Gyroscope - Knowledge (XXG)

1254:. It was an outcome of the competition with mechanical gyroscopes, which kept improving. The reason Honeywell, of all companies, chose to develop the laser gyro was that they were the only one that didn't have a successful line of mechanical gyroscopes, so they wouldn't be competing against themselves. The first problem they had to solve was that with laser gyros rotations below a certain minimum could not be detected at all, due to a problem called "lock-in", whereby the two beams act like coupled oscillators and pull each other's frequencies toward convergence and therefore zero output. The solution was to shake the gyro rapidly so that it never settled into lock-in. Paradoxically, too regular of a dithering motion produced an accumulation of short periods of lock-in when the device was at rest at the extremities of its shaking motion. This was cured by applying a random 1429: 1201:(VSG), also called a Coriolis vibratory gyroscope (CVG), uses a resonator made of different metallic alloys. It takes a position between the low-accuracy, low-cost MEMS gyroscope and the higher-accuracy and higher-cost fiber optic gyroscope. Accuracy parameters are increased by using low-intrinsic damping materials, resonator vacuumization, and digital electronics to reduce temperature dependent drift and instability of control signals. 201: 1391:, or tilt, in the orientation of the rotor causes the London moment magnetic field to shift relative to the housing. The moving field passes through a superconducting pickup loop fixed to the housing, inducing a small electric current. The current produces a voltage across a shunt resistance, which is resolved to spherical coordinates by a microprocessor. The system is designed to minimize Lorentz torque on the rotor. 1189:(HRG), also called a wine-glass gyroscope or mushroom gyro, makes use of a thin solid-state hemispherical shell, anchored by a thick stem. This shell is driven to a flexural resonance by electrostatic forces generated by electrodes which are deposited directly onto separate fused-quartz structures that surround the shell. Gyroscopic effect is obtained from the inertial property of the flexural standing waves. 145: 176: 2571: 3187: 1092:

in the spring. This can be improved by introducing a counteracting force to push the weight back and to measure the force needed to prevent the weight from moving. A more complicated design consists of a gyroscope with a weight on one of the axes. The device will react to the force generated by the weight when it is accelerated, by integrating that force to produce a velocity.

40: 388:. This adds to the 3-axis acceleration sensing ability available on previous generations of devices. Together these sensors provide 6 component motion sensing; accelerometers for X, Y, and Z movement, and gyroscopes for measuring the extent and rate of rotation in space (roll, pitch and yaw). Some devices additionally incorporate a 1420:

pumps creating a gyroscopic effect on the vehicle. A precessional ram was responsible for rotating the gyroscope to change the direction of the precessional force to counteract any forces causing the vehicle imbalance. The one-of-a-kind prototype is now at the Lane Motor Museum in Nashville, Tennessee.

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Gyro X prototype vehicle created by Alex Tremulis and Thomas Summers in 1967. The car utilized gyroscopic precession to drive on two wheels. An assembly consisting of a flywheel mounted in a gimbal housing under the hood of the vehicle acted as a large gyroscope. The flywheel was rotated by hydraulic

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A dynamically tuned gyroscope (DTG) is a rotor suspended by a universal joint with flexure pivots. The flexure spring stiffness is independent of spin rate. However, the dynamic inertia (from the gyroscopic reaction effect) from the gimbal provides negative spring stiffness proportional to the square

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The centre of gravity of the rotor can be in a fixed position. The rotor simultaneously spins about one axis and is capable of oscillating about the two other axes, and it is free to turn in any direction about the fixed point (except for its inherent resistance caused by rotor spin). Some gyroscopes

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The axle of the spinning wheel (the rotor) defines the spin axis. The rotor is constrained to spin about an axis, which is always perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbal. So the rotor possesses three degrees of rotational freedom and its axis possesses two. The rotor responds to a force applied

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providing pivoted supports, for allowing the wheel to rotate about a single axis. A set of three gimbals, one mounted on the other with orthogonal pivot axes, may be used to allow a wheel mounted on the innermost gimbal to have an orientation remaining independent of the orientation, in space, of its

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In some special cases, the outer gimbal (or its equivalent) may be omitted so that the rotor has only two degrees of freedom. In other cases, the centre of gravity of the rotor may be offset from the axis of oscillation, and thus the centre of gravity of the rotor and the centre of suspension of the

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By determining an object's acceleration and integrating over time, the velocity of the object can be calculated. Integrating again, position can be determined. The simplest accelerometer is a weight that is free to move horizontally, which is attached to a spring and a device to measure the tension

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In the case of a gyroscope with two gimbals, the outer gimbal, which is the gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane determined by the support. This outer gimbal possesses one degree of rotational freedom and its axis possesses none. The second gimbal, inner gimbal,

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to illustrate the more complicated state of motion of a spinning body when free to wander about on a horizontal plane, like a top spun on the pavement, or a bicycle on the road. Kelvin also made use of gyrostats to develop mechanical theories of the elasticity of matter and of the ether. In modern

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consists of a massive flywheel concealed in a solid casing. Its behaviour on a table, or with various modes of suspension or support, serves to illustrate the curious reversal of the ordinary laws of static equilibrium due to the gyrostatic behaviour of the interior invisible flywheel when rotated

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The main rotor of a helicopter acts like a gyroscope. Its motion is influenced by the principle of gyroscopic precession which is the concept that a force applied to a spinning object will have a maximum reaction approximately 90 degrees later. The reaction may differ from 90 degrees when other

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Circa 1911 the L.T. Hurst Mfg Co of Indianapolis started producing the "Hurst gyroscope" a toy gyroscope with a pull string and pedestal. Manufacture was at some point switched to Chandler Mfg Co (still branded Hurst). The product later gets renamed to a “Chandler gyroscope”, presumably because

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Johann G. F. Bohnenberger (1817) "Beschreibung einer Maschine zur Erläuterung der Gesetze der Umdrehung der Erde um ihre Axe, und der Veränderung der Lage der letzteren" (Description of a machine for the explanation of the laws of rotation of the Earth around its axis, and of the change of the

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L. Foucault (1852) "Sur les phénomènes d’orientation des corps tournants entraînés par un axe fixe à la surface de la terre – Nouveaux signes sensibles du mouvement diurne" (On the phenomena of the orientation of rotating bodies carried along by an axis fixed to the surface of the earth – New

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The heading indicator or directional gyro has an axis of rotation that is set horizontally, pointing north. Unlike a magnetic compass, it does not seek north. When being used in an airplane, for example, it will slowly drift away from north and will need to be reoriented periodically, using a

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Rigidity in space describes the principle that a gyroscope remains in the fixed position on the plane in which it is spinning, unaffected by the Earth's rotation. For example, a bike wheel. Early forms of gyroscope (not then known by the name) were used to demonstrate the principle.

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In physics, there are several systems whose dynamical equations resemble the equations of motion of a gyrostat. Examples include a solid body with a cavity filled with an inviscid, incompressible, homogeneous liquid, the static equilibrium configuration of a stressed elastic rod in

580: 1127:), which can be used for description of artificially made smart materials as well as of other complex media. One of them, so-called Kelvin's medium, has the same equations as magnetic insulators near the state of magnetic saturation in the approximation of quasimagnetostatics. 243:

of Germany, who first wrote about it in 1817. At first he called it the "Machine". Bohnenberger's machine was based on a rotating massive sphere. In 1832, American Walter R. Johnson developed a similar device that was based on a rotating disc. The French mathematician

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During World War II, the gyroscope became the prime component for aircraft and anti-aircraft gun sights. After the war, the race to miniaturize gyroscopes for guided missiles and weapons navigation systems resulted in the development and manufacturing of so-called

1246:-200 entered service in 1983, it was equipped with the first suitable ring laser gyroscope. This gyroscope took many years to develop, and the experimental models went through many changes before it was deemed ready for production by the engineers and managers of 2454:

Under the title of precession instruments, various pieces of apparatus, involving the gyroscope principle, have been in use for a number of years for illustrating the precession of the equinoxes, and the parallelism of the earth's axis as it revolves round the

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Since the gyroscope allows the calculation of orientation and rotation, designers have incorporated them into modern technology. The integration of the gyroscope has allowed for more accurate recognition of movement within a 3D space than the previous lone

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followed with his own design later that year, and other nations soon realized the military importance of the invention—in an age in which naval prowess was the most significant measure of military power—and created their own gyroscope industries. The

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An electric powered flywheel gyroscope inserted in a bicycle wheel is sold as an alternative to training wheels. Some features of Android phones like PhotoSphere or 360 Camera and to use VR gadget do not work without a gyroscope sensor in the phone.

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navigational systems by creating a stable platform from which accurate acceleration measurements could be performed (in order to bypass the need for star sightings to calculate position). Similar principles were later employed in the development of

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is mounted in the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal) so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicular to the pivotal axis of the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal). This inner gimbal has two degrees of rotational freedom.

989: 79:. It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation (spin axis) is free to assume any orientation by itself. When rotating, the orientation of this axis is unaffected by tilting or rotation of the mounting, according to the 1363:

superconducting material. To eliminate friction found in conventional bearings, the rotor assembly is centered by the electric field from six electrodes. After the initial spin-up by a jet of helium which brings the rotor to 4,000

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of the spin speed (Howe and Savet, 1964; Lawrence, 1998). Therefore, at a particular speed, called the tuning speed, the two moments cancel each other, freeing the rotor from torque, a necessary condition for an ideal gyroscope.

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Gyroscopes continue to be an engineering challenge. For example, the axle bearings have to be extremely accurate. A small amount of friction is deliberately introduced to the bearings, since otherwise an accuracy of better than

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In modern times, the gyrostat concept is used in the design of attitude control systems for orbiting spacecraft and satellites. For instance, the Mir space station had three pairs of internally mounted flywheels known as

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within a number of smartphones. Gyroscopes in consumer electronics are frequently combined with accelerometers for more robust direction- and motion-sensing. Examples of such applications include smartphones such as the

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that weighed less than 3 ounces (85 g) and had a diameter of approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm). Some of these miniaturized gyroscopes could reach a speed of 24,000 revolutions per minute in less than 10 seconds.

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Cooper, Donald & University of Western Australia. Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 1996, An investigation of the application of gyroscopic torque in the acceleration and retardation of rotating

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operated the shot, walking through a redwood forest, running the camera at one frame per second. When projected at 24 frames per second, it gave the impression of flying through the air at perilous speeds.

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Lynch, D.D.: HRG development at Delco, Litton, and Northrop Grumman. In: Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy, 19–21 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine. Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine,

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A gyroscope flywheel will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the output gimbals are of a free or fixed configuration. An example of some free-output-gimbal devices is the

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Chandler Mfg Co. took over rights to the gyroscope. Chandler continued to produce the toy until the company was purchased by TEDCO Inc. in 1982. The gyroscope is still produced by TEDCO today.

447: 188:(CMG) is an example of a fixed-output-gimbal device that is used on spacecraft to hold or maintain a desired attitude angle or pointing direction using the gyroscopic resistance force. 3007: 51:

A gyroscope in operation, showing the freedom of rotation in all three axes. The rotor will maintain its spin axis direction regardless of the orientation of the outer frame.

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have mechanical equivalents substituted for one or more of the elements. For example, the spinning rotor may be suspended in a fluid, instead of being mounted in gimbals. A

769: 1368:, the polished gyroscope housing is evacuated to an ultra-high vacuum to further reduce drag on the rotor. Provided the suspension electronics remain powered, the extreme 998:

is torque induced. It is the rate of change of the angular momentum that is produced by the applied torque. Precession produces counterintuitive dynamic results such as a

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Crabtree, H. "An Elementary Treatment of the Theory of Spinning Tops and Gyroscopic Motion". Longman, Green and C), 1909. Reprinted by Michigan Historical Reprint Series.

761: 633: 608: 3098:. "The GP-B instrument is designed to measure changes in gyroscope spin axis orientation to better than 0.5 milliarcseconds (1.4x10-7 degrees) over a one-year period" 2619:

Robert Kargon, Peter Achinstein, Baron William Thomson Kelvin: "Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives"

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to measure rotation by measuring the shifting interference pattern of a beam split into two separate beams which travel around the ring in opposite directions.

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mentions Bohnenberger's machine as early as 1813: Simeon-Denis Poisson (1813) "Mémoire sur un cas particulier du mouvement de rotation des corps pesans" ,

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there is a variety of these models, based on ideas of Lord Kelvin. They represent a specific type of Cosserat theories (suggested for the first time by

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and uses a vibrating element. This kind of gyroscope was first used in military applications but has since been adopted for increasing commercial use.

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whose axis lines up exactly with the spin axis of the gyroscopic rotor. A magnetometer determines the orientation of the generated field, which is

229:. Tops were invented in many different civilizations, including classical Greece, Rome, and China. Most of these were not utilized as instruments. 3308: 1982: 1917: 1284:

also uses the interference of light to detect mechanical rotation. The two-halves of the split beam travel in opposite directions in a coil of

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Diagram of a gyro wheel. Reaction arrows about the output axis (blue) correspond to forces applied about the input axis (green), and vice versa.

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In addition to being used in compasses, aircraft, computer pointing devices, etc., gyroscopes have been introduced into consumer electronics.

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incorporate up to all nine axes of sensing in a single integrated circuit package, providing inexpensive and widely available motion sensing.

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Unlike a directional gyro or heading indicator, a gyrocompass seeks north. It detects the rotation of the Earth about its axis and seeks the

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The equation can be further reduced noting that the angular velocity along the z-axis is equal to the sum of the Precession and the Spin:

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Drawings of Walter R. Johnson's gyroscope ("rotascope") were used to illustrate phenomena in the following lecture: E.S. Snell (1856)

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In the first several decades of the 20th century, other inventors attempted (unsuccessfully) to use gyroscopes as the basis for early

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In the 1860s, the advent of electric motors made it possible for a gyroscope to spin indefinitely; this led to the first prototype

1935:"Description of an apparatus called the rotascope for exhibiting several phenomena and illustrating certain laws of rotary motion" 3386: 3171: 675:

represents inertia along its respective axis. This relation is only valid with the Moment along the Y and Z axes are equal to 0.

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Passaro, Vittorio M. N.; Cuccovillo, Antonello; Vaiani, Lorenzo; De Carlo, Martino; Campanella, Carlo Edoardo (7 October 2017).

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to determine the axis of rotation. Gyroscopes of this type can be extremely accurate and stable. For example, those used in the

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All spinning objects have gyroscopic properties. The main properties that an object can experience in any gyroscopic motion are

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Circa 1852, Friedrich Fessel, a German mechanic and former secondary school teacher, independently developed a gyroscope. See:

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Perry J. "Spinning Tops". London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1870. Reprinted by Project Gutemberg ebook, 2010.

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Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy, 19–21 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine. Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine,

2231: 681: 2391: 1704: 1372:, lack of friction, and low drag will allow the angular momentum of the rotor to keep it spinning for about 15,000 years. 1205: 1198: 1164: 393: 87: 2966:

Ash, M E; Trainor, C V; Elliott, R D; Borenstein, J T; Kourepenis, A S; Ward, P A; Weinberg, M S (14–15 September 1999).

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A simple case of precession, also known as steady precession, can be described by the following relation to Moment:

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stronger forces are in play. To change direction, helicopters must adjust the pitch angle and the angle of attack.

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north. Gyrocompasses usually have built-in damping to prevent overshoot when re-calibrating from sudden movement.

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quickly expanded to provide aircraft and naval stabilizers as well, and other gyroscope developers followed suit.

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The first known apparatus similar to a gyroscope (the "Whirling Speculum" or "Serson's Speculum") was invented by

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The History of Theoretical, Material and Computational Mechanics – Mathematics Meets Mechanics and Engineering

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not falling over. Precession is used in aerospace applications for sensing changes of attitude and direction.

3582:" (Tr., About the theory of the gyroscope). Leipzig, Berlin, B.G. Teubner, 1898–1914. 4 v. illus. 25 cm. 3356: 3514: 2582: 2552: 1844: 1629: 1428: 2843:. Lawrence R. Weill, Angus P. Andrews (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 329–331. 281:, circle or rotation), which was visible in the 8 to 10 minutes before friction slowed the spinning rotor. 3115: 1365: 249: 114: 72: 3326: 3088: 172:

gyroscopes used to sense or measure the pitch, roll and yaw attitude angles in a spacecraft or aircraft.

117:, or inside the steel hull of a submerged submarine. Due to their precision, gyroscopes are also used in 2472: 1456: 1281: 1275: 99: 3300: 1986: 1914: 879:{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\psi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\psi '(\sin \theta )\omega _{z}} 3019: 2885: 2783: 1879:, Lecture Notes in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 81–100, 1733: 1289: 1232: 1226: 1124: 245: 95: 3430: 3408: 2417: 2414:"LSM9DS0 iNEMO inertial module:3D accelerometer, 3D gyroscope, 3D magnetometer - STMicroelectronics" 2314: 1031:, in conjunction with two gyroscopes for extra stabilization, to film the background plates for the 3665: 3275: 1785: 1624: 1609: 1369: 1173:(MEMS) gyroscope is a miniaturized gyroscope found in electronic devices. It takes the idea of the 1116: 240: 2052: 1934: 252:

in Paris, recommended the machine for use as a teaching aid, and thus it came to the attention of

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Cruise ships use gyroscopes to level motion-sensitive devices such as self-leveling pool tables.

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to the vibration. The material of the block was also changed from quartz to a new glass ceramic

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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

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Three-axis MEMS-based gyroscopes are also being used in portable electronic devices such as

253: 205: 126: 80: 76: 3148: 3008:"Modeling the dynamically tuned gyroscope in support of high-bandwidth capture loop design" 2968:"Micromechanical inertial sensor development at Draper Laboratory with recent test results" 2129:(Gyroscope) Deutsches Reichspatent no. 182855 (filed: 27 March 1904; issued: 2 April 1907). 175: 3558:

Feynman's Tips on Physics, A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics

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Carta, G.; Nieves, M. J.; Jones, I. S.; Movchan, N. V.; Movchan, A. B. (21 October 2019).

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Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the microchip-packaged

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Econoguide Cruises 2006: Cruising the Caribbean, Hawaii, New England, Alaska, and Europe

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to provide absolute angular measurements relative to the Earth's magnetic field. Newer

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Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences

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Julius Plücker (October 1853) "Noch ein wort über die Fessel'sche rotationsmachine",

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in 1743. It was used as a level, to locate the horizon in foggy or misty conditions.

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William Thomson, "Popular Lectures and Addresses", London: MacMillan, 1889, vol. 1.

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It was Foucault who gave the device its modern name, in an experiment to see (Greek

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In 1852, Foucault used it in an experiment demonstrating the rotation of the Earth.

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The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature

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in 1852. Replica built by Dumoulin-Froment for the Exposition universelle in 1867.

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experiment measured changes in gyroscope spin axis orientation to better than 0.5

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MEMS gyroscopes are popular in some consumer electronics, such as smartphones.

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This source has a detailed mathematical discussion of the theory of gyroscopy.

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Tenth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution....

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A gyroscope is an instrument, consisting of a wheel mounted into two or three

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The General Problem of the Motion of Coupled Rigid Bodies about a Fixed Point

2939:"Qualification Process for MEMS Gyroscopes for the Use in Navigation Systems" 2905: 2858: 2805: 1852: 1824: 3634: 3202:"DC electrostatic gyro suspension system for the Gravity Probe B experiment" 3170:

Kobayashi, Takeshi; Hayakawa, Hisao; Tonouchi, Masayoshi (8 December 2003).

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to maintain direction in tunnel mining. Gyroscopes can be used to construct

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Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences (Paris)

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console's Wii Remote controller by an additional piece of hardware called "

297:. The first functional gyrocompass was patented in 1904 by German inventor 2838: 1308:

gyroscope relies on the quantum-mechanical phenomenon, whereby a spinning

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Julius Plücker (September 1853) "Über die Fessel'sche rotationsmachine",

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A Treatise on Gyrostatics and Rotational Motion: Theory and Applications

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Device for measuring or maintaining the orientation and angular velocity

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International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Proceedings

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the width of a human hair viewed from 32 kilometers (20 mi) away.

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Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance

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Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance

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A photograph of Bohnenberger's instrument is available on-line here:

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Walter Wrigley, Walter M. Hollister, and William G. Denhard (1969).

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The first instrument used more like an actual gyroscope was made by

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Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences

3224:"Learning Center Courses Content - FAA - FAASTeam - FAASafety.gov" 1510: 1427: 1379:

that can discriminate changes as small as one quantum, or about 2

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Global positioning systems, inertial navigation, and integration

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Wagner, Jörg F.; Trierenberg, Andor (2014), Stein, Erwin (ed.),

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David May (1999). Masten, Michael K; Stockum, Larry A (eds.).

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Feynman, Richard; Gottlieb, Michael; Leighton, Ralph (2013).

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controllers, which detect movement when turning and shaking.

3461:(4th, illustrated ed.). Globe Pequot Press. p. 1. 3433:

The company has also used gyroscopes in the Nintendo Switch

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Of gyroscopes and gaming: the tech behind the Wii MotionPlus

3301:"Samsung Galaxy and Gear – The Official Samsung Galaxy Site" 1972:(Washington, D.C.: Cornelius Wendell, 1856), pages 175–190. 71:, "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining 2115:(Week of Monday 27 September 1852). Gauthier-Villars: 427. 165:

to the input axis by a reaction force to the output axis.

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Theory and Design of Micromechanical Vibratory Gyroscopes

2012:, vol. 35, pages 424–427. Available on-line (in French): 2338:"Smartwatches: Specs and reviews for the leading models" 1825:

Tübinger Blätter für Naturwissenschaften und Arzneikunde

2527: 2515: 2275: 2161:"TEDCO Toys – Cool company history, great science kits" 3484:"Internal Gyroscope Is the Future of Training Wheels" 2874:"Flexural vibration systems with gyroscopic spinners" 2125:

Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe and Friedrich von Schirach,

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The GP-B gyro consists of a nearly-perfect spherical

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rig was employed during the filming of the 1983 film

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Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy

2362:"Best Android phones with Gyroscope and Accelerator" 3349:"Nexus 5 vs iPhone 5s: Head-to-head – SiliconANGLE" 1340:) over a one-year period. This is equivalent to an 3515:"HTC Vive Cosmos VR Headset Review: Solid Upgrade" 3323:"HTC Titan Specifications and Features – Techstic" 2469:Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics Fourteenth Edition 983: 878: 763:represents the angular velocity along the z axis. 755: 728: 667: 647: 627: 602: 574: 365: 3635:The Royal Institution's 1974–75 Christmas Lecture 3379:"Nokia 808 PureView – Full phone specifications" 2081:. Vol. VI (2nd ed.). 1989. p. 985 3618:Gyroscopic Theory, Design, and Instrumentation. 3513:March 2020, Kevin Carbotte 18 (18 March 2020). 1151:in chaos theory, and the motion of an ion in a 210:National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts museum 3141:"Gravity Probe B – Extraordinary Technologies" 3109:"Gravity Probe B – Extraordinary Technologies" 1851:, vol. 9, pages 247–262. Available online at: 1718:Tao, W.; Liu, T.; Zheng, R.; Feng, H. (2012). 90:found in electronic devices (sometimes called 30:For other uses and non-rotary gyroscopes, see 3589:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 3587:Spinning Tops: A Course on Integrable Systems 3401:"Blog – Building a Sensor for Low Latency VR" 3058:From the Luminiferous Ether to the Boeing 757 8: 3054:Knowing Machines: Essays in Technical Change 3014:. Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing XIII. 2703:Dynamic Stability of Bodies Containing Fluid 1948:, 1st series, vol. 21, no. 2, pages 265–280. 1110:rapidly. The first gyrostat was designed by 373:of an inch (2.5 nm) would be required. 293:, and a rather more complicated device, the 3538:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1487:, and virtual reality headsets such as the 1432:A digital gyroscope module connected to an 2701:N.N. Moiseyev and V.V. Rumyantsev (1968). 2064:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 2008:perceptible signs of the daily movement), 1804:Range, Shannon K'doah; Mullins, Jennifer. 2913: 2813: 2795: 2215:. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. pp. 40–42. 2142:. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. pp. 31–40. 1983:"ION Museum: The Machine of Bohnenberger" 1781:"20 things you didn't know about tunnels" 1755: 1745: 1442:Accelerometer § Consumer electronics 949: 939: 906: 897: 870: 837: 806: 796: 780: 771: 747: 741: 689: 683: 660: 640: 615: 590: 515: 484: 474: 458: 449: 354: 348: 1924:ION Museum: The Machine of Bohnenberger. 1946:The American Journal of Science and Art 1651: 1479:, game console peripherals such as the 1208:are used for precise sensors like HRG. 3643:by Olga Kapustina and Yuri Martynenko 3531: 3311:from the original on 16 December 2014. 3190:from the original on 4 September 2015. 2485:Brown, Garrett. "Return of the Jedi", 1720:"Gait Analysis Using Wearable Sensors" 1387:, is used to monitor the gyroscope. A 277:, to see) the Earth's rotation (Greek 2972:Symposium Gyro Technology Proceedings 2528:Feynman, Gottlieb & Leighton 2013 2516:Feynman, Gottlieb & Leighton 2013 2299:from the original on 24 October 2012. 2276:Feynman, Gottlieb & Leighton 2013 2265:from the original on 2 February 2017. 1288:cable as long as 5 km. Like the 394:MEMS-based inertial measurement units 7: 2350:from the original on 28 August 2015. 2167:. O'Reilly Media Inc. Archived from 1732:(2). Basel, Switzerland: 2255–2283. 1497:has integrated a gyroscope into the 3389:from the original on 20 March 2012. 2730:M.V. Tratnik and J.E. Sipe (1987). 2047:, vol. 166, no. 10, pages 348–351; 1707:from the original on 30 April 2008. 1689:Kabai, Sándor (28 September 2007). 179:Animation of a gyro wheel in action 109:Applications of gyroscopes include 2257:Magazines, Hearst (1 March 1954). 2039:, vol. 166, no. 9, pages 174–177; 1933:Walter R. Johnson (January 1832). 1793:from the original on 15 June 2009. 25: 3494:from the original on 27 July 2016 3482:Adams, Paul (29 September 2009). 3355:. 1 November 2013. Archived from 3325:. 18 October 2011. Archived from 3212:from the original on 5 July 2015. 2937:H. Sternberg; C. Schwalm (2007). 1187:hemispherical resonator gyroscope 1055:magnetic compass as a reference. 3305:The Official Samsung Galaxy Site 2643:, Springer, vol. 64, pages 29–70 2569: 2191:"History of the Tedco Gyroscope" 1849:Journal de l'École Polytechnique 81:conservation of angular momentum 2444:. R.S. Peale. 1890. p. 351 2336:Kelon, Leo (9 September 2014). 3645:Wolfram Demonstrations Project 3056:, MIT Press, 1996, Chapter 4: 2677:The Story of Space Station MIR 2675:(Wiley); D. M. Harland (2005) 2639:E. Grekova, P. Zhilin (2001). 2313:. 24 June 2010. Archived from 2232:The Little Top That Aims a Gun 1696:Wolfram Demonstrations Project 1505:". It is also included in the 1171:microelectromechanical systems 978: 932: 863: 851: 569: 538: 221:Essentially, a gyroscope is a 125:, which complement or replace 102:, and the extremely sensitive 1: 3580:Über die Theorie des Kreisels 3173:Vortex Electronics and SQUIDs 2311:"iPhone 4 Gyroscope Teardown" 2078:The Oxford English Dictionary 1873:"The Machine of Bohnenberger" 1806:"Brief History of Gyroscopes" 1199:vibrating structure gyroscope 1165:Vibrating structure gyroscope 3176:. Springer. pp. 44–45. 2837:Grewal, Mohinder S. (2007). 2776:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2654:Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics 1959:"On planetary disturbances," 1823:orientation of the latter), 1359:support for a thin layer of 3620:(MIT Press, Cambridge, MA). 2690:American Journal of Physics 1885:10.1007/978-3-642-39905-3_6 1266:, because of helium leaks. 756:{\displaystyle \omega _{z}} 655:is the nutation angle, and 324:inertial navigation systems 111:inertial navigation systems 3692: 3641:One-Wheeled Robot-Gyrostat 2756:S. Eliseev et al. (2011). 2165:TEDCO Toys company website 2051:Charles Wheatstone (1864) 1439: 1403: 1273: 1224: 1162: 1084: 1062: 1047: 1035:chase. Steadicam inventor 1014: 434: 419: 263: 32:Gyroscope (disambiguation) 29: 3637:Professor Eric Laithwaite 3070:The Fiber-Optic Gyroscope 2506:Box Set DVD documentary, 1920:28 September 2007 at the 1843:The French mathematician 1600:Inertial measurement unit 259: 3429:Frank Caron (Aug 2008). 2734:vol. 35, pages 2965–2975 2652:Peter C. Hughes (2004). 2583:Greenhill, Alfred George 2543:, vol. 6, pages 190–194. 2539:William Thomson (1875). 2488:American Cinematographer 1595:Gyroscopic exercise tool 1481:PlayStation 3 controller 635:is represented by spin, 610:represents precession, 308:Sperry Gyroscope Company 299:Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe 225:combined with a pair of 192:rotor may not coincide. 186:control moment gyroscope 131:inertial guidance system 3610:. (Springer, New York). 3455:Sandler, Corey (2005). 3249:"Gyroscopic Precession" 2758:Physical Review Letters 2743:A.B. Gluhovsky (1982). 2719:Proc. London Math. Soc. 2596:Encyclopædia Britannica 2541:Proc. London Math. Soc. 2471:. Hoboken, New Jersey: 2289:"iPad – Compare Models" 2053:"On Fessel's gyroscope" 1630:Turn and bank indicator 1073:north, rather than the 648:{\displaystyle \theta } 366:{\displaystyle 10^{-7}} 140:Description and diagram 2898:10.1098/rsta.2019.0154 2760:vol. 107, paper 152501 2747:vol. 27, pages 823–825 2745:Soviet Physics Doklady 2721:vol. 15, pages 170–184 2692:vol. 77, pages 526–537 2671:D. M. Harland (1997) 2587:Gyroscope and Gyrostat 2467:Hibbeler, R.C (2016). 2388:"Basic Sensors in iOS" 2066:, vol. 7, pages 43–48. 2058:19 August 2016 at the 1964:19 August 2016 at the 1940:19 August 2016 at the 1834:, vol. 3, pages 72–83. 1437: 1292:, it makes use of the 985: 880: 757: 730: 669: 649: 629: 628:{\displaystyle \psi '} 604: 603:{\displaystyle \phi '} 576: 367: 213: 204:Gyroscope designed by 180: 149: 115:Hubble Space Telescope 100:fibre optic gyroscopes 52: 44: 3441:15 April 2012 at the 3145:Einstein.stanford.edu 3089:Einstein.stanford.edu 2673:The MIR Space Station 2641:Journal of elasticity 2473:Pearson Prentice Hall 1457:Samsung Galaxy Note 4 1431: 1332:10 degrees, or about 1282:fiber optic gyroscope 1276:Fibre optic gyroscope 1270:Fiber optic gyroscope 1206:wine-glass resonators 986: 881: 758: 731: 670: 650: 630: 605: 577: 400:Gyroscopic principles 368: 217:Early similar devices 203: 178: 147: 67:, "round" and σκοπέω 50: 42: 3606:E. Leimanis (1965). 3274:Museum, Lane Motor. 2705:(Springer, New York) 2261:. Hearst Magazines. 2237:10 July 2011 at the 2019:16 July 2012 at the 1989:on 28 September 2007 1858:19 July 2011 at the 1830:19 July 2011 at the 1424:Consumer electronics 1290:ring laser gyroscope 1233:ring laser gyroscope 1227:Ring laser gyroscope 1221:Ring laser gyroscope 1137:control moment gyros 896: 770: 740: 682: 659: 639: 614: 589: 448: 347: 260:Foucault's gyroscope 246:Pierre-Simon Laplace 3359:on 13 December 2013 3094:14 May 2011 at the 3024:1999SPIE.3692..101M 2890:2019RSPTA.37790154C 2788:2017Senso..17.2284P 2530:, pp. 131–135. 2518:, pp. 115–135. 2475:. pp. 627–629. 2317:on 24 November 2011 2278:, pp. 148–149. 2259:"Popular Mechanics" 2211:MacKenzie, Donald. 2138:MacKenzie, Donald. 1738:2012Senso..12.2255T 1664:Oxford Dictionaries 1625:Rigid body dynamics 1610:Molecular gyroscope 1370:rotational symmetry 1355:, which provides a 1155:mass spectrometer. 1117:continuum mechanics 250:École Polytechnique 241:Johann Bohnenberger 3676:1852 introductions 3052:Donald MacKenzie, 2978:on 23 August 2012. 2955:on 2 October 2011. 2884:(2156): 20190154. 2193:. Brightfusion Ltd 2045:Annalen der Physik 2037:Annalen der Physik 1968:Board of Regents, 1747:10.3390/s120202255 1560:Attitude indicator 1473:Nokia 808 PureView 1438: 1342:angular separation 1028:Return of the Jedi 981: 876: 753: 726: 665: 645: 625: 600: 572: 363: 328:ballistic missiles 291:heading indicators 266:Foucault gyroscope 214: 181: 150: 127:magnetic compasses 53: 45: 3601:978-976-0-25248-5 3576:Arnold Sommerfeld 3468:978-0-7627-3871-7 3329:on 3 October 2012 3280:Lane Motor Museum 3255:. 11 October 2020 3032:10.1117/12.352852 2994:978-976-0-25248-5 2850:978-1-61583-471-6 2797:10.3390/s17102284 2732:Physical Review A 2629:978-0-262-11117-1 2559:(Dover, New York) 2504:Star Wars Trilogy 2241:by Gold Sanders, 1894:978-3-642-39905-3 1789:. 29 April 2009. 1565:Balancing machine 1555:Anti-rolling gyro 1175:Foucault pendulum 1125:François Cosserat 1050:Heading indicator 1044:Heading indicator 1006:Contemporary uses 668:{\displaystyle I} 422:Axial parallelism 416:Rigidity in space 406:rigidity in space 336:midget gyroscopes 285:Commercialization 248:, working at the 113:, such as in the 104:quantum gyroscope 16:(Redirected from 3683: 3561: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3452: 3446: 3437:controllers. 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3407:. 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