1254:. It was an outcome of the competition with mechanical gyroscopes, which kept improving. The reason Honeywell, of all companies, chose to develop the laser gyro was that they were the only one that didn't have a successful line of mechanical gyroscopes, so they wouldn't be competing against themselves. The first problem they had to solve was that with laser gyros rotations below a certain minimum could not be detected at all, due to a problem called "lock-in", whereby the two beams act like coupled oscillators and pull each other's frequencies toward convergence and therefore zero output. The solution was to shake the gyro rapidly so that it never settled into lock-in. Paradoxically, too regular of a dithering motion produced an accumulation of short periods of lock-in when the device was at rest at the extremities of its shaking motion. This was cured by applying a random
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1201:(VSG), also called a Coriolis vibratory gyroscope (CVG), uses a resonator made of different metallic alloys. It takes a position between the low-accuracy, low-cost MEMS gyroscope and the higher-accuracy and higher-cost fiber optic gyroscope. Accuracy parameters are increased by using low-intrinsic damping materials, resonator vacuumization, and digital electronics to reduce temperature dependent drift and instability of control signals.
201:
1391:, or tilt, in the orientation of the rotor causes the London moment magnetic field to shift relative to the housing. The moving field passes through a superconducting pickup loop fixed to the housing, inducing a small electric current. The current produces a voltage across a shunt resistance, which is resolved to spherical coordinates by a microprocessor. The system is designed to minimize Lorentz torque on the rotor.
1189:(HRG), also called a wine-glass gyroscope or mushroom gyro, makes use of a thin solid-state hemispherical shell, anchored by a thick stem. This shell is driven to a flexural resonance by electrostatic forces generated by electrodes which are deposited directly onto separate fused-quartz structures that surround the shell. Gyroscopic effect is obtained from the inertial property of the flexural standing waves.
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in the spring. This can be improved by introducing a counteracting force to push the weight back and to measure the force needed to prevent the weight from moving. A more complicated design consists of a gyroscope with a weight on one of the axes. The device will react to the force generated by the weight when it is accelerated, by integrating that force to produce a velocity.
40:
388:. This adds to the 3-axis acceleration sensing ability available on previous generations of devices. Together these sensors provide 6 component motion sensing; accelerometers for X, Y, and Z movement, and gyroscopes for measuring the extent and rate of rotation in space (roll, pitch and yaw). Some devices additionally incorporate a
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pumps creating a gyroscopic effect on the vehicle. A precessional ram was responsible for rotating the gyroscope to change the direction of the precessional force to counteract any forces causing the vehicle imbalance. The one-of-a-kind prototype is now at the Lane Motor Museum in
Nashville, Tennessee.
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Gyro X prototype vehicle created by Alex
Tremulis and Thomas Summers in 1967. The car utilized gyroscopic precession to drive on two wheels. An assembly consisting of a flywheel mounted in a gimbal housing under the hood of the vehicle acted as a large gyroscope. The flywheel was rotated by hydraulic
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A dynamically tuned gyroscope (DTG) is a rotor suspended by a universal joint with flexure pivots. The flexure spring stiffness is independent of spin rate. However, the dynamic inertia (from the gyroscopic reaction effect) from the gimbal provides negative spring stiffness proportional to the square
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The centre of gravity of the rotor can be in a fixed position. The rotor simultaneously spins about one axis and is capable of oscillating about the two other axes, and it is free to turn in any direction about the fixed point (except for its inherent resistance caused by rotor spin). Some gyroscopes
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The axle of the spinning wheel (the rotor) defines the spin axis. The rotor is constrained to spin about an axis, which is always perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbal. So the rotor possesses three degrees of rotational freedom and its axis possesses two. The rotor responds to a force applied
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providing pivoted supports, for allowing the wheel to rotate about a single axis. A set of three gimbals, one mounted on the other with orthogonal pivot axes, may be used to allow a wheel mounted on the innermost gimbal to have an orientation remaining independent of the orientation, in space, of its
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In some special cases, the outer gimbal (or its equivalent) may be omitted so that the rotor has only two degrees of freedom. In other cases, the centre of gravity of the rotor may be offset from the axis of oscillation, and thus the centre of gravity of the rotor and the centre of suspension of the
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By determining an object's acceleration and integrating over time, the velocity of the object can be calculated. Integrating again, position can be determined. The simplest accelerometer is a weight that is free to move horizontally, which is attached to a spring and a device to measure the tension
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In the case of a gyroscope with two gimbals, the outer gimbal, which is the gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane determined by the support. This outer gimbal possesses one degree of rotational freedom and its axis possesses none. The second gimbal, inner gimbal,
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to illustrate the more complicated state of motion of a spinning body when free to wander about on a horizontal plane, like a top spun on the pavement, or a bicycle on the road. Kelvin also made use of gyrostats to develop mechanical theories of the elasticity of matter and of the ether. In modern
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consists of a massive flywheel concealed in a solid casing. Its behaviour on a table, or with various modes of suspension or support, serves to illustrate the curious reversal of the ordinary laws of static equilibrium due to the gyrostatic behaviour of the interior invisible flywheel when rotated
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The main rotor of a helicopter acts like a gyroscope. Its motion is influenced by the principle of gyroscopic precession which is the concept that a force applied to a spinning object will have a maximum reaction approximately 90 degrees later. The reaction may differ from 90 degrees when other
313:
Circa 1911 the L.T. Hurst Mfg Co of
Indianapolis started producing the "Hurst gyroscope" a toy gyroscope with a pull string and pedestal. Manufacture was at some point switched to Chandler Mfg Co (still branded Hurst). The product later gets renamed to a âChandler gyroscopeâ, presumably because
1822:
Johann G. F. Bohnenberger (1817) "Beschreibung einer
Maschine zur ErlÀuterung der Gesetze der Umdrehung der Erde um ihre Axe, und der VerÀnderung der Lage der letzteren" (Description of a machine for the explanation of the laws of rotation of the Earth around its axis, and of the change of the
2007:
L. Foucault (1852) "Sur les phĂ©nomĂšnes dâorientation des corps tournants entraĂźnĂ©s par un axe fixe Ă la surface de la terre â Nouveaux signes sensibles du mouvement diurne" (On the phenomena of the orientation of rotating bodies carried along by an axis fixed to the surface of the earth â New
1054:
The heading indicator or directional gyro has an axis of rotation that is set horizontally, pointing north. Unlike a magnetic compass, it does not seek north. When being used in an airplane, for example, it will slowly drift away from north and will need to be reoriented periodically, using a
426:
Rigidity in space describes the principle that a gyroscope remains in the fixed position on the plane in which it is spinning, unaffected by the Earth's rotation. For example, a bike wheel. Early forms of gyroscope (not then known by the name) were used to demonstrate the principle.
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In physics, there are several systems whose dynamical equations resemble the equations of motion of a gyrostat. Examples include a solid body with a cavity filled with an inviscid, incompressible, homogeneous liquid, the static equilibrium configuration of a stressed elastic rod in
580:
1127:), which can be used for description of artificially made smart materials as well as of other complex media. One of them, so-called Kelvin's medium, has the same equations as magnetic insulators near the state of magnetic saturation in the approximation of quasimagnetostatics.
243:
of
Germany, who first wrote about it in 1817. At first he called it the "Machine". Bohnenberger's machine was based on a rotating massive sphere. In 1832, American Walter R. Johnson developed a similar device that was based on a rotating disc. The French mathematician
333:
During World War II, the gyroscope became the prime component for aircraft and anti-aircraft gun sights. After the war, the race to miniaturize gyroscopes for guided missiles and weapons navigation systems resulted in the development and manufacturing of so-called
1246:-200 entered service in 1983, it was equipped with the first suitable ring laser gyroscope. This gyroscope took many years to develop, and the experimental models went through many changes before it was deemed ready for production by the engineers and managers of
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Under the title of precession instruments, various pieces of apparatus, involving the gyroscope principle, have been in use for a number of years for illustrating the precession of the equinoxes, and the parallelism of the earth's axis as it revolves round the
48:
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Since the gyroscope allows the calculation of orientation and rotation, designers have incorporated them into modern technology. The integration of the gyroscope has allowed for more accurate recognition of movement within a 3D space than the previous lone
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followed with his own design later that year, and other nations soon realized the military importance of the inventionâin an age in which naval prowess was the most significant measure of military powerâand created their own gyroscope industries. The
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An electric powered flywheel gyroscope inserted in a bicycle wheel is sold as an alternative to training wheels. Some features of
Android phones like PhotoSphere or 360 Camera and to use VR gadget do not work without a gyroscope sensor in the phone.
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navigational systems by creating a stable platform from which accurate acceleration measurements could be performed (in order to bypass the need for star sightings to calculate position). Similar principles were later employed in the development of
161:
is mounted in the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal) so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicular to the pivotal axis of the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal). This inner gimbal has two degrees of rotational freedom.
989:
79:. It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation (spin axis) is free to assume any orientation by itself. When rotating, the orientation of this axis is unaffected by tilting or rotation of the mounting, according to the
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superconducting material. To eliminate friction found in conventional bearings, the rotor assembly is centered by the electric field from six electrodes. After the initial spin-up by a jet of helium which brings the rotor to 4,000
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of the spin speed (Howe and Savet, 1964; Lawrence, 1998). Therefore, at a particular speed, called the tuning speed, the two moments cancel each other, freeing the rotor from torque, a necessary condition for an ideal gyroscope.
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Gyroscopes continue to be an engineering challenge. For example, the axle bearings have to be extremely accurate. A small amount of friction is deliberately introduced to the bearings, since otherwise an accuracy of better than
1130:
In modern times, the gyrostat concept is used in the design of attitude control systems for orbiting spacecraft and satellites. For instance, the Mir space station had three pairs of internally mounted flywheels known as
1454:
within a number of smartphones. Gyroscopes in consumer electronics are frequently combined with accelerometers for more robust direction- and motion-sensing. Examples of such applications include smartphones such as the
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that weighed less than 3 ounces (85 g) and had a diameter of approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm). Some of these miniaturized gyroscopes could reach a speed of 24,000 revolutions per minute in less than 10 seconds.
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Cooper, Donald & University of
Western Australia. Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 1996, An investigation of the application of gyroscopic torque in the acceleration and retardation of rotating
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operated the shot, walking through a redwood forest, running the camera at one frame per second. When projected at 24 frames per second, it gave the impression of flying through the air at perilous speeds.
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Lynch, D.D.: HRG development at Delco, Litton, and
Northrop Grumman. In: Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy, 19â21 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine. Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine,
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A gyroscope flywheel will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the output gimbals are of a free or fixed configuration. An example of some free-output-gimbal devices is the
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Chandler Mfg Co. took over rights to the gyroscope. Chandler continued to produce the toy until the company was purchased by TEDCO Inc. in 1982. The gyroscope is still produced by TEDCO today.
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188:(CMG) is an example of a fixed-output-gimbal device that is used on spacecraft to hold or maintain a desired attitude angle or pointing direction using the gyroscopic resistance force.
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A gyroscope in operation, showing the freedom of rotation in all three axes. The rotor will maintain its spin axis direction regardless of the orientation of the outer frame.
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have mechanical equivalents substituted for one or more of the elements. For example, the spinning rotor may be suspended in a fluid, instead of being mounted in gimbals. A
769:
1368:, the polished gyroscope housing is evacuated to an ultra-high vacuum to further reduce drag on the rotor. Provided the suspension electronics remain powered, the extreme
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is torque induced. It is the rate of change of the angular momentum that is produced by the applied torque. Precession produces counterintuitive dynamic results such as a
3592:
Crabtree, H. "An
Elementary Treatment of the Theory of Spinning Tops and Gyroscopic Motion". Longman, Green and C), 1909. Reprinted by Michigan Historical Reprint Series.
761:
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3098:. "The GP-B instrument is designed to measure changes in gyroscope spin axis orientation to better than 0.5 milliarcseconds (1.4x10-7 degrees) over a one-year period"
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Robert Kargon, Peter
Achinstein, Baron William Thomson Kelvin: "Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives"
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2105:"Mécanique: Sur les phénomÚnes d'orientation des corps tournants entraßnés par un axe fixe à la surface de la Terre. Nouveaux signes sensibles du mouvement diurne"
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to measure rotation by measuring the shifting interference pattern of a beam split into two separate beams which travel around the ring in opposite directions.
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mentions Bohnenberger's machine as early as 1813: Simeon-Denis Poisson (1813) "MĂ©moire sur un cas particulier du mouvement de rotation des corps pesans" ,
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there is a variety of these models, based on ideas of Lord Kelvin. They represent a specific type of Cosserat theories (suggested for the first time by
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and uses a vibrating element. This kind of gyroscope was first used in military applications but has since been adopted for increasing commercial use.
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whose axis lines up exactly with the spin axis of the gyroscopic rotor. A magnetometer determines the orientation of the generated field, which is
229:. Tops were invented in many different civilizations, including classical Greece, Rome, and China. Most of these were not utilized as instruments.
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1982:
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also uses the interference of light to detect mechanical rotation. The two-halves of the split beam travel in opposite directions in a coil of
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Diagram of a gyro wheel. Reaction arrows about the output axis (blue) correspond to forces applied about the input axis (green), and vice versa.
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In addition to being used in compasses, aircraft, computer pointing devices, etc., gyroscopes have been introduced into consumer electronics.
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incorporate up to all nine axes of sensing in a single integrated circuit package, providing inexpensive and widely available motion sensing.
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Unlike a directional gyro or heading indicator, a gyrocompass seeks north. It detects the rotation of the Earth about its axis and seeks the
129:(in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general), to assist in stability (bicycles, motorcycles, and ships) or be used as part of an
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The equation can be further reduced noting that the angular velocity along the z-axis is equal to the sum of the Precession and the Spin:
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1961:
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Drawings of Walter R. Johnson's gyroscope ("rotascope") were used to illustrate phenomena in the following lecture: E.S. Snell (1856)
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In the first several decades of the 20th century, other inventors attempted (unsuccessfully) to use gyroscopes as the basis for early
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In the 1860s, the advent of electric motors made it possible for a gyroscope to spin indefinitely; this led to the first prototype
1935:"Description of an apparatus called the rotascope for exhibiting several phenomena and illustrating certain laws of rotary motion"
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represents inertia along its respective axis. This relation is only valid with the Moment along the Y and Z axes are equal to 0.
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Passaro, Vittorio M. N.; Cuccovillo, Antonello; Vaiani, Lorenzo; De Carlo, Martino; Campanella, Carlo Edoardo (7 October 2017).
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to determine the axis of rotation. Gyroscopes of this type can be extremely accurate and stable. For example, those used in the
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All spinning objects have gyroscopic properties. The main properties that an object can experience in any gyroscopic motion are
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Circa 1852, Friedrich Fessel, a German mechanic and former secondary school teacher, independently developed a gyroscope. See:
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Perry J. "Spinning Tops". London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1870. Reprinted by Project Gutemberg ebook, 2010.
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Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy, 19â21 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine. Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine,
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1372:, lack of friction, and low drag will allow the angular momentum of the rotor to keep it spinning for about 15,000 years.
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Ash, M E; Trainor, C V; Elliott, R D; Borenstein, J T; Kourepenis, A S; Ward, P A; Weinberg, M S (14â15 September 1999).
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575:{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\phi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\phi '\sin \theta (\phi '\cos \theta +\psi ')}
441:
A simple case of precession, also known as steady precession, can be described by the following relation to Moment:
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stronger forces are in play. To change direction, helicopters must adjust the pitch angle and the angle of attack.
323:
110:
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north. Gyrocompasses usually have built-in damping to prevent overshoot when re-calibrating from sudden movement.
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quickly expanded to provide aircraft and naval stabilizers as well, and other gyroscope developers followed suit.
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The first known apparatus similar to a gyroscope (the "Whirling Speculum" or "Serson's Speculum") was invented by
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The History of Theoretical, Material and Computational Mechanics â Mathematics Meets Mechanics and Engineering
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not falling over. Precession is used in aerospace applications for sensing changes of attitude and direction.
3582:" (Tr., About the theory of the gyroscope). Leipzig, Berlin, B.G. Teubner, 1898â1914. 4 v. illus. 25 cm.
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2582:
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1844:
1629:
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2843:. Lawrence R. Weill, Angus P. Andrews (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 329â331.
281:, circle or rotation), which was visible in the 8 to 10 minutes before friction slowed the spinning rotor.
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gyroscopes used to sense or measure the pitch, roll and yaw attitude angles in a spacecraft or aircraft.
117:, or inside the steel hull of a submerged submarine. Due to their precision, gyroscopes are also used in
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99:
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1986:
1914:
879:{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=-I{\psi '}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta +I_{z}\psi '(\sin \theta )\omega _{z}}
3019:
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1879:, Lecture Notes in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 81â100,
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2414:"LSM9DS0 iNEMO inertial module:3D accelerometer, 3D gyroscope, 3D magnetometer - STMicroelectronics"
2314:
1031:, in conjunction with two gyroscopes for extra stabilization, to film the background plates for the
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1173:(MEMS) gyroscope is a miniaturized gyroscope found in electronic devices. It takes the idea of the
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1934:
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in Paris, recommended the machine for use as a teaching aid, and thus it came to the attention of
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Cruise ships use gyroscopes to level motion-sensitive devices such as self-leveling pool tables.
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to the vibration. The material of the block was also changed from quartz to a new glass ceramic
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Three-axis MEMS-based gyroscopes are also being used in portable electronic devices such as
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126:
80:
76:
3148:
3008:"Modeling the dynamically tuned gyroscope in support of high-bandwidth capture loop design"
2968:"Micromechanical inertial sensor development at Draper Laboratory with recent test results"
2129:(Gyroscope) Deutsches Reichspatent no. 182855 (filed: 27 March 1904; issued: 2 April 1907).
175:
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Feynman's Tips on Physics, A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics
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Carta, G.; Nieves, M. J.; Jones, I. S.; Movchan, N. V.; Movchan, A. B. (21 October 2019).
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2020:
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Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the microchip-packaged
2013:
1147:, the polarization dynamics of a light pulse propagating through a nonlinear medium, the
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Econoguide Cruises 2006: Cruising the Caribbean, Hawaii, New England, Alaska, and Europe
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to provide absolute angular measurements relative to the Earth's magnetic field. Newer
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Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
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3201:
3039:
2714:
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2043:
Julius PlĂŒcker (October 1853) "Noch ein wort ĂŒber die Fessel'sche rotationsmachine",
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in 1743. It was used as a level, to locate the horizon in foggy or misty conditions.
60:
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William Thomson, "Popular Lectures and Addresses", London: MacMillan, 1889, vol. 1.
273:
It was Foucault who gave the device its modern name, in an experiment to see (Greek
270:
In 1852, Foucault used it in an experiment demonstrating the rotation of the Earth.
144:
2441:
The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature
1604:
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1506:
1384:
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984:{\displaystyle \sum M_{x}=\psi '\sin \theta (I_{z}\omega _{z}-I\psi '\cos \theta )}
389:
302:
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in 1852. Replica built by Dumoulin-Froment for the Exposition universelle in 1867.
47:
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experiment measured changes in gyroscope spin axis orientation to better than 0.5
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1690:
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294:
233:
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2772:"Gyroscope Technology and Applications: A Review in the Industrial Perspective"
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MEMS gyroscopes are popular in some consumer electronics, such as smartphones.
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This source has a detailed mathematical discussion of the theory of gyroscopy.
1970:
Tenth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution....
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A gyroscope is an instrument, consisting of a wheel mounted into two or three
17:
3608:
The General Problem of the Motion of Coupled Rigid Bodies about a Fixed Point
2939:"Qualification Process for MEMS Gyroscopes for the Use in Navigation Systems"
2905:
2858:
2805:
1852:
1824:
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3202:"DC electrostatic gyro suspension system for the Gravity Probe B experiment"
3170:
Kobayashi, Takeshi; Hayakawa, Hisao; Tonouchi, Masayoshi (8 December 2003).
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1247:
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1016:
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to maintain direction in tunnel mining. Gyroscopes can be used to construct
2923:
2897:
2823:
2010:
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des sĂ©ances de lâAcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Paris)
1765:
1501:
console's Wii Remote controller by an additional piece of hardware called "
297:. The first functional gyrocompass was patented in 1904 by German inventor
2838:
1308:
gyroscope relies on the quantum-mechanical phenomenon, whereby a spinning
39:
2342:
2035:
Julius PlĂŒcker (September 1853) "Ăber die Fessel'sche rotationsmachine",
1544:
1494:
2599:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 769.
2557:
A Treatise on Gyrostatics and Rotational Motion: Theory and Applications
27:
Device for measuring or maintaining the orientation and angular velocity
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International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Proceedings
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the width of a human hair viewed from 32 kilometers (20 mi) away.
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Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance
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Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance
1913:
A photograph of Bohnenberger's instrument is available on-line here:
1251:
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153:
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Walter Wrigley, Walter M. Hollister, and William G. Denhard (1969).
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The first instrument used more like an actual gyroscope was made by
2109:
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences
3224:"Learning Center Courses Content - FAA - FAASTeam - FAASafety.gov"
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that can discriminate changes as small as one quantum, or about 2
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Global positioning systems, inertial navigation, and integration
1871:
Wagner, Jörg F.; Trierenberg, Andor (2014), Stein, Erwin (ed.),
3006:
David May (1999). Masten, Michael K; Stockum, Larry A (eds.).
1498:
3556:
Feynman, Richard; Gottlieb, Michael; Leighton, Ralph (2013).
1527:
controllers, which detect movement when turning and shaking.
3461:(4th, illustrated ed.). Globe Pequot Press. p. 1.
3433:
The company has also used gyroscopes in the Nintendo Switch
3431:
Of gyroscopes and gaming: the tech behind the Wii MotionPlus
3301:"Samsung Galaxy and Gear â The Official Samsung Galaxy Site"
1972:(Washington, D.C.: Cornelius Wendell, 1856), pages 175â190.
71:, "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining
2115:(Week of Monday 27 September 1852). Gauthier-Villars: 427.
165:
to the input axis by a reaction force to the output axis.
3651:
Theory and Design of Micromechanical Vibratory Gyroscopes
2012:, vol. 35, pages 424â427. Available on-line (in French):
2338:"Smartwatches: Specs and reviews for the leading models"
1825:
TĂŒbinger BlĂ€tter fĂŒr Naturwissenschaften und Arzneikunde
2527:
2515:
2275:
2161:"TEDCO Toys â Cool company history, great science kits"
3484:"Internal Gyroscope Is the Future of Training Wheels"
2874:"Flexural vibration systems with gyroscopic spinners"
2125:
Hermann AnschĂŒtz-Kaempfe and Friedrich von Schirach,
1347:
The GP-B gyro consists of a nearly-perfect spherical
1025:
rig was employed during the filming of the 1983 film
898:
772:
742:
729:{\displaystyle \omega _{z}=\phi '\cos \theta +\psi '}
684:
661:
641:
616:
591:
450:
349:
3072:, 1993, Artech House Optoelectronics Library, 1993,
2501:
Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy
2362:"Best Android phones with Gyroscope and Accelerator"
3349:"Nexus 5 vs iPhone 5s: Head-to-head â SiliconANGLE"
1340:) over a one-year period. This is equivalent to an
3515:"HTC Vive Cosmos VR Headset Review: Solid Upgrade"
3323:"HTC Titan Specifications and Features â Techstic"
2469:Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics Fourteenth Edition
983:
878:
763:represents the angular velocity along the z axis.
755:
728:
667:
647:
627:
602:
574:
365:
3635:The Royal Institution's 1974â75 Christmas Lecture
3379:"Nokia 808 PureView â Full phone specifications"
2081:. Vol. VI (2nd ed.). 1989. p. 985
3618:Gyroscopic Theory, Design, and Instrumentation.
3513:March 2020, Kevin Carbotte 18 (18 March 2020).
1151:in chaos theory, and the motion of an ion in a
210:National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts museum
3141:"Gravity Probe B â Extraordinary Technologies"
3109:"Gravity Probe B â Extraordinary Technologies"
1851:, vol. 9, pages 247â262. Available online at:
1718:Tao, W.; Liu, T.; Zheng, R.; Feng, H. (2012).
90:found in electronic devices (sometimes called
30:For other uses and non-rotary gyroscopes, see
3589:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
3587:Spinning Tops: A Course on Integrable Systems
3401:"Blog â Building a Sensor for Low Latency VR"
3058:From the Luminiferous Ether to the Boeing 757
8:
3054:Knowing Machines: Essays in Technical Change
3014:. Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing XIII.
2703:Dynamic Stability of Bodies Containing Fluid
1948:, 1st series, vol. 21, no. 2, pages 265â280.
1110:rapidly. The first gyrostat was designed by
373:of an inch (2.5 nm) would be required.
293:, and a rather more complicated device, the
3538:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1487:, and virtual reality headsets such as the
1432:A digital gyroscope module connected to an
2701:N.N. Moiseyev and V.V. Rumyantsev (1968).
2064:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
2008:perceptible signs of the daily movement),
1804:Range, Shannon K'doah; Mullins, Jennifer.
2913:
2813:
2795:
2215:. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. pp. 40â42.
2142:. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. pp. 31â40.
1983:"ION Museum: The Machine of Bohnenberger"
1781:"20 things you didn't know about tunnels"
1755:
1745:
1442:Accelerometer § Consumer electronics
949:
939:
906:
897:
870:
837:
806:
796:
780:
771:
747:
741:
689:
683:
660:
640:
615:
590:
515:
484:
474:
458:
449:
354:
348:
1924:ION Museum: The Machine of Bohnenberger.
1946:The American Journal of Science and Art
1651:
1479:, game console peripherals such as the
1208:are used for precise sensors like HRG.
3643:by Olga Kapustina and Yuri Martynenko
3531:
3311:from the original on 16 December 2014.
3190:from the original on 4 September 2015.
2485:Brown, Garrett. "Return of the Jedi",
1720:"Gait Analysis Using Wearable Sensors"
1387:, is used to monitor the gyroscope. A
277:, to see) the Earth's rotation (Greek
2972:Symposium Gyro Technology Proceedings
2528:Feynman, Gottlieb & Leighton 2013
2516:Feynman, Gottlieb & Leighton 2013
2299:from the original on 24 October 2012.
2276:Feynman, Gottlieb & Leighton 2013
2265:from the original on 2 February 2017.
1288:cable as long as 5 km. Like the
394:MEMS-based inertial measurement units
7:
2350:from the original on 28 August 2015.
2167:. O'Reilly Media Inc. Archived from
1732:(2). Basel, Switzerland: 2255â2283.
1497:has integrated a gyroscope into the
3389:from the original on 20 March 2012.
2730:M.V. Tratnik and J.E. Sipe (1987).
2047:, vol. 166, no. 10, pages 348â351;
1707:from the original on 30 April 2008.
1689:Kabai, SĂĄndor (28 September 2007).
179:Animation of a gyro wheel in action
109:Applications of gyroscopes include
2257:Magazines, Hearst (1 March 1954).
2039:, vol. 166, no. 9, pages 174â177;
1933:Walter R. Johnson (January 1832).
1793:from the original on 15 June 2009.
25:
3494:from the original on 27 July 2016
3482:Adams, Paul (29 September 2009).
3355:. 1 November 2013. Archived from
3325:. 18 October 2011. Archived from
3212:from the original on 5 July 2015.
2937:H. Sternberg; C. Schwalm (2007).
1187:hemispherical resonator gyroscope
1055:magnetic compass as a reference.
3305:The Official Samsung Galaxy Site
2643:, Springer, vol. 64, pages 29â70
2569:
2191:"History of the Tedco Gyroscope"
1849:Journal de l'Ăcole Polytechnique
81:conservation of angular momentum
2444:. R.S. Peale. 1890. p. 351
2336:Kelon, Leo (9 September 2014).
3645:Wolfram Demonstrations Project
3056:, MIT Press, 1996, Chapter 4:
2677:The Story of Space Station MIR
2675:(Wiley); D. M. Harland (2005)
2639:E. Grekova, P. Zhilin (2001).
2313:. 24 June 2010. Archived from
2232:The Little Top That Aims a Gun
1696:Wolfram Demonstrations Project
1505:". It is also included in the
1171:microelectromechanical systems
978:
932:
863:
851:
569:
538:
221:Essentially, a gyroscope is a
125:, which complement or replace
102:, and the extremely sensitive
1:
3580:Ăber die Theorie des Kreisels
3173:Vortex Electronics and SQUIDs
2311:"iPhone 4 Gyroscope Teardown"
2078:The Oxford English Dictionary
1873:"The Machine of Bohnenberger"
1806:"Brief History of Gyroscopes"
1199:vibrating structure gyroscope
1165:Vibrating structure gyroscope
3176:. Springer. pp. 44â45.
2837:Grewal, Mohinder S. (2007).
2776:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
2654:Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics
1959:"On planetary disturbances,"
1823:orientation of the latter),
1359:support for a thin layer of
3620:(MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
2690:American Journal of Physics
1885:10.1007/978-3-642-39905-3_6
1266:, because of helium leaks.
756:{\displaystyle \omega _{z}}
655:is the nutation angle, and
324:inertial navigation systems
111:inertial navigation systems
3692:
3641:One-Wheeled Robot-Gyrostat
2756:S. Eliseev et al. (2011).
2165:TEDCO Toys company website
2051:Charles Wheatstone (1864)
1439:
1403:
1273:
1224:
1162:
1084:
1062:
1047:
1035:chase. Steadicam inventor
1014:
434:
419:
263:
32:Gyroscope (disambiguation)
29:
3637:Professor Eric Laithwaite
3070:The Fiber-Optic Gyroscope
2506:Box Set DVD documentary,
1920:28 September 2007 at the
1843:The French mathematician
1600:Inertial measurement unit
259:
3429:Frank Caron (Aug 2008).
2734:vol. 35, pages 2965â2975
2652:Peter C. Hughes (2004).
2583:Greenhill, Alfred George
2543:, vol. 6, pages 190â194.
2539:William Thomson (1875).
2488:American Cinematographer
1595:Gyroscopic exercise tool
1481:PlayStation 3 controller
635:is represented by spin,
610:represents precession,
308:Sperry Gyroscope Company
299:Hermann AnschĂŒtz-Kaempfe
225:combined with a pair of
192:rotor may not coincide.
186:control moment gyroscope
131:inertial guidance system
3610:. (Springer, New York).
3455:Sandler, Corey (2005).
3249:"Gyroscopic Precession"
2758:Physical Review Letters
2743:A.B. Gluhovsky (1982).
2719:Proc. London Math. Soc.
2596:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2541:Proc. London Math. Soc.
2471:. Hoboken, New Jersey:
2289:"iPad â Compare Models"
2053:"On Fessel's gyroscope"
1630:Turn and bank indicator
1073:north, rather than the
648:{\displaystyle \theta }
366:{\displaystyle 10^{-7}}
140:Description and diagram
2898:10.1098/rsta.2019.0154
2760:vol. 107, paper 152501
2747:vol. 27, pages 823â825
2745:Soviet Physics Doklady
2721:vol. 15, pages 170â184
2692:vol. 77, pages 526â537
2671:D. M. Harland (1997)
2587:Gyroscope and Gyrostat
2467:Hibbeler, R.C (2016).
2388:"Basic Sensors in iOS"
2066:, vol. 7, pages 43â48.
2058:19 August 2016 at the
1964:19 August 2016 at the
1940:19 August 2016 at the
1834:, vol. 3, pages 72â83.
1437:
1292:, it makes use of the
985:
880:
757:
730:
669:
649:
629:
628:{\displaystyle \psi '}
604:
603:{\displaystyle \phi '}
576:
367:
213:
204:Gyroscope designed by
180:
149:
115:Hubble Space Telescope
100:fibre optic gyroscopes
52:
44:
3441:15 April 2012 at the
3145:Einstein.stanford.edu
3089:Einstein.stanford.edu
2673:The MIR Space Station
2641:Journal of elasticity
2473:Pearson Prentice Hall
1457:Samsung Galaxy Note 4
1431:
1332:10 degrees, or about
1282:fiber optic gyroscope
1276:Fibre optic gyroscope
1270:Fiber optic gyroscope
1206:wine-glass resonators
986:
881:
758:
731:
670:
650:
630:
605:
577:
400:Gyroscopic principles
368:
217:Early similar devices
203:
178:
147:
67:, "round" and ÏÎșÎżÏÎÏ
50:
42:
3606:E. Leimanis (1965).
3274:Museum, Lane Motor.
2705:(Springer, New York)
2261:. Hearst Magazines.
2237:10 July 2011 at the
2019:16 July 2012 at the
1989:on 28 September 2007
1858:19 July 2011 at the
1830:19 July 2011 at the
1424:Consumer electronics
1290:ring laser gyroscope
1233:ring laser gyroscope
1227:Ring laser gyroscope
1221:Ring laser gyroscope
1137:control moment gyros
896:
770:
740:
682:
659:
639:
614:
589:
448:
347:
260:Foucault's gyroscope
246:Pierre-Simon Laplace
3359:on 13 December 2013
3094:14 May 2011 at the
3024:1999SPIE.3692..101M
2890:2019RSPTA.37790154C
2788:2017Senso..17.2284P
2530:, pp. 131â135.
2518:, pp. 115â135.
2475:. pp. 627â629.
2317:on 24 November 2011
2278:, pp. 148â149.
2259:"Popular Mechanics"
2211:MacKenzie, Donald.
2138:MacKenzie, Donald.
1738:2012Senso..12.2255T
1664:Oxford Dictionaries
1625:Rigid body dynamics
1610:Molecular gyroscope
1370:rotational symmetry
1355:, which provides a
1155:mass spectrometer.
1117:continuum mechanics
250:Ăcole Polytechnique
241:Johann Bohnenberger
3676:1852 introductions
3052:Donald MacKenzie,
2978:on 23 August 2012.
2955:on 2 October 2011.
2884:(2156): 20190154.
2193:. Brightfusion Ltd
2045:Annalen der Physik
2037:Annalen der Physik
1968:Board of Regents,
1747:10.3390/s120202255
1560:Attitude indicator
1473:Nokia 808 PureView
1438:
1342:angular separation
1028:Return of the Jedi
981:
876:
753:
726:
665:
645:
625:
600:
572:
363:
328:ballistic missiles
291:heading indicators
266:Foucault gyroscope
214:
181:
150:
127:magnetic compasses
53:
45:
3601:978-976-0-25248-5
3576:Arnold Sommerfeld
3468:978-0-7627-3871-7
3329:on 3 October 2012
3280:Lane Motor Museum
3255:. 11 October 2020
3032:10.1117/12.352852
2994:978-976-0-25248-5
2850:978-1-61583-471-6
2797:10.3390/s17102284
2732:Physical Review A
2629:978-0-262-11117-1
2559:(Dover, New York)
2504:Star Wars Trilogy
2241:by Gold Sanders,
1894:978-3-642-39905-3
1789:. 29 April 2009.
1565:Balancing machine
1555:Anti-rolling gyro
1175:Foucault pendulum
1125:François Cosserat
1050:Heading indicator
1044:Heading indicator
1006:Contemporary uses
668:{\displaystyle I}
422:Axial parallelism
416:Rigidity in space
406:rigidity in space
336:midget gyroscopes
285:Commercialization
248:, working at the
113:, such as in the
104:quantum gyroscope
16:(Redirected from
3683:
3561:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3452:
3446:
3437:controllers.
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3407:. Archived from
3397:
3391:
3390:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3353:Siliconangle.com
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3147:. Archived from
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3114:. Archived from
3113:
3105:
3099:
3086:
3080:
3066:
3060:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3003:
2997:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2974:. Archived from
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2948:. Archived from
2943:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2799:
2767:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2688:C. Tong (2009).
2686:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2550:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2416:. Archived from
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2390:. Archived from
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2248:
2229:
2223:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2156:
2150:
2136:
2130:
2127:"Kreiselapparat"
2123:
2117:
2116:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2073:
2067:
2029:
2023:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1955:
1949:
1931:
1925:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1868:
1862:
1841:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1812:on 10 July 2015.
1808:. Archived from
1801:
1795:
1794:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1666:. Archived from
1656:
1635:Turn coordinator
1382:
1339:
1337:
1331:
990:
988:
987:
982:
968:
954:
953:
944:
943:
922:
911:
910:
885:
883:
882:
877:
875:
874:
850:
842:
841:
811:
810:
805:
804:
785:
784:
762:
760:
759:
754:
752:
751:
735:
733:
732:
727:
725:
705:
694:
693:
674:
672:
671:
666:
654:
652:
651:
646:
634:
632:
631:
626:
624:
609:
607:
606:
601:
599:
581:
579:
578:
573:
568:
548:
528:
520:
519:
489:
488:
483:
482:
463:
462:
437:Axial precession
372:
370:
369:
364:
362:
361:
170:attitude control
77:angular velocity
21:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3656:
3655:
3631:
3568:
3566:Further reading
3555:
3552:
3547:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3488:Popular Science
3481:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3443:Wayback Machine
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3411:on 8 March 2015
3399:
3398:
3394:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3184:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3096:Wayback Machine
3087:
3083:
3068:Hervé LefÚvre,
3067:
3063:
3051:
3047:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2987:
2983:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2683:
2670:
2666:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2499:
2495:
2484:
2480:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2420:on 23 July 2015
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2394:on 23 July 2015
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2244:Popular Science
2239:Wayback Machine
2230:
2226:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2171:on 9 March 2009
2158:
2157:
2153:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:Wayback Machine
2030:
2026:
2021:Wayback Machine
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:Wayback Machine
1956:
1952:
1942:Wayback Machine
1932:
1928:
1922:Wayback Machine
1912:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1860:Wayback Machine
1842:
1838:
1832:Wayback Machine
1821:
1817:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1580:Eric Laithwaite
1570:Countersteering
1540:
1518:Nintendo Switch
1444:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1380:
1338:10 radians
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:milliarcseconds
1322:Gravity Probe B
1302:
1278:
1272:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1195:
1183:
1167:
1161:
1145:elastica theory
1121:EugĂšne Cosserat
1103:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1019:
1013:
1008:
961:
945:
935:
915:
902:
894:
893:
866:
843:
833:
797:
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776:
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743:
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698:
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657:
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637:
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612:
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592:
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561:
541:
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511:
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454:
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433:
424:
418:
402:
350:
345:
344:
287:
268:
262:
219:
198:
142:
119:gyrotheodolites
94:), solid-state
88:MEMS gyroscopes
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3689:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3649:Apostolyuk V.
3647:
3638:
3630:
3629:External links
3627:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3604:
3593:
3590:
3583:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3560:. Basic Books.
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3519:Tom's Hardware
3505:
3474:
3467:
3447:
3445:, ars technica
3422:
3392:
3370:
3340:
3314:
3292:
3266:
3240:
3215:
3193:
3182:
3162:
3151:on 14 May 2011
3132:
3121:on 27 May 2010
3100:
3081:
3061:
3045:
2998:
2981:
2958:
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2736:
2723:
2707:
2694:
2681:
2664:
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2612:
2603:
2591:Chisholm, Hugh
2561:
2545:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2493:
2478:
2459:
2431:
2405:
2379:
2368:. 24 June 2018
2353:
2340:. Technology.
2328:
2302:
2280:
2268:
2249:
2224:
2204:
2182:
2151:
2131:
2118:
2101:Foucault, LĂ©on
2092:
2068:
2024:
2014:Gallica.bnf.fr
2000:
1974:
1950:
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1906:
1893:
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1615:Reaction wheel
1612:
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1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1503:Wii MotionPlus
1440:Main article:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1404:Main article:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:Other examples
1393:
1314:magnetic field
1310:superconductor
1301:
1298:
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1235:relies on the
1225:Main article:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1194:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1163:Main article:
1160:
1159:MEMS gyroscope
1157:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1085:Main article:
1082:
1079:
1063:Main article:
1060:
1057:
1048:Main article:
1045:
1042:
1015:Main article:
1012:
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531:
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507:
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498:
495:
492:
487:
481:
478:
472:
469:
466:
461:
457:
453:
435:Main article:
432:
429:
420:Main article:
417:
414:
401:
398:
360:
357:
353:
286:
283:
264:Main article:
261:
258:
218:
215:
197:
194:
141:
138:
26:
24:
18:Gyrostabilizer
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3688:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
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3648:
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3642:
3639:
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3628:
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3615:
3612:
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3493:
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3410:
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3396:
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3344:
3341:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3281:
3277:
3276:"Gyro-X-1967"
3270:
3267:
3254:
3253:Blog.aopa.org
3250:
3244:
3241:
3229:
3228:Faasafety.gov
3225:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3183:9783540402312
3179:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3163:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3117:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:0-89006-537-3
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
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3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
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2973:
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2907:
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2899:
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2868:
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2860:
2856:
2852:
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2841:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:Joseph Larmor
2711:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2661:0-486-43925-9
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:The MIT Press
2616:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2578:public domain
2565:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2367:
2366:AptGadget.com
2363:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:0-262-13258-3
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:0-262-13258-3
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2111:(in French).
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1670:on 5 May 2015
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Gyro monorail
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:Accelerometer
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1452:accelerometer
1447:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:rotating mass
1345:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:London moment
1300:London moment
1299:
1297:
1295:
1294:Sagnac effect
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1264:Owens Corning
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1237:Sagnac effect
1234:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1204:High quality
1202:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:Lorenz system
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1087:Accelerometer
1081:Accelerometer
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:Garrett Brown
1034:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
975:
972:
969:
965:
962:
958:
955:
950:
946:
940:
936:
929:
926:
923:
919:
916:
912:
907:
903:
899:
892:
891:
890:
871:
867:
860:
857:
854:
847:
844:
838:
834:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
807:
801:
798:
792:
789:
786:
781:
777:
773:
766:
765:
764:
748:
744:
722:
719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
702:
699:
695:
690:
686:
676:
662:
642:
621:
618:
596:
593:
565:
562:
558:
555:
552:
549:
545:
542:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
516:
512:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
485:
479:
476:
470:
467:
464:
459:
455:
451:
444:
443:
442:
438:
430:
428:
423:
415:
413:
411:
407:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
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358:
355:
351:
340:
337:
331:
329:
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315:
311:
309:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
271:
267:
257:
255:
254:LĂ©on Foucault
251:
247:
242:
237:
235:
230:
228:
224:
216:
211:
207:
206:LĂ©on Foucault
202:
195:
193:
189:
187:
177:
173:
171:
166:
162:
158:
155:
146:
139:
137:
134:
132:
128:
124:
123:gyrocompasses
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:Ancient Greek
58:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3617:
3607:
3586:
3579:
3557:
3522:. Retrieved
3518:
3508:
3496:. Retrieved
3487:
3477:
3457:
3450:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3409:the original
3404:
3395:
3383:Gsmarena.com
3382:
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3357:the original
3352:
3343:
3331:. Retrieved
3327:the original
3317:
3304:
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3252:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3227:
3218:
3206:ResearchGate
3205:
3196:
3172:
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:the original
3144:
3135:
3123:. Retrieved
3116:the original
3103:
3084:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2984:
2976:the original
2971:
2961:
2950:the original
2945:
2932:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2839:
2832:
2782:(10): 2284.
2779:
2775:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2615:
2606:
2594:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2491:, June 1983.
2486:
2481:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2446:. Retrieved
2440:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2365:
2356:
2341:
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:the original
2305:
2292:
2283:
2271:
2252:
2242:
2227:
2212:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:the original
2164:
2154:
2139:
2134:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2077:
2071:
2063:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2009:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1977:
1969:
1953:
1945:
1929:
1909:
1898:, retrieved
1876:
1866:
1848:
1839:
1818:
1810:the original
1799:
1784:
1775:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1694:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1663:
1654:
1605:Magnetometer
1575:Euler angles
1532:
1529:
1493:
1448:
1445:
1418:
1409:
1375:A sensitive
1374:
1353:fused quartz
1346:
1318:interpolated
1312:generates a
1303:
1279:
1241:
1230:
1215:
1203:
1196:
1184:
1168:
1153:Penning trap
1141:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1106:
1104:
1090:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1033:speeder bike
1026:
1020:
1000:spinning top
993:
888:
677:
584:
440:
425:
403:
390:magnetometer
386:smartwatches
375:
341:
335:
332:
316:
312:
303:Elmer Sperry
288:
278:
274:
272:
269:
238:
231:
220:
190:
182:
167:
163:
159:
151:
135:
108:
91:
85:
68:
64:
56:
54:
36:
3572:Felix Klein
3018:: 101â111.
2679:(Springer).
2553:Andrew Gray
2321:11 November
2247:, July 1945
2175:23 December
1900:20 February
1691:"Gyroscope"
1660:"Gyroscope"
1489:Oculus Rift
1477:Sony Xperia
1434:Arduino Uno
1400:Helicopters
1286:fiber optic
1256:white noise
1112:Lord Kelvin
1065:Gyrocompass
1059:Gyrocompass
994:Gyroscopic
382:smartphones
301:. American
295:gyrocompass
234:John Serson
96:ring lasers
73:orientation
43:A gyroscope
3666:Gyroscopes
3660:Categories
3585:Audin, M.
3550:References
3498:18 October
3415:5 November
3405:Oculus.com
3363:5 November
3155:5 November
3125:18 January
3012:Proc. SPIE
2448:2 December
2372:9 December
1640:Stabilizer
1485:Wii Remote
1406:Helicopter
1389:precession
1357:dielectric
1262:, made by
1244:Boeing 757
1193:VSG or CVG
1096:Variations
996:precession
431:Precession
410:precession
92:gyrometers
3671:Flywheels
3040:121290096
2906:1471-2962
2859:663976587
2806:1424-8220
2585:(1911). "
2103:(1852b).
1469:iPhone 5s
1461:HTC Titan
1248:Honeywell
1242:When the
1133:gyrodynes
1023:Steadicam
1017:Steadicam
1011:Steadicam
976:θ
973:
963:ψ
956:−
947:ω
930:θ
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