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depends on the gradient of refractivity normal to the path, which in turn depends on the density gradient. The effect is most pronounced when the radiation traverses a long atmospheric limb path. At radio frequencies the amount of bending cannot be measured directly; instead, the bending can be
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9. Alexander, P., A. de la Torre, and P. Llamedo (2008), Interpretation of gravity wave signatures in GPS radio occultations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16117, doi:10.1029/2007JD009390.
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on the formula relating bending angle to refractivity. In the case of the neutral atmosphere (below the ionosphere), information on the atmosphere's
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Ding, Tong; Awange, Joseph L.; ScherllināPirscher, Barbara; Kuhn, Michael; Anyah, Richard; Zerihun, Ayalsew; Bui, Luyen K. (16 September 2022).
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Atmospheric radio occultation relies on the detection of a change in a radio signal as it passes through a planet's atmosphere, i.e. as it is
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Xie, F.; Haase, J. S.; Syndergaard, S. (2008). "Profiling the atmosphere using the airborne GPS occultation technique: A sensitivity study".
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of the signal given the geometry of the emitter and receiver. The amount of bending can be related to the refractive index by using an
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160:), satellites. This is a relatively new technique (first applied in 1995) for performing atmospheric measurements. It is used as a
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GNSS radio occultation amounts to an almost instantaneous depiction of the atmospheric state. The relative position between the
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along the way. The magnitude of the refraction depends on the temperature and water vapor concentration in the atmosphere.
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321:"GNSS Radio Occultation Infilling of the African Radiosonde Data Gaps Reveals Drivers of Tropopause Climate Variability"
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Observing the Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the Global
Positioning System.
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satellite changes over time, allowing for a vertical scanning of successive layers of the atmosphere.
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The application of spacebourne GPS to atmospheric limb sounding and global change monitoring.
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and water vapor content can be derived, thus giving radio occultation data applications in
488:"A novel approach to atmospheric profiling with a mountain-based or airborne GPS receiver"
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GPSRO observations can also be conducted from aircraft or on high mountaintops.
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passes through the atmosphere, it is refracted (or bent). The magnitude of the
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65:. Satellites carrying onboard GNSS-Radio occultation instruments include
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GeoOptics LLC Website - First commercial operational RO Constellation
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technique used for measuring the physical properties of a planetary
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satellite. The signal has to pass through the atmosphere and gets
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Radio occultation analysis of signal delay by the tandem
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486:Zuffada, C.; Hajj, G. A.; Kursinski, E. R. (1999).
453:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
407:"GPS 'thermometer' could flag up climate change"
164:tool, and could also be harnessed in monitoring
427:"GPS Space-Based & GPS Radio occultation"
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379:Publication 94-18, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
325:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
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172:satellite receiving a signal from a
531:"Payload Technical Specifications"
158:Global Navigation Satellite System
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201:Illustration of radio occultation
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156:), or more generally from GNSS (
495:Journal of Geophysical Research
140:), historically also known as
1:
85:Atmospheric radio occultation
206:Planetary satellite missions
263:Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich
168:. The technique involves a
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77:and the recently launched
465:10.1109/TGRS.2008.2004713
293:Atmospheric limb sounding
210:Current missions include
154:Global Positioning System
95:electromagnetic radiation
388:Kursinski et al. 1997.
375:Melbourne et al. 1994.
93:by the atmosphere. When
27:Remote sensing technique
557:COSMIC Project Website
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134:GNSS radio occultation
129:GNSS radio occultation
43:
682:Satellite meteorology
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142:GPS radio occultation
102:calculated using the
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677:Satellite navigation
516:10.1029/1999JD900766
501:(D20): 24435ā24447.
345:10.1029/2022JD036648
267:GRAS sensor onboard
40:atmospheric sounding
507:1999JGR...10424435Z
337:2022JGRD..12736648D
243:FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2
162:weather forecasting
572:ROM SAF monitoring
533:. Pluto.jhuapl.edu
354:20.500.11937/91903
222:Satellite missions
203:
187:satellite and the
71:GRACE and GRACE-FO
44:
672:Planetary science
567:PlanetIQ Website
392:J. Geophys. Res.
238:FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC
67:CHAMP (satellite)
47:Radio occultation
36:FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC
16:(Redirected from
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551:External links
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431:the original
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644:Outer space
632:Spaceflight
120:meteorology
112:temperature
63:ring system
666:Categories
537:2023-01-27
437:2008-02-16
412:2008-02-16
304:References
233:Microlab 1
99:refraction
59:atmosphere
608:Astronomy
363:251652497
271:satellite
178:refracted
473:23345728
287:See also
281:Yunyao 1
258:Oceansat
116:pressure
91:occulted
79:COSMIC-2
38:used as
594:Portals
503:Bibcode
333:Bibcode
228:CLARREO
138:GNSS-RO
53:) is a
18:GNSS-RO
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459:(11).
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331:(17).
146:GPS-RO
687:Radio
620:Stars
491:(PDF)
469:S2CID
359:S2CID
275:Spire
269:MetOp
253:GRACE
248:CHAMP
150:GPSRO
75:MetOp
394:102:
511:doi
499:104
461:doi
349:hdl
341:doi
329:127
214:on
212:REX
185:GPS
174:GPS
148:or
61:or
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311:^
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51:RO
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