599:
common when birds are sitting on the water, and gulls may swim in tight circles or foot paddle to bring marine invertebrates up to the surface. Food is also obtained by searching the ground, often on the shore among sand, mud or rocks. Larger gulls tend to do more feeding in this way. In shallow water gulls may also engage in foot paddling. One method of obtaining prey involves dropping heavy shells of clams and mussels onto hard surfaces. Gulls may fly some distance to find a suitable surface on which to drop shells, and apparently a learned component to the task exists, as older birds are more successful than younger ones. While overall feeding success is a function of age, the diversity in both prey and feeding methods is not. The time taken to learn foraging skills may explain the delayed maturation in gulls.
2097:
1995:
2029:
688:
664:
1011:
723:
201:
1843:
635:). Yet, in times when local prey availability is low, the gulls shift to human-related food. These temporal shifts from a marine to terrestrial prey highlight the resilience adult gulls have and their ability to keep chick condition consistent. Human disturbance has also shown to have an effect on gull breeding, in which hatching failure is directly proportional to the amount of disturbance in a given plot. Certain gull breeds have been known to feast on the eyeballs of baby seals, and directly pilfer milk from the
2155:
708:
1965:
646:
371:
109:
2058:
1452:
571:, reptiles, amphibians, seeds, fruit, human refuse, and even other birds. No gull species is a single-prey specialist, and no gull species forages using only a single method. The type of food depends on circumstances, and terrestrial prey such as seeds, fruit, and earthworms are more common during the breeding season while marine prey is more common in the nonbreeding season when birds spend more time on large bodies of water.
742:
469:
772:
430:, which has a wedge-shaped tail. Gulls have moderately long legs, especially when compared to the similar terns, with fully webbed feet. The bill is generally heavy and slightly hooked, with the larger species having stouter bills than the smaller species. The bill colour is often yellow with a red spot for the larger white-headed species and red, dark red or black in the smaller species.
518:
2126:
88:
784:
839:
usually dark tan to brown or dark olive with dark splotches and scrawl markings, and are well camouflaged. Both sexes incubate the eggs, with incubation bouts lasting between one and four hours during the day and one parent incubating through the night. Research on various bird species including the gull suggests that females form pair bonds with other females to obtain
1780:
1708:
761:
859:
832:. Species that nest in marshes must construct a nesting platform to keep the nest dry, particularly in species that nest in tidal marshes. Both sexes gather nesting material and build the nest, but the division of labour is not always exactly equal. In coastal towns, many gulls nest on rooftops and can be observed by nearby human residents.
629:
their shift in diet. Between the years of 1974–1994, yellow-legged gull populations in
Berlenga Island, Portugal, increased from 2600 to 44,698 individuals. Analyzing both adult and chick remains, researchers found a mixture of both natural prey and human refuse. The gulls relied substantially on the Henslow's swimming crab (
804:, returning to the same colony after breeding there once and even usually breeding in the same location within that colony. Colonies can vary from just a few pairs to over a hundred thousand pairs, and may be exclusive to that gull species or shared with other seabird species. A few species nest singly, and single pairs of
453:
have partly or entirely grey bodies. The wingtips of most species are black, which improves their resistance to wear and tear, usually with a diagnostic pattern of white markings. The head of a gull may be covered by a dark hood or be entirely white. The plumage of the head varies by breeding season;
990:
In common usage, members of various gull species are often referred to as sea gulls or seagulls; however, "seagull" is a layperson's term that is not used by most ornithologists and biologists. This name is used informally to refer to a common local species or all gulls in general, and has no fixed
827:
Nest building is also part of the pair-bonding. Gull nests are usually mats of herbaceous matter with a central nest cup. Nests are usually built on the ground, but a few species build nests on cliffs, including the kittiwakes, which almost always nest in such habitats, and in some cases in trees,
628:
off the northwest coast of Spain revealed a shift from a sardine to crustacean-based diet. This shift was linked to higher fishing efficiency and thus overall fish stock depletion. Lastly, closure of nearby open-air landfills limited food availability for the gulls, furthering creating a stress on
598:
insects on the wing; larger species perform this feat more rarely. Gulls on the wing also snatch items both off water and off the ground, and over water they also plunge-dive to catch prey. Again, smaller species are more manoeuvrable and better able to hover-dip fish from the air. Dipping is also
602:
Gulls have only a limited ability to dive below the water to feed on deeper prey. To obtain prey from deeper down, many species of gulls feed in association with other animals, where marine hunters drive prey to the surface when hunting. Examples of such associations include four species of gulls
823:
Most gulls breed once a year and have predictable breeding seasons lasting for three to five months. Gulls begin to assemble around the colony for a few weeks prior to occupying the colony. Existing pairs re-establish their pair-bonds, and unpaired birds begin courting. Birds then move back into
850:
Incubation lasts between 22 and 26 days, and begins after laying the first egg, although it is discontinuous until the second egg is laid. This means the first two chicks are born close together, and the third chick some time later. Young chicks are brooded by their parents for about one or two
541:
Looking further at environmental drivers that structure bird habitat and distribution are human and climate impacts. Looking at waterbird distribution in wetlands, changes in salinity, water depth, water body isolation and hydroperiod altered bird community structure in both a species and guild
838:
is typically three eggs, although it is two in some of the smaller species and only one egg for the swallow-tailed gull. Within colonies, birds synchronise their laying, with synchronisation being higher in larger colonies, although after a certain point, this levels off. The eggs of gulls are
433:
The gulls are generalist feeders. Indeed, they are the least specialised of all the seabirds, and their morphology allows for equal adeptness in swimming, flying, and walking. They are more adept walking on land than most other seabirds, and the smaller gulls tend to be more manoeuvrable while
562:
located in supraorbital grooves of the skull by which salt can be excreted through the nostrils to assist the kidneys in maintaining electrolyte balance. Gulls are highly adaptable feeders that opportunistically take a wide range of prey. The food taken by gulls includes fish and marine and
663:
350:, born with dark mottled down and mobile upon hatching. Gulls are resourceful, inquisitive, and intelligent, the larger species in particular, demonstrating complex methods of communication and a highly developed social structure. For example, many gull colonies display
575:
863:
867:
865:
861:
860:
529:
A big influence on non-breeding gull distribution are food patches. Human fisheries especially have an impact since they often provide an abundant and predictable food resource. Looking at two species of gulls dependent on human fisheries, Audouin's gull
866:
799:
breeders that display mate fidelity that usually lasts for the life of the pair. Divorce of mated pairs does occur, but it apparently has a social cost that persists for a number of years after the break-up. Gulls also display high levels of
326:
species. Live food often includes crustaceans, mollusks, fish and small birds. Gulls have unhinging jaws which allow them to consume large prey. Gulls are typically coastal or inland species, rarely venturing far out to sea, except for the
313:
Gulls are typically medium to large in size, usually grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They typically have harsh wailing or squawking calls; stout, longish bills; and webbed feet. Most gulls are ground-nesting
864:
418:, at 1.75 kg (3 lb 14 oz) and 76 cm (30 in). They are generally uniform in shape, with heavy bodies, long wing, and moderately long necks. The tails of all but three species are rounded; the exceptions being
434:
walking. The walking gait of gulls includes a slight side to side motion, something that can be exaggerated in breeding displays. In the air, they are able to hover and they are also able to take off quickly with little space.
687:
593:
In addition to taking a wide range of prey, gulls display great versatility in how they obtain prey. Prey can be obtained in the air, on water, or on land. In the air, a number of hooded species are able to
514:, which migrates from Canada to wintering grounds off the west coast of South America. Other species move much shorter distances and may simply disperse along the coasts near their breeding sites.
582:
580:
577:
576:
354:
behaviour, attacking and harassing predators and other intruders. Certain species have exhibited tool-use behaviour, such as the herring gull, using pieces of bread as bait with which to catch
581:
3009:"Anthropogenic food resources, sardine decline and environmental conditions have triggered a dietary shift of an opportunistic seabird over the last 30 years on the northwest coast of Spain"
3408:
824:
their territories and new males establish new territories and attempt to court females. Gulls defend their territories from rivals of both sexes through calls and aerial attacks.
2307:
862:
499:, breeds in the interior of dry deserts far from water. Considerable variety exists in the family and species may breed and feed in marine, freshwater, or terrestrial habitats.
579:
3430:
Paton TA, Baker AJ (June 2006). "Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the
Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree".
855:, to guard them. Both parents feed the chicks, although early on in the rearing period, the male does most of the feeding and the female most of the brooding and guarding.
1048:
study published in 2022 found the following relationships between the genera, including the most recent generic change, the placement of
Saunders's gull in its own genus
722:
3170:
618:
Looking at the effect of humans on gull diet, overfishing of target prey such as sardines have caused a shift in diet and behaviour. Analysis of yellow-legged gull's (
454:
in nonbreeding dark-hooded gulls, the hood is lost, sometimes leaving a single spot behind the eye, and in white-headed gulls, nonbreeding heads may have streaking.
2264:
Pons JM, Hassanin A, Crochet PA (December 2005). "Phylogenetic relationships within the
Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers".
441:
in adult gulls is a white body with a darker mantle; the extent to which the mantle is darker varies from pale grey to black. A few species vary in this, the
2946:
812:, defending an area of varying size around the nesting site from others of their species. This area can be as large as a 5-m radius around the nest in the
3076:"Temporal and age-related dietary variations in a large population of yellow-legged gulls Larus michahellis: implications for management and conservation"
2889:
3567:Černý, David; Natale, Rossy (2022). "Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)".
2413:
2792:
506:, with birds moving to warmer habitats during the winter, but the extent to which they migrate varies by species. Some migrate long distances, notably
3404:
707:
3473:
Paton TA, Baker AJ, Groth JG, Barrowclough GF (November 2003). "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within
Charadriiform birds".
3201:
542:
specific way. Gulls in particular had high associations with salinity levels, being the main environmental predictor for waterbird assemblage.
3699:
2639:
2444:
463:
2096:
487:, and are found in the high Arctic as well. They are less common on tropical islands, although a few species do live on islands such as the
3396:
3052:
578:
3111:
741:
358:, for example. Many species of gulls have learned to coexist successfully with humans and have thrived in human habitats. Others rely on
2553:
645:
346:
Gulls nest in large, densely packed, noisy colonies. They lay two or three speckled eggs in nests composed of vegetation. The young are
3623:
De Pietri VL (2011). "A revision of the Lari (Aves, Charadriiformes) from the early
Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy (Allier, France)".
3327:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 138, 252.
2625:
2575:
2485:
2315:
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to get their food. Gulls have been observed preying on live whales, landing on the whale as it surfaces to peck out pieces of flesh.
3680:
2497:
2389:
2218:; apart from this and the undescribed Early Oligocene fossil, all prehistoric species were tentatively assigned to the modern genus
538:, their breeding distributions (especially the black-backed gull) was heavily impacted by human fishing discards and fishing ports.
1022:
2707:
2464:
3744:
3301:
1994:
2822:
Buckley PA (September 1966). "Foot-paddling in four
American gulls, with comments on its possible function and stimulation".
1010:
3291:
888:
907:, but recent evidence suggests that this assumption is questionable. Until recently, most gulls were placed in the genus
2028:
30:
200:
4246:
2915:
2339:
335:. The large species take up to four years to attain full adult plumage, but two years is typical for small gulls.
480:
351:
669:
Gull attacking a coot – this gull is probably going after the bread or other food item in the bill of this
510:, which migrates from the Arctic coasts to winter off the west coasts of South America and southern Africa, and
108:
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2866:
1684:
961:
59:
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for their dependent offspring, a behaviour seen in other animal species, like the elephants, wolves, and the
3956:
3842:
2209:
2154:
1541:
776:
674:
415:
2660:"Human influence on gull non-breeding distribution: potential consequences of changes in fishing practices"
4225:
4148:
3007:
Calado, Joana G.; Paiva, Vítor H.; Ramos, Jaime A.; Velando, Alberto; Munilla, Ignacio (5 February 2020).
2197:
2075:
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733:
3889:
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1842:
1636:
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747:
694:
651:
340:
55:
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is used to describe the four pale-winged, high Arctic-breeding taxa within the former group; these are
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3632:
3576:
3482:
3439:
3193:
3020:
2745:
2671:
2273:
2083:
1570:
625:
2624:
Burger A, Gochfeld M (1996). "Family
Laridae (Gulls)". In del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds.).
1964:
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809:
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103:
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4047:
4001:
3817:
2631:
2510:
Henry PY, Aznar JC (June 2006). "Tool-use in
Charadrii: Active Bait-Fishing by a Herring Gull".
1980:
1887:
1813:
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450:
370:
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Ramírez F, Rodríguez C, Seoane J, Figuerola J, Bustamante J (13 February 2018). Yue BS (ed.).
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1935:
1927:
1919:
1895:
1750:
1692:
1676:
1610:
1517:
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983:
620:
495:. Many species breed in coastal colonies, with a preference for islands, and one species, the
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4251:
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3832:
3757:
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3584:
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Ramírez F, Gutiérrez-Expósito C, Afán I, Giménez J, de
Stephanis R, Forero MG (7 May 2015).
2519:
2281:
2141:
1903:
1741:
1618:
1525:
1038:
991:
taxonomic meaning. In common usage, gull-like seabirds that are not technically gulls (e.g.
979:
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507:
419:
359:
332:
2057:
1451:
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160:
74:
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4128:
3730:
3372:
3347:
2835:
2768:
2733:
2659:
2214:
2201:
2044:
1257:
1034:
935:
844:
796:
714:
559:
503:
427:
239:
3544:
3517:
3494:
2460:
4240:
3996:
3909:
3867:
3075:
3048:
2796:
2231:
1805:
1668:
1594:
975:
840:
835:
670:
636:
492:
205:
3652:
3295:
3277:
3107:
2531:
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3991:
3899:
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3857:
3797:
2851:
2205:
1878:
1797:
1644:
1602:
1578:
1469:
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1121:
1103:
1014:
971:
953:
941:
912:
904:
813:
468:
375:
96:
3074:
Alonso, Hany; Almeida, Ana; Granadeiro, José Pedro; Catry, Paulo (December 2015).
771:
3644:
2758:
2360:
4110:
4062:
4031:
3982:
3971:
3937:
3822:
3716:
3588:
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2285:
2015:
1911:
1860:
1786:
1766:
1714:
1509:
1332:
1307:
929:
917:
383:
339:
are typically long-lived birds, with a maximum age of 49 years recorded for the
231:
170:
3032:
4171:
3951:
3256:
Riedman ML (1982). "The Evolution of Alloparental Care in Mammals and Birds".
3091:
2200:
from the early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France. A fossil gull from the
2125:
2112:
1733:
872:
801:
698:
604:
564:
484:
442:
209:
87:
3158:
3099:
3040:
3008:
2703:
4139:
4011:
4006:
3904:
3847:
3397:"Are sea gulls actually called sea gulls or is there another name for them?"
2064:
1829:
1821:
1660:
1549:
1214:
992:
817:
783:
612:
522:
517:
496:
488:
446:
347:
328:
319:
315:
260:, leading to the resurrection of several genera. An older name for gulls is
257:
120:
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3553:
3534:
3502:
3459:
3381:
3363:
2885:
2777:
2293:
1779:
3722:
3241:
3224:
2971:
Ridoux V (1987). "Feeding association between seabirds and killer whales,
2843:
2196:, some 30–33 million years ago. Three gull-like species were described by
567:
and invertebrates such as insects and earthworms; rodents, eggs, carrion,
4220:
2579:
2549:
2240:
1078:
900:
885:
655:
355:
223:
140:
78:
2694:
2348:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
2222:. Among those of them that have been confirmed as gulls, Milne-Edwards'
1707:
1041:
in the family Laridae, but recent research indicates this is incorrect.
3775:
3166:
2942:
2336:
1426:
760:
438:
227:
180:
2727:
2725:
2684:
808:
may breed in colonies of other birds. Within colonies, gull pairs are
3134:
2734:"How will climate change affect endangered Mediterranean waterbirds?"
2235:
2189:
996:
852:
322:
which take live food or scavenge opportunistically, particularly the
130:
3332:
3297:
Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés
3150:
2988:
2934:
3269:
2630:. Vol. 3, Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.
2492:(7th edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
851:
weeks, and often at least one parent remains with them, until they
563:
freshwater invertebrates, both alive and already dead; terrestrial
3788:
3766:
3300:(in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 72.
1458:
1350:
1009:
945:. Some English names refer to species complexes within the group:
857:
782:
770:
759:
573:
568:
467:
369:
252:
247:
199:
2463:. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 13 August 2007.
1196:
1030:
1026:
1004:
1000:
678:
608:
235:
150:
3726:
3135:"Effects of Human Disturbance on the Breeding Success of Gulls"
895:
of gulls is confused by their widespread distribution zones of
603:
feeding around plumes of mud brought to the surface by feeding
2867:"The development of shell-cracking behaviour in herring gulls"
250:. Until the 21st century, most gulls were placed in the genus
243:
884:
The family Laridae was introduced (as Laridia) by the French
693:
Juvenile seagull serenely waiting for discarded human food,
378:
is a large white-headed gull with a particularly heavy bill.
767:
nest colonially, but have tiny, closely packed territories.
558:
drink salt water, as well as fresh water, as they possess
483:. They breed on every continent, including the margins of
2916:"The Association of Marine Birds and Feeding Gray Whales"
2524:
10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[233:TICABB]2.0.CO;2
1007:) may also be referred to as seagulls by the layperson.
3905:
Vega gull (or East Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)
3194:"Gruesome Meal: Seagulls Snack on Baby Seals' Eyeballs"
310:, and can still be found in certain regional dialects.
34:
3325:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
3225:"Feral cats steal milk from northern Elephant Seals"
1017:
at Point Lobos State Natural Reserve, California, US
4198:
4180:
4162:
4137:
4119:
4101:
4020:
3980:
3935:
3786:
3765:
3719:
Pictures of less well-known plumages of large gulls
51:
Seabirds of the family Laridae in the suborder Lari
787:Two ring-billed gull chicks sitting amongst rocks
3348:"The herring gull complex is not a ring species"
3779:(† indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
2653:
2651:
296:
3516:Thomas GH, Wills MA, Székely T (August 2004).
3346:Liebers D, de Knijff P, Helbig AJ (May 2004).
54:"Seagull" redirects here. For other uses, see
3738:
3518:"A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny"
2439:. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 109–111.
2312:Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913
2188:The Laridae are known from not-yet-published
280:
8:
915:, leading to the resurrection of the genera
304:
272:
265:
288:
18:
3957:Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)
3745:
3731:
3723:
3609:Miller, A. H. and Sibley (1941) described
3002:
3000:
2998:
1872:Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus
1435:
911:, but this arrangement is now known to be
903:. Some have traditionally been considered
816:to just a tiny area of cliff ledge in the
86:
66:
3543:
3533:
3405:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
3371:
3240:
3133:Robert, Henry C.; Ralph, C. John (1975).
2767:
2757:
2693:
2683:
2490:Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach
2212:, US, is placed in the prehistoric genus
256:, but that arrangement is now considered
2410:The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database
2382:Gulls of Europe, Asia, and North America
871:Black-tailed gulls following a ferry in
516:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
2975:, around subantarctic Crozet Islands".
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2253:
641:
234:. They are most closely related to the
20:
4058:Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)
3411:from the original on 13 September 2018
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2259:
2257:
3569:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3475:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3432:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3204:from the original on 12 February 2022
3173:from the original on 20 November 2023
3114:from the original on 20 November 2023
3080:European Journal of Wildlife Research
3055:from the original on 20 November 2023
2556:from the original on 15 February 2009
2467:from the original on 24 December 2009
2435:Harrison CJ (1991). Forshaw J (ed.).
2266:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
475:are endemic to the Galapagos Islands.
464:List of Charadriiformes by population
445:is entirely white, and some like the
7:
2895:from the original on 4 November 2014
2416:from the original on 4 November 2013
1324:
1299:
1274:
1249:
1188:
1163:
1156:
1095:
1070:
1063:
1055:
3625:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3613:from the upper Miocene of Nebraska
2865:Ingolfsson A, Estrella BT (1978).
2836:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1966.tb01603.x
2793:"How do seagulls drink saltwater?"
2627:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2576:"Gulls' vicious attacks on whales"
2546:"Seagull becomes crisp shoplifter"
2406:"AnAge entry for Larus argentatus"
1555:("southern black-backed gull" or "
49:
2952:from the original on 4 March 2016
2380:Olsen, K.M.; Larsson, H. (2004).
952:is used to describe the 18 or so
534:) and lesser black-backed gulls (
3673:Gulls: a guide to identification
3352:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3304:from the original on 13 May 2019
2153:
2124:
2095:
2056:
2027:
1993:
1963:
1841:
1778:
1706:
1450:
740:
721:
706:
686:
662:
644:
107:
3258:The Quarterly Review of Biology
2824:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
2710:from the original on 6 May 2021
2437:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
1864:Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae
750:stealing food from a man's hand
713:Lesser black-backed gulls in a
426:, which have forked tails, and
264:, which is cognate with German
2664:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2582:. 21 June 2009. Archived from
2366:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1931:Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus
1425:This is a list of the 54 gull
1023:American Ornithologists' Union
611:(largest dolphin species) and
1:
3694:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
3495:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8
3013:Regional Environmental Change
2238:have since been separated in
1907:Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus
1744:(or Great black-headed gull)
889:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
521:Gulls in the coat of arms of
382:Gulls range in size from the
336:
246:, and even more distantly to
3645:10.1080/02724634.2011.586663
2759:10.1371/journal.pone.0192702
1955:Chroicocephalus philadelphia
1899:Chroicocephalus maculipennis
964:in the taxonomic list below.
400:ounces) and 29 centimetres (
3589:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620
3452:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011
2977:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2286:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.011
479:The gulls have a worldwide
4273:
3690:Howell SN, Dunn J (2007).
3395:Hayward I (24 July 2009).
3033:10.1007/s10113-020-01609-6
1939:Chroicocephalus ridibundus
1891:Chroicocephalus hartlaubii
1762:Ichthyaetus melanocephalus
1729:Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus
677:are known to kill and eat
461:
366:Description and morphology
53:
4216:
3092:10.1007/s10344-015-0958-9
1614:Larus glaucoides kumlieni
1347:
1329:
1322:
1304:
1297:
1279:
1272:
1254:
1247:
1211:
1193:
1186:
1175:– kittiwakes (2 species)
1168:
1161:
1154:
1118:
1100:
1093:
1075:
1068:
1061:
779:, with three typical eggs
481:cosmopolitan distribution
242:and distantly related to
191:
186:
104:Scientific classification
102:
94:
85:
69:
3920:Lesser black-backed gull
3848:Kelp gull (or Cape gull)
3522:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2791:Dowdey S (9 July 2009).
2230:from the Late Oligocene/
1985:Saundersilarus saundersi
1915:Chroicocephalus serranus
1685:Lesser black-backed gull
1622:Larus glaucoides thayeri
1564:Larus dominicanus vetula
962:lesser black-backed gull
675:great black-backed gulls
589:foot paddling, Cape Town
458:Distribution and habitat
337:Large white-headed gulls
60:Seagull (disambiguation)
31:latest accepted revision
3843:Great black-backed gull
3401:The RSPB: Ask An Expert
2210:Cherry County, Nebraska
1923:Chroicocephalus bulleri
1825:Leucophaeus fuliginosus
1746:Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
1542:Great black-backed gull
950:Large white-headed gull
777:great black-backed gull
765:Black-legged kittiwakes
437:The general pattern of
416:great black-backed gull
208:in flight, flying over
70:Gull (commonly seagull)
4226:Hybridisation in gulls
4149:Black-legged kittiwake
3535:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28
3364:10.1098/rspb.2004.2679
3223:Gallo-Reynoso (2010).
2198:Alphonse Milne-Edwards
2076:Black-legged kittiwake
1882:Chroicocephalus utunui
1737:Ichthyaetus hemprichii
1082:– swallow-tailed gull
1046:molecular phylogenetic
1018:
876:
788:
780:
768:
734:Sandy Hook, New Jersey
615:(and other seabirds).
590:
526:
502:Most gull species are
476:
379:
305:
297:
289:
281:
273:
266:
212:
3890:American herring gull
3885:European herring gull
3692:Gulls of the Americas
3242:10.12933/therya-10-14
1947:Chroicocephalus genei
1809:Leucophaeus atricilla
1801:Leucophaeus scoresbii
1754:Ichthyaetus audouinii
1696:Larus fuscus heuglini
1637:American herring gull
1629:European herring gull
1013:
870:
828:and high places like
786:
774:
763:
748:European herring gull
695:Huntington Beach Pier
652:American herring gull
585:
532:Ichthyaetus audouinii
520:
471:
373:
203:
56:Gull (disambiguation)
4154:Red-legged kittiwake
3853:Glaucous-winged gull
2886:10.1093/auk/95.3.577
2184:Evolutionary history
2084:Red-legged kittiwake
2019:Hydrocoloeus minutus
1833:Leucophaeus modestus
1817:Leucophaeus pipixcan
1770:Ichthyaetus relictus
1571:Glaucous-winged gull
1521:Larus brachyrhynchus
473:Swallow-tailed gulls
424:swallow-tailed gulls
4208:Swallow-tailed gull
4083:Slender-billed gull
3637:2011JVPal..31..812D
3581:2022MolPE.17707620C
3487:2003MolPE..29..268P
3444:2006MolPE..39..657P
3025:2020REnvC..20...10C
2914:Harrison C (1979).
2750:2018PLoSO..1392702R
2676:2015MEPS..527..221R
2342:13 May 2013 at the
2278:2005MolPE..37..686P
2192:evidence since the
2171:Swallow-tailed gull
1944:Slender-billed gull
1640:Larus smithsonianus
1497:Larus crassirostris
607:, and also between
556:Charadriiform birds
21:Page version status
3967:Mediterranean gull
3895:Yellow-legged gull
3863:Yellow-footed gull
2369:. Merriam-Webster.
2318:on 4 November 2013
2087:Rissa brevirostris
2048:Rhodostethia rosea
2038:MacGillivray, 1842
1759:Mediterranean gull
1680:Larus schistisagus
1653:Yellow-legged gull
1587:Yellow-footed gull
1582:Larus occidentalis
1559:" in New Zealand)
1537:Larus californicus
1529:Larus delawarensis
1431:taxonomic sequence
1261:– Saunders's gull
1019:
877:
789:
781:
769:
632:Polybius henslowii
591:
527:
477:
380:
218:, or colloquially
213:
27:
4247:Bird common names
4234:
4233:
4221:Gull eggs as food
4078:Black-headed gull
4073:Brown-headed gull
4068:Black-billed gull
4053:Brown-hooded gull
3915:Slaty-backed gull
3828:Short-billed gull
3813:Black-tailed gull
3717:Rudy's Gull-index
3701:978-0-618-72641-7
3671:Grant PJ (1986).
3358:(1542): 893–901.
2685:10.3354/meps11282
2641:978-84-87334-20-7
2446:978-1-85391-186-6
2181:
2180:
2174:Creagrus furcatus
2116:Pagophila eburnea
1936:Black-headed gull
1928:Brown-headed gull
1920:Black-billed gull
1896:Brown-hooded gull
1677:Slaty-backed gull
1656:Larus michahellis
1598:Larus hyperboreus
1574:Larus glaucescens
1553:Larus dominicanus
1518:Short-billed gull
1494:Black-tailed gull
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
968:White-winged gull
954:herring gull-like
868:
841:alloparental care
830:Bonaparte's gulls
806:band-tailed gulls
621:Larus michahellis
583:
198:
197:
39:18 September 2024
4264:
4088:Bonaparte's gull
3833:Ring-billed gull
3747:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3705:
3686:
3657:
3656:
3620:
3614:
3611:Gaviota niobrara
3607:
3601:
3600:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3537:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3323:Bock WJ (1994).
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3192:Palermo (2015).
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3004:
2993:
2992:
2983:(8): 2113–2115.
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2920:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2803:on 27 March 2013
2799:. Archived from
2788:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2697:
2687:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2621:
2588:
2587:
2586:on 26 June 2009.
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2552:. 20 July 2007.
2542:
2536:
2535:
2507:
2501:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2357:
2351:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2314:. Archived from
2304:
2298:
2297:
2261:
2165:
2157:
2136:
2128:
2107:
2099:
2079:Rissa tridactyla
2070:
2060:
2039:
2031:
2005:
1997:
1975:
1967:
1952:Bonaparte's gull
1904:Grey-headed gull
1855:
1845:
1792:
1782:
1720:
1710:
1648:Larus cachinnans
1632:Larus argentatus
1606:Larus glaucoides
1526:Ring-billed gull
1489:Larus atlanticus
1464:
1454:
1436:
1325:
1300:
1275:
1250:
1200:– Sabine's gull
1189:
1164:
1157:
1096:
1071:
1064:
1056:
869:
744:
730:ring-billed gull
725:
710:
690:
666:
648:
584:
551:Diet and feeding
414:inches), to the
413:
412:
408:
405:
399:
398:
394:
391:
386:, at 120 grams (
360:kleptoparasitism
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
269:
230:in the suborder
112:
111:
90:
73:Temporal range:
67:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4212:
4194:
4176:
4158:
4133:
4115:
4097:
4093:Saunders's gull
4048:Hartlaub's gull
4037:Red-billed gull
4023:Chroicocephalus
4016:
4002:Franklin's gull
3976:
3947:White-eyed gull
3931:
3838:California gull
3818:Heermann's gull
3782:
3761:
3751:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3689:
3683:
3670:
3666:
3664:Further reading
3661:
3660:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3151:10.2307/1366103
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3006:
3005:
2996:
2989:10.1139/z87-324
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2935:10.2307/1367866
2918:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2744:(2): e0192702.
2731:
2730:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2623:
2622:
2591:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2461:"Gulls and man"
2459:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:Wayback Machine
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2228:"L." totanoides
2224:"Larus" elegans
2194:Early Oligocene
2186:
2164:Bonaparte, 1854
2163:
2134:
2105:
2068:
2037:
2003:
1981:Saunders's gull
1973:
1888:Hartlaub's gull
1869:Red-billed gull
1853:
1850:Chroicocephalus
1814:Franklin's gull
1790:
1726:White-eyed gull
1718:
1672:Larus armenicus
1534:California gull
1505:Larus heermanni
1502:Heermann's gull
1473:Larus pacificus
1462:
1429:, presented in
1423:
1421:List of species
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1354:– (24 species)
1286:– (10 species)
1283:Chroicocephalus
1237:
1228:
1144:
1135:
958:California gull
924:Chroicocephalus
882:
858:
758:
751:
745:
736:
726:
717:
711:
702:
691:
682:
667:
658:
649:
587:Hartlaub's gull
574:
560:exocrine glands
553:
548:
512:Franklin's gull
466:
460:
451:Heermann's gull
410:
406:
403:
401:
396:
392:
389:
387:
368:
161:Charadriiformes
106:
81:
75:Early Oligocene
71:
63:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3962:Audouin's gull
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3925:Heuglin's gull
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Belcher's gull
3800:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3711:External links
3709:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3687:
3681:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3631:(4): 812–828.
3615:
3602:
3559:
3508:
3465:
3422:
3387:
3338:
3315:
3283:
3270:10.1086/412936
3264:(4): 405–435.
3248:
3235:(3): 207–211.
3215:
3184:
3125:
3086:(6): 819–829.
3066:
2994:
2963:
2906:
2880:(3): 577–579.
2857:
2830:(4): 395–402.
2814:
2783:
2721:
2647:
2640:
2589:
2567:
2537:
2518:(2): 233–234.
2502:
2478:
2452:
2445:
2427:
2397:
2390:
2372:
2352:
2329:
2299:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2071:
2069:Stephens, 1826
2061:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2011:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1971:Saundersilarus
1968:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1856:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1751:Audouin's gull
1748:
1739:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:Heuglin's gull
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1611:Kumlien's gull
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1481:Larus belcheri
1478:Belcher's gull
1475:
1465:
1463:Linnaeus, 1758
1455:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:– (6 species)
1328:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:– (5 species)
1303:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1258:Saundersilarus
1253:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:– Ross's gull
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:– little gull
1099:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1050:Saundersilarus
1031:Stercorariidae
988:
987:
984:Kumlien's gull
965:
936:Saundersilarus
881:
878:
845:fathead minnow
775:The nest of a
757:
754:
753:
752:
746:
739:
737:
727:
720:
718:
715:feeding frenzy
712:
705:
703:
692:
685:
683:
668:
661:
659:
650:
643:
552:
549:
547:
544:
459:
456:
367:
364:
226:of the family
196:
195:
189:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
100:
99:
92:
91:
83:
82:
72:
50:
48:
28:
22:
19:
17:
16:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4269:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4190:Sabine's gull
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Laughing gull
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Armenian gull
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3878:Thayer's gull
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Glaucous gull
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3682:0-85661-044-5
3678:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:(2): 268–78.
3480:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:(3): 657–67.
3437:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3292:Rafinesque CS
3287:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2802:
2798:
2797:HowStuffWorks
2794:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:0-87893-009-4
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2391:0-7136-7087-8
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:(3): 686–99.
2271:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2234:of southeast
2233:
2232:Early Miocene
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2142:Sabine's gull
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:(may include
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:Laughing gull
1804:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:Pallas's gull
1740:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:Armenian gull
1667:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:Thayer's gull
1617:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:Glaucous gull
1593:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:Larus marinus
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:– ivory gull
1217:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:combines the
1024:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
985:
981:
980:Thayer's gull
977:
976:glaucous gull
973:
969:
966:
963:
959:
956:species from
955:
951:
948:
947:
946:
944:
943:
938:
937:
932:
931:
926:
925:
920:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:hybridisation
894:
891:in 1815. The
890:
887:
879:
874:
856:
854:
848:
846:
842:
837:
833:
831:
825:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:site fidelity
798:
794:
785:
778:
773:
766:
762:
755:
749:
743:
738:
735:
731:
724:
719:
716:
709:
704:
700:
696:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:American coot
665:
660:
657:
653:
647:
642:
640:
638:
637:elephant seal
634:
633:
627:
624:
622:
616:
614:
610:
606:
600:
597:
588:
572:
570:
566:
561:
557:
550:
545:
543:
539:
537:
536:Larus fuscus)
533:
524:
519:
515:
513:
509:
508:Sabine's gull
505:
500:
498:
494:
493:New Caledonia
490:
486:
482:
474:
470:
465:
457:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
429:
425:
421:
420:Sabine's gull
417:
385:
377:
372:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
333:Sabine's gull
330:
325:
321:
317:
311:
309:
307:
302:, and French
301:
299:
293:
291:
285:
283:
277:
275:
268:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
211:
207:
206:Armenian gull
202:
194:
193:11, see text
190:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
101:
98:
93:
89:
84:
80:
76:
68:
65:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
4199:
4181:
4163:
4138:
4121:Rhodostethia
4120:
4103:Hydrocoloeus
4102:
4042:Huahine gull
4021:
3992:Dolphin gull
3981:
3936:
3900:Caspian gull
3873:Iceland gull
3858:Western gull
3808:Olrog's gull
3798:Pacific gull
3787:
3774:
3753:
3691:
3672:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3415:12 September
3413:. Retrieved
3400:
3390:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3324:
3318:
3306:. Retrieved
3296:
3286:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3198:Live Science
3197:
3187:
3175:. Retrieved
3142:
3138:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3083:
3079:
3069:
3057:. Retrieved
3016:
3012:
2980:
2976:
2973:Orcinus orca
2972:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2929:(1): 93–95.
2926:
2922:
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2877:
2873:
2860:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2801:the original
2786:
2741:
2737:
2712:. Retrieved
2695:10261/122438
2667:
2663:
2626:
2584:the original
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2540:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2489:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2455:
2436:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2364:
2355:
2347:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2316:the original
2311:
2302:
2269:
2265:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2206:Late Miocene
2187:
2173:
2160:
2144:
2131:
2115:
2102:
2086:
2078:
2063:
2047:
2035:Rhodostethia
2034:
2018:
2008:Rhodostethia
2007:
2001:Hydrocoloeus
2000:
1984:
1974:Dwight, 1926
1970:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1881:
1879:Huahine gull
1871:
1863:
1848:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1798:Dolphin gull
1785:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1736:
1728:
1713:
1695:
1688:Larus fuscus
1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1645:Caspian gull
1639:
1631:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1603:Iceland gull
1597:
1590:Larus livens
1589:
1581:
1579:Western gull
1573:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1486:Olrog's gull
1480:
1472:
1470:Pacific gull
1457:
1424:
1349:
1348:
1331:
1330:
1306:
1305:
1281:
1280:
1256:
1255:
1213:
1212:
1195:
1194:
1170:
1169:
1122:Rhodostethia
1120:
1119:
1104:Hydrocoloeus
1102:
1101:
1077:
1076:
1049:
1043:
1035:Rhynchopidae
1020:
1015:Western gull
989:
972:Iceland gull
967:
949:
942:Hydrocoloeus
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
913:polyphyletic
908:
905:ring species
883:
849:
834:
826:
822:
814:herring gull
790:
630:
619:
617:
601:
592:
554:
540:
535:
531:
528:
501:
478:
436:
432:
381:
376:Pacific gull
345:
341:herring gull
323:
312:
303:
295:
294:, Norwegian
287:
279:
271:
261:
258:polyphyletic
251:
219:
215:
214:
204:Juvenile of
192:
97:Herring gull
64:
38:
29:This is the
23:
4129:Ross's gull
4111:Little gull
4063:Andean gull
4032:Silver gull
3983:Leucophaeus
3972:Relict gull
3938:Ichthyaetus
3823:Common gull
3308:21 February
2670:: 221–232.
2420:23 November
2145:Xema sabini
2135:Leach, 1819
2045:Ross's gull
2016:Little gull
1912:Andean gull
1861:Silver gull
1854:Eyton, 1836
1791:Bruch, 1853
1787:Leucophaeus
1767:Relict gull
1715:Ichthyaetus
1664:Larus vegae
1513:Larus canus
1510:Common gull
1333:Ichthyaetus
1308:Leucophaeus
1039:subfamilies
993:albatrosses
930:Leucophaeus
918:Ichthyaetus
899:leading to
836:Clutch size
810:territorial
605:grey whales
428:Ross's gull
384:little gull
4241:Categories
4172:Ivory gull
3952:Sooty gull
3760:: Laridae)
3675:. Poyser.
3575:: 107620.
3145:(4): 495.
3139:The Condor
2512:Waterbirds
2486:Alcock, J.
2248:References
2113:Ivory gull
2106:Kaup, 1829
2004:Kaup, 1829
1734:Sooty gull
1719:Kaup, 1829
1562:Cape gull
873:Matsushima
818:kittiwakes
793:monogamous
791:Gulls are
701:, Dec 2023
699:California
613:kelp gulls
565:arthropods
485:Antarctica
462:See also:
443:ivory gull
329:kittiwakes
320:carnivores
316:piscivores
278:, Swedish
210:Lake Sevan
167:Suborder:
4164:Pagophila
4012:Grey gull
4007:Lava gull
3528:(1): 28.
3159:0010-5422
3100:1612-4642
3049:211028229
3041:1436-378X
3019:(1): 10.
2704:0171-8630
2471:4 January
2103:Pagophila
1884:(extinct)
1830:Grey gull
1822:Lava gull
1661:Vega gull
1550:Kelp gull
1215:Pagophila
1027:Sternidae
728:Juvenile
673:, though
654:eating a
639:'s teat.
546:Behaviour
523:Haugesund
504:migratory
497:grey gull
489:Galapagos
447:lava gull
348:precocial
298:måke/måse
270:, Danish
127:Kingdom:
121:Eukaryota
4257:Seabirds
4200:Creagrus
3653:84758271
3597:36038056
3554:15329156
3503:13678682
3460:16531074
3409:Archived
3382:15255043
3333:2246/830
3302:Archived
3294:(1815).
3278:85378202
3208:23 March
3202:Archived
3171:Archived
3112:Archived
3108:15258313
3053:Archived
2956:30 March
2947:Archived
2899:30 March
2890:Archived
2807:20 March
2778:29438428
2738:PLOS ONE
2708:Archived
2580:BBC News
2554:Archived
2550:BBC News
2532:85738152
2488:(1998).
2465:Archived
2414:Archived
2384:. Helm.
2340:Archived
2294:16054399
2241:Laricola
2161:Creagrus
1445:Species
1079:Creagrus
901:geneflow
893:taxonomy
886:polymath
880:Taxonomy
797:colonial
756:Breeding
656:starfish
356:goldfish
286:, Dutch
240:skimmers
224:seabirds
220:seagulls
177:Family:
141:Chordata
137:Phylum:
131:Animalia
117:Domain:
35:reviewed
4252:Laridae
3776:Species
3633:Bibcode
3577:Bibcode
3483:Bibcode
3440:Bibcode
3373:1691675
3177:2 March
3167:1366103
3118:7 March
3059:1 March
3021:Bibcode
2943:1367866
2874:The Auk
2852:9504887
2844:5992179
2769:5811028
2746:Bibcode
2714:1 March
2672:Bibcode
2632:572–599
2560:24 July
2322:13 July
2274:Bibcode
2215:Gaviota
1427:species
997:fulmars
875:, Japan
626:pellets
439:plumage
409:⁄
395:⁄
352:mobbing
306:mouette
228:Laridae
187:Genera
181:Laridae
157:Order:
147:Class:
79:Present
3758:family
3698:
3679:
3651:
3595:
3552:
3545:515296
3542:
3501:
3458:
3380:
3370:
3276:
3229:Therya
3165:
3157:
3106:
3098:
3047:
3039:
2941:
2923:Condor
2850:
2842:
2776:
2766:
2702:
2638:
2530:
2496:
2443:
2388:
2292:
2236:France
2202:Middle
2190:fossil
1557:karoro
1442:Genus
1439:Image
1059:Gulls
1033:, and
1003:, and
982:, and
939:, and
853:fledge
248:waders
222:, are
95:Adult
4140:Rissa
3789:Larus
3767:Genus
3754:Gulls
3649:S2CID
3274:S2CID
3163:JSTOR
3104:S2CID
3045:S2CID
2950:(PDF)
2939:JSTOR
2919:(PDF)
2893:(PDF)
2870:(PDF)
2848:S2CID
2528:S2CID
2361:"mew"
2337:"mew"
2308:"mew"
2220:Larus
2065:Rissa
1459:Larus
1351:Larus
1172:Rissa
1005:skuas
1001:terns
909:Larus
679:coots
609:orcas
569:offal
324:Larus
290:meeuw
253:Larus
236:terns
216:Gulls
4182:Xema
3696:ISBN
3677:ISBN
3593:PMID
3550:PMID
3499:PMID
3456:PMID
3417:2018
3378:PMID
3310:2018
3210:2022
3179:2021
3155:ISSN
3120:2021
3096:ISSN
3061:2021
3037:ISSN
2958:2013
2901:2013
2840:PMID
2809:2013
2774:PMID
2716:2021
2700:ISSN
2636:ISBN
2562:2009
2494:ISBN
2473:2010
2441:ISBN
2422:2008
2386:ISBN
2324:2013
2290:PMID
2226:and
2132:Xema
1197:Xema
1021:The
795:and
596:hawk
491:and
449:and
422:and
374:The
331:and
274:måge
267:Möwe
262:mews
244:auks
238:and
232:Lari
171:Lari
151:Aves
58:and
3641:doi
3585:doi
3573:177
3540:PMC
3530:doi
3491:doi
3448:doi
3368:PMC
3360:doi
3356:271
3329:hdl
3266:doi
3237:doi
3147:doi
3088:doi
3029:doi
2985:doi
2931:doi
2882:doi
2832:doi
2764:PMC
2754:doi
2690:hdl
2680:doi
2668:527
2520:doi
2282:doi
2208:of
2204:to
1037:as
960:to
732:at
318:or
282:mås
37:on
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3639:.
3629:31
3627:.
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