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Indonesia and New Guinea. Immigrants to the United
Kingdom, parts of Africa, Australia, North America have brought their habits with them. Gutka is readily available in these locations, especially in neighborhood Asian markets in highly populated areas. Immigrants to the United States where spitting in public is not as socially acceptable, learn to be discreet. Those in the lower socioeconomic populations are especially at risk. It is here that access to education and treatment is limited. Easy access and extremely low cost lead to early addiction and the prevalence of gutka use. Precancerous lesions have been observed in young children and symptoms of cancer often appear by high school or college age. Smoking is not allowed in many places, and when done by children, is disapproved of. In contrast gutka use, being all but invisible to others, is the method of choice. A New York Times article reported in 2002 that sales of gutka and the tobaccoless version,
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manufacturers separated the components like tobacco from Gutka and Pan Masala. Since the term ‘Gutka and Pan Masala
Containing Tobacco’ was used in the notification. The components like tobacco were manufactured and sold in separate pouches after the ban. The notification was revised in March 2015 to make it more strict and banned all smokeless tobacco (SLT) products including twin-pack. Offenders can be fined or receive prison sentences. The law has provisions of imposing fines up to
332:. The federal Food Safety and Regulation (Prohibition) Act 2011 allows harmful products such as gutka to be banned for a year. This can be renewed annually, resulting in a permanent ban. The ban is enforced by the state public health ministry, the state Food and Drug Administration, and the local police. Enforcement of the law is generally lax and many shops still sell gutka, although it may not be displayed. Enforcemnent is stricter in some regions like
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182:, it can be laced with thousands of chemicals. It is a powdery, granular, light brownish to white substance. Within moments of chewing mixing with saliva, the gutkha begins to dissolve and turn deep red in colour. It may impart upon its user a "buzz" somewhat more intense than that of tobacco chewing, snuffing and smoking.
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Use of gutka and other forms of tobacco are culturally ingrained and use can begin at a young age. Smokeless tobacco use is most common in India where oral cancer accounts for 30 to 40% of cancer cases. Its use has been reported in
Thailand, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Cambodia, China,
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by 2026 at the CAGR of 10.4% during the forecast period 2019–2026. The India pan masala market is driven by significant switching of consumers from tobacco products to pan masala, aggressive advertising and convenient packaging, and
Maharashtra State’s revocation of the ban over pan masala products.
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In 2019, the Delhi government extended the ban for one more year on Gutka, Pan Masala, Flavoured/Scented
Tobacco, Kharra and similar products containing tobacco. In September 2012, State of Delhi banned Gutka and Pan Masala containing tobacco and/or nicotine. After the notification, Gutka
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Over 25% of India's population use tobacco products including cigarettes and multiple forms of smokeless tobacco. India has the largest number of smokeless tobacco users in the world. The poorest populations are greatly affected due to the detrimental effects of its use and the subsequent costs of
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Creative advertising by tobacco companies and lack of accessible information for the public leads to many gutka users being unaware of the dangers it can bring. Often users believe that gutka can act as a digestion aid, kill germs, and generally give a sense of well being. In fact 34.4% of smokers
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Gutka turns saliva bright red, and when it is chewed long and often enough it will stain a user's teeth bright red too. Saliva is generally spat onto a wall or at the ground, causing a red stain that is quite resistant to the elements. Some building owners have taken to combating this by painting
94:
Gutka is manufactured in the sub-continent and exported to a few other countries, often marketed under the guise of a "safer" product than cigarettes and tobacco. Reported to have both stimulant and relaxation effects, it is sold throughout South Asia and some
Pacific regions in small,
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Sinha, Dhirendra N; Suliankatchi, Rizwan A; Gupta, Prakash C; Thamarangsi, Thaksaphon; Agarwal, Naveen; Parascandola, Mark; Mehrotra, Ravi (2016). "Global burden of all-cause and cause-specific mortality due to smokeless tobacco use: systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Chugh, Aastha; Arora, Monika; Jain, Neha; Vidyasagaran, Aishwarya; Readshaw, Anne; Sheikh, Aziz; Eckhardt, Jappe; Siddiqi, Kamran; Chopra, Mansi; Mishu, Masuma Pervin; Kanaan, Mona; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Mehrotra, Ravi; Huque, Rumana; Forberger, Sarah (June 2023).
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Gutka is highly addictive, represents a major health risk, has no safe level use and is not a safe substitute for smoking. Globally smokeless tobacco products like gutka contribute to 650 000 deaths each year with a significant proportion of them in
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Areca nut "quid chewing has claimed to produce a sense of well being, euphoria, warm sensations of the body, sweating, salivation, palpitation and heightened alertness, tolerance to hunger, and increased capacity and stamina to work."
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According to the Food Safety and
Standards (Prohibition and Restriction on Sales) Regulations, 2011 of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, misleading advertisement of such products invites a fine of
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have switched to smokeless tobacco use as way to quit but there is no scientific evidence that using gutka can help a person quit smoking. As of 2015 it was the fourth most common addictive product worldwide.
139:. Manufacturers add sweet or savory flavors, making it more appealing to women and young people in some locations. The combinations of gutka ingredients vary according to local preferences. Spices may include
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and a known carcinogen, gutkha is the subject of much controversy in India. Many states have sought to curb its immense popularity by taxing sales of gutkha heavily or by banning it.
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Previous bans on gutka on 1 August 2002 and again in 2008 were overturned by the
Supreme Court on the grounds of unfair trade practice. The most recent ban was upheld by the
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and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease When a person chews gutka, the mixture directly enters the system through the oral cavity, which absorbs 28 cancer-causing chemicals.
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Javed F, Bello Correa FO, Chotai M, Tappuni AR, Almas K. Systemic conditions associated with areca nut usage: A literature review. Scand J Public Health 2010; 38: 838–44.
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Javed F, Chotai M, Mehmood A, Almas K. Oral mucosal disorders associated with habitual gutka usage. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:857-64.
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Jeng JH, Chang MC, Hahn LJ (September 2001). "Role of areca nut in betel quid-associated chemical carcinogenesis: current awareness and future perspectives".
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115:. Gutka is consumed by placing a pinch of it between the gum and cheek and gently sucking and chewing, similar to chewing tobacco. Due to containing
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Javed, Fawad; Chotai, Milisha; Mehmood, Abid; Almas, Khalid (1 June 2010). "Oral mucosal disorders associated with habitual gutka usage: a review".
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They have banned the sale, manufacture, distribution and storage of gutka and all its variants. As of May 2013, gutka is banned in 24 states and 3
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Javed F, Altamash M, Klinge B, Engström PE. (2008). Periodontal conditions and oral symptoms in gutka-chewers with and without type 2 diabetes.
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The Odisha
Government on Tuesday announced a State-wide ban on the manufacture, sale and use of gutkha and chewing tobacco containing nicotine.
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1572:(2). Indian Society of Medical and Paediatric Oncology : Official Journal of Indian Society of Medical & Paediatric Oncology: 71–79.
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Banerjee, Smita C.; Ostroff, Jamie S.; Bari, Sehrish; D’Agostino, Thomas A.; Khera, Mitali; Acharya, Sudha; Gany, Francesca (12 April 2013).
2081:
Wu, Fen; Parvez, Faruque; Islam, Tariqul; Ahmed, Alauddin; Rakibuz-Zaman, Muhammad; Hasan, Rabiul; Argos, Maria; Levy, Diane; Sarwar, Golam;
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Orissa government on
Tuesday announced a state-wide ban on the manufacture, sale and use of gutkha and chewing tobacco containing nicotine.
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1929: by Kamal Niaz, Faheem Maqbool, Fazlullah Khan, Haji Bahadar, Fatima Ismail Hassan, Mohammad Abdollahi available under the
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1082:"Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data"
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medical care. Many Indian states have sought to curb the use and spread of gutka by taxing sales heavily or by banning it.
4900:
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Niaz, Kamal; Maqbool, Faheem; Khan, Fazlullah; Bahadar, Haji; Ismail Hassan, Fatima; Abdollahi, Mohammad (9 March 2017).
1947:
Niaz, Kamal; Maqbool, Faheem; Khan, Fazlullah; Bahadar, Haji; Ismail Hassan, Fatima; Abdollahi, Mohammad (9 March 2017).
1318:
Niaz, Kamal; Maqbool, Faheem; Khan, Fazlullah; Bahadar, Haji; Ismail Hassan, Fatima; Abdollahi, Mohammad (9 March 2017).
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Like alcohol and tobacco products, there is a ban on advertisement of gutka. Often tobacco companies advertise gutka as
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60:(calcium hydroxide) and sweet or savory flavourings, in India, Pakistan, other Asian countries, and North America.
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Niaz, Kamal; Maqbool, Faheem; Khan, Fazlullah; Bahadar, Haji; Ismail Hassan, Fatima; Abdollahi, Mohammad (2017).
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805:. Surrogate advertisements often use pan masala ads to promote gutka products with similar name and packaging.
2982:
2367:"How does Indian news media report smokeless tobacco control? A content analysis of the gutka ban enforcement"
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Dsouza, Vivek; Kembhavi, Pratiksha Mohan; S, Praveen Rao; P, Kumaran; Hebbar, Pragati B. (27 March 2023).
2001:"Comparative evaluation of salivary, serum and urinary 8-OHdG in gutka-associated oral submucous fibrosis"
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257:. Nicotine in gutka that are used during pregnancy can affect how a baby's brain develops before birth.
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942:
Gormley, Mark; Creaney, Grant; Schache, Andrew; Ingarfield, Kate; Conway, David I. (11 November 2022).
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The state government on Tuesday announced a ban on the sale and manufacture of gutka and paan masala.
207:
72:
64:
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Gupta, Ruchika; Gupta, Sanjay; Sharma, Shashi; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Mehrotra, Ravi (1 January 2019).
1006:"Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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280:(8-OHdG or its tautomer 8-oxo-dG) as a major byproduct. Exposure to Gutka tends to be highest in
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2215:"Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer"
2151:
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1949:"Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer"
1910:
1892:
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1320:"Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer"
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924:
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399:
223:
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57:
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2142:(6). Oral Surgery, Oral edicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology: 857–864.
1814:"The global impact of tobacco control policies on smokeless tobacco use: a systematic review"
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2475:"The nut cracks: Half of all Indian states have banned gutka since April. More may follow"
2199:
1930:
1921:
1723:
Protecting Smokers, Saving Lives: The Case for a Tobacco and Nicotine Regulatory Authority
944:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors"
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329:
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murals of gods on their walls, with the idea that gutkha chewers would not spit on a god.
84:
37:
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3074:
2426:"Compliance with Tobacco Promotion and Sale Laws in School Neighbourhoods in India"
812:
457:
96:
53:
2147:
2441:
2424:
Balappanavar, Aswini; Mohanty, Vikrant Ranjan; Hussain, Abrar (1 February 2017).
2383:
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1195:"CDC - Fact Sheet - Betel Quid with Tobacco (Gutka) - Smoking & Tobacco Use"
766:
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609:
313:
211:
175:
68:
4409:
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2017:
1497:"Officials in India are really sick and tired of their country's tobacco habit"
821:
According to StraitsResearch, The India pan masala market is expected to reach
2436:(2). US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health: 563–570.
2279:
2264:"Gutka and Tambaku Paan Use Among South Asian Immigrants: A Focus Group Study"
2136:
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology
959:
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refused to lift ban in response to a plea by a city-based gutka manufacturer.
444:
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120:
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80:
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Using gutka is highly addictive and can cause various harmful effects such as
33:
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1157:
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1032:
1024:
967:
268:, particularly in oral tissues. Gutka exposure can lead to the oxidation of
3923:"Business Line : News / States : Odisha bans gutkha, tobacco sale"
1959:. US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health: e2017009.
1578:
1330:. Us National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health: e2017009.
696:
576:
547:
167:
41:
4227:
2459:
2410:
2348:
2297:
2248:
2225:. US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health: e2017009.
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individual-sized foil packets/sachets and tins that cost between 2 and 10
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655:
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104:
3046:"UP stand on gutkha ban contrary to earlier assurance: HC - Express In…"
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846:"CPAA: Quit Smoking Campaign, Anti Tobacco & Quit Smoking Campaign"
641:
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504:
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108:
49:
45:
1720:
Royal College of Physicians of London. Tobacco Advisory Group (2002).
1555:
1553:
3014:"World No Tobacco Day: Bihar govt bans gutkha, pan masala for 1 year"
710:
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561:
333:
281:
239:
231:
160:
3594:"'Ban gutka or we will', High court tells Akhilesh Yadav government"
1942:
1940:
1410:. World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office.
119:, it is subjected in India to the same restrictions and warnings as
4221:"Government of west bengal department of health and family welfare"
3723:"Bombay High Court upholds ban on gutka, pan masala in Maharashtra"
2953:"Gutka, pan masala containing tobacco and nicotine banned in Assam"
4857:
1263:"Thank you for smoking: A brief history of tobacco warning labels"
1226:"Tobacco control in India - achievements and remaining challenges"
1156:
Mohan, Priya; Lando, Harry A; Panneer, Sigamani (1 January 2018).
471:
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20:
1706:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
206:
Using gutka can cause a number of adverse health effects such as
3749:"Tripura, Meghalaya take initiative to ban gutka and pan masala"
3274:"Gutka to be banned in Gujarat from 11 September: Narendra Modi"
351:(US$ 300) on the sale of products that are injurious to health.
4441:
3567:"Madhya Pradesh bans gutkha and other chewing tobacco products"
2839:"Himachal bans sale of Gutka, Pan Masala, Masheri & Khaini"
2743:"Indians want their fix of gutkha & pan masala despite ban"
1371:"MP becomes 1st state to ban Gutka products containing tobacco"
875:"Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version"
4127:"After HC order, UP to ban gutka from April 1 next year, 2013"
1560:
Shah, Gunjan; Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Vaishampayan, Sagar (2012).
1404:"The truth about smokeless tobacco use | Know the truth | TFI"
569:
On 2 August 2012, Kerala High Court declined to stay the ban.
490:
273:
2774:"Fact Check About Ban On Smokeless Tobacco Products In India"
3956:"Briefly Nation: Orissa bans use of gutkha - Indian Express"
3097:"The Government of Chhattisgarh banned Gutka and Pan Masala"
2087:"Betel quid use and mortality in Bangladesh: a cohort study"
2566:"Govt to file caveat in HC today on gutka, paan masala ban"
1873:) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer"
1562:"Arecanut as an emerging etiology of oral cancers in India"
2506:"Sweet but Deadly Addiction Is Seizing the Young in India"
1435:"India "gutka" chewing tobacco habit a tough nut to crack"
2895:"Andhra Pradesh orders ban on manufacture, sale of gutka"
1683:. United States Department of Health and Human Services.
1189:
1187:
1185:
999:
997:
995:
4386:
Sweet but Deadly Addiction is Seizing the Young in India
1158:"Assessment of Tobacco Consumption and Control in India"
1999:
Prajapati RK, Joshi J, Karthikeyan S, Inder MP (2024).
1687:
at the National Institutes of Health. 25 October 2010.
245:
Gutka can cause adverse reproductive effects including
3991:. News.webindia123.com. 27 August 2012. Archived from
3864:. The Assam Tribune. 9 September 2012. Archived from
1004:
Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. (2016).
79:, as well as negative reproductive effects including
3422:"Jharkhand bans production, sale of gutka/panmasala"
512:
100% export-oriented units are exempt from the ban.
260:
Gutka use causes the production of various reactive
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3304:"Gutka to be banned in Gujarat from 11 Sept.: Modi"
2928:"Tripura, Meghalaya to ban gutka, Ruaab Pan Masala"
1528:"Scheme to save Calcutta's Howrah Bridge from spit"
4427:
4278:"Ban surrogate advertisements of tobacco products"
4246:"Gutka ban loss could be Rs 1500 - Rs 2000 crores"
3535:"Karnataka to ban gutka on 'World No Tobacco Day'"
3212:"Delhi government slaps ban on all gutka products"
2711:"Gutka continues to rustle undercover despite ban"
2536:"Cancer centres urge PM to ban gutka across India"
1365:
1363:
1566:Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology
2869:"Administration imposes complete ban on 'gutka'"
1994:
1992:
1299:. National Institutes of Health. 2 February 2011
785:estimates the gutka ban will cause the industry
3364:"Himachal govt bans Gutka, pan masala products"
2313:"Challenges of the Oral Cancer Burden in India"
2169:ALI, SYED MUMTAZ; QURESHI, REHAN; JAMAL, SYED.
1398:
1396:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
3691:"Current ban on stronger footing than in 2002"
3186:"Delhi bans gutka following High Court orders"
3154:Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (11 September 2012).
2052:"ERS Position Paper on Tobacco Harm Reduction"
1612:"Recommendation on smokeless tobacco products"
4453:
3569:. Down To Earth. 3 April 2012. Archived from
3448:"Jharkhand bans sale, manufacturing of gutka"
3188:. IBN Live. 11 September 2012. Archived from
2679:"Gutka ban not satisfactory, admits minister"
2598:"Why the gutka ban in Maharashtra won't work"
803:skirt the ban on advertising tobacco products
8:
4041:"Rajasthan government decides to ban Gutkha"
4015:"Rajasthan government decides to ban Gutkha"
3067:"PIL seeks ban on tobacco, gutka in J&K"
1726:. Royal College of Physicians. pp. 5–.
4460:
4446:
4438:
4244:Chandramouli, Rajesh (14 September 2012).
4159:"Uttarakhand gutka ban now from January 1"
3390:"Haryana to ban food items having tobacco"
2430:Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
2097:(10). World Health Organization: 684–692.
1675:
1673:
353:
340:, but illegal sale of gutka still occurs.
288:as evaluated by measuring 8-OHdG in DNA.
4334:"Indian Pan Masala Market Share Analysis"
3479:"Kerala bans pan masala and its variants"
2449:
2400:
2382:
2338:
2328:
2287:
2238:
2110:
2091:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2026:
2016:
1972:
1904:
1587:
1577:
1526:Bhattasali, Amitabha (23 November 2011).
1343:
1235:. Ministry of health and family welfare.
1173:
1113:
1013:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
975:
135:Gutka is a commercially produced form of
5057:Social impact of Indian television drama
3862:"Call to replicate Mizoram ban in State"
3830:Press Trust of India (18 October 2012).
3424:. MSN News. 25 July 2012. Archived from
2268:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
16:Tobacco preparation chewed in South Asia
3989:"Punjab bans sale of gutka, pan masala"
2807:"Ban implementation may take few weeks"
2360:
2358:
834:
3626:"Ban Day 1: FDA set to root out gutka"
3592:Tripathi, Ashish (18 September 2012).
3509:"HC refuses to stay ban on pan masala"
2195:
2184:
4410:Health: Children Buy Cancerous Sweets
3888:"Odisha rings in 2013 with gutka ban"
3061:
3059:
1242:from the original on 13 November 2017
869:
867:
7:
4344:from the original on 20 October 2020
4290:from the original on 17 October 2014
4189:"Finally, state orders ban on gutka"
3785:from the original on 21 October 2012
3254:from the original on 15 January 2013
2871:. Andaman Sheekha. 1 November 2012.
2516:from the original on 8 December 2019
2485:from the original on 7 December 2019
1507:from the original on 8 December 2019
1476:from the original on 8 December 2019
1445:from the original on 6 December 2019
1414:from the original on 7 December 2019
1075:
1073:
902:
900:
840:
838:
304:Red stains of Gutka on walls due to
4169:from the original on 7 January 2019
4165:. Chennai, India. 21 October 2012.
4107:from the original on 7 January 2019
4047:from the original on 7 January 2019
4021:from the original on 7 January 2019
3966:from the original on 6 January 2013
3933:from the original on 7 January 2019
3842:from the original on 7 January 2019
3811:from the original on 7 January 2019
3755:from the original on 7 January 2019
3729:from the original on 7 January 2019
3515:from the original on 7 January 2019
3489:from the original on 7 January 2019
3458:from the original on 7 January 2019
3370:from the original on 7 January 2019
3340:. 28 September 2012. Archived from
3314:from the original on 7 January 2019
3284:from the original on 9 January 2019
3220:. 11 September 2012. Archived from
3166:from the original on 7 January 2019
3103:from the original on 7 January 2019
3012:Bhatia, Banjot Kaur (31 May 2012).
2993:from the original on 7 January 2019
2875:from the original on 7 January 2019
2786:from the original on 25 August 2019
2546:from the original on 7 January 2019
1648:"Health Risks of Smokeless Tobacco"
1466:"Do not spit here, for god's sake!"
1464:Kolhatkar, Sandip (12 April 2013).
1433:Banerji, Annie (6 September 2012).
1273:from the original on 5 October 2018
1168:. Sage Journals: 1179916118759289.
1162:Indian Journal of Clinical Medicine
885:from the original on 28 August 2021
234:. It also raises the risk of fatal
3310:. Chennai, India. 15 August 2012.
2983:"Assam govt imposes ban on gutkha"
2056:ERS - European Respiratory Society
1774:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053302
1628:from the original on 8 August 2017
14:
4424:, Cancer Patients Aid Association
3689:Deshpande, Swati (14 July 2012).
3131:. 13 October 2012. Archived from
2963:from the original on 5 April 2014
2901:. 10 January 2013. Archived from
2805:Masand, Pratibha (13 July 2012).
2719:. 29 January 2013. Archived from
2687:. 20 January 2013. Archived from
2635:from the original on 18 June 2012
2604:from the original on 14 July 2012
1768:(1): tobaccocontrol–2016–053302.
1538:from the original on 24 July 2012
1205:from the original on 2 April 2015
4135:. 4 October 2012. Archived from
3658:"Maharashtra bans gutka, paan m"
3398:. 13 August 2012. Archived from
3334:"Gutkha ban: Lone unit exempted"
2753:from the original on 6 July 2024
2171:Pakistan Oral and Dental Journal
2062:from the original on 30 May 2024
1925: This article incorporates
1920:
1844:from the original on 3 June 2024
1740:from the original on 31 May 2024
1701:
1691:from the original on 31 May 2024
1658:from the original on 6 July 2024
1293:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"
1130:from the original on 31 May 2024
1058:from the original on 1 June 2024
4881:Proposed states and territories
4197:. 25 April 2013. Archived from
4043:. India TV News. 18 July 2012.
3725:. NDTV.com. 15 September 2012.
2623:Praveen, M. P. (16 June 2012).
2504:Waldman, Amy (13 August 2002).
1261:Ananth, Venkar (1 April 2015).
1086:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
99:each. It is widely consumed in
4398:Chewing tobacco cancer warning
3832:"Mizoram bans gutkha products"
3805:"Mizoram bans gutkha products"
3775:"Mizoram bans gutkha products"
3666:. 11 July 2012. Archived from
3634:. 21 July 2012. Archived from
3244:"Goa to ban gutka consumption"
3123:"HC refuses to lift gutka ban"
2951:Singh, Bikash (8 March 2013).
2845:. 13 July 2012. Archived from
2663:. 18 June 2012. Archived from
2574:. 13 July 2012. Archived from
2317:Journal of Cancer Epidemiology
1681:"Smokeless Tobacco and Cancer"
1377:. 4 April 2012. Archived from
316:, reached $ 1 billion a year.
32:, ghutka, guṭkha is a type of
1:
3807:. Zee News. 18 October 2012.
3543:. 30 May 2013. Archived from
3099:. Jagran Josh. 27 July 2012.
2655:"What ban? Gutka still sells"
2625:"Sale of pan masala thriving"
2148:10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.12.038
1830:10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00205-X
921:10.1016/S1368-8375(01)00003-3
5171:Herbal and fungal stimulants
4310:"No relaxation on gutka ban"
3156:"Delhi decides to ban gutka"
2442:10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.2.563
2384:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001724
2311:Coelho, Ken Russell (2012).
40:preparation made of crushed
4645:Water supply and sanitation
4097:"TN bans pan masala, gutka"
3477:Mathew, Roy (25 May 2012).
2085:; Chen, Yu (25 June 2015).
278:8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine
5202:
4532:Public distribution system
4017:. Zee News. 18 July 2012.
3366:. Zee News. 13 July 2012.
2018:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_442_23
598:The law was upheld by the
433:The law was upheld by the
25:Gutka street vendor, India
5047:Films about social issues
2772:Siddharth (10 May 2019).
2371:PLOS Global Public Health
2280:10.1007/s10903-013-9826-4
1685:National Cancer Institute
1619:World Health Organization
1297:National Cancer Institute
960:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x
879:National Cancer Institute
600:Madhya Pradesh High Court
117:cancer-causing substances
44:(also called betel nut),
5186:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
3927:thehindubusinessline.com
2005:J Oral Maxillofac Pathol
1818:The Lancet Global Health
1175:10.1177/1179916118759289
1025:10.1177/2047487316654026
479:On 12 October 2012, the
4515:National Pension System
3836:Business Standard India
2219:Epidemiology and Health
1953:Epidemiology and Health
1877:Epidemiology and Health
1652:American Cancer Society
1579:10.4103/0971-5851.99726
1324:Epidemiology and Health
1199:Smoking and Tobacco Use
236:coronary artery disease
216:oral submucous fibrosis
5156:Chewing tobacco brands
4853:Caste-related violence
4569:Universal basic income
4469:Social issues in India
3896:. 2013. Archived from
1621:. 2017. pp. 1–9.
948:British Dental Journal
621:on 15 September 2012.
308:
228:cardiovascular disease
77:coronary heart disease
26:
5052:Freedom of expression
3250:. 27 September 2005.
2749:. 16 September 2012.
2231:10.4178/epih.e2017009
2103:10.2471/blt.14.149484
1965:10.4178/epih.e2017009
1889:10.4178/epih.e2017009
1336:10.4178/epih.e2017009
303:
73:oropharyngeal cancers
24:
4901:Separatist movements
4422:Anti Gutkha Campaign
4067:"Sikkim bans gutkha"
3192:on 14 September 2012
2542:. 21 November 2012.
1865:"Smokeless tobacco (
1654:. 13 November 2015.
881:. 22 November 2019.
208:head and neck cancer
65:head and neck cancer
5166:Tobacco in Pakistan
4939:Illegal immigration
4584:Widening income gap
4139:on 21 February 2013
3781:. 18 October 2012.
3052:on 22 January 2013.
2849:on 24 November 2012
2330:10.1155/2012/701932
2050:ERS (29 May 2019).
1501:The Washington Post
1441:. Thomson Reuters.
1381:on 5 September 2013
1224:Shaukat, Mohammed.
372:Andaman and Nicobar
4891:Religious violence
4752:Female infanticide
4737:Child prostitution
4554:Standard of living
4391:The New York Times
4367:Acta Odontol Scand
4338:Industry News Wire
4315:The Times of India
4251:The Times of India
4194:The Times of India
4132:The Times of India
3893:The Times of India
3703:on 26 January 2013
3696:The Times of India
3670:on 26 January 2013
3663:The Times of India
3638:on 26 January 2013
3631:The Times of India
3599:The Times of India
3540:The Times of India
3485:. Chennai, India.
3395:The Times of India
3280:. 15 August 2012.
3224:on 23 October 2012
3217:The Times of India
3162:. Chennai, India.
3128:The Times of India
3019:The Times of India
2933:The Times of India
2905:on 14 January 2013
2819:on 26 January 2013
2812:The Times of India
2716:The Times of India
2684:The Times of India
2667:on 3 January 2013.
2660:The Times of India
2631:. Chennai, India.
2578:on 26 January 2013
2571:The Times of India
2510:The New York Times
1098:10.1093/ntr/nty002
823:US$ 10,365 million
309:
27:
5143:
5142:
4929:Human trafficking
4742:Child trafficking
4671:Domestic violence
4640:Natural disasters
4635:Manual scavenging
4495:Farmers' suicides
4322:on 11 April 2013.
4258:on 3 January 2013
4077:on 7 January 2019
3995:on 7 January 2019
3960:indianexpress.com
3900:on 8 January 2013
3751:. 23 April 2013.
3606:on 3 January 2013
3573:on 7 January 2019
3511:. 2 August 2012.
3402:on 3 January 2013
3338:Financial Express
3135:on 3 January 2013
3077:on 7 January 2019
3026:on 3 January 2013
2747:Business Standard
2194:Missing or empty
1733:978-1-86016-177-3
1019:(18): 1970–1981.
779:
778:
715:17 September 2012
619:Bombay High Court
509:11 September 2012
476:11 September 2012
400:Arunachal Pradesh
330:union territories
224:pancreatic cancer
220:oesophagus cancer
137:smokeless tobacco
5193:
5161:Tobacco in India
5135:Police brutality
4924:Groom kidnapping
4886:Ethnic relations
4747:Female foeticide
4462:
4455:
4448:
4439:
4428:Ruaab Pan Masala
4394:, 13 August 2002
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4318:. Archived from
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4286:. 20 June 2012.
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4254:. Archived from
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4226:. Archived from
4225:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4073:. Archived from
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
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3979:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3699:. Archived from
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3602:. Archived from
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3454:. 24 July 2012.
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3073:. Archived from
3063:
3054:
3053:
3048:. Archived from
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3022:. Archived from
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2989:. 9 March 2013.
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2940:on 29 June 2013.
2936:. Archived from
2924:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2899:Deccan Chronicle
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2815:. Archived from
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2723:on 11 April 2013
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:on 11 April 2013
2675:
2669:
2668:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2600:. 13 July 2012.
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2532:
2526:
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2501:
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2470:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2386:
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2353:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2166:
2160:
2159:
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2125:
2124:
2114:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2020:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1944:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1908:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1824:(6): e953–e968.
1808:
1802:
1801:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1717:
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1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1677:
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1665:
1663:
1644:
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1635:
1633:
1627:
1616:
1608:
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1601:
1591:
1581:
1557:
1548:
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1545:
1543:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1408:www.emro.who.int
1400:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
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1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
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1191:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1117:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1010:
1001:
990:
989:
979:
939:
933:
932:
904:
895:
894:
892:
890:
871:
862:
861:
859:
857:
848:. Archived from
842:
824:
817:
815:
788:
520:Himachal Pradesh
481:Delhi High Court
435:Patna High Court
354:
350:
348:
266:oxidative stress
255:low birth weight
89:low birth weight
5201:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5066:
5021:
4968:
4949:Organised crime
4934:Illegal housing
4905:
4867:
4834:
4810:Menstrual taboo
4761:
4757:Street children
4710:
4681:Family planning
4654:
4611:
4588:
4471:
4466:
4382:
4369:; 66(5):268-73.
4362:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4332:
4331:
4327:
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4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4233:on 2 July 2013.
4230:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4201:on 18 June 2013
4187:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4170:
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4156:
4152:
4142:
4140:
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4095:
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3812:
3803:
3802:
3798:
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3772:
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3758:
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3747:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3720:
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3706:
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3687:
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3639:
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3609:
3607:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3547:on 18 June 2013
3533:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3476:
3475:
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2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2377:(3): e0001724.
2364:
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1998:
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1990:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
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1810:
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1762:Tobacco Control
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1375:Hindustan Times
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795:
786:
646:18 October 2012
376:1 November 2012
346:
345:
322:
298:
251:premature birth
196:
178:, paraffin and
166:In addition to
133:
131:Characteristics
85:premature birth
38:chewing tobacco
17:
12:
11:
5:
5199:
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4946:
4944:Illegal mining
4941:
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4915:
4913:
4907:
4906:
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4903:
4898:
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4888:
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4877:
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4855:
4850:
4848:Caste politics
4844:
4842:
4836:
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4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
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4800:Women's health
4797:
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4771:
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4759:
4754:
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4732:Child marriage
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4696:Nuclear family
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4662:
4660:
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4650:Water disputes
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4630:Climate change
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4559:Street vendors
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4485:Communications
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4457:
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4442:
4436:
4435:
4434:, 16 July 2018
4425:
4419:
4418:, 3 March 1999
4407:
4406:, 26 July 1999
4395:
4381:
4380:External links
4378:
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4103:. 8 May 2013.
4088:
4058:
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3914:
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3868:on 14 May 2014
3853:
3822:
3796:
3779:Indian Express
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3428:on 14 May 2014
3413:
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3344:on 14 May 2014
3325:
3295:
3278:Indian Express
3265:
3248:Economic Times
3235:
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2987:Indian Express
2974:
2957:Economic Times
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2303:
2274:(3): 531–539.
2254:
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2126:
2083:Ahsan, Habibul
2073:
2042:
1988:
1936:
1855:
1803:
1751:
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1712:
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954:(9): 780–786.
934:
915:(6): 477–492.
896:
863:
852:on 17 May 2015
833:
831:
828:
818:(US$ 12,000).
794:
791:
787:₹15−20 billion
781:Research firm
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201:Southeast Asia
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194:Health effects
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15:
13:
10:
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2:
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5181:Masticatories
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5125:Superstitions
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5103:Homosexuality
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4780:Bride burning
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4283:Deccan Herald
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4676:Dowry system
4666:Cohabitation
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743:1 April 2013
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4795:Eve teasing
4790:Dowry death
4775:Acid attack
4691:Infertility
4617:Environment
4537:Remittances
4348:20 February
4081:12 February
4071:DownToEarth
3081:12 February
2790:8 September
889:28 November
793:Advertising
789:in losses.
767:West Bengal
753:Uttarakhand
610:Maharashtra
581:31 May 2013
566:25 May 2012
430:30 May 2012
360:Date of ban
314:paan masala
212:oral cancer
176:slaked lime
149:anise seeds
58:slaked lime
5150:Categories
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4964:Cybercrime
4919:Corruption
4896:Secularism
4360:References
2779:The Health
2520:8 December
2489:7 December
2323:: 701932.
1511:7 December
1480:7 December
1449:7 December
1418:7 December
1303:7 December
799:pan masala
771:1 May 2013
729:8 May 2013
725:Tamil Nadu
445:Chandigarh
247:stillbirth
121:cigarettes
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4954:Terrorism
4701:Polyandry
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2629:The Hindu
2582:16 August
2550:16 August
2540:DNA India
2393:2767-3375
1931:CC BY 4.0
1897:2092-7193
1782:0964-4563
1542:16 August
1385:16 August
1277:5 October
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1246:5 October
1106:1469-994X
1049:206820997
1033:2047-4873
968:0007-0610
816:1,000,000
783:Edelweiss
697:Rajasthan
577:Karnataka
548:Jharkhand
272:bases in
168:areca nut
125:addictive
123:. Highly
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5088:Gambling
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883:Archived
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363:Remarks
306:spitting
276:to form
238:, fatal
172:nicotine
153:cardamom
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107:and the
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4820:Rape
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