: American SIGINT and the Indochina War, 1945-1975" 5858: 3855: 3652:

North, which officially acknowledged the engagements of August 2, 1964.

3515:

P-4 torpedo boat, similar to those used by the North Vietnamese military

3228: 7202: 6119:

Spartans In Darkness: American SIGINT and the Indochina War, 1945–1975

5779: 5777: 5775: 5191:

Perils of Dominance: Imbalance of Power and the Road to War in Vietnam

5007:

OAH Magazine of History, fall 1992. The Gulf of Tonkin by Erich Martel

4441: 7192: 5380:

The World Today, Vol. 26, No. 5 (May 1970), pp. 209–217, Adam Roberts

3356: 3241: 3220:

Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group

3902:, published articles throughout August on the Tonkin Gulf incident. 27:

1964 naval confrontation between North Vietnam and the United States

6219:

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the Escalation of the Vietnam War

4597:"Vietnam War Intelligence 'Deliberately Skewed,' Secret Study Says" 3691:

carried out similar missions all over the world, and the destroyer

3349:

Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group

6221:– EDSITEment lesson from the National Endowment for the Humanities 4150: 4077: 4010: 3992: 3913: 3854: 3806: 3714: 3654: 3518: 3510: 3475: 3400: 3384: 3323: 3227: 2901: 6291:

Transcript of Telephone Conversations, Gulf of Tonkin Transcripts

3863:

While Johnson's final resolution was being drafted, U.S. Senator

3343:, in conjunction with the DESOTO operations, had begun under the 5644:"United States Congress resolution, Pub.L. 88–408, 78 Stat. 384" 5585:"Robert McNamara deceived LBJ on Gulf of Tonkin, documents show" 3844: 3743:. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken." 7056: 6355: 5417:

The Politics of Lying: government deception, secrecy, and power

331: 6351: 4790:. Volume 14 of Vietnam Experience. Boston Publishing Company. 4143:

In the fall of 1999, retired Senior CIA Engineering Executive

3936:

have suggested similar theories. U.S. Undersecretary of State

3786: 3604:

into her superstructure. Retiring to South Vietnamese waters,

3351:(MACV-SOG). For the maritime portion of the covert operation, 3202:

country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by

7453:

Naval battles of the Vietnam War involving the United States

6018:

Doyle, Edward; Lipsman, Samuel & Weiss, Stephen (1981).

4939:

Polmar, Norman "The U. S. Navy Electronic Warfare (Part 1)"

4467:

Paul, Erik Charles (2012). "The Construction of East Asia".

3387:, the capital of North Vietnam, lodged a complaint with the 3210:

and the commencement of open warfare against North Vietnam.

5716:

Congress Approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; August 7, 1964

5610:

Colman, Johnathan (2010). "Vietnam: Going to War, 1963-5".

6344:

U.S. Reaction To Events in the Gulf of Tonkin, August 1–10

6079:"New Tapes Indicate Johnson Doubted Attack in Tonkin Gulf" 5810:"New Tapes Indicate Johnson Doubted Attack in Tonkin Gulf" 3359:

and sent to South Vietnam. In 1963, three young Norwegian

3057:. It consisted of a confrontation on August 2, 1964, when 6313:

Formerly Classified Documents Subsequent to 4 August 1964

6234:

National Security Archive at George Washington University

6214:

National Security Archive at George Washington University

3527:

By August 1, North Vietnamese patrol boats were tracking

5467: 5465: 5057:

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Law of the Sea

4984: 4982: 4980: 6187:"August 4, 1964: Report on the Gulf of Tonkin Incident" 5680:

Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China

4899:"Vi som støtter Amerika – Norges rolle i Vietnamkrigen" 6164:(revised ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 3493:, that would set off the confrontation", although the 6276:

Related Command and Technical Messages, 2–26 Aug 1964

5734:"John White's Letter to the New Haven Register, 1967" 5371:

m (University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 210.

3997:

Johnson as he signs the resolution on August 10, 1964

3449:

had begun her mission in the Gulf of Tonkin. Captain

3300:

which resulted in the death of Diem). Shortly before

6042:

Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers

4732:

Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam 1945–1995

4470:

Neoliberal Australia and US imperialism in East Asia

4413:"Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish" 7269: 7088: 6964: 6911: 6868: 6830: 6754: 6578: 6512: 6479: 6398: 6145:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 5193:(University of California Press: 2005), pp. 194–95. 4218:(Operation Iraqi Freedom) which commenced in 2003. 3484:, July 31 – August 2, 1964 (date of first incident) 5997:"Report reveals Vietnam War hoaxes, faked attacks" 4043:requesting assistance in defense of its freedom." 7458:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1964 6162:Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War 6142:Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War 5369:Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War 4953: 4951: 4949: 4846:"National Security Action Memorandum 263 - Intro" 4717: 4632:McNamara asks Giap: What happened in Tonkin Gulf? 4569:McNamara asks Giáp: What happened in Tonkin Gulf? 4236:With regard to why this happened, Hanyok writes: 3453:was in command of local American forces from his 6301:Formerly Classified Documents from 2 August 1964 4171:. Schaperjahn confirmed White's assertions that 3584:; its torpedo malfunctioned at launch. Four USN 6249:"Aboard the Maddox" LIFE Magazine Aug. 14, 1964 5154: 5152: 5060:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 46–47. 5049: 5047: 5045: 4238: 3746: 3626: 3438:the night of August 4, receiving messages from 3186:The outcome of the incident was the passage by 43: 7493:Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies 4313: 4311: 4136:In 1995, retired Vietnamese Defense Minister, 3551:. As the ships approached from the southwest, 7068: 6367: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 3802: 3780:which was heard but not seen. All subsequent 3543:with a top speed of 50 knots began to follow 343: 8: 6239:Ronnie E. Ford "New Light on Gulf of Tonkin" 5566:, Anchor, Reprint edition (April 30, 2002), 5039:(San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press, 1978) p. 42 4665:"CNN Cold War – Interviews: Robert McNamara" 4559:Starry. Department of the Army. 1978. p. 248 6903:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 5244:. August 4, 1964. p. 1. Archived from 5037:Strategy for Defeat – Vietnam in Retrospect 4442:"The Legacy of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident" 7075: 7061: 7053: 6374: 6360: 6352: 6287:OSD & Joint Staff FOIA Service Center 5614:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 25. 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 350: 336: 328: 57: 40: 7083:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1964 6244:Original Document: Tonkin Gulf Resolution 5784:Stockdale, Jim; Stockdale, Sybil (1984). 5327:Remarks on Vietnam at Syracuse University 5091:Law of the Sea Zones in the Pacific Ocean 4941:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5344:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum 5177: 5158: 5088:Buchholz, Hanns Jürgen (December 1987). 4730:Olson, James S.; Roberts, Randy (2008). 4092:In 1981, Captain Herrick and journalist 4041:Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty 3628:At 1500G, Captain Herrick (commander of 6924:Opposition to United States involvement 6062:"LBJ tape 'confirms Vietnam war error'" 5764:Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA 5201: 5199: 5137:from the original on September 25, 2009 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4307: 3803:Johnson's speech to the American people 3535:retreated, but the next day, August 2, 3265:who were opposed to the rule of Diem's 5673: 5671: 5403:. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. 4823:University of California-Santa Barbara 4688: 4686: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 3686:Sharp also noted that orders given to 7448:United States Navy in the Vietnam War 6077:Sanger, David E. (November 6, 2001). 6060:Fletcher, Martin (November 7, 2001). 6024:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 5890: 5888: 5514: 5324:Johnson, Lyndon B. (August 5, 1964). 4927: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4626: 4624: 4590: 4588: 4518: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 2921:Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River 7: 7037: 5017:"Interview with Phung The Tai, 1981" 3659:A North Vietnamese P-4 engaging USS 3252:. Neither the United States nor the 3099:operations, was approached by three 6641:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 4695:The Vietnam War from the Other Side 4058:Later statements about the incident 3776:probably launched a torpedo at the 3480:Chart showing the track of the USS 3396:electronic warfare support measures 3383:. After the coastal attacks began, 3379:, who received his orders from the 6570:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 5268:"Text of Lyndon Johnson's speech, 4989:Pentagon Papers, Part IV. C. 2. b. 4844:Burnham, Greg (January 29, 2014). 4761:Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975 4609:from the original on June 27, 2017 4532:"Film: The Fog of War: Transcript" 4427:Naval History and Heritage Command 3675:anyway. North Vietnamese general 3576:about 100 yards (91 m) after 3163:United States Secretary of Defense 313:2 torpedo boats moderately damaged 25: 6565:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 5479:. August 14, 1964. Archived from 4595:Shane, Scott (December 2, 2005). 4446:Nanzan Review of American Studies 4262:Federation of American Scientists 7478:International maritime incidents 7393: 7388: 7036: 7027: 7026: 7017: 7016: 6919:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 5740:. August 1, 2014. Archived from 4787:Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973 3394:In 1962, the U.S. Navy began an 3389:International Control Commission 3355:had been purchased quietly from 3339:against North Vietnam, known as 3269:supporters. Viet Minh political 3061:forces were carrying out covert 173: 160: 144:escalation of the War in Vietnam 6555:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 6191:Miller Center of Public Affairs 5827:Poteat, S. Eugene (Fall 1999). 5788:(1st ed.). Harpercollins. 5122:Prados, John (August 4, 2004). 4718:Doyle, Lipsman & Weiss 1981 3981:was involved in these actions. 3335:A highly classified program of 3194:, which granted U.S. President 3106:of the 135th Torpedo Squadron. 310:1 torpedo boat severely damaged 6804:United States prisoners of war 3618:The original account from the 3309:'s expansionist policies. The 1: 7443:Maritime incidents in Vietnam 6987:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 5766:(New York: Doubleday, 2007), 5682:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: 5128:National Security Archive at 5054:Farrell, Epsey Cooke (1998). 3558:As the torpedo boats neared, 3508:, was also stationed nearby. 3128:On August 3, 1964, destroyer 1537:New Year's Day battle of 1968 5678:Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). 5130:George Washington University 4734:(5th ed.). Malden, MA: 4209:about five years before the 4179:in the August 2014 issue of 3608:was joined by the destroyer 3277:to maintain and upgrade the 3198:the authority to assist any 1602:Joint General Staff Compound 1592:Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack 934:Thayer, Irving and Thayer II 298:1 destroyer slightly damaged 6595:Independence Palace bombing 5420:. New York: Vintage Books. 5401:Truth is the First Casualty 5399:Goulden, Joseph C. (1969). 5220:10.1177/0957926591002003002 4421:. 19/20 (4/1). Fort Meade: 3734:At 01:27 local time (13:27 3345:Central Intelligence Agency 1530:Tet Offensive and aftermath 301:1 aircraft slightly damaged 7509: 7438:Maritime incidents in 1964 6977:Canada and the Vietnam War 6646:1965 South Vietnamese coup 6454:People's Republic of China 6434:International participants 6332:November 24, 2013, at the 6318:November 24, 2013, at the 6306:November 23, 2013, at the 6116:Hanyok, Robert J. (2002). 6107:Mounted Combat in Vietnam. 6105:Starry, Donn A., General. 5684:Cambridge University Press 5035:Admiral U.S. Grant Sharp, 4916:MACSOG Documentation Study 4440:Fujimoto, Hiroshi (2014). 4411:Hanyok, Robert J. (2001). 4000: 3928:States and North Vietnam. 3353:a set of fast patrol boats 3217: 2971:Lists of allied operations 31: 7428:1964 in the United States 7383: 7012: 6982:CIA activities in Vietnam 6389: 6112:, Washington, D.C. (1978) 6039:Ellsberg, Daniel (2002). 5900:October 11, 2013, at the 5870:the August 2014 issue of 5311:10.1080/01463378009369364 5242:"Gulf of Tonkin Incident" 4897:NRK (December 10, 2000). 4003:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 3238:Geneva Conference in 1954 3192:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 2403:Cambodia and Mekong Delta 373: 289: 242: 186: 153: 140:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 74: 56: 48: 7483:National Security Agency 7418:1964 in military history 7004:Women in the Vietnam War 6936:United States news media 6881:Indochina refugee crisis 6876:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 6651:Bombing of North Vietnam 6590:Strategic Hamlet Program 6160:Moïse, Edwin E. (2019). 6139:Moïse, Edwin E. (1996). 5930:August 24, 2013, at the 4848:. assassinationofjfk.net 4693:Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). 4423:National Security Agency 4052:Third Front Construction 3302:Kennedy was assassinated 3076:National Security Agency 1986:DMZ Campaign (1969–1971) 1979:Vietnamization 1969–1971 1221:Malheur I and Malheur II 82:August 2, 1964 32:Not to be confused with 7473:History of cryptography 7353:Gulf of Tonkin Incident 7330:Gulf of Tonkin Incident 6623:Gulf of Tonkin incident 6544:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 6281:Oral History Interviews 5908:, Vols. 19/20, Nos. 4–1 5473:"Action in Tonkin Gulf" 5299:Communication Quarterly 5270:Gulf of Tonkin Incident 5208:Discourse & Society 4994:August 9, 2013, at the 4883:Joint Chiefs of Staff, 4784:Morrocco, John (1985). 4641:". (November 9, 1995). 4454:Connecting Repositories 4274:Niger uranium forgeries 4067:New Haven (CT) Register 4048:Chinese Communist Party 3879:Distortion of the event 3798:United States' response 3797: 3451:George Stephen Morrison 3341:Operation Plan 34-Alpha 3081:On August 2, 1964, the 3043:Gulf of Tonkin incident 499:Dương Liễu – Nhông Pass 44:Gulf of Tonkin incident 18:Gulf of Tonkin Incident 7032:Battles and operations 6972:Awards and decorations 6886:Vietnamese boat people 6855:Impact of Agent Orange 6843:Body count controversy 6550:1954 Geneva Conference 6266:Chronologies of Events 6255:Declassified documents 6195:University of Virginia 6110:Department of the Army 5920:. (October 31, 2005). 4887:, Annex F, Appendix x. 4759:Hastings, Max (2018). 4574:March 6, 2015, at the 4521:, pp. 94–96, 105. 4507:Department of the Army 4452:: 113–121 – via 4356:, pp. 95–96, 105. 4250: 4156: 4089: 4072:In the Year of the Pig 4016: 4015:Tonkin Gulf Resolution 3998: 3919: 3860: 3859:US Senator Wayne Morse 3851:Reaction from Congress 3841:Operation Pierce Arrow 3816: 3759: 3720: 3664: 3638: 3524: 3516: 3485: 3411: 3332: 3233: 3150:Johnson administration 3050: 1607:Bien Hoa and Long Binh 187:Commanders and leaders 6741:1975 spring offensive 6700:ARVN campaign in Laos 6696:Vietnamization policy 5943:Hanyok article p. 177 5906:Cryptologic Quarterly 5334:Graduation Ceremony. 4667:. CNN. Archived from 4483:10.1057/9781137272782 4418:Cryptologic Quarterly 4207:Cryptologic Quarterly 4154: 4129:pointing her guns at 4082:Map in the U.S. Navy 4081: 4014: 3996: 3917: 3858: 3810: 3718: 3711:Second alleged attack 3658: 3602:KPV heavy machine gun 3592:and 15 minutes after 3522: 3514: 3479: 3434:, who was on duty in 3404: 3327: 3232:The Geneva Conference 3231: 3171:North Vietnamese Army 3101:North Vietnamese Navy 3091:, while performing a 2808:Tan Son Nhut Air Base 2144:Montgomery Rendezvous 2027:Massachusetts Striker 1597:Tan Son Nhut Air Base 531:American intervention 290:Casualties and losses 201:U. S. Grant Sharp Jr. 7468:Signals intelligence 6860:Environmental impact 6732:Battle of Phước Long 6497:Cold War (1962–1979) 6340:US State Department 6261:NSA Topic Collection 6072:on December 1, 2001. 6045:. New York: Viking. 5967:on January 31, 2016. 5872:Connecticut Magazine 5738:Connecticut Magazine 5538:"Consortiumnews.com" 5414:Wise, David (1973). 5278:on November 21, 2011 5248:on December 23, 2009 4918:, Appendix C, p. 14. 4874:, Appendix A, p.218. 4736:Blackwell Publishing 4477:. pp. 114–145. 4227:signals intelligence 4181:Connecticut Magazine 3569:international waters 3369:U.S. Grant Sharp Jr. 3146:Captain John Herrick 3093:signals intelligence 3065:operations close to 983:Tan Son Nhut airbase 361:Military engagements 6940:In popular culture 6893:Sino-Vietnamese War 6723:Paris Peace Accords 6536:First Indochina War 6525:Japanese occupation 6492:Cambodian Civil War 5878:August 6, 2014, at 5816:. November 6, 2001. 5744:on November 4, 2016 5630:10.3366/j.ctt1r252n 5332:Syracuse University 4825:. September 2, 1963 4697:. RoutledgeCurzon. 4425:: 1–55 – via 4279:Sinking of the RMS 4223:Phu Bai Combat Base 4203:deliberately skewed 4117:Squadron Commander 3762:–Defense Secretary 3679:later claimed that 3588:jets launched from 3298:U.S.-supported coup 3250:First Indochina War 3051:Sự kiện Vịnh Bắc Bộ 2455:Paris Peace Accords 2235:Pennsylvania Square 1889:Phase III Offensive 1784:Landing Zone Center 898:Baton Rouge Victory 116: / 7204:Charles A. Dunning 6714:Christmas bombings 6687:Cambodian campaign 6197:. October 20, 2016 6126:on January 2, 2016 6083:The New York Times 5923:The New York Times 5814:The New York Times 5562:Bamford, James in 5544:on August 15, 2014 5483:on January 5, 2013 5336:Syracuse, New York 4943:October 1979 p.138 4763:. Harper Collins. 4720:, pp. 145–148 4637:2015-03-06 at the 4602:The New York Times 4475:Palgrave Macmillan 4194:The New York Times 4157: 4090: 4017: 3999: 3920: 3861: 3817: 3721: 3665: 3525: 3517: 3486: 3412: 3333: 3248:at the end of the 3234: 3167:Robert S. McNamara 3095:patrol as part of 2569:Fall of Phnom Penh 2228:Cambodian campaign 211:George S. Morrison 120:19.700°N 106.767°E 7433:Conflicts in 1964 7405: 7404: 7050: 7049: 6767:Ho Chi Minh trail 6660:Buddhist Uprising 6618:Coup against Minh 6609:Coup against Diem 6532:(1949–1955) 6487:Laotian Civil War 6480:Related conflicts 6459:Republic of China 6171:978-1-68247-424-2 6021:Passing the Torch 5693:978-1-108-78478-8 5022:May 29, 2012, at 4930:, pp. 66–67. 4770:978-0-06-240567-8 4745:978-1-4051-8222-5 4704:978-0-7007-1615-9 4296:War Powers Clause 4191:In October 2005, 3541:P-4 torpedo boats 3460:Bon Homme Richard 3279:Ho Chi Minh trail 3196:Lyndon B. Johnson 3036: 3035: 2582:Mayaguez incident 2276:Firebase O'Reilly 2158:Campbell Streamer 1868:Pocahontas Forest 739:Buddhist Uprising 635:Masher/White Wing 326: 325: 149: 148: 63:Photo taken from 16:(Redirected from 7500: 7463:Combat incidents 7397: 7392: 7376: 7366: 7356: 7333: 7317: 7307: 7284: 7262: 7259:Brainerd Victory 7252: 7242: 7232: 7221: 7207: 7197: 7187: 7176: 7166: 7155: 7144: 7127: 7104: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7054: 7040: 7039: 7030: 7029: 7020: 7019: 6777:Operation Popeye 6709:Easter Offensive 6530:State of Vietnam 6520:French Indochina 6502:Cold War in Asia 6410:Việt Minh / PAVN 6376: 6369: 6362: 6353: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6175: 6156: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6073: 6068:. Archived from 6056: 6035: 6005: 6004: 6003:on May 16, 2008. 5999:. Archived from 5993: 5987: 5986: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5960:. Archived from 5959: 5951: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5915: 5909: 5892: 5883: 5867: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5848:on May 29, 2006. 5847: 5841:. Archived from 5833: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5781: 5770: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5730: 5724: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5656:on March 6, 2016 5655: 5649:. Archived from 5648: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5587:. Archived from 5583:Porter, Gareth. 5580: 5574: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5540:. Archived from 5533: 5527: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5469: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5450:. April 29, 1987 5438: 5432: 5431: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5396: 5381: 5378: 5372: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5274:. Archived from 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5203: 5194: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5162: 5161:, pp. 9–10. 5156: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5051: 5040: 5033: 5027: 5014: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4986: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4965:on March 2, 2007 4961:. Archived from 4955: 4944: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4894: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4671:on June 14, 2008 4661: 4650: 4643:Associated Press 4628: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4592: 4583: 4580:Associated Press 4566: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4408: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4199:Robert J. Hanyok 4177: 4145:S. Eugene Poteat 4103: 4033:joint resolution 3974: 3767: 3756: 3751: 3704:French Indochina 3663:, August 2, 1964 3254:State of Vietnam 3067:North Vietnamese 2843:Naval operations 2770:Proud Deep Alpha 2463:War of the flags 2447:The Vinh wiretap 2397:Easter Offensive 2132:Pipestone Canyon 2095:Washington Green 1800:Concordia Square 1740:Burlington Trail 1679:Truong Cong Dinh 368: 362: 352: 345: 338: 329: 264:aircraft carrier 179: 177: 176: 166: 164: 163: 131: 130: 128: 127: 126: 121: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 89: 87: 76: 75: 61: 41: 21: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7423:1964 in Vietnam 7408: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7379: 7369: 7359: 7336: 7320: 7310: 7287: 7276: 7270:Other incidents 7265: 7255: 7245: 7235: 7224: 7210: 7200: 7190: 7179: 7169: 7158: 7147: 7130: 7107: 7097: 7084: 7081: 7051: 7046: 7008: 6993:Pentagon Papers 6960: 6907: 6864: 6826: 6750: 6604:Buddhist crisis 6574: 6560:1955 referendum 6508: 6475: 6394: 6385: 6380: 6334:Wayback Machine 6320:Wayback Machine 6308:Wayback Machine 6200: 6198: 6185: 6182: 6172: 6159: 6153: 6138: 6129: 6127: 6115: 6095: 6093: 6076: 6059: 6053: 6038: 6032: 6017: 6014: 6009: 6008: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5964: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5937: 5932:Wayback Machine 5916: 5912: 5902:Wayback Machine 5893: 5886: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5783: 5782: 5773: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5713: 5709: 5694: 5677: 5676: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5622: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5591:on July 8, 2011 5582: 5581: 5577: 5564:Body of Secrets 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5471: 5470: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5397: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5214:(3): 281–296 . 5205: 5204: 5197: 5189:Gareth Porter, 5188: 5184: 5176: 5165: 5157: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5030: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4996:Wayback Machine 4987: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4653: 4639:Wayback Machine 4629: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4594: 4593: 4586: 4576:Wayback Machine 4567: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4473:. Basingstoke: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4410: 4409: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4286:Sinking of the 4270: 4256:. A moderately 4189: 4175: 4165:In Love and War 4119:James Stockdale 4101: 4060: 4005: 3991: 3972: 3958:Body of Secrets 3881: 3853: 3805: 3800: 3769: 3764:Robert McNamara 3761: 3754: 3749: 3719:A sonar console 3713: 3621:Pentagon Papers 3474: 3432:Daniel Ellsberg 3429: 3290:John F. Kennedy 3226: 3218:Main articles: 3216: 3200:Southeast Asian 3039: 3038: 3037: 3032: 2959:Paracel Islands 2654:Rolling Thunder 2322:Toan Thang 1/71 2296:Jefferson Glenn 2172:Nantucket Beach 1903:Champaign Grove 1833:Mameluke Thrust 1697:My Lai Massacre 1351:Wheeler/Wallowa 1139:The Hill Fights 866:John Paul Jones 860:Minh Thanh Road 658:Suoi Bong Trang 463:Quyet Thang 202 377:Guerrilla phase 369: 360: 358: 356: 322: 304: 279: 238: 220: 216:John J. Herrick 196:Robert McNamara 174: 172: 161: 159: 125:19.700; 106.767 124: 122: 118: 115: 110: 107: 105: 103: 102: 101: 85: 83: 62: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7506: 7504: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7488:Gulf of Tonkin 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7410: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7370:Unknown date: 7367: 7357: 7334: 7318: 7308: 7285: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7253: 7243: 7233: 7222: 7208: 7198: 7188: 7177: 7167: 7156: 7145: 7128: 7105: 7094: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7034: 7024: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6878: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6779: 6774: 6772:Sihanouk Trail 6769: 6764: 6762:Củ Chi tunnels 6758: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6746:Fall of Saigon 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6711: 6702: 6689: 6680: 6662: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6634: 6629: 6620: 6611: 6606: 6597: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6533: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6494: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6431: 6421: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6322: 6310: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6207: 6181: 6180:External links 6178: 6177: 6176: 6170: 6157: 6151: 6136: 6113: 6103: 6074: 6057: 6051: 6036: 6030: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006: 5988: 5970: 5946: 5935: 5910: 5884: 5862: 5851: 5819: 5801: 5794: 5771: 5755: 5725: 5707: 5692: 5667: 5635: 5620: 5602: 5575: 5572:978-0385499088 5555: 5536:Robert Parry. 5528: 5519: 5494: 5461: 5433: 5426: 5406: 5382: 5373: 5365:Edwin E. Moise 5357: 5316: 5289: 5259: 5233: 5195: 5182: 5163: 5148: 5114: 5100: 5080: 5066: 5041: 5028: 5009: 5000: 4976: 4945: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4889: 4876: 4872:978-0786445172 4859: 4836: 4810: 4796: 4776: 4769: 4751: 4744: 4722: 4710: 4703: 4682: 4651: 4620: 4584: 4561: 4552: 4523: 4511: 4509:. 1978. P. 248 4498: 4491: 4459: 4432: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4284: 4276: 4269: 4266: 4254:Indochina Wars 4197:reported that 4188: 4185: 4155:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4138:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4059: 4056: 4001:Main article: 3990: 3987: 3880: 3877: 3852: 3849: 3813:Lyndon Johnson 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3745: 3712: 3709: 3473: 3470: 3428: 3425: 3337:covert actions 3328:Norwegian MTB 3215: 3212: 3175:Võ Nguyên Giáp 3158:The Fog of War 3072:Gulf of Tonkin 3034: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2915:Deckhouse Five 2911: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2864:Gulf of Tonkin 2861: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2789: 2782: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2676:Combat Skyspot 2672: 2665: 2658: 2649: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2589:Air operations 2585: 2584: 2579: 2576:Fall of Saigon 2572: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2352:Middlesex Peak 2348: 2341: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2318: 2315:Cuu Long 44-02 2311: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2263:Wolfe Mountain 2259: 2256:Pickens Forest 2252: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2210: 2203: 2196: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2116:Hamburger Hill 2105: 2102:Virginia Ridge 2098: 2091: 2088:Oklahoma Hills 2084: 2081:Montana Mauler 2077: 2070: 2067:Frederick Hill 2063: 2056: 2049: 2044: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2007:Toan Thang III 2002: 1995: 1988: 1975: 1974: 1971:Fayette Canyon 1967: 1960: 1956:Speedy Express 1951: 1946: 1939: 1936:Sheridan Sabre 1932: 1929:Henderson Hill 1925: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1885: 1882:Somerset Plain 1878: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1836: 1829: 1822: 1819:Jeb Stuart III 1815: 1814: 1813: 1811:Coral–Balmoral 1808: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1764: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1727: 1720: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1694: 1687: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1572: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1556:Ban Houei Sane 1546: 1539: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1504: 1497: 1490: 1483: 1474: 1467: 1464:Kien Giang 9-1 1460: 1453: 1446: 1439: 1432: 1425: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1383: 1376: 1369: 1362: 1355: 1346: 1339: 1332: 1325: 1318: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1245: 1238: 1231: 1224: 1217: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1148: 1141: 1136: 1129: 1122: 1115: 1108: 1105:Francis Marion 1101: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1067: 1060: 1055: 1048: 1041: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1011: 998: 997: 992: 985: 980: 973: 970:Paul Revere IV 966: 959: 952: 945: 938: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 893: 888: 883: 876: 869: 862: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 824: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 768: 761: 754: 747: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 655: 648: 647: 646: 630: 623: 616: 603: 602: 595: 588: 581: 576: 575: 574: 562: 557: 552: 545: 527: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 484: 479: 474: 466: 459: 454: 449: 442: 437: 432: 425: 418: 411: 409:Palace Bombing 406: 399: 394: 387: 374: 371: 370: 357: 355: 354: 347: 340: 332: 324: 323: 321: 320: 317: 314: 311: 307: 305: 303: 302: 299: 295: 292: 291: 287: 286: 280: 278: 277: 271: 266: 260: 254: 248: 245: 244: 240: 239: 237: 236: 233: 230: 227: 223: 221: 219: 218: 213: 208: 206:Roy L. Johnson 203: 198: 192: 189: 188: 184: 183: 170: 156: 155: 151: 150: 147: 146: 137: 133: 132: 99:Gulf of Tonkin 97: 95: 91: 90: 80: 72: 71: 54: 53: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7505: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7400: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7260: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7218:Dolly Madison 7214: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152:Rajah Soliman 7146: 7143: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7129: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7078: 7073: 7071: 7066: 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6114: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6052:0-670-03030-9 6048: 6044: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6031:0-939526-01-8 6027: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5963: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880:archive.today 5877: 5874: 5873: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5855: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5830: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5797: 5795:0-06-015318-0 5791: 5787: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5621:9780748640133 5617: 5613: 5606: 5603: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5427:0-394-47932-7 5423: 5419: 5418: 5410: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5358: 5345: 5341: 5340:Miller Center 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5320: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5290: 5277: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5260: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5180:, p. 10. 5179: 5178:Ellsberg 2002 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5159:Ellsberg 2002 5155: 5153: 5149: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5118: 5115: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5084: 5081: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5024:archive.today 5021: 5018: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4969:September 12, 4964: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4847: 4840: 4837: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4799: 4797:9780939526147 4793: 4789: 4788: 4780: 4777: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4711: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4492:9781137272775 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4463: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4344:, p. 94. 4343: 4338: 4335: 4332:, p. 93. 4331: 4326: 4323: 4320:, p. 78. 4319: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4246:Seventh Fleet 4243: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4111:Constellation 4107: 4100: 4095: 4094:Robert Scheer 4087: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4037:H.J. RES 1145 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3995: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3964: 3963:James Bamford 3960: 3959: 3955:In his book, 3953: 3951: 3947: 3944:According to 3942: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3925:William Bundy 3918:William Bundy 3916: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3811:US President 3809: 3795: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3765: 3758: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3695:John R. Craig 3689: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3677:Phùng Thế Tài 3674: 3670: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3320: 3319:domino theory 3316: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3259:Ngo Dinh Diem 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3230: 3225: 3224:Operation 34A 3221: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3208:South Vietnam 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188:U.S. Congress 3184: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161:, the former 3160: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3112:warning shots 3109: 3105: 3104:torpedo boats 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059:United States 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2946:Custom Tailor 2943: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2837: 2836: 2835:Frequent Wind 2832: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2794:Linebacker II 2790: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2735:Commando Hunt 2732: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2508:Iron Triangle 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2440:2nd Quang Trị 2438: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2423:Mỹ Chánh Line 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2408:1st Quang Trị 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2366:Caroline Hill 2363: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2289:Imperial Lake 2286: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2242:Clinch Valley 2239: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2200:Randolph Glen 2197: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2192:Toan Thang IV 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2179:Fulton Square 2176: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2041:Purple Martin 2038: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2020:Iron Mountain 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1964:Taylor Common 1961: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1841:Toan Thang II 1837: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1768:May Offensive 1765: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1724:Cochise Green 1721: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576:Tet Offensive 1573: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387:Shenandoah II 1384: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1316:Suoi Chau Pha 1314: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1282:Hong Kil Dong 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1235:Barking Sands 1232: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1083:2nd Prek Klok 1081: 1079: 1078:1st Prek Klok 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072:Junction City 1068: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1058:Tra Binh Dong 1056: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 996: 995:Firebase Bird 993: 991: 990: 986: 984: 981: 979: 978: 974: 972: 971: 967: 965: 964: 960: 958: 957: 953: 951: 950: 946: 944: 943: 939: 937: 936: 935: 930: 928: 927: 923: 921: 920: 916: 914: 913: 909: 907: 906: 902: 900: 899: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 881: 877: 875: 874: 870: 868: 867: 863: 861: 858: 856: 855: 851: 849: 848: 844: 842: 841: 837: 835: 834: 830: 828: 825: 823: 822: 818: 816: 815: 811: 809: 808: 804: 802: 801: 797: 795: 794: 790: 788: 787: 783: 781: 780: 776: 774: 773: 769: 767: 766: 765:Davy Crockett 762: 760: 759: 755: 753: 752: 748: 746: 743: 741: 740: 736: 734: 733: 729: 727: 726: 722: 720: 719: 715: 713: 712: 708: 706: 705: 701: 699: 696: 694: 693: 689: 687: 686: 682: 680: 679: 675: 673: 672: 668: 666: 665: 661: 659: 656: 654: 653: 649: 645: 644: 640: 639: 638: 637: 636: 631: 629: 628: 624: 622: 621: 617: 615: 614: 610: 609: 608: 607: 601: 600: 596: 594: 593: 592:Bushmaster II 589: 587: 586: 582: 580: 577: 573: 570: 569: 568: 567: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 550: 546: 544: 543: 539: 538: 537: 536: 533: 532: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 494:Camp Holloway 492: 490: 489: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 472: 467: 465: 464: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 447: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 430: 426: 424: 423: 419: 417: 416: 412: 410: 407: 405: 404: 400: 398: 395: 393: 392: 388: 386: 385: 381: 380: 379: 378: 372: 367: 363: 353: 348: 346: 341: 339: 334: 333: 330: 318: 315: 312: 309: 308: 306: 300: 297: 296: 294: 293: 288: 285: 284:torpedo boats 281: 276: 272: 270: 267: 265: 261: 259: 255: 253: 250: 249: 247: 246: 241: 234: 231: 228: 225: 224: 222: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 191: 190: 185: 182: 181:North Vietnam 171: 169: 168:United States 158: 157: 152: 145: 141: 138: 135: 134: 129: 100: 96: 93: 92: 81: 78: 77: 73: 69: 68: 60: 55: 52: 47: 42: 35: 34:Tonkin Affair 30: 19: 7372: 7362: 7347: 7340: 7324: 7313: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7280: 7258: 7248: 7238: 7228: 7217: 7212: 7203: 7193: 7183: 7172: 7162: 7151: 7140: 7133: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7100: 6991: 6965:Other topics 6787:Agent Orange 6736: 6727: 6718: 6704: 6691: 6682: 6664: 6655: 6636: 6622: 6613: 6599: 6585: 6399:Participants 6325: 6201:December 15, 6199:. 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