430:
44:
1703:
1810:
621:
1822:
1018:
Kirchhoff's banker, on hearing that
Kirchhoff had identified the elements present in the Sun, remarked "of what use is gold in the Sun if it cannot be brought to Earth?" Kirchhoff deposited his prize money (gold sovereigns) with the banker, saying "here is gold from the
1580:
801:
605:
Kirchhoff's first law is that the algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point (or node) is zero. The second law is that in a closed circuit, the directed sums of the voltages in the system is zero.
1962:
1927:
1614:
Kirchhoff, Gustav (1860). “IV. Ueber das Verhältniß zwischen dem
Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme und Licht,” Annalen der Physik 185(2), 275-301. (coinage of term “blackbody”)
1771:
538:
for his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light. In 1875 Kirchhoff accepted the first chair dedicated specifically to
1304:
1922:
1907:
1912:
1932:
426:. Later, in 1857, he married Clara Richelot, the daughter of his mathematics professor Richelot. The couple had five children. Clara died in 1869. He married Luise Brömmel in 1872.
1756:
1726:
1897:
1179:
Am 16. August 1857 heiratete er Clara
Richelot, die Tochter des Königsberger Mathematikers ... Frau Clara starb schon 1869. Im Dezember 1872 heiratete Kirchhoff Luise Brömmel.
1711:
1786:
1952:
1741:
1902:
1937:
1333:
569:
1917:
1129:
1892:
1746:
929:
735:
1967:
1957:
183:
455:, in 1845, while he was still a student. He completed this study as a seminar exercise; it later became his doctoral dissertation. He was called to the
1872:
999:
1942:
1645:
692:
472:
364:
139:
1877:
1867:
1589:
1143:
885:
1228:
1041:
969:
807:
Integration of this equation permits the evaluation of the heat of reaction at one temperature from measurements at another temperature.
934:
1887:
1108:
1081:
1826:
949:
299:
954:
1731:
1814:
1947:
1761:
994:
562:
576:
111:
639:
If light composing a continuous spectrum passes through a cool, low-density gas, the result will be an absorption spectrum.
629:
A solid, liquid, or dense gas excited to emit light will radiate at all wavelengths and thus produce a continuous spectrum.
1629:
722:
712:
399:
984:
1862:
979:
959:
600:
531:
448:
403:
371:
360:
134:
121:
1329:
1791:
914:
1847:
415:
274:
1882:
1650:
1608:
456:
407:
322:
231:
1776:
1657:
1461:
1369:"On a Dynamical Theory of the Electric and Luminiferous Medium, Part 3, Relations with material media"
924:
615:
1716:
1677:: Gustav Robert Kirchhoff und seine Zusammenarbeit mit Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, in: Karl von Meyenn (Hrsg.)
1600:
1368:
1193:
944:
820:
452:
284:
259:
964:
874:
464:
226:
863:
555:
1857:
1852:
1546:
1507:
1470:
1381:
675:
of electrons. But these discrete spectral lines were not explained as electron transitions until the
353:
221:
1213:
1125:
651:
discovered them in 1814. And that the lines formed a discrete mathematical pattern was described by
1640:
1636:
909:
843:
833:
540:
411:
246:
1696:
1562:
1523:
1486:
632:
A low-density gas excited to emit light will do so at specific wavelengths, and this produces an
508:
499:
he ran a mathematico-physical seminar, modelled on Franz Ernst
Neumann's, with the mathematician
335:
68:
1498:
Stepanov, B. I. (1977). "Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff (on the ninetieth anniversary of his death)".
1585:
1537:
1139:
1104:
1098:
1077:
700:
680:
633:
588:
500:
1433:
1071:
1575:
1554:
1515:
1478:
1407:
1389:
919:
648:
519:
269:
264:
241:
1661:
1684:
1674:
1422:; and de Paula, J.; "Atkins' Physical Chemistry", W. H. Freeman, 2006 (8th edition), p. 56
1135:
718:
504:
394:, the son of Friedrich Kirchhoff, a lawyer, and Johanna Henriette Wittke. His family were
177:
359:
Several different sets of concepts are named "Kirchhoff's laws" after him, which include
1550:
1511:
1474:
1385:
1246:
43:
664:
584:
468:
17:
1367:
1290:
Miller, David A. B.; "Huygens's wave propagation principle corrected", Optics
Letters
1166:
1841:
1566:
796:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial \Delta H}{\partial T}}\right)_{p}=\Delta C_{p}}
726:
668:
660:
656:
652:
580:
551:
535:
460:
434:
387:
375:
331:
289:
165:
100:
64:
1558:
1527:
1490:
1666:
1419:
1261:
989:
974:
816:
644:
515:
476:
339:
1690:
Mapping the
Spectrum. Techniques of Visual Representation in Research and Teaching
1688:
892:
1596:
672:
527:
395:
279:
208:
73:
1581:
Monatsberichte der Königliche
Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
429:
1702:
939:
696:
676:
526:
emitted by incandescent objects, building substantially on the discoveries of
496:
475:
in 1859, and gave a proof in 1861. Together
Kirchhoff and Bunsen invented the
343:
294:
171:
1832:
1809:
1625:
346:
327:
1394:
713:
Standard enthalpy of reaction § Variation with temperature or pressure
620:
1821:
492:
1410:; and Meiser, J. H.; "Physical Chemistry", Benjamin/Cummings 1982, p. 62
1519:
1482:
488:
423:
406:
in 1847 where he attended the mathematico-physical seminar directed by
391:
204:
695:
in which he proposed an unknown universal law for radiation that led
547:
484:
419:
96:
77:
1697:
Kirchhoff's 1857 paper on the speed of electrical signals in a wire
1191:
Kirchhoff, Gustav (1857). "On the motion of electricity in wires".
647:
in atoms. The existence of discrete spectral lines was known since
1681:, Munich: Beck, vol. 1 (1997), pp. 416–430, 475–477, 532–534.
1100:
619:
523:
428:
1436:
Vorlesungen über mathematische Physik. Vol. IV. Theorie der Wärme
144:
1042:"Rediscovery of the Elements: Mineral Waters and Spectroscopy"
873:. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1891 (Herausgegeben von Kurt Hensel,
480:
1928:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
884:. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1891 (Herausgegeben von Max Planck,
374:
for spectroscopy is named after Kirchhoff and his colleague,
1535:
Everest, A. S. (1969). "Kirchhoff-Gustav Robert 1824–1887".
479:, which Kirchhoff used to pioneer the identification of the
1963:
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
897:. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1894, Herausgegeben von Max Planck
149:
1459:
Warburg, E. (1925). "Zur Erinnerung an Gustav Kirchhoff".
1251:(6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education.
459:
in 1854, where he collaborated in spectroscopic work with
848:(in German). Leipzig: Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner. 1891.
422:, where he stayed until he received a professorship at
1923:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1214:"Kirchhoff on the motion of electricity in conductors"
463:. In 1857, he calculated that an electric signal in a
1097:
Kondepudi, Dilip; Prigogine, Ilya (5 November 2014).
738:
699:
to the discovery of the quantum of action leading to
326:; 12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was a German
1355:
Histories of the Electron: The Birth of Microphysics
624:
Visual depiction of Kirchhoff's laws of spectroscopy
334:
who contributed to the fundamental understanding of
1908:
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
838:(in German). Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth. 1882.
815:Kirchhoff also worked in the mathematical field of
583:, Berlin (just a few meters from the graves of the
252:
240:
214:
200:
158:
127:
117:
107:
85:
50:
34:
1913:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1040:Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (2008).
795:
1281:, Oxford University Press, 1939, pp. 36–38.
1212:Graneau, Peter; Assis, André Koch Torres (1994).
1353:Buchwald, Jed Z.; and Warwick, Andrew; editors;
1374:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1933:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
1334:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
643:Kirchhoff did not know about the existence of
575:Kirchhoff died in 1887, and was buried in the
570:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
386:Gustav Kirchhoff was born on 12 March 1824 in
1279:The Mathematical Theory of Huygens' Principle
855:. 4 vols., B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1876–1894.
845:Vorlesungen über Electricität und Magnetismus
503:. Among those who attended this seminar were
8:
1167:"Gustav Robert Kirchhoff – Dauerausstellung"
1131:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
518:by formalizing three laws that describe the
1898:Academic staff of the University of Breslau
1599:. Partial English translation available in
862:. 1. Auflage, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1876 (
561:In 1864, he was elected as a member of the
1438:by Gustav Kirchhoff, edited by Max Planck"
679:of the atom in 1913, which helped lead to
609:
367:, and Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry.
42:
31:
1953:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1393:
787:
771:
744:
737:
568:In 1884, he became foreign member of the
1277:Baker, Bevan B.; and Copson, Edward T.;
1000:List of German inventors and discoverers
686:
483:, showing in 1859 that the Sun contains
1903:Academic staff of Heidelberg University
1646:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1268:, Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 109
1032:
1011:
810:
514:He contributed greatly to the field of
1938:Physicists from the Kingdom of Prussia
1103:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 288.
706:
610:Kirchhoff's three laws of spectroscopy
1073:An Introduction to Electrical Science
853:Vorlesungen über mathematische Physik
321:
7:
1918:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1234:from the original on 8 January 2006.
970:Stokes–Kirchhoff attenuation formula
693:Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
687:Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
365:Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
140:Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
1444:. American Physical Society: 73–75.
811:Kirchhoff's theorem in graph theory
467:wire travels along the wire at the
1576:"Ueber die Fraunhoferschen Linien"
780:
758:
750:
747:
717:Kirchhoff showed in 1858 that, in
707:Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry
554:to provide a solid foundation for
150:Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry
25:
1968:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal
1958:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
1772:Sketch of Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
1169:. Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics
558:(and correct it in the process).
402:. He graduated from the Albertus
1873:Discoverers of chemical elements
1820:
1808:
1732:The New Student's Reference Work
1701:
1070:Waygood, Adrian (19 June 2013).
940:Kirchhoff's perfect black bodies
729:between products and reactants:
591:is buried in the same cemetery.
418:. In the same year, he moved to
145:Kirchhoff's laws of spectroscopy
1893:University of Königsberg alumni
1662:"Kirchhoff, Gustav (1824–1887)"
1500:Journal of Applied Spectroscopy
935:Kirchhoff's diffraction formula
821:Kirchhoff's matrix tree theorem
659:explained the splitting of the
1943:19th-century German physicists
1762:New International Encyclopedia
995:Kirchhoff Institute of Physics
725:is given by the difference in
563:American Philosophical Society
534:. In 1862, he was awarded the
451:, which are now ubiquitous in
1:
1868:19th-century German inventors
1630:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1330:"G. R. Kirchhoff (1824–1887)"
1248:The discovery of the elements
577:St Matthäus Kirchhof Cemetery
438:
400:Evangelical Church of Prussia
965:Saint Venant–Kirchhoff model
950:Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral
882:Electricität und Magnetismus
594:
27:German physicist (1824–1887)
1245:Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956).
985:Flame emission spectroscopy
980:Computational aeroacoustics
955:Kirchhoff–Love plate theory
723:heat of a chemical reaction
487:. He and Bunsen discovered
112:Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof
1984:
1878:Scientists from Königsberg
1574:Kirchhoff, Gustav (1860).
1266:The Secret of the Universe
1126:"Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert"
915:Kirchhoff integral theorem
710:
613:
598:
1780:. Vol. 33. May 1888.
1559:10.1088/0031-9120/4/6/304
416:Friedrich Julius Richelot
308:
193:
41:
1888:German fluid dynamicists
1787:Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert
1757:Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert
1742:Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert
1727:Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert
1712:Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert
1658:Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang
1651:University of St Andrews
1609:Harvard University Press
1605:A Source Book in Physics
1432:Merritt, Ernest (1895).
930:Kirchhoff transformation
601:Kirchhoff's circuit laws
595:Kirchhoff's circuit laws
550:, carefully solving the
473:law of thermal radiation
457:University of Heidelberg
408:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
404:University of Königsberg
361:Kirchhoff's circuit laws
232:University of Heidelberg
135:Kirchhoff's circuit laws
122:University of Königsberg
1827:Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
1792:The American Cyclopædia
1777:Popular Science Monthly
1747:Encyclopædia Britannica
1462:Die Naturwissenschaften
1366:Larmor, Joseph (1897),
1124:Hockey, Thomas (2009).
925:Kirchhoff stress tensor
835:Gesammelte Abhandlungen
721:, the variation of the
616:History of spectroscopy
546:He also contributed to
315:Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
18:Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
1813:Quotations related to
1750:(11th ed.). 1911.
1717:Encyclopedia Americana
1601:Magie, William Francis
1395:10.1098/rsta.1897.0020
1194:Philosophical Magazine
960:Piola–Kirchhoff stress
797:
625:
453:electrical engineering
444:
372:Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award
342:, and the emission of
285:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1948:Rare earth scientists
1706:Texts on Wikisource:
819:, in which he proved
798:
623:
532:Anders Jonas Ångström
447:Kirchhoff formulated
433:Kirchhoff (left) and
432:
227:University of Breslau
1829:at Wikimedia Commons
1693:, Oxford: OUP, 2002.
1679:Die Grossen Physiker
1637:Robertson, Edmund F.
1597:HathiTrust full text
1309:search.amphilsoc.org
1305:"APS Member History"
736:
354:black-body radiation
222:University of Berlin
1635:O'Connor, John J.;
1607:(1963). Cambridge:
1551:1969PhyEd...4..341E
1512:1977JApSp..27.1099S
1475:1925NW.....13..205W
1386:1897RSPTA.190..205L
945:Kirchhoff's theorem
910:Kirchhoff equations
871:Mathematische Optik
541:theoretical physics
481:elements in the Sun
412:Franz Ernst Neumann
352:He coined the term
349:by heated objects.
336:electrical circuits
247:Franz Ernst Neumann
1863:Optical physicists
1641:"Gustav Kirchhoff"
1611:. p. 354-360.
1520:10.1007/BF00625887
1483:10.1007/BF01558883
793:
626:
556:Huygens' principle
509:Sofia Kovalevskaya
471:. He proposed his
445:
323:[ˈkɪʁçhɔf]
69:Kingdom of Prussia
1825:Media related to
1591:978-1-113-39933-5
1538:Physics Education
1408:Laidler, Keith J.
1294:, 1370–1372, 1991
1145:978-0-387-31022-0
894:Theorie der Wärme
765:
701:quantum mechanics
681:quantum mechanics
634:emission spectrum
589:Leopold Kronecker
501:Leo Koenigsberger
312:
311:
195:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
1975:
1848:Gustav Kirchhoff
1824:
1815:Gustav Kirchhoff
1812:
1796:
1781:
1766:
1751:
1736:
1721:
1705:
1671:
1653:
1626:Gustav Kirchhoff
1595:
1570:
1531:
1494:
1446:
1445:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1046:
1037:
1020:
1016:
920:Kirchhoff matrix
849:
839:
802:
800:
799:
794:
792:
791:
776:
775:
770:
766:
764:
756:
745:
449:his circuit laws
443:
440:
325:
320:
270:Dmitri Mendeleev
265:Gabriel Lippmann
253:Notable students
242:Doctoral advisor
92:
60:
58:
46:
36:Gustav Kirchhoff
32:
21:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1883:Spectroscopists
1838:
1837:
1805:
1784:
1769:
1754:
1739:
1724:
1709:
1685:Klaus Hentschel
1675:Klaus Hentschel
1656:
1634:
1622:
1620:Further reading
1592:
1573:
1534:
1497:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1442:Physical Review
1431:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1260:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1136:Springer Nature
1123:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1008:
906:
842:
832:
829:
813:
783:
757:
746:
740:
739:
734:
733:
719:thermochemistry
715:
709:
689:
618:
612:
603:
597:
522:composition of
505:Arthur Schuster
441:
384:
318:
304:
236:
207:
189:
178:Matteucci Medal
154:
118:Alma mater
103:
94:
90:
89:17 October 1887
81:
71:
62:
56:
54:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1818:
1804:
1803:External links
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1782:
1767:
1752:
1737:
1722:
1699:
1694:
1682:
1672:
1654:
1632:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1590:
1571:
1532:
1495:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1358:
1346:
1321:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1254:
1237:
1204:
1183:
1158:
1144:
1116:
1109:
1089:
1082:
1062:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
905:
902:
901:
900:
899:
898:
889:
878:
867:
850:
840:
828:
825:
812:
809:
805:
804:
790:
786:
782:
779:
774:
769:
763:
760:
755:
752:
749:
743:
708:
705:
688:
685:
665:magnetic field
661:spectral lines
641:
640:
637:
630:
611:
608:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
585:Brothers Grimm
469:speed of light
465:resistanceless
383:
380:
310:
309:
306:
305:
303:
302:
300:Ernst Schröder
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
275:Edward Nichols
272:
267:
262:
256:
254:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
235:
234:
229:
224:
218:
216:
212:
211:
202:
198:
197:
191:
190:
188:
187:
181:
175:
169:
162:
160:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
129:
128:Known for
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
95:
93:(aged 63)
87:
83:
82:
63:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1980:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:Atkins, Peter
1416:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:Asimov, Isaac
1258:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1238:
1230:
1227:(19): 19–25.
1226:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1110:9781118698709
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1083:9781135071134
1079:
1076:. Routledge.
1075:
1074:
1066:
1063:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
896:
895:
890:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
856:
854:
851:
847:
846:
841:
837:
836:
831:
830:
826:
824:
822:
818:
808:
788:
784:
777:
772:
767:
761:
753:
741:
732:
731:
730:
728:
727:heat capacity
724:
720:
714:
704:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:Zeeman Effect
667:known as the
666:
662:
658:
657:Joseph Larmor
654:
653:Johann Balmer
650:
646:
645:energy levels
638:
635:
631:
628:
627:
622:
617:
607:
602:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
553:
552:wave equation
549:
544:
542:
537:
536:Rumford Medal
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Robert Bunsen
458:
454:
450:
436:
435:Robert Bunsen
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
382:Life and work
381:
379:
377:
376:Robert Bunsen
373:
368:
366:
362:
357:
355:
350:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:mathematician
329:
324:
316:
307:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
290:Jules Piccard
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:Loránd Eötvös
258:
257:
255:
251:
248:
245:
243:
239:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
185:
184:Janssen Medal
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:Rumford medal
164:
163:
161:
157:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
108:Resting place
106:
102:
101:German Empire
98:
88:
84:
79:
75:
70:
66:
61:12 March 1824
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1833:Open Library
1817:at Wikiquote
1790:
1775:
1760:
1745:
1730:
1715:
1689:
1678:
1667:ScienceWorld
1665:
1644:
1604:
1579:
1542:
1536:
1503:
1499:
1466:
1460:
1453:Bibliography
1441:
1435:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1377:
1373:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1247:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1171:. Retrieved
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1130:
1119:
1099:
1092:
1072:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1048:
1035:
1014:
990:Spectroscope
975:Circuit rank
893:
881:
870:
859:
852:
844:
834:
817:graph theory
814:
806:
716:
690:
642:
604:
574:
567:
560:
545:
516:spectroscopy
513:
495:in 1861. At
477:spectroscope
446:
385:
369:
358:
351:
340:spectroscopy
314:
313:
215:Institutions
194:
91:(1887-10-17)
29:
1858:1887 deaths
1853:1824 births
1584:: 662–665.
1506:(3): 1099.
1469:(11): 205.
1434:"Review of
1380:: 205–300,
1055:31 December
1049:The Hexagon
673:oscillation
543:at Berlin.
528:David Alter
442: 1850
280:Max Noether
209:Mathematics
74:Kaliningrad
1842:Categories
1545:(6): 341.
1201:: 393–412.
1027:References
711:See also:
697:Max Planck
677:Bohr model
649:Fraunhofer
614:See also:
581:Schöneberg
497:Heidelberg
388:Königsberg
344:black-body
295:Max Planck
172:Davy Medal
65:Königsberg
57:1824-03-12
1567:250765281
1151:22 August
781:Δ
759:∂
751:Δ
748:∂
655:in 1885.
396:Lutherans
356:in 1860.
347:radiation
328:physicist
1528:95181496
1491:30039558
1314:16 April
1229:Archived
1173:18 March
904:See also
891:Vol. 4:
880:Vol. 3:
869:Vol. 2:
860:Mechanik
858:Vol. 1:
520:spectral
493:rubidium
1795:. 1879.
1765:. 1905.
1735:. 1914.
1720:. 1920.
1660:(ed.).
1628:at the
1547:Bibcode
1508:Bibcode
1471:Bibcode
1382:Bibcode
1339:22 July
1221:Apeiron
1051:: 42–48
691:It was
671:by the
489:caesium
424:Breslau
398:in the
392:Prussia
319:German:
205:Physics
1588:
1565:
1526:
1489:
1142:
1107:
1080:
886:online
875:online
864:online
548:optics
485:sodium
420:Berlin
201:Fields
186:(1887)
180:(1877)
174:(1877)
168:(1862)
159:Awards
97:Berlin
78:Russia
1563:S2CID
1524:S2CID
1487:S2CID
1232:(PDF)
1217:(PDF)
1045:(PDF)
1019:Sun."
1006:Notes
827:Works
663:in a
524:light
72:(now
1586:ISBN
1341:2015
1316:2021
1175:2016
1153:2012
1140:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1057:2019
530:and
507:and
491:and
414:and
370:The
330:and
86:Died
51:Born
1789:".
1774:".
1759:".
1744:".
1729:".
1714:".
1555:doi
1516:doi
1479:doi
1390:doi
1378:190
587:).
579:in
1844::
1687::
1664:.
1649:,
1643:,
1639:,
1603:,
1578:.
1561:.
1553:.
1541:.
1522:.
1514:.
1504:27
1502:.
1485:.
1477:.
1467:13
1465:.
1440:.
1388:,
1376:,
1372:,
1332:.
1307:.
1292:16
1264:,
1223:.
1219:.
1199:13
1197:.
1177:.
1138:.
1134:.
1128:.
1047:.
888:).
877:).
866:).
823:.
703:.
572:.
565:.
511:.
439:c.
437:,
410:,
390:,
378:.
363:,
338:,
99:,
76:,
67:,
1785:"
1770:"
1755:"
1740:"
1725:"
1710:"
1670:.
1594:.
1569:.
1557::
1549::
1543:4
1530:.
1518::
1510::
1493:.
1481::
1473::
1392::
1384::
1343:.
1318:.
1225:1
1155:.
1113:.
1086:.
1059:.
803:.
789:p
785:C
778:=
773:p
768:)
762:T
754:H
742:(
683:.
636:.
317:(
80:)
59:)
55:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
