1221:(CaM) and is also involved in responding to oxidative stress. Similarly, GAD in plants binds calmodulin as well. This interaction occurs at the 30-50bp CAM-binding domain (CaMBD) in its C terminus and is necessary for proper regulation of GABA production. Unlike vertebrates and invertebrates, the GABA produced by GAD is used in plants to signal abiotic stress by controlling levels of intracellular Ca via CaM. Binding to CaM opens Ca channels and leads to an increase in Ca concentrations in the cytosol, allowing Ca to act as a secondary messenger and activate downstream pathways. When GAD is not bound to CaM, the CaMBD acts as an autoinhibitory domain, thus deactivating GAD in the absence of stress. Interesting, in two plant species, rice and apples, Ca2+ /CAM-independent GAD isoforms have been discovered. The C-terminus of these isoforms contain substitutions at key residues necessary to interact with CaM in the CaMBD, preventing the protein from binding to GAD. Whereas CaMBD of the isoform in rice still functions as an autoinhibitory domain, the C-terminus in the isoform in apples does not. Finally, the structure of plant GAD is a hexamer and has pH-dependent activity, with the optimal pH of 5.8 in multiple species. but also significant activity at pH 7.3 in the presence of CaM
791:
1031:
6245:
867:
764:
1244:, although both isoforms are biochemically identical. The enzyme plays a major role in conferring acid resistance and allows bacteria to temporarily survive in highly acidic environments (pH < 2.5) like the stomach. This is done by GAD decarboxylating glutamate to GABA, which requires H+ to be uptaken as a reactant and raises the pH inside the bacteria. GABA can then be exported out of
780:
reaction that results in release of PLP, leading to autoinactivation. The conformation of this loop is intimately linked to the C-terminal domain, which also affects the rate of autoinactivation. Moreover, GABA-bound GAD65 is intrinsically more flexible and exists as an ensemble of states, thus providing more opportunities for autoantigenicity as seen in Type 1 diabetes. GAD derived from
3971:
239:
1153:(NO), a molecule involved in learning. Epitope recognition contributes to cerebellar involvement. Reduced GABA levels increase glutamate levels as a consequence of lower inhibition of subtypes of GABA receptors. Higher glutamate levels activate microglia and activation of xc(−) increases the extracellular glutamate release.
3236:
LeWitt PA, Rezai AR, Leehey MA, Ojemann SG, Flaherty AW, Eskandar EN, Kostyk SK, Thomas K, Sarkar A, Siddiqui MS, Tatter SB, Schwalb JM, Poston KL, Henderson JM, Kurlan RM, Richard IH, Van Meter L, Sapan CV, During MJ, Kaplitt MG, Feigin A (April 2011). "AAV2-GAD gene therapy for advanced
Parkinson's
759:
Both isoforms of GAD are homodimeric structures, consisting of three primary domains: the PLP, C-terminal and N-terminal domains. The PLP-binding domain of this enzyme adopts a type I PLP-dependent transferase-like fold. The reaction proceeds via the canonical mechanism, involving Schiff base linkage
2724:
Tian J, Clare-Salzler M, Herschenfeld A, Middleton B, Newman D, Mueller R, Arita S, Evans C, Atkinson MA, Mullen Y, Sarvetnick N, Tobin AJ, Lehmann PV, Kaufman DL (December 1996). "Modulating autoimmune responses to GAD inhibits disease progression and prolongs islet graft survival in diabetes-prone
779:
Catalytic activity is mediated by a short flexible loop at the dimer interface (residues 432–442 in GAD67, and 423–433 in GAD65). In GAD67 this loop remains tethered, covering the active site and providing a catalytic environment to sustain GABA production; its mobility in GAD65 promotes a side
1224:
It is also believed that the control of glutamate decarboxylase has the prospect of improving citrus produce quality post-harvest. In Citrus plants, research has shown that glutamate decarboxylase plays a key role in citrate metabolism. With the increase of glutamate decarboxylase via direct
937:
Studies with mice also show functional differences between Gad67 and Gad65. GAD67−/− mice are born with cleft palate and die within a day after birth while GAD65−/− mice survive with a slightly increased tendency in seizures. Additionally, GAD65+/- have symptoms defined similarly to
771:
Dimerization is essential to maintaining function as the active site is found at this interface, and mutations interfering with optimal association between the 2 chains has been linked to pathology, such as schizophrenia. Interference of dimerization by GAD inhibitors such as
2507:
Baekkeskov S, Aanstoot HJ, Christgau S, Reetz A, Solimena M, Cascalho M, Folli F, Richter-Olesen H, De
Camilli P, Camilli PD (September 1990). "Identification of the 64K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase".
1046:(SPS). Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and impaired function of GABAergic neurons has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SPS. Autoantibodies to GAD might be the causative agent or a disease marker.
2981:
Guidotti, Alessandro; Auta, James; Davis, John M.; Gerevini, Valeria DiGiorgi; Dwivedi, Yogesh; Grayson, Dennis R.; Impagnatiello, Francesco; Pandey, Ghanshyam; Pesold, Christine; Sharma, Rajiv; Uzunov, Doncho; Costa, Erminio (2000). "Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid
954:, axosomatic, and axodendritic synapses. Preliminary evidence suggests that GAD65 is dominant in the visual and neuroendocrine systems, which undergo more phasic changes. It is also believed that GAD67 is present at higher amounts in tonically active neurons.
3798:
Sheng L, Shen D, Luo Y, Sun X, Wang J, Luo T, Zeng Y, Xu J, Deng X, Cheng Y (February 2017). "Exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid treatment affects citrate and amino acid accumulation to improve fruit quality and storage performance of postharvest citrus fruit".
803:
Despite an extensive sequence similarity between the two genes, GAD65 and GAD67 fulfill very different roles within the human body. Additionally, research suggests that GAD65 and GAD67 are regulated by distinctly different cellular mechanisms.
1909:
Kass I, Hoke DE, Costa MG, Reboul CF, Porebski BT, Cowieson NP, Leh H, Pennacchietti E, McCoey J, Kleifeld O, Borri
Voltattorni C, Langley D, Roome B, Mackay IR, Christ D, Perahia D, Buckle M, Paiardini A, De Biase D, Buckle AM (Jun 2019).
786:
shows additional structural intricacies, including a pH-dependent conformational change. This behavior is defined by the presence of a triple helical bundle formed by the N-termini of the hexameric protein in acidic environments.
760:
between PLP and Lys405. PLP is held in place through base-stacking with an adjacent histidine residue, and GABA is positioned such that its carboxyl group forms a salt bridge with arginine and a hydrogen bond with glutamine.
5560:
5032:
4051:
3666:
Akama K, Akihiro T, Kitagawa M, Takaiwa F (Dec 2001). "Rice (Oryza sativa) contains a novel isoform of glutamate decarboxylase that lacks an authentic calmodulin-binding domain at the C-terminus".
1121:
and Zif268 mRNA levels are lower in the DLPFC of schizophrenic patients, this molecular alteration may account, at least in part, for the working memory impairments associated with the disease.
827:
synthesizes GABA for neuron activity unrelated to neurotransmission, such as synaptogenesis and protection from neural injury. This function requires widespread, ubiquitous presence of GABA. GAD
5553:
2768:
Ludvigsson J, Faresjö M, Hjorth M, Axelsson S, Chéramy M, Pihl M, Vaarala O, Forsander G, Ivarsson S, Johansson C, Lindh A, Nilsson NO, Aman J, Ortqvist E, Zerhouni P, Casas R (October 2008).
2464:
Fatemi SH, Halt AR, Stary JM, Kanodia R, Schulz SC, Realmuto GR (October 2002). "Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 kDa proteins are reduced in autistic parietal and cerebellar cortices".
3883:
De Biase D, Tramonti A, John RA, Bossa F (Dec 1996). "Isolation, overexpression, and biochemical characterization of the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase from
Escherichia coli".
1192:
1225:
exposure, citrate levels have been seen to significantly increase within plants, and in conjunction post-harvest quality maintenance was significantly improved, and rot rates decreased.
2608:
Tisch R, Yang XD, Singer SM, Liblau RS, Fugger L, McDevitt HO (November 1993). "Immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice".
5546:
5526:
5025:
1187:
Antibodies directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are increasingly found in patients with other symptoms indicative of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, such as
2421:
Feldblum S, Erlander MG, Tobin AJ (April 1993). "Different distributions of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs suggest that the two glutamate decarboxylases play distinctive functional roles".
1817:
Fenalti G, Law RH, Buckle AM, Langendorf C, Tuck K, Rosado CJ, et al. (April 2007). "GABA production by glutamic acid decarboxylase is regulated by a dynamic catalytic loop".
971:. In a comparison of autistic versus control brains, GAD65 and GAD67 experienced a downregulation average of 50% in parietal and cerebellar cortices of autistic brains. Cerebellar
3755:
Zik M, Arazi T, Snedden WA, Fromm H (Aug 1998). "Two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase in
Arabidopsis are regulated by calcium/calmodulin and differ in organ distribution".
724:, in varying ratios depending upon the species. Together, these two enzymes maintain the major physiological supply of GABA in mammals, though it may also be synthesized from
6219:
4470:
1359:
Kim J, Richter W, Aanstoot HJ, Shi Y, Fu Q, Rajotte R, et al. (December 1993). "Differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67 in human, rat, and mouse pancreatic islets".
6223:
6215:
5018:
4044:
3384:"Spatial and temporal pattern of changes in the number of GAD65-immunoreactive inhibitory terminals in the rat superficial dorsal horn following peripheral nerve injury"
2351:
Battaglioli G, Liu H, Martin DL (August 2003). "Kinetic differences between the isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase: implications for the regulation of GABA synthesis".
1034:
Healthy human cerebellum stained with a reference anti-GAD65 monoclonal antibody. Thin arrows show presynaptic terminals staining with the anti-GAD65 monoclonal antibody
191:
2932:
Chang T, Alexopoulos H, McMenamin M, Carvajal-González A, Alexander SK, Deacon R, Erdelyi F, Szabó G, Gabor S, Lang B, Blaes F, Brown P, Vincent A (September 2013).
839:), cysteine string protein (CSP) and vesicular GABA transporter VGAT, which, as a complex, helps package GABA into vesicles for release during neurotransmission. GAD
2311:
Wei J, Davis KM, Wu H, Wu JY (May 2004). "Protein phosphorylation of human brain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 and GAD67 and its physiological implications".
5642:
5637:
445:
284:
210:
1700:"Exome sequencing in schizophrenic patients with high levels of homozygosity identifies novel and extremely rare mutations in the GABA/glutamatergic pathways"
1641:
Magri C, Giacopuzzi E, La Via L, Bonini D, Ravasio V, Elhussiny ME, Orizio F, Gangemi F, Valsecchi P, Bresciani R, Barbon A, Vita A, Gennarelli M (Oct 2018).
4037:
831:, however, synthesizes GABA for neurotransmission, and therefore is only necessary at nerve terminals and synapses. In order to aid in neurotransmission, GAD
5515:
5189:
3025:
Akbarian, Schahram; Huang, Hsien-Sung (2006). "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of altered GAD1/GAD67 expression in schizophrenia and related disorders".
975:
also reported a 40% downregulation, suggesting that affected cerebellar nuclei may disrupt output to higher order motor and cognitive areas of the brain.
2138:"Two forms of the gamma-aminobutyric acid synthetic enzyme glutamate decarboxylase have distinct intraneuronal distributions and cofactor interactions"
1440:
Sequerra EB, Gardino P, Hedin-Pereira C, de Mello FG (May 2007). "Putrescine as an important source of GABA in the postnatal rat subventricular zone".
3179:
Georgiev, Danko; Yoshihara, Toru; Kawabata, Rika; Matsubara, Takurou; Tsubomoto, Makoto; Minabe, Yoshio; Lewis, David A.; Hashimoto, Takanori (2016).
4565:
1018:
also examined 1 study showing improvement of C-peptide levels in cases of Latent
Autoimmune Diabetes in adults, 5 years following treatment with GAD
939:
1022:.Still, it is important to highlight that the studies available to be included in this review presented considerable flaws in quality and design.
4589:
4463:
3478:"GAD65 autoantibody characteristics in patients with co-occurring type 1 diabetes and epilepsy may help identify underlying epilepsy etiologies"
5935:
4189:
5889:
6295:
6270:
5775:
3570:"Calmodulin binding to glutamate decarboxylase is required for regulation of glutamate and GABA metabolism and normal development in plants"
3132:"Lower expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: contribution of altered regulation by Zif268"
2254:"Demonstration of functional coupling between gamma -aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis and vesicular GABA transport into synaptic vesicles"
1598:
Reingold DF, Orlowski M (Mar 1979). "Inhibition of brain glutamate decarboxylase by 2-keto-4-pentenoic acid, a metabolite of allylglycine".
898:
is inhibited by phosphorylation. GAD67 is predominantly found activated (~92%), whereas GAD65 is predominantly found inactivated (~72%). GAD
6285:
6265:
4672:
1150:
767:
GAD67 active site containing PLP-glutamate complex (shown in green), with Schiff base linkage at Lys405. Side chain residues shown in red.
5700:
1007:
in ways that induce immune tolerance have been shown to prevent type 1 diabetes in rodent models. In clinical trials, injections with GAD
5672:
5332:
4570:
4520:
4366:
4332:
4318:
4175:
1240:
does not require calmodulin binding to function. There are also two isoforms of GAD, namely GadA and GadB, encoded by separate genes in
1149:
Intracerebellar administration of GAD autoantibodies to animals increases the excitability of motoneurons and impairs the production of
469:
308:
2659:
Kaufman DL, Clare-Salzler M, Tian J, Forsthuber T, Ting GS, Robinson P, Atkinson MA, Sercarz EE, Tobin AJ, Lehmann PV (November 1993).
1759:"Inhibition of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) by ethyl ketopentenoate (EKP) induces treatment-resistant epileptic seizures in zebrafish"
5596:
4594:
3981:
5894:
5780:
4456:
5508:
4741:
4555:
1101:
in people with schizophrenia remains unclear. Some have proposed that an immediate early gene, Zif268, which normally binds to the
3975:
5619:
1698:
Giacopuzzi E, Gennarelli M, Minelli A, Gardella R, Valsecchi P, Traversa M, Bonvicini C, Vita A, Sacchetti E, Magri C (Aug 2017).
815:
synthesize GABA at different locations in the cell, at different developmental times, and for functionally different purposes. GAD
776:(KPA) and ethyl ketopentenoate (EKP) were also shown to lead to dramatic reductions in GABA production and incidence of seizures.
5869:
5753:
4585:
4510:
4327:
3529:"Expression of a glutamate decarboxylase homologue is required for normal oxidative stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
1643:"A novel homozygous mutation in GAD1 gene described in a schizophrenic patient impairs activity and dimerization of GAD67 enzyme"
1548:"Distinct protein forms are produced from alternatively spliced bicistronic glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNAs during development"
457:
296:
203:
6280:
5991:
5688:
4560:
1264:
Erlander MG, Tillakaratne NJ, Feldblum S, Patel N, Tobin AJ (July 1991). "Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases".
450:
289:
4617:
1961:
Ellis TM, Atkinson MA (Feb 1996). "The clinical significance of an autoimmune response against glutamic acid decarboxylase".
1094:
934:
must only be activated when GABA neurotransmission occurs, and is therefore regulated according to the synaptic environment.
154:
130:
4897:
1757:
Zhang Y, Vanmeert M, Siekierska A, Ny A, John J, Callewaert G, Lescrinier E, Dehaen W, de Witte PA, Kaminski RM (Aug 2017).
4209:
4124:
1176:
1134:
6235:
6211:
6088:
5587:
5501:
5064:
4639:
4283:
1912:"Cofactor-dependent conformational heterogeneity of GAD65 and its role in autoimmunity and neurotransmitter homeostasis"
1137:
into the subthalamic nucleus of patients between 30 and 75 years of age with advanced, progressive, levodopa-responsive
5835:
5010:
1211:
Besides the synthesis of GABA, GAD has additional functions and structural variations that are organism-dependent. In
1130:
926:
binds PLP when GABA is needed for neurotransmission. This reflects the functional properties of the two isoforms; GAD
5715:
3624:"A plant glutamate decarboxylase containing a calmodulin binding domain. Cloning, sequence, and functional analysis"
3181:"Cortical gene expression after a conditional knockout of 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase in parvalbumin neurons"
1860:
Langendorf CG, Tuck KL, Key TL, Fenalti G, Pike RN, Rosado CJ, Wong AS, Buckle AM, Law RH, Whisstock JC (Jan 2013).
930:
must be active at all times for normal cellular functioning, and is therefore constantly activated by PLP, while GAD
6083:
5968:
5958:
4550:
4505:
4072:
1000:
4882:
3920:"Comparative analysis of extreme acid survival in Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli"
1179:
and suggests a potential involvement for these alterations in the development and amelioration of pain behaviour.
5730:
5396:
4998:
4985:
4972:
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4933:
4920:
4682:
4654:
4604:
4540:
4493:
4404:
4184:
3433:
Dayalu P, Teener JW (November 2012). "Stiff Person syndrome and other anti-GAD-associated neurologic disorders".
5174:
4892:
2810:"Diamyd announces completion of type 1 diabetes vaccine trial with long term efficacy demonstrated at 30 months"
890:
are regulated via phosphorylation of a dynamic catalytic loop, but the regulation of these isoforms differs; GAD
148:
6174:
6015:
5348:
5294:
4846:
4789:
4706:
4484:
1213:
510:
349:
43:
5996:
3282:"Respective implications of glutamate decarboxylase antibodies in stiff person syndrome and cerebellar ataxia"
870:
Gad65 in red, Gad67 in green, and tyrosine hydroxylase (blue) in the ventral tegmental area of the mouse brain
5981:
5766:
1862:"Structural characterization of the mechanism through which human glutamic acid decarboxylase auto-activates"
1312:"Structural characterization of the mechanism through which human glutamic acid decarboxylase auto-activates"
135:
6055:
5353:
5109:
4794:
4545:
4530:
4244:
4104:
2934:"Neuronal surface and glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies in Nonparaneoplastic stiff person syndrome"
2809:
1161:
1012:
951:
773:
612:
597:
6146:
6108:
5785:
5652:
5368:
5041:
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4313:
2661:"Spontaneous loss of T-cell tolerance to glutamic acid decarboxylase in murine insulin-dependent diabetes"
729:
462:
5815:
5680:
5215:
5089:
1203:. The pattern of anti-GAD antibodies in epilepsy differs from type 1 diabetes and stiff-person syndrome.
950:
Both GAD67 and GAD65 are present in all types of synapses within the human nervous system. This includes
301:
215:
6028:
6005:
5579:
5576:
5056:
4815:
4734:
4432:
4358:
1043:
527:
123:
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have been shown to preserve some insulin production for 30 months in humans with type 1 diabetes. A
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4851:
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4219:
3382:
Lorenzo LE, Magnussen C, Bailey AL, St Louis M, De
Koninck Y, Ribeiro-da-Silva A (September 2014).
2195:"Compartmentalization of GABA synthesis by GAD67 differs between pancreatic beta cells and neurons"
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915:
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Kanaani J, Cianciaruso C, Phelps EA, Pasquier M, Brioudes E, Billestrup N, Baekkeskov S (2015).
1078:
layer in both disorders and in other layers and structures of hippocampus with varying degrees.
5169:
1488:"Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 mediates a GABA synthesis pathway in midbrain dopaminergic neurons"
1042:
of autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are well documented in association with
6275:
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5720:
5421:
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1015:
996:
863:
is not needed until slightly later in development when synaptic inhibition is more prevalent.
245:
142:
3836:"Escherichia coli has two homologous glutamate decarboxylase genes that map to distinct loci"
2561:"Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus"
2559:
Kaufman DL, Erlander MG, Clare-Salzler M, Atkinson MA, Maclaren NK, Tobin AJ (January 1992).
918:(PLP); GAD is activated when bound to PLP and inactive when not bound to PLP. Majority of GAD
531:
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5953:
5912:
5844:
5411:
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Liimatainen S, Honnorat J, Pittock SJ, McKeon A, Manto M, Radtke JR, Hampe CS (April 2018).
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2283:
2273:
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2214:
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2110:
2101:
Soghomonian JJ, Martin DL (December 1998). "Two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase: why?".
2030:
2022:
1970:
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1310:
Langendorf CG, Tuck KL, Key TL, Fenalti G, Pike RN, Rosado CJ, et al. (January 2013).
790:
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111:
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resulted in significant improvement over baseline during the course of a six-month study.
1117:. Since the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in working memory, and GAD
733:
589:
551:
390:
3706:"Calmodulin-dependent and calmodulin-independent glutamate decarboxylases in apple fruit"
3333:"Pathogenic Roles of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Autoantibodies in Cerebellar Ataxias"
370:
87:
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2621:
2521:
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1506:
48:
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Brophy, Sinead; Davies, Helen; Mannan, Sopna; Brunt, Huw; Williams, Rhys (2011-09-07).
2693:
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2229:
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2153:
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2011:"Crystal structure and functional analysis of Escherichia coli glutamate decarboxylase"
1938:
1911:
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1523:
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3640:
3623:
3594:
3569:
3250:
3038:
2585:
2560:
2477:
2407:
2394:
Ueno H (October 2000). "Enzymatic and structural aspects on glutamate decarboxylase".
2288:
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2114:
2035:
2010:
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166:
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4385:
4240:
4018:
3997:
3935:
3851:
3070:"Regulation of the GABA cell phenotype in hippocampus of schizophrenics and bipolars"
2364:
1277:
1063:
972:
697:
661:
161:
3784:
3462:
3266:
3222:
3054:
2754:
2493:
2450:
2380:
2179:
1990:
1846:
1627:
1469:
1388:
1293:
1248:
cells and contribute to increasing the pH of the nearby extracellular environments.
751:
are detectable in the developing brain, however their function, if any, is unknown.
5416:
5114:
4769:
4350:
3812:
3568:
Baum G, Lev-Yadun S, Fridmann Y, Arazi T, Katsnelson H, Zik M, Fromm H (Jun 1996).
3147:
2851:
2710:
2645:
2545:
1097:
compared to healthy controls. The mechanism underlying the decreased levels of GAD
992:
794:
Hexameric E. coli GAD conformational transition: low-pH (left), neutral pH (right).
693:
5205:
5094:
1113:, is lower in schizophrenic patients, thus contributing to decreased levels of GAD
2949:
2835:
2219:
1724:
486:
325:
6078:
5907:
5902:
5884:
5743:
5647:
5609:
5480:
5472:
5250:
4993:
4928:
4764:
4448:
4151:
3003:
1486:
Kim JI, Ganesan S, Luo SX, Wu YW, Park E, Huang EJ, et al. (October 2015).
1173:
866:
763:
744:
561:
400:
170:
6244:
3074:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2990:) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a postmortem brain study".
2258:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1782:
1666:
1232:
has a hexamer structure and is more active under acidic pH; the pH optimum for
906:
is phosphorylated, and therefore regulated by, protein kinase C (PKC). Both GAD
5849:
5572:
5441:
5436:
5405:
5391:
5373:
5255:
5164:
5124:
5099:
5049:
4696:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4297:
3768:
3494:
1218:
725:
677:
493:
332:
3722:
2859:
1089:
and people with schizophrenia have been shown to express lower amounts of GAD
6073:
5864:
5569:
5378:
5240:
5179:
4967:
4941:
4701:
4305:
4301:
4085:
4081:
3400:
3196:
3094:
3068:
Benes FM, Lim B, Matzilevich D, Walsh JP, Subburaju S, Minns M (June 2007).
2278:
1928:
1514:
1372:
847:
is not transcribed until later in life. This developmental difference in GAD
717:
593:
3896:
3820:
3741:
3687:
3554:
3545:
3528:
3513:
3454:
3446:
3419:
3368:
3349:
3317:
3258:
3214:
3165:
3113:
3046:
3011:
2967:
2918:
2877:
2795:
2485:
2372:
2332:
2297:
2252:
Jin H, Wu H, Osterhaus G, Wei J, Davis K, Sha D, et al. (April 2003).
2238:
2069:
Pinal CS, Tobin AJ (1998). "Uniqueness and redundancy in GABA production".
2044:
2026:
1947:
1895:
1838:
1800:
1743:
1684:
1563:
1532:
1461:
1426:
1405:
Krantis A (December 2000). "GABA in the
Mammalian Enteric Nervous System".
1345:
859:
is needed throughout development for normal cellular functioning, while GAD
3970:
3953:
3904:
3869:
3776:
3649:
3603:
3298:
2786:
2769:
2746:
2702:
2637:
2594:
2537:
2442:
2434:
2171:
2122:
2082:
1982:
1581:
1380:
1285:
5725:
5710:
5159:
5139:
5129:
4608:
4346:
4147:
4143:
2009:
Capitani G, De Biase D, Aurizi C, Gut H, Bossa F, Grütter MG (Aug 2003).
1619:
1200:
1085:
is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of inhibitory neurotransmitter
721:
498:
337:
3527:
Coleman ST, Fang TK, Rovinsky SA, Turano FJ, Moye-Rowley WS (Jan 2001).
2909:
2892:
2891:
Dalakas MC, Fujii M, Li M, Lutfi B, Kyhos J, McElroy B (December 2001).
2738:
1877:
1327:
99:
5230:
5119:
4658:
4580:
4381:
4023:
4013:
4002:
3992:
1974:
967:
Both GAD65 and GAD67 experience significant downregulation in cases of
737:
713:
657:
118:
2576:
2324:
902:
is phosphorylated at threonine 91 by protein kinase A (PKA), while GAD
249:
238:
5926:
5269:
5154:
5104:
4980:
4750:
4060:
3982:
Genetics, Expression Profiling Support GABA Deficits in Schizophrenia
3237:
disease: a double-blind, sham-surgery controlled, randomised trial".
2770:"GAD treatment and insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes"
2684:
2629:
2529:
1830:
1188:
1059:
968:
585:
481:
320:
198:
94:
82:
70:
17:
3704:
Trobacher CP, Zarei A, Liu J, Clark SM, Bozzo GG, Shelp (Sep 2013).
5190:
4954:
4480:
1039:
1029:
865:
789:
762:
2893:"High-dose intravenous immune globulin for stiff-person syndrome"
5825:
5225:
4362:
1086:
1055:
688:
682:
673:
430:
415:
313:
267:
230:
106:
5542:
5014:
4723:
4452:
4033:
2836:"Interventions for latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in adults"
5936:
474:
3918:
Lin J, Lee IS, Frey J, Slonczewski JL, Foster JW (Jul 1995).
882:
are also regulated differently post-translationally. Both GAD
4008:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
3987:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
3280:
Manto MU, Hampe CS, Rogemond V, Honnorat J (February 2011).
5597:
4719:
3622:
Baum G, Chen Y, Arazi T, Takatsuji H, Fromm H (Sep 1993).
1236:
GAD is 3.8-4.6. However, unlike plants and yeast, GAD in
1193:
progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus
5754:
5333:
855:
reflects the functional properties of each isoform; GAD
6233:
3834:
Smith DK, Kassam T, Singh B, Elliott JF (Sep 1992).
6160:
6122:
6054:
6014:
5967:
5934:
5925:
5752:
5595:
5586:
5471:
5464:
5331:
5277:
5268:
5195:
Tooltip Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
5188:
5072:
5063:
4906:
4870:
4839:
4808:
4757:
4681:
4653:
4603:
4492:
4413:
4393:
4380:
4345:
4296:
4272:
4252:
4239:
4198:
4159:
4142:
4113:
4093:
4080:
4071:
2096:
2094:
2092:
708:are expressed in the brain where GABA is used as a
557:
547:
542:
521:
509:
504:
492:
480:
468:
456:
444:
436:
426:
421:
414:
396:
386:
381:
360:
348:
343:
331:
319:
307:
295:
283:
273:
263:
258:
229:
209:
197:
185:
180:
160:
141:
129:
117:
105:
93:
81:
69:
64:
54:
42:
37:
32:
5969:
1546:Szabo G, Katarova Z, Greenspan R (November 1994).
1207:Role of glutamate decarboxylase in other organisms
843:is transcribed during early development, while GAD
3699:
3697:
2136:Kaufman DL, Houser CR, Tobin AJ (February 1991).
6016:
2004:
2002:
2000:
6162:
6056:
5279:
3130:Kimoto S, Bazmi HH, Lewis DA (September 2014).
3125:
3123:
2346:
2344:
2342:
1812:
1810:
1593:
1591:
835:forms a complex with heat shock cognate 70 (HSC
5941:Tooltip Glutamine aminohydrolase (glutaminase)
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
1183:Other anti-GAD-associated neurologic disorders
922:is bound to PLP at any given time, whereas GAD
819:is spread evenly throughout the cell while GAD
5554:
5026:
4735:
4464:
4045:
3984:- Schizophrenia Research Forum, 25 June 2007.
3661:
3659:
8:
6124:
3617:
3615:
3613:
1305:
1303:
5042:
2396:Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic
1070:. The most pronounced downregulation of GAD
1058:expression, coupled with downregulation of
914:are also regulated post-translationally by
6220:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
5931:
5602:Tooltip Excitatory amino acid transporters
5592:
5561:
5547:
5539:
5468:
5274:
5069:
5033:
5019:
5011:
4742:
4728:
4720:
4471:
4457:
4449:
4390:
4249:
4156:
4090:
4077:
4052:
4038:
4030:
3331:Mitoma H, Manto M, Hampe CS (2017-03-12).
2071:Perspectives on Developmental Neurobiology
539:
378:
237:
177:
5527:Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
3943:
3859:
3731:
3721:
3639:
3593:
3544:
3503:
3493:
3409:
3399:
3358:
3348:
3307:
3297:
3204:
3155:
3103:
3093:
2957:
2908:
2867:
2785:
2692:
2584:
2287:
2277:
2228:
2218:
2161:
2034:
1937:
1927:
1885:
1819:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
1790:
1733:
1723:
1674:
1571:
1522:
1335:
894:is activated by phosphorylation while GAD
732:, brain, and elsewhere by the actions of
6224:GABA metabolism and transport modulators
6216:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
5759:Tooltip Vesicular glutamate transporters
5427:Valproate semisodium (divalproex sodium)
5338:Tooltip γ-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase
5074:
4566:Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase
940:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
603:
6240:
2840:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1256:
4190:Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
1419:10.1152/physiologyonline.2000.15.6.284
1217:, GAD binds the Ca regulatory protein
1168:model) induces a transient loss of GAD
672:), which are encoded by two different
411:
226:
29:
5796:Amido black 10B (naphthol blue black)
2565:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
823:is localized to nerve terminals. GAD
712:, and they are also expressed in the
7:
4673:3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase
4590:Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
1481:
1479:
1400:
1398:
660:with molecular weights of 67 and 65
615:. The reaction proceeds as follows:
5115:Deramciclane (EGIS-3886, EGYT-3886)
4571:Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
4521:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
4333:Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
4022:(Glutamate decarboxylase 2) at the
4001:(Glutamate decarboxylase 1) at the
2897:The New England Journal of Medicine
2774:The New England Journal of Medicine
995:in people who later develop type 1
5974:Tooltip Aspartate aminotransferase
4595:Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase
3586:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00662.x
3136:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2154:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08211.x
2103:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
1612:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb04574.x
1454:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.062
1109:and increases transcription of GAD
1050:Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
743:Several truncated transcripts and
25:
4556:Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
3482:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
3286:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
3039:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.04.001
1054:Substantial dysregulation of GAD
6243:
6021:Tooltip Alanine aminotransferase
4586:Uridine monophosphate synthetase
4511:Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase
4328:Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
3969:
3936:10.1128/jb.177.14.4097-4104.1995
3852:10.1128/jb.174.18.5820-5826.1992
2423:Journal of Neuroscience Research
2365:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01910.x
1228:Just like GAD in plants, GAD in
1172:immunoreactive terminals in the
6167:Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase
6061:Tooltip Glutamate dehydrogenase
5284:Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase
4561:Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
2816:. Diamyd Medical AB. 2008-01-28
6152:Phosphinothricin (glufosinate)
4618:Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
3813:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.024
3337:Journal of Immunology Research
3148:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14010004
2992:Archives of General Psychiatry
2852:10.1002/14651858.cd006165.pub3
1552:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1407:News in Physiological Sciences
1095:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
656:In mammals, GAD exists in two
1:
6212:Receptor/signaling modulators
5502:Receptor/signaling modulators
4210:Catechol-O-methyl transferase
4125:Histamine N-methyltransferase
3680:10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00324-4
3641:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)36560-3
3251:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70039-4
2478:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01430-0
2408:10.1016/S1381-1177(00)00114-4
2115:10.1016/s0165-6147(98)01270-x
1135:adeno-associated viral vector
799:Regulation of GAD65 and GAD67
700:in humans, respectively). GAD
416:glutamic acid decarboxylase 2
231:Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1
6296:Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
6271:Genes on human chromosome 10
6129:Tooltip Glutamine synthetase
5520:receptor positive modulators
4640:2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase
4284:4-aminobutyrate transaminase
2950:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.3499
2220:10.1371/journal.pone.0117130
1725:10.1371/journal.pone.0182778
1278:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90077-D
6286:Biology of bipolar disorder
6266:Genes on human chromosome 2
5047:Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid
3004:10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1061
1131:glutamic acid decarboxylase
600:(GABA) and carbon dioxide (
578:glutamic acid decarboxylase
6312:
4551:Oxaloacetate decarboxylase
4506:Acetoacetate decarboxylase
1783:10.1038/s41598-017-06294-w
1667:10.1038/s41598-018-33924-8
1129:The bilateral delivery of
1001:latent autoimmune diabetes
946:Role in the nervous system
738:aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1
6205:
5855:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
5821:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
5676:-CCG-III ((2S,3S,4R)-CCG)
5633:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
5615:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
5493:
5349:3-Hydrazinopropionic acid
4898:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
4541:Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
4405:Choline acetyltransferase
4323:-amino acid decarboxylase
4185:Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
4180:-amino acid decarboxylase
3495:10.1186/s13023-018-0787-5
2353:Journal of Neurochemistry
2142:Journal of Neurochemistry
1074:was found in hippocampal
538:
377:
277:glutamate decarboxylase 1
236:
176:
6175:3-Mercaptopropionic acid
5684:-Serine-O-sulphate (SOS)
5509:GABA receptor modulators
5295:3-Mercaptopropionic acid
5079:Tooltip GABA transporter
4790:Diffusion-limited enzyme
4707:Spore photoproduct lyase
3723:10.1186/1471-2229-13-144
1916:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1214:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1164:of the sciatic nerve (a
5982:2-Amino-3-butenoic acid
5776:6-(4'-Phenylstyryl)-QDC
5660:-3-Hydroxyaspartic acid
4546:Ornithine decarboxylase
4531:Histidine decarboxylase
4526:Glutamate decarboxylase
4264:Glutamate decarboxylase
4105:Histidine decarboxylase
3976:Glutamate decarboxylase
3769:10.1023/a:1006047623263
3401:10.1186/1744-8069-10-57
3095:10.1073/pnas.0703806104
2279:10.1073/pnas.0730698100
1929:10.1073/pnas.1403182111
1515:10.1126/science.aac4690
1373:10.2337/diab.42.12.1799
1162:Peripheral nerve injury
774:2-keto-4-pentenoic acid
755:Structure and mechanism
598:gamma-aminobutyric acid
574:Glutamate decarboxylase
33:glutamate decarboxylase
6281:Molecular neuroscience
6147:Methionine sulfoximine
5734:-3-Methylglutamic acid
4576:Pyruvate decarboxylase
4516:Arginine decarboxylase
4314:Tryptophan hydroxylase
3897:10.1006/prep.1996.0121
3546:10.1074/jbc.M007103200
3447:10.1055/s-0033-1334477
3394:(1): 1744-8069–10-57.
3185:Schizophrenia Bulletin
3027:Brain Research Reviews
1564:10.1128/mcb.14.11.7535
1035:
916:pyridoxal 5’-phosphate
871:
795:
768:
730:enteric nervous system
4883:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4816:Allosteric regulation
4433:Butyrylcholinesterase
4359:Nitric oxide synthase
3435:Seminars in Neurology
3299:10.1186/1750-1172-6-3
3239:The Lancet. Neurology
3197:10.1093/schbul/sbw022
2787:10.1056/NEJMoa0804328
2466:Biological Psychiatry
2435:10.1002/jnr.490340612
1044:stiff person syndrome
1033:
1026:Stiff person syndrome
1003:. Injections with GAD
869:
793:
766:
6001:-Methylene-aspartate
4893:Lineweaver–Burk plot
4536:Lysine decarboxylase
4429:Acetylcholinesterase
4171:Tyrosine hydroxylase
3978:at Wikimedia Commons
3668:Biochim Biophys Acta
3350:10.1155/2017/2913297
2027:10.1093/emboj/cdg403
1145:Cerebellar disorders
279:(brain, 67kD); GAD67
6114:Pyridoxal phosphate
5816:Chicago sky blue 6B
5781:6-Biphenyl-4-yl-QDC
5216:Chicago sky blue 6B
5090:4-Aminovaleric acid
3086:2007PNAS..10410164B
2910:10.1056/NEJMoa01167
2739:10.1038/nm1296-1348
2677:1993Natur.366...69K
2622:1993Natur.366...72T
2522:1990Natur.347..151B
2270:2003PNAS..100.4293J
2211:2015PLoSO..1017130K
1878:10.1042/BSR20120111
1775:2017NatSR...7.7195Z
1716:2017PLoSO..1282778G
1659:2018NatSR...815470M
1507:2015Sci...350..102K
1328:10.1042/BSR20120111
1197:limbic encephalitis
609:pyridoxal-phosphate
588:that catalyzes the
243:GAD67 derived from
6137:2-Aminoadipic acid
6006:Hydrazinosuccinate
4852:Enzyme superfamily
4785:Enzyme promiscuity
4645:Threonine aldolase
3885:Protein Expr Purif
1975:10.1038/nm0296-148
1316:Bioscience Reports
1036:
942:(ADHD) in humans.
872:
796:
769:
6231:
6230:
6201:
6200:
6187:
5921:
5920:
5839:
5836:Erythro-4-methyl-
5770:
5691:
5683:
5675:
5667:
5655:
5536:
5535:
5489:
5488:
5460:
5459:
5422:Valproate pivoxil
5386:
5359:γ-Acetylenic-GABA
5264:
5263:
5008:
5007:
4717:
4716:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4341:
4340:
4322:
4292:
4291:
4235:
4234:
4215:Monoamine oxidase
4179:
4138:
4137:
4065:neurotransmission
3974:Media related to
2998:(11): 1061–1069.
2577:10.1172/JCI115573
2325:10.1021/bi0496992
1139:Parkinson disease
1125:Parkinson disease
1062:, is observed in
1016:systematic review
997:diabetes mellitus
958:Role in pathology
571:
570:
567:
566:
410:
409:
406:
405:
225:
224:
221:
220:
124:metabolic pathway
16:(Redirected from
6303:
6248:
6247:
6239:
6185:
6168:
6164:
6130:
6126:
6062:
6058:
6046:Propargylglycine
6040:
6032:
6022:
6018:
6000:
5975:
5971:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5913:Xanthurenic acid
5837:
5806:Benzopurpurin 4B
5768:
5760:
5756:
5689:
5681:
5673:
5665:
5653:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5540:
5469:
5412:Sodium valproate
5384:
5339:
5335:
5307:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5196:
5192:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5048:
5044:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5012:
4888:Hanes–Woolf plot
4831:Enzyme activator
4826:Enzyme inhibitor
4800:Enzyme catalysis
4744:
4737:
4730:
4721:
4668:Isocitrate lyase
4473:
4466:
4459:
4450:
4418:
4398:
4391:
4320:
4277:
4257:
4250:
4203:
4177:
4164:
4157:
4118:
4098:
4091:
4078:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4031:
3973:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3930:(14): 4097–104.
3915:
3909:
3908:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3725:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3619:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3403:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3301:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3208:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2696:
2685:10.1038/366069a0
2656:
2650:
2649:
2630:10.1038/366072a0
2605:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2530:10.1038/347151a0
2504:
2498:
2497:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2165:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2066:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1831:10.1038/nsmb1228
1814:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1367:(12): 1799–808.
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1261:
1166:neuropathic pain
1157:Neuropathic pain
1068:bipolar disorder
783:Escherichia coli
710:neurotransmitter
652:
606:
540:
412:
379:
252:
241:
227:
178:
30:
21:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6242:
6234:
6232:
6227:
6197:
6166:
6156:
6128:
6118:
6099:Hexachlorophene
6060:
6050:
6038:
6030:
6020:
6010:
5998:
5973:
5963:
5940:
5917:
5880:Reactive blue 2
5758:
5748:
5601:
5582:
5567:
5537:
5532:
5519:
5485:
5456:
5402:Rosmarinic acid
5337:
5327:
5305:
5283:
5260:
5194:
5184:
5078:
5059:
5046:
5039:
5009:
5004:
4916:Oxidoreductases
4902:
4878:Enzyme kinetics
4866:
4862:List of enzymes
4835:
4804:
4775:Catalytic triad
4753:
4748:
4718:
4713:
4677:
4649:
4599:
4488:
4477:
4447:
4438:
4414:
4409:
4394:
4376:
4337:
4288:
4273:
4268:
4253:
4231:
4199:
4194:
4160:
4134:
4130:Diamine oxidase
4114:
4109:
4094:
4067:
4058:
3966:
3961:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3634:(26): 19610–7.
3621:
3620:
3611:
3580:(12): 2988–96.
3567:
3566:
3562:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3191:(4): 992–1002.
3178:
3177:
3173:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3080:(24): 10164–9.
3067:
3066:
3062:
3024:
3023:
3019:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2846:(9): CD006165.
2833:
2832:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2780:(18): 1909–20.
2767:
2766:
2762:
2733:(12): 1348–53.
2727:Nature Medicine
2723:
2722:
2718:
2671:(6450): 69–72.
2658:
2657:
2653:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2516:(6289): 151–6.
2506:
2505:
2501:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2205:(2): e0117130.
2192:
2191:
2187:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2077:(2–3): 109–18.
2068:
2067:
2052:
2021:(16): 4027–37.
2008:
2007:
1998:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1922:(25): E2524-9.
1908:
1907:
1903:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1710:(8): e0182778.
1697:
1696:
1692:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1558:(11): 7535–45.
1545:
1544:
1540:
1501:(6256): 102–6.
1490:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1209:
1185:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1073:
1052:
1028:
1021:
1010:
1006:
991:are targets of
990:
986:
981:
965:
960:
952:dendrodendritic
948:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
801:
757:
750:
734:diamine oxidase
707:
703:
671:
667:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
605:
601:
590:decarboxylation
278:
254:
244:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6309:
6307:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6229:
6228:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6035:
6025:
6023:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5860:Kynurenic acid
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5840:-glutamic acid
5833:
5831:Direct blue 71
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5801:Bafilomycin A1
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5686:
5678:
5670:
5662:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5523:
5517:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5473:Antivitamin B6
5466:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5342:
5340:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5302:
5297:
5288:
5286:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5246:Nipecotic acid
5243:
5238:
5236:N-Butyric acid
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5211:Bafilomycin A1
5208:
5199:
5197:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5145:Nipecotic acid
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5083:
5081:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5015:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4989:
4976:
4963:
4950:
4937:
4924:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4840:Classification
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4614:
4612:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4498:Carboxy-lyases
4490:
4489:
4479:Carbon–carbon
4478:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4425:Cholinesterase
4421:
4419:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4355:
4353:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4247:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4154:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4088:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4006:
3985:
3979:
3965:
3964:External links
3962:
3960:
3959:
3910:
3875:
3846:(18): 5820–6.
3826:
3801:Food Chemistry
3790:
3757:Plant Mol Biol
3747:
3710:BMC Plant Biol
3693:
3655:
3609:
3560:
3519:
3468:
3425:
3388:Molecular Pain
3374:
3323:
3272:
3228:
3171:
3119:
3060:
3033:(2): 293–304.
3017:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2938:JAMA Neurology
2924:
2903:(26): 1870–6.
2883:
2826:
2801:
2760:
2716:
2651:
2616:(6450): 72–5.
2600:
2551:
2499:
2456:
2429:(6): 689–706.
2413:
2402:(1–3): 67–79.
2386:
2338:
2319:(20): 6182–9.
2303:
2244:
2185:
2128:
2088:
2050:
1996:
1953:
1901:
1852:
1806:
1749:
1690:
1633:
1587:
1538:
1475:
1432:
1413:(6): 284–290.
1394:
1351:
1299:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1208:
1205:
1184:
1181:
1169:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1076:stratum oriens
1071:
1051:
1048:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1008:
1004:
993:autoantibodies
988:
984:
980:
977:
973:Purkinje cells
964:
961:
959:
956:
947:
944:
931:
927:
923:
919:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
797:
756:
753:
748:
705:
701:
669:
665:
654:
653:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
555:
554:
549:
545:
544:
536:
535:
525:
519:
518:
513:
507:
506:
502:
501:
496:
490:
489:
484:
478:
477:
472:
466:
465:
460:
454:
453:
448:
442:
441:
438:
434:
433:
428:
424:
423:
419:
418:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
383:
375:
374:
364:
358:
357:
352:
346:
345:
341:
340:
335:
329:
328:
323:
317:
316:
311:
305:
304:
299:
293:
292:
287:
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
256:
255:
242:
234:
233:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
174:
173:
164:
158:
157:
146:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
58:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6308:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6204:
6194:
6193:Semicarbazide
6191:
6189:
6188:-Allylglycine
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:Palmitoyl-CoA
6107:
6105:
6104:Hydroxylamine
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5706:Maslinic acid
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5687:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5564:
5559:
5557:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5453:
5452:3-Methyl-GABA
5450:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:Valproic acid
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5323:3-Methyl-GABA
5321:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:Semicarbazide
5311:
5309:
5308:-Allylglycine
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Ibotenic acid
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Enzyme family
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:Cooperativity
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Oxyanion hole
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Tryptophanase
4690:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Acetylcholine
4383:
4379:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3763:(6): 967–75.
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3674:(3): 143–50.
3673:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3539:(1): 244–50.
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:(4): 309–19.
3244:
3240:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:(9): 969–78.
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2982:decarboxylase
2977:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2944:(9): 1140–9.
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2815:
2814:Press Release
2811:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:(1): 283–92.
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:(8): 805–10.
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:(4): 879–87.
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:(7): 4293–8.
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:(12): 500–5.
2108:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:(2): 148–53.
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:(1): 137–44.
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1606:(3): 907–13.
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:(2): 489–93.
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:(1): 137–44.
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:(1): 91–100.
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1105:region of GAD
1104:
1096:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1064:schizophrenia
1061:
1057:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1002:
998:
994:
978:
976:
974:
970:
962:
957:
955:
953:
945:
943:
941:
935:
917:
868:
864:
805:
798:
792:
788:
785:
784:
777:
775:
765:
761:
754:
752:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
699:
695:
694:chromosomes 2
691:
690:
685:
684:
679:
676:on different
675:
663:
659:
632:)−COOH → CO
618:
617:
616:
614:
610:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
563:
560:
556:
553:
550:
546:
541:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
524:
520:
517:
514:
512:
508:
503:
500:
497:
495:
491:
488:
485:
483:
479:
476:
473:
471:
467:
464:
461:
459:
455:
452:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
429:
425:
420:
417:
413:
402:
399:
395:
392:
389:
385:
380:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
363:
359:
356:
353:
351:
347:
342:
339:
336:
334:
330:
327:
324:
322:
318:
315:
312:
310:
306:
303:
300:
298:
294:
291:
288:
286:
282:
276:
272:
269:
266:
262:
257:
251:
247:
240:
235:
232:
228:
217:
214:
212:
208:
205:
202:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
163:
162:Gene Ontology
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
134:
132:
128:
125:
122:
120:
116:
113:
110:
108:
104:
101:
100:NiceZyme view
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
63:
59:
57:
53:
50:
47:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
6208:
6207:
6161:
6041:-Cycloserine
5895:
5791:Acid red 114
5767:4-Methylene-
5731:
5693:
5657:
5620:
5525:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5448:
5417:Valnoctamide
5387:-Cycloserine
5345:
5319:
5291:
5278:
5202:
5086:
4994:Translocases
4991:
4978:
4965:
4952:
4939:
4929:Transferases
4926:
4913:
4770:Binding site
4525:
4415:
4395:
4274:
4263:
4254:
4200:
4161:
4115:
4095:
4063:involved in
4017:
3996:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3891:(4): 430–8.
3888:
3884:
3878:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3713:
3709:
3671:
3667:
3631:
3627:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3441:(5): 544–9.
3438:
3434:
3428:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3139:
3135:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3030:
3026:
3020:
2995:
2991:
2976:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2818:. Retrieved
2813:
2804:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2356:
2352:
2316:
2313:Biochemistry
2312:
2306:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2148:(2): 720–3.
2145:
2141:
2131:
2106:
2102:
2074:
2070:
2018:
2014:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1919:
1915:
1904:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1825:(4): 280–6.
1822:
1818:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1653:(1): 15470.
1650:
1646:
1636:
1603:
1599:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1498:
1494:
1445:
1442:Neuroscience
1441:
1435:
1410:
1406:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1319:
1315:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1210:
1186:
1160:
1151:nitric oxide
1148:
1133:(GAD) by an
1128:
1080:
1053:
1037:
982:
966:
949:
936:
873:
806:
802:
781:
778:
770:
758:
745:polypeptides
742:
687:
681:
655:
607:). GAD uses
581:
577:
573:
572:
530:
437:Alt. symbols
369:
274:Alt. symbols
88:BRENDA entry
6079:Chloroquine
5908:Valinomycin
5903:Trypan blue
5885:Rose bengal
5870:NPPB (N144)
5744:WAY-213,613
5648:Kainic acid
5610:Amphetamine
5588:Transporter
5481:Ginkgotoxin
5449:Activators:
5346:Inhibitors:
5320:Activators:
5292:Inhibitors:
5251:Valinomycin
5203:Inhibitors:
5150:NNC 05-2090
5087:Inhibitors:
5065:Transporter
4765:Active site
4416:catabolism:
4275:catabolism:
4201:catabolism:
4152:epinephrine
4116:catabolism:
3924:J Bacteriol
3840:J Bacteriol
3716:(13): 144.
3628:J Biol Chem
3533:J Biol Chem
3343:: 2913297.
1769:(1): 7195.
1600:J Neurochem
1177:dorsal horn
1174:spinal cord
716:-producing
678:chromosomes
611:(PLP) as a
552:Swiss-model
422:Identifiers
391:Swiss-model
259:Identifiers
76:IntEnz view
38:Identifiers
6260:Categories
6142:JFD01307SC
5875:Ponceau SS
5850:Furosemide
5845:Evans blue
5811:Bumetamide
5771:-glutamate
5580:modulators
5573:metabolism
5442:Vigabatrin
5437:Valpromide
5406:lemon balm
5392:Phenelzine
5374:Gabaculine
5256:Vigabatrin
5221:Evans blue
5165:SKF-89976A
5125:Gabaculine
5100:Arecaidine
5057:modulators
5050:metabolism
4968:Isomerases
4942:Hydrolases
4809:Regulation
4697:Photolyase
4633:Aldolase C
4628:Aldolase B
4623:Aldolase A
4396:anabolism:
4298:tryptophan
4255:anabolism:
4162:anabolism:
4096:anabolism:
3807:: 138–45.
2820:2010-01-13
1866:Biosci Rep
1252:References
1219:calmodulin
726:putrescine
548:Structures
543:Search for
505:Other data
387:Structures
382:Search for
344:Other data
145:structures
112:KEGG entry
60:9024-58-2m
6209:See also:
6074:Bithionol
6029:β-Chloro-
5865:Nigericin
5577:transport
5570:Glutamate
5379:Isoniazid
5241:Nigericin
5206:β-Alanine
5180:Tiagabine
5170:SNAP-5114
5095:β-Alanine
5054:transport
4847:EC number
4702:CPD lyase
4319:Aromatic
4306:melatonin
4302:serotonin
4241:glutamate
4176:Aromatic
4086:histamine
4082:histidine
4073:monoamine
3488:(1): 55.
2860:1465-1858
636:+ HOOC−CH
594:glutamate
511:EC number
487:NM_001047
446:NCBI gene
350:EC number
326:NM_000817
285:NCBI gene
65:Databases
6276:EC 4.1.1
6033:-alanine
5739:UCPH-101
5726:Theanine
5721:TFB-TBOA
5711:SYM-2081
5696:-2,4-PDC
5497:See also
5160:Riluzole
5140:Muscimol
5130:Guvacine
4871:Kinetics
4795:Cofactor
4758:Activity
4659:Oxo-acid
4609:Aldehyde
4347:arginine
4148:dopamine
4144:tyrosine
3821:27596402
3785:28501096
3742:24074460
3688:11779628
3555:11031268
3514:29636076
3463:35562171
3455:23677666
3420:25189404
3369:28386570
3318:21294897
3292:(3): 3.
3267:37154043
3259:21419704
3223:24197087
3215:26980143
3166:24874453
3114:17553960
3055:25771139
3047:16759710
3012:11074872
2968:23877118
2919:11756577
2878:21901702
2796:18843118
2755:27692555
2494:30140735
2486:12372652
2451:19314092
2381:23640198
2373:12887686
2333:15147202
2298:12634427
2239:25647668
2199:PLOS ONE
2180:35743434
2045:12912902
1991:12788084
1948:24927554
1896:23126365
1847:20265911
1839:17384644
1801:28775328
1744:28787007
1704:PLOS ONE
1685:30341396
1628:31823191
1533:26430123
1470:43003476
1462:17395389
1427:11390928
1389:29615710
1361:Diabetes
1346:23126365
1294:15863479
1201:epilepsy
1195:(PERM),
1103:promoter
1013:Cochrane
983:Both GAD
979:Diabetes
722:pancreas
658:isoforms
613:cofactor
584:) is an
562:InterPro
516:4.1.1.15
401:InterPro
355:4.1.1.15
216:proteins
204:articles
192:articles
149:RCSB PDB
49:4.1.1.15
6250:Biology
5231:Glycine
5120:EF-1502
4981:Ligases
4751:Enzymes
4685:: Other
4661:-lyases
4611:-lyases
4581:RuBisCO
4382:choline
4061:Enzymes
4024:PDBe-KB
4014:UniProt
4003:PDBe-KB
3993:UniProt
3954:7608084
3905:8954890
3870:1522060
3777:9700069
3733:3849887
3650:8366104
3604:8670800
3505:5892043
3411:4164746
3360:5366212
3309:3042903
3206:4903066
3157:4376371
3105:1888575
3082:Bibcode
2959:6055982
2869:6486159
2747:8946834
2725:mice".
2711:4370149
2703:7694152
2694:8216222
2673:Bibcode
2646:4273636
2638:8232539
2618:Bibcode
2595:1370298
2546:4317318
2538:1697648
2518:Bibcode
2443:8315667
2266:Bibcode
2230:4315522
2207:Bibcode
2172:1988566
2163:8194030
2123:9871412
2083:9777629
1983:8574952
1963:Nat Med
1939:4078817
1887:3546353
1792:5543107
1771:Bibcode
1763:Sci Rep
1735:5546675
1712:Bibcode
1676:6195539
1655:Bibcode
1647:Sci Rep
1582:7935469
1524:4725325
1503:Bibcode
1495:Science
1381:8243826
1337:3546353
1286:2069816
1246:E. coli
1242:E. coli
1238:E. coli
1234:E. coli
1230:E. coli
1093:in the
987:and GAD
910:and GAD
886:and GAD
878:and GAD
851:and GAD
811:and GAD
728:in the
720:of the
718:β-cells
714:insulin
704:and GAD
692:genes,
668:and GAD
620:HOOC−CH
558:Domains
528:Chr. 10
494:UniProt
397:Domains
333:UniProt
253:
171:QuickGO
136:profile
119:MetaCyc
56:CAS no.
6236:Portal
6094:GW5074
5954:CB-839
5927:Enzyme
5755:vGluTs
5334:GABA-T
5270:Enzyme
5155:NO-711
5105:CI-966
4955:Lyases
4683:4.1.99
4481:lyases
4019:Q05329
3998:Q99259
3952:
3945:177142
3942:
3903:
3868:
3861:207112
3858:
3819:
3783:
3775:
3740:
3730:
3686:
3648:
3602:
3595:450240
3592:
3574:EMBO J
3553:
3512:
3502:
3461:
3453:
3418:
3408:
3367:
3357:
3316:
3306:
3265:
3257:
3221:
3213:
3203:
3164:
3154:
3112:
3102:
3053:
3045:
3010:
2966:
2956:
2917:
2876:
2866:
2858:
2794:
2753:
2745:
2709:
2701:
2691:
2665:Nature
2644:
2636:
2610:Nature
2593:
2586:442846
2583:
2544:
2536:
2510:Nature
2492:
2484:
2449:
2441:
2379:
2371:
2331:
2296:
2289:153086
2286:
2237:
2227:
2178:
2170:
2160:
2121:
2081:
2043:
2036:175793
2033:
2015:EMBO J
1989:
1981:
1946:
1936:
1894:
1884:
1845:
1837:
1799:
1789:
1742:
1732:
1683:
1673:
1626:
1620:430066
1618:
1580:
1573:359290
1570:
1531:
1521:
1468:
1460:
1425:
1387:
1379:
1344:
1334:
1292:
1284:
1266:Neuron
1199:, and
1189:ataxia
1060:reelin
1040:titers
969:autism
963:Autism
747:of GAD
628:−CH(NH
586:enzyme
532:p11.23
499:Q05329
482:RefSeq
427:Symbol
367:Chr. 2
338:Q99259
321:RefSeq
314:605363
264:Symbol
199:PubMed
181:Search
167:AmiGO
155:PDBsum
95:ExPASy
83:BRENDA
71:IntEnz
44:EC no.
27:Enzyme
5949:BPTES
5898:-ACDP
5896:trans
5786:7-CKA
5732:threo
5694:trans
5658:threo
5656:-(-)-
5643:HIP-B
5638:HIP-A
5623:-ACBD
5598:EAATs
5465:Other
5191:VIAAT
4907:Types
4655:4.1.3
4605:4.1.2
4494:4.1.1
3781:S2CID
3459:S2CID
3263:S2CID
3219:S2CID
3051:S2CID
2751:S2CID
2707:S2CID
2642:S2CID
2542:S2CID
2490:S2CID
2447:S2CID
2377:S2CID
2176:S2CID
1987:S2CID
1843:S2CID
1624:S2CID
1491:(PDF)
1466:S2CID
1385:S2CID
1290:S2CID
1038:High
674:genes
523:Locus
463:11284
440:GAD65
362:Locus
131:PRIAM
18:GAD65
6291:GABA
6180:AAOA
6084:EGCG
6069:AAOA
5987:AAOA
5890:SITS
5826:DIDS
5716:TBOA
5701:MPDC
5668:-αAA
5628:DHKA
5575:and
5516:GABA
5364:AOAA
5354:DABA
5300:AAOA
5226:GABA
5175:TACA
5110:DABA
5052:and
5043:GABA
4999:list
4992:EC7
4986:list
4979:EC6
4973:list
4966:EC5
4960:list
4953:EC4
4947:list
4940:EC3
4934:list
4927:EC2
4921:list
4914:EC1
4487:4.1)
4371:NOS3
4367:NOS2
4363:NOS1
4245:GABA
4012:for
3991:for
3950:PMID
3901:PMID
3866:PMID
3817:PMID
3773:PMID
3738:PMID
3684:PMID
3672:1522
3646:PMID
3600:PMID
3551:PMID
3510:PMID
3451:PMID
3416:PMID
3365:PMID
3341:2017
3314:PMID
3255:PMID
3211:PMID
3162:PMID
3110:PMID
3043:PMID
3008:PMID
2986:(GAD
2964:PMID
2915:PMID
2874:PMID
2856:ISSN
2844:2011
2792:PMID
2743:PMID
2699:PMID
2634:PMID
2591:PMID
2534:PMID
2482:PMID
2439:PMID
2369:PMID
2329:PMID
2294:PMID
2235:PMID
2168:PMID
2119:PMID
2079:PMID
2041:PMID
1979:PMID
1944:PMID
1892:PMID
1835:PMID
1797:PMID
1740:PMID
1681:PMID
1616:PMID
1578:PMID
1529:PMID
1458:PMID
1423:PMID
1377:PMID
1342:PMID
1282:PMID
1087:GABA
1066:and
1056:mRNA
736:and
696:and
689:GAD2
686:and
683:GAD1
664:(GAD
475:4093
470:OMIM
458:HGNC
451:2572
431:GAD2
309:OMIM
302:4092
297:HGNC
290:2571
268:GAD1
250:2okj
211:NCBI
152:PDBe
107:KEGG
6163:GAD
6089:GTP
6057:GDH
6017:ALT
5992:AMB
5970:AST
5959:DON
5937:GAH
5621:cis
5397:PEH
5369:EOS
5280:GAD
5075:GAT
4010:PDB
3989:PDB
3940:PMC
3932:doi
3928:177
3893:doi
3856:PMC
3848:doi
3844:174
3809:doi
3805:216
3765:doi
3728:PMC
3718:doi
3714:144
3676:doi
3636:doi
3632:268
3590:PMC
3582:doi
3541:doi
3537:276
3500:PMC
3490:doi
3443:doi
3406:PMC
3396:doi
3355:PMC
3345:doi
3304:PMC
3294:doi
3247:doi
3201:PMC
3193:doi
3152:PMC
3144:doi
3140:171
3100:PMC
3090:doi
3078:104
3035:doi
3000:doi
2954:PMC
2946:doi
2905:doi
2901:345
2864:PMC
2848:doi
2782:doi
2778:359
2735:doi
2689:PMC
2681:doi
2669:366
2626:doi
2614:366
2581:PMC
2573:doi
2526:doi
2514:347
2474:doi
2431:doi
2404:doi
2361:doi
2321:doi
2284:PMC
2274:doi
2262:100
2225:PMC
2215:doi
2158:PMC
2150:doi
2111:doi
2031:PMC
2023:doi
1971:doi
1934:PMC
1924:doi
1920:111
1882:PMC
1874:doi
1827:doi
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1779:doi
1730:PMC
1720:doi
1671:PMC
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1608:doi
1568:PMC
1560:doi
1519:PMC
1511:doi
1499:350
1450:doi
1446:146
1415:doi
1369:doi
1332:PMC
1324:doi
1274:doi
1081:GAD
999:or
874:GAD
807:GAD
662:kDa
644:−CH
640:−CH
624:−CH
596:to
592:of
582:GAD
576:or
371:q31
246:PDB
187:PMC
143:PDB
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680:(
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580:(
20:)
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