638:
680:. This application uses blueboard, which has specially treated paper to accelerate the setting of the gypsum plaster component. This setting has far less shrinkage than the air-dry compounds normally used in drywall, so it only requires one coat. Blueboard also has square edges rather than tapered-edge drywall boards. The tapered drywall boards are used to countersink the tape in taped jointing, whereas the tape in veneer plastering is buried beneath a level surface. One coat veneer plaster over dry board is an intermediate style step between full multi-coat "wet" plaster and the limited joint-treatment-only given "dry" wall.
752:
506:, most plasterboard is made in sheets 120 centimetres (47 in) wide; sheets 60 and 90 centimetres (24 and 35 in) wide are also made. Plasterboard 120 centimetres (47 in) wide is most commonly made in 240-centimetre (94 in) lengths; sheets of 250, 260, 270, 280, and 300 centimetres (98, 102, 106, 110, and 118 in) and longer also are common. Thicknesses of plasterboard available are 9.5 to 25 millimetres (
653:, the installer conceals the seams between drywall sheets with joint tape or fiber mesh. Layers of joint compound, sometimes called mud, are typically spread with a drywall trowel or knife. This compound is also applied to any screw holes or defects. The compound is allowed to air dry and then typically sanded smooth before painting. Alternatively, for a better finish, the entire wall may be given a skim coat, a thin layer (about 1 mm or
563:
744:, where mold can grow inside. Water that enters a room from overhead may cause ceiling drywall tape to separate from the ceiling as a result of the grooves immediately behind the tape where the drywall pieces meet becoming saturated. The drywall may also soften around the screws holding the drywall in place, and with the aid of gravity, the weight of the water may cause the drywall to sag and eventually collapse, requiring replacement.
832:
33:
729:
559:. Drywall can be finished anywhere from a level 0 to a level 5, where 0 is not finished in any fashion, and five is the most pristine. Depending on how significant the finish is to the customer, the extra steps in the finish may or may not be necessary, though priming and painting of drywall are recommended in any location where it may be exposed to any wear.
818:, CPSC, was underway in 2009. In November 2009, the CPSC reported a "strong association" between Chinese drywall and corrosion of pipes and wires reported by thousands of homeowners in the United States. The issue was resolved in 2011, and now all drywall must be tested for volatile sulfur, and any containing more than ten ppm is unable to be sold in the US.
904:, this water is vaporized, which retards heat transfer until the water in the gypsum is gone. The fire-resistance rating of the fire barrier assembly is increased with additional layers of drywall, up to four hours for walls and three hours for floor/ceiling assemblies. Fire-rated assemblies constructed of drywall are documented in design or
197:
1088:
Because up to 12% of drywall is wasted during the manufacturing and installation processes and the drywall material is frequently not reused, disposal can become a problem. Some landfill sites have banned the dumping of drywall. Some manufacturers take back waste wallboard from construction sites and
919:
Tests result in code-recognized designs with assigned fire-resistance ratings. The resulting designs become part of the code and are not limited to use by any manufacturer. However, individual manufacturers may also have proprietary designs that they have had third-party tested and approved, provided
1072:
Gypsum "Firecode C". This board is similar in composition to Type X, except for more glass fibres and a form of the vermiculite used to reduce shrinkage. When exposed to high heat, the gypsum core shrinks, but this additive expands at about the same rate, so the gypsum core is more stable in a fire
747:
Drywall's paper facings are edible to termites, which can eat the paper if they infest a wall cavity covered with drywall. This causes the painted surface to crumble to the touch, its paper backing material being eaten. In addition to the necessity of patching the damaged surface and repainting, if
736:
Drywall is highly vulnerable to moisture due to the inherent properties of the materials that constitute it: gypsum, paper, and organic additives and binders. Gypsum will soften with exposure to moisture and eventually turn into a gooey paste with prolonged immersion, such as during a flood. During
519:
Plasterboard is commonly made with one of three edge treatments: tapered edge, where the long edges of the board are tapered with a wide bevel at the front to allow jointing materials to be finished flush with the main board face; plain edge, used where the whole surface will receive a thin coating
937:
Type C gypsum panels provide stronger fire resistance than Type X. The core of Type C panels contains a higher density of glass fibers. The core of Type C panels also contains vermiculite which acts as a shrinkage-compensating additive that expands when exposed to elevated temperatures of a fire.
805:
and in other places. Complaints included the structure's foul odour, health effects, and metal corrosion. The emission of sulfurous gases causes this. The same drywall was sold in Asia without problems resulting, but US homes are built much more tightly than homes in China, with less ventilation.
192:
was an early substrate for plaster. An alternative to traditional wood or metal lath was a panel made up of compressed gypsum plaster board that was sometimes grooved or punched with holes to allow wet plaster to key into its surface. As it evolved, it was faced with paper impregnated with gypsum
688:
The method of installation and type of drywall can reduce sound transmission through walls and ceilings. Several builders' books state that thicker drywall reduces sound transmission, but engineering manuals recommend using multiple layers of drywall, sometimes of different thicknesses and glued
759:
In many circumstances, especially when the drywall has been exposed to water or moisture for less than 48 hours, professional restoration experts can avoid the cost, inconvenience, and difficulty of removing and replacing the affected drywall. They use rapid drying techniques that eliminate the
423:
It is made in thicknesses of 10 mm, 13 mm, and 16 mm, and sometimes other thicknesses up to 25 mm. Panels are commonly sold in 1200 mm-wide sheets, which may be 1800, 2400, 3000, 4800, or 6000 mm in length. Sheets are usually secured to either timber or cold-formed
443:
Drywall panels in Canada and the United States are made in widths of 48, 54, and 96 inches (1.2, 1.4, and 2.4 m) and varying lengths to suit the application. The most common width is 48 inches; however, 54-inch-wide panels are becoming more popular as 9-foot (2.7 m) ceiling
946:
North
America is one of the largest gypsum board users in the world, with a total wallboard plant capacity of 42 billion square feet (3.9 billion square metres) per year, roughly half of the worldwide annual production capacity of 85 billion square feet (7.9 billion square
947:
metres). Moreover, the homebuilding and remodeling markets in North
America in the late 1990s and early 2000s increased demand. The gypsum board market was one of the biggest beneficiaries of the housing boom as "an average new American home contains more than 7.31 metric tons of gypsum."
349:), reduce creep (tartaric or boric acid). The board is then formed by sandwiching a core of the wet mixture between two sheets of heavy paper or fiberglass mats. When the core sets, it is dried in a large drying chamber, and the sandwich becomes rigid and strong enough for use as a
928:
In the Type X gypsum board, special glass fibers are intermixed with the gypsum to reinforce the core of the panels. These fibers reduce the size of the cracks that form as the water is driven off, thereby extending the length of time the gypsum panels resist fire without failure.
1089:
recycle them into new wallboard. Recycled paper is typically used during manufacturing. More recently, recycling at the construction site itself has been researched. There is potential for using crushed drywall to amend certain soils at building sites, such as
617:
their heads slightly into the drywall. They use a 'bugle head', a concave taper, rather than the conventional conical countersunk head; this compresses the drywall surface rather than cutting into it and so avoids tearing the paper. Screws for light-gauge
967:(FGD), which produces synthetic gypsum as a usable by-product. In response to the new supply of this raw material, the gypsum board market was predicted to shift significantly. However, issues such as mercury release during calcining need to be resolved.
720:-inch (16 mm) panels (with or without light-gauge resilient metal channels and/or insulation), but it is more effective to use two layers of drywall, sometimes in combination with other factors, or specially designed, sound-resistant drywall.
1799:
1392:
962:
emissions by 73%" by 2018. The Clean Air
Interstate Rule also requested that the power plants install new scrubbers (industrial pollution control devices) to remove sulfur dioxide present in the output waste gas. Scrubbers use the technique of
689:
together, or special types of drywall designed to reduce noise. Also important are the construction details of the framing with steel studs, wider stud spacing, double studding, insulation, and other details reducing sound transmission.
416:, genericised from the registered trademark ("GIB") of the locally made product that dominates the local market. A specific type of Gibraltar board for use in wet conditions (such as bathrooms and kitchens) is known as
1650:
1010:
Greenboard, the drywall containing an oil-based additive in the green-colored paper covering, provides moisture resistance. It is commonly used in washrooms and other areas expected to experience elevated humidity
540:, and drywall is easy enough to be installed by many amateur home carpenters. In large-scale commercial construction, the work of installing and finishing drywall is often split between drywall mechanics, or
737:
such incidents, some, or all, of the drywall in an entire building will need to be removed and replaced. Furthermore, the paper facings and organic additives mixed with the gypsum core are food for mold.
813:
Several lawsuits are underway in many jurisdictions, but many of the sheets of drywall are simply marked "Made in China", thus making the manufacturer's identification difficult. An investigation by the
999:
Fire-resistant ("Type X"), different thicknesses and multiple layers of wallboard provide increased fire rating based on the time a specific wall assembly can withstand a standardized fire test. Often
1792:
1097:), as well as using it in compost. As of 2016, industry standards are being developed to ensure that when and if wallboard is taken back for recycling, quality and composition are maintained.
1322:
740:
The porosity of the board—introduced during manufacturing to reduce the board's weight, lowering construction time and transportation costs—enables water to rapidly reach the core through
801:
A substantial amount of defective drywall was imported into the United States from China and incorporated into tens of thousands of homes during rebuilding in 2006 and 2007 following
598:, are gaining popularity in residential and commercial construction. Drywall fasteners are used for supporting interior drywall corners and replacing the non-structural wood or metal
938:
This expansion occurs at roughly the same temperature as the calcination of the gypsum in the core, allowing the core of the Type C panels to remain dimensionally stable in a fire.
176:
Gypsum board evolved between 1910 and 1930, beginning with wrapped board edges and the elimination of the two inner layers of felt paper in favor of paper-based facings. In 1910
920:
that the material used in the field configuration can be demonstrated to meet the minimum requirements of Type X drywall and that sufficient layers and thicknesses are used.
1416:"Gypsum (FGD) Explored - Coal Combustion By-Products (CCBs) - calcium sulfate hydrate, scrubber sludge, FGD gypsum, synthetic gypsum - Kentucky Ash Education Site - UK CAER"
637:
1226:
1065:
EcoRock, a drywall that uses a combination of 20 materials including recycled fly ash, slag, kiln dust and fillers and no starch cellulose; it is advertised as being
810:, have been detected as emissions from the imported drywall and may be linked to health problems. These compounds are emitted from many different types of drywall.
951:
376:(FGD), which produces several new substances. One is called "FGD gypsum". This is commonly used in drywall construction in the United States and elsewhere.
1940:
494:, and 1 inch (6, 10, 19, and 25 mm) are used in specific applications. In many parts of Canada, drywall is commonly referred to as Gyproc.
574:, breaking the sheet along the cut, and cutting the paper backing. Small features such as holes for outlets and light switches are usually cut using a
1831:
1472:
1861:
1707:
1318:
372:
include devices called scrubbers to remove sulfur from their exhaust emissions. The sulfur is absorbed by powdered limestone in a process called
1544:
1994:
1625:
1365:
1982:
Ferguson, Myron R.. Drywall: professional techniques for great results. Rev. and updated. ed. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2002. Print. p.15.
1961:
Ferguson, Myron R.. Drywall: professional techniques for great results. Rev. and updated. ed. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2002. Print. p.11.
360:
today. To dry 1,000 square feet (93 m) of wallboard, between 1,750,000 and 2,490,000 BTU (1.85–2.63 GJ) is required. Organic
1187:
748:
enough of the paper has been eaten, the gypsum core can easily crack or crumble without it, and the drywall must be removed and replaced.
444:
heights become more common. Lengths up to 16 feet (4.9 m) are common; the most common is 8 feet (2.4 m). Common thicknesses are
1358:"European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Commission imposes heavy fines on four companies involved in plasterboard cartel"
1755:
1626:"Drywall Installers, Ceiling Tile Installers, and Tapers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
1122:
1026:
Soundproof drywall is a laminated drywall made with gypsum and other materials such as damping polymers to significantly increase the
815:
193:
crystals that bonded with the applied facing layer of plaster. In 1936, US Gypsum trademarked ROCKLATH for their gypsum lath product.
1208:
871:
159:
Sackett Board was invented in 1890 by New York Coal Tar
Chemical Company employees Augustine Sackett and Fred L. Kane, graduates of
2015:
1441:
1014:
Blueboard, blue face paper forms a strong bond with a skim coat or a built-up plaster finish, providing water and mold resistance.
2056:
1419:
160:
141:
853:
676: in). Veneering uses a slightly different specialized setting compound ("finish plaster") that contains gypsum and lime
536:
As an alternative to a week-long plaster application, an entire house can be drywalled in one or two days by two experienced
1222:
666:
Another similar skim coating process is called veneer plastering, although it is done slightly thicker (about 2 mm or
602:
that traditionally was used to install drywall. Their function saves material and labor costs, minimizes call-backs due to
147:
In the mid-20th century, drywall construction became prevalent in North
America as a time- and labor-saving alternative to
2046:
1390:, KĂ–HLER, Juliane & KOHLER, Verena, "Additive for gypsum building materials", issued 2017-06-08
663: in) of finishing compound, to minimize the visual differences between the paper and mudded areas after painting.
2051:
1911:
1275:
1020:, which is more water-resistant than greenboard, for use in showers or sauna rooms, and as a base for ceramic tile.
842:
1157:
913:
767:, a type of drywall with an outer face that is wax- and/or chemically coated to resist mold growth, and ideally
188:
technology made boards lighter and less brittle, and joint treatment materials and systems also evolved. Gypsum
1936:
1066:
1027:
964:
889:
849:
690:
373:
369:
1247:
1137:
955:
885:
630:
with finely spaced threads must be used. In some applications, the drywall may be attached to the wall with
599:
524:
on all four sides, used in products specialized for roofing. Major UK manufacturers do not offer four-sided
368:
are used so that the slurry will flow during manufacture and to reduce the water and hence the drying time.
2061:
1824:
579:
184:. Providing installation efficiency, it was developed additionally as a measure of fire resistance. Later
1855:
1167:
905:
1703:
1878:
1344:
771:
are used for rooms expected to have high humidity, primarily kitchens, bathrooms, and laundry rooms.
703:-inch (13 mm) drywall on both sides of a wood stud wall with resilient channels on one side and
607:
1991:
1357:
1127:
208:
1762:
1107:
627:
583:
751:
163:. It was made by layering plaster within four plies of wool felt paper. Sheets were 36 by 36 by
787:
when they are setting up a stray nest in a building, and they want to enlarge their nest area.
428:
anywhere from 150 to 300 mm centres along the beam and 400 to 600 mm across members.
1595:
1152:
802:
693:(STC) ratings can be increased from 33 for an ordinary stud-wall to as high as 59 with double
623:
432:
350:
271:, is heated to drive off the water and then slightly rehydrated to produce the hemihydrate of
212:
1747:
1569:
1162:
1083:
807:
760:
elements required to support microbial activity while restoring most or all of the drywall.
741:
556:
537:
148:
1998:
1865:
1132:
1112:
796:
272:
185:
177:
112:), with or without additives, typically extruded between thick sheets of facer and backer
102:
1666:
Ballou, Glen. Handbook for sound engineers. 3rd ed. Boston: Focal, 2002. Print. pp.73–77.
1200:
2019:
570:
Drywall is cut to size by scoring the paper on the finished side (usually white) with a
173:
inch (914 mm Ă— 914 mm Ă— 6 mm) thick with open (untaped) edges.
1477:
1449:
959:
582:
or a tiny high-speed bit in a rotary tool. Drywall is then fixed to the structure with
248:
201:
1415:
1387:
622:
have a sharp point and finely spaced threads. If the steel framing is heavier than 20-
562:
408:, the name of the largest plasterboard manufacturer. In New Zealand it is also called
2040:
1259:
1062:
inch (13 mm) thickness and is significantly stiffer than the regular whiteboard.
619:
571:
322:
133:
1937:"Plasterboard | Gyproc Moisture Resistant | Saint-Gobain Gyproc Products"
1545:"Knauf takes on Fletcher in plasterboard market as NZ mulls high costs of building"
1017:
768:
603:
342:
117:
1525:
1040:
831:
755:
Drywall damage caused by termites eating the paper, causing the paint to crumble
614:
575:
566:
Drywall screws for wood, with parallel-threaded woodscrew shanks and bugle heads
425:
401:
365:
357:
318:
314:
129:
32:
1052:
Controlled density (CD), also called ceiling board, which is available only in
1729:
1117:
1034:
1004:
728:
704:
361:
125:
17:
1526:"Building trades - Carpenters, joiners, painters, decorators, and plasterers"
1023:
Soundboard is made from wood fibers to increase the sound transmission class.
1142:
646:
397:
1223:"Preservation Brief 21: Repairing Historic Flat Plaster-Walls and Ceilings"
379:
In 2020, 8.4 billion square meters of drywall were sold around the world.
46: in (13 mm) drywall with tools for maintenance and installation
1904:
1319:"Repairing Historic Flat Plaster Walls and Ceilings By The Old House Web"
1147:
784:
631:
431:
In both countries, plasterboard has become a widely used replacement for
1499:
1283:
1973:. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, 1966. Print. p.12.
1094:
1000:
950:
The introduction in March 2005 of the Clean Air
Interstate Rule by the
893:
856: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
525:
346:
334:
236:
232:
216:
105:
1702:
Wallender, Lee (8 December 2022) . Bacon, Kelly; Scott, Sarah (eds.).
1090:
1069:
due to the use of recycled materials and an energy efficient process.
780:
503:
338:
330:
256:
228:
224:
137:
109:
1679:. S.l.: Professional Publications, 2013. Print. Table 73.6 p.73-10.
196:
750:
727:
677:
650:
636:
561:
521:
252:
220:
195:
121:
113:
31:
1473:"U.K. Startup Launches Drywall Made From Absorbed Carbon Dioxide"
1046:
Lead-lined drywall, a drywall used around radiological equipment.
901:
897:
326:
189:
884:
Some fire barrier walls are constructed of Type X drywall as a
1793:"Type X vs. Type C – Not all gypsum boards are created equal!"
909:
825:
435:
walls in renovating 19th- and early 20th-century buildings.
180:
bought
Sackett Plaster Board Company and by 1917 introduced
1882:
313:). The plaster is mixed with fiber (typically paper and/or
610:, and makes plumbing and electrical installation simpler.
120:
of interior walls and ceilings. The plaster is mixed with
710:
Sound transmission may be slightly reduced using regular
1262:
National
Inventors Hall of Fame. Access date: 2024-08-22
555:
who finish the joints and cover the fastener heads with
1677:
Mechanical engineering reference manual for the pe exam
337:
as a retarder, and various additives that may increase
1190:, published 27 September 2021, accessed 3 October 2022
1308:. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 2006. Print. pp.53–54.
211:
imposed fines totaling €420 million on the companies
1748:"Thousands of U.S. Homeowners Cite Drywall for Ills"
1073:
and remains in place even after the gypsum dries up.
1043:, a board made from recycled agricultural materials
29:
Panel made of gypsum, used in interior construction
325:, finely ground gypsum crystal as an accelerator,
1779:. 7th ed. Kingston, MA: R. S. Means, 2014. Print.
1596:"LIGHT STEEL FRAMING IN RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION"
227:on the market which affected 80% of consumers in
791:High-sulfur drywall illness and corrosion issues
1692:. 3rd ed. Boston: Focal, 2002. Print. pp.75–76.
971:Types available in Canada and the United States
916:and Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC).
1471:Mathis, Will; Rathi, Akshat (31 March 2022).
952:United States Environmental Protection Agency
341:and fire resistance, lower water absorption (
8:
1270:
1268:
1049:Foil-backed drywall used as a vapor barrier.
912:4102 Part 4 and the Canadian Building Code,
404:. In Australia, the product is often called
1825:"Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2006"
1730:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgAzBgO7oCk
1405:Global Gypsum Magazine, January 2009, p. 18
783:part of sheetrock are easily chewed out by
1787:
1785:
1446:Energy & Environmental Research Center
464:inch (13 and 16 mm); thicknesses of
872:Learn how and when to remove this message
247:A wallboard panel consists of a layer of
223:and Gyproc Benelux, which had operated a
1530:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1250:Chicago Tribune. Access date: 2024-08-22
262:
128:, or a combination of these materials);
1615:l. Basel: Birdhouse, 2006. Print. p.60.
1179:
1033:Mold-resistant, paperless drywall with
613:When driven fully home, drywall screws
1211:from the original on 18 February 2015.
520:(skim coat) of finishing plaster; and
1917:from the original on 3 September 2012
1805:from the original on 22 December 2016
1368:from the original on 22 December 2015
1007:are added to improve fire resistance.
806:Volatile sulfur compounds, including
7:
854:adding citations to reliable sources
645:After the sheets are secured to the
641:Applying "joint compound" to drywall
1758:from the original on 19 March 2017.
707:batt insulation between the studs.
1837:from the original on 16 March 2013
1710:from the original on 14 April 2013
1422:from the original on 1 August 2013
1325:from the original on 16 April 2013
1304:Powell, Jane, and Linda Svendsen.
1229:from the original on 28 April 2014
1123:Compartmentalization (engineering)
996:inch (6.3 to 19 mm) thickness
816:Consumer Product Safety Commission
586:or drywall screws and often glue.
25:
1905:"Mercury Release from FGD Gypsum"
544:, who install the wallboard, and
251:sandwiched between two layers of
1943:from the original on 29 May 2011
1777:The gypsum construction handbook
1746:Wayne, Leslie (8 October 2009).
1248:New drywall resists mold, mildew
830:
732:Drywall water damage in a closet
546:tapers (also known as finishers,
178:United States Gypsum Corporation
161:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
136:; and additives that can reduce
1543:Morrison, Tina (11 July 2018).
1524:Walrond, Carl (11 March 2010).
1418:. Caer.uky.edu. 12 April 2013.
841:needs additional citations for
1549:National Business Review (NBR)
356:Drying chambers typically use
1:
1706:. Homerenovations.about.com.
1613:Construction materials manual
763:It is for these reasons that
200:Vertically hung drywall with
1704:"What is Greenboard Drywall"
1690:Handbook for sound engineers
1201:"Definition of PLASTERBOARD"
439:Canada and the United States
1879:"Clean Air Interstate Rule"
1760:article by Leslie Wayne in
1651:"Drywall Levels Definition"
1570:"GIB Standard Plasterboard"
2078:
1306:Bungalow details: interior
1081:
976:Regular white board, from
888:item. Gypsum contains the
794:
1992:Serious Materials EcoRock
1939:. Saint-gobaingyproc.in.
1881:. Epa.gov. Archived from
1276:"History of Gypsum Board"
1158:Magnesium oxide wallboard
914:Underwriters Laboratories
528:drywall for general use.
388:Australia and New Zealand
370:Coal-fired power stations
1734:Investment Property Bees
1093:clay and silt mixtures (
1067:environmentally friendly
1028:sound transmission class
965:flue-gas desulfurization
956:fossil-fuel power plants
890:water of crystallization
779:Foam insulation and the
691:Sound transmission class
374:flue-gas desulfurization
144:, and water absorption.
2057:Passive fire protection
1856:Donald W. Olson (2002)
1205:www.merriam-webster.com
1138:Firewall (construction)
886:passive fire protection
532:Construction techniques
1997:5 October 2012 at the
1868:History and production
1675:Lindeburg, Michael R.
908:catalogues, including
756:
733:
642:
590:, also referred to as
580:oscillating multi-tool
567:
204:
47:
36:Various sized cuts of
1168:Product certification
1082:Further information:
942:North American market
906:certification listing
892:bound in the form of
754:
731:
724:Water damage and mold
640:
565:
199:
35:
1864:14 June 2006 at the
850:improve this article
628:self-drilling screws
2047:Composite materials
2022:on 20 November 2009
1736:", around time 3:57
1442:"What is Coal Ash?"
1321:. Oldhouseweb.com.
1188:What is Dry Lining?
1128:Endothermic process
1003:, vermiculite, and
209:European Commission
101:is a panel made of
2052:Building materials
1763:The New York Times
1752:The New York Times
1452:on 16 January 2012
1280:Gypsum Association
1108:Certification mark
896:. When exposed to
757:
734:
643:
568:
205:
124:(typically paper,
48:
2016:"Recycled Inerts"
1775:USG Corporation.
1611:Hegger, Manfred.
1260:Augustine Sackett
1153:Knockdown texture
882:
881:
874:
803:Hurricane Katrina
608:energy efficiency
588:Drywall fasteners
433:scrim and sarking
351:building material
16:(Redirected from
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2032:
2031:
2029:
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2018:. Archived from
2012:
2006:
1989:
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1980:
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1693:
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1680:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1448:. Archived from
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1282:. Archived from
1272:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1163:Plaster spraying
1084:Gypsum recycling
1061:
1060:
1056:
995:
994:
990:
985:
984:
980:
877:
870:
866:
863:
857:
834:
826:
808:hydrogen sulfide
742:capillary action
719:
718:
714:
702:
701:
697:
675:
674:
670:
662:
661:
657:
557:drywall compound
515:
514:
510:
493:
492:
488:
483:
482:
478:
473:
472:
468:
463:
462:
458:
453:
452:
448:
312:
310:
309:
301:
299:
298:
295:
292:
285:
284:
270:
172:
171:
167:
149:lath and plaster
45:
44:
40:
21:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2003:Popular Science
1999:Wayback Machine
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1971:X-ray shielding
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1866:Wayback Machine
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1574:EPD Australasia
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1133:Fire protection
1113:Chinese drywall
1103:
1086:
1080:
1058:
1054:
1053:
992:
988:
987:
982:
978:
977:
973:
944:
935:
926:
878:
867:
861:
858:
847:
835:
824:
822:Fire resistance
799:
797:Chinese drywall
793:
777:
726:
716:
712:
711:
699:
695:
694:
686:
672:
668:
667:
659:
655:
654:
534:
516:to 1 in).
512:
508:
507:
500:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
475:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
441:
390:
385:
308:
305:
304:
303:
296:
293:
290:
289:
287:
283:
280:
279:
278:
276:
273:calcium sulfate
268:
264:
260:
245:
186:air entrainment
169:
165:
164:
157:
103:calcium sulfate
42:
38:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2007:
1984:
1975:
1963:
1954:
1928:
1896:
1870:
1848:
1816:
1781:
1768:
1766:7 October 2009
1738:
1721:
1694:
1688:Ballou, Glen.
1681:
1668:
1659:
1642:
1617:
1604:
1587:
1576:. 25 June 2021
1561:
1535:
1516:
1491:
1478:Bloomberg News
1463:
1433:
1407:
1398:
1388:WO2017092837A1
1379:
1349:
1336:
1310:
1297:
1286:on 8 July 2009
1264:
1252:
1240:
1214:
1192:
1186:Go Construct,
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1008:
997:
972:
969:
960:sulfur dioxide
943:
940:
934:
933:Type C drywall
931:
925:
924:Type X drywall
922:
880:
879:
838:
836:
829:
823:
820:
795:Main article:
792:
789:
776:
773:
725:
722:
685:
682:
533:
530:
499:
496:
440:
437:
389:
386:
384:
383:Specifications
381:
306:
281:
266:
249:gypsum plaster
244:
241:
202:joint compound
156:
153:
116:, used in the
28:
24:
18:Gypsum drywall
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2074:
2063:
2062:Wallcoverings
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:for example,
1725:
1722:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
975:
974:
970:
968:
966:
961:
957:
953:
948:
941:
939:
932:
930:
923:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
876:
873:
865:
862:February 2017
855:
851:
845:
844:
839:This section
837:
833:
828:
827:
821:
819:
817:
811:
809:
804:
798:
790:
788:
786:
782:
774:
772:
770:
766:
761:
753:
749:
745:
743:
738:
730:
723:
721:
708:
706:
692:
684:Sound control
683:
681:
679:
664:
652:
648:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:steel framing
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:drywall clips
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:utility knife
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
531:
529:
527:
523:
517:
505:
497:
495:
438:
436:
434:
429:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
382:
380:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:foaming agent
320:
316:
274:
258:
254:
250:
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
203:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
162:
154:
152:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
134:foaming agent
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:custard board
88:
84:
83:turtles board
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:(also called
52:
34:
27:
19:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:the original
2010:
2002:
1987:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:the original
1873:
1857:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1776:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1733:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1697:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1573:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1538:
1529:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1476:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:the original
1445:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1410:
1401:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1313:
1305:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:the original
1279:
1255:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1217:
1204:
1195:
1182:
1087:
1018:Cement board
949:
945:
936:
927:
918:
883:
868:
859:
848:Please help
843:verification
840:
812:
800:
778:
775:Other damage
769:cement board
764:
762:
758:
746:
739:
735:
709:
687:
665:
644:
612:
606:, increases
604:truss uplift
595:
591:
587:
569:
552:
548:
545:
541:
535:
518:
501:
442:
430:
426:steel frames
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
394:plasterboard
393:
391:
378:
366:plasticizers
355:
343:wax emulsion
246:
239:countries.
207:In 2002 the
206:
181:
175:
158:
146:
142:flammability
118:construction
98:
95:gypsum panel
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:buster board
78:
75:gypsum board
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:plasterboard
54:
50:
49:
26:
1809:20 December
1630:www.bls.gov
1225:. Nps.gov.
1041:Enviroboard
649:or ceiling
615:countersink
576:keyhole saw
553:float crew)
402:New Zealand
396:is used in
362:dispersants
358:natural gas
319:plasticizer
315:glass fiber
243:Manufacture
130:plasticizer
2041:Categories
1580:4 December
1554:3 February
1509:4 December
1175:References
1118:Clay panel
1035:fiberglass
1005:boric acid
765:greenboard
705:glass wool
647:wall studs
538:drywallers
255:. The raw
231:, the UK,
126:glass wool
87:slap board
67:sheet rock
59:dry lining
1500:"Gyprock"
1456:6 January
1362:europa.eu
1143:Fermacell
954:requires
785:honeybees
632:adhesives
526:chamfered
414:Gib board
410:Gibraltar
398:Australia
392:The term
333:or other
182:Sheetrock
106:dihydrate
71:gib board
63:wallboard
2026:20 April
1995:Archived
1947:20 April
1941:Archived
1921:20 April
1912:Archived
1889:20 April
1862:Archived
1841:20 April
1832:Archived
1800:Archived
1756:Archived
1708:Archived
1426:20 April
1420:Archived
1372:28 March
1366:Archived
1345:ROCKLATH
1329:20 April
1323:Archived
1227:Archived
1209:Archived
1148:Homasote
1101:See also
958:to "cut
894:hydrates
600:blocking
265:·2H
235:and the
99:gyprock)
1484:4 April
1290:15 July
1095:bay mud
1057:⁄
1030:rating.
1011:levels.
1001:perlite
991:⁄
981:⁄
715:⁄
698:⁄
671:⁄
658:⁄
549:mud men
542:hangers
522:beveled
511:⁄
489:⁄
484:,
479:⁄
474:,
469:⁄
459:⁄
449:⁄
418:AquaGib
406:Gyprock
347:silanes
335:chelate
300:
288:
237:Benelux
233:Germany
213:Lafarge
168:⁄
155:History
51:Drywall
41:⁄
1858:Gypsum
1714:21 May
1635:19 May
1394:
1233:31 May
781:gypsum
651:joists
504:Europe
498:Europe
339:mildew
331:starch
257:gypsum
229:France
225:cartel
138:mildew
110:gypsum
1915:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1835:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1803:(PDF)
1796:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1599:(PDF)
1091:sodic
1078:Waste
678:putty
624:gauge
596:stops
584:nails
551:, or
253:paper
221:Knauf
122:fiber
114:paper
2028:2013
1949:2013
1923:2013
1891:2013
1843:2013
1811:2016
1716:2023
1637:2023
1582:2021
1556:2021
1511:2021
1486:2022
1458:2012
1428:2013
1374:2016
1331:2013
1292:2009
1235:2014
1037:face
902:fire
898:heat
454:and
412:and
400:and
364:and
327:EDTA
277:CaSO
261:CaSO
190:lath
97:and
1504:DPO
986:to
910:DIN
900:or
852:by
594:or
502:In
345:or
317:),
217:BPB
2043::
2001:.
1910:.
1830:.
1798:.
1784:^
1754:.
1750:.
1628:.
1572:.
1547:.
1528:.
1502:.
1475:.
1444:.
1364:.
1360:.
1278:.
1267:^
1207:.
1203:.
673:32
660:32
634:.
626:,
578:,
420:.
353:.
329:,
321:,
259:,
219:,
215:,
151:.
140:,
132:,
93:,
89:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
65:,
61:,
57:,
2030:.
2005:.
1951:.
1925:.
1893:.
1845:.
1813:.
1732:"
1718:.
1656:.
1639:.
1601:.
1584:.
1558:.
1532:.
1513:.
1488:.
1460:.
1430:.
1376:.
1333:.
1294:.
1237:.
1059:2
1055:1
993:4
989:3
983:4
979:1
875:)
869:(
864:)
860:(
846:.
717:8
713:5
700:2
696:1
669:3
656:1
513:8
509:3
491:4
487:3
481:8
477:3
471:4
467:1
461:8
457:5
451:2
447:1
311:O
307:2
302:H
297:2
294:/
291:1
286:·
282:4
275:(
269:O
267:2
263:4
170:4
166:1
108:(
43:2
39:1
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
