343:
730:
entire economy. To be sure, the system had its limitations, including the absence of meaningful price and cost information and the difficulty of extending planning to all the special commodities and enterprises in a modern economy. More serious difficulties stemmed from the attitudes and priorities built into the
Stalinist planning system. "From the start," write the Soviet economists Nikolai Shmelev and Vladimir Popov, "the administrative system was distinguished by economic romanticism, profound economic illiteracy, and incredible exaggeration of the real effect that the 'administrative factor' had on economic processes and on the motivations of the public."
57:
326:(Sovnarkom), to be headed by the leading People's Commissars themselves, a representative of the Russian trade unions, and the chief of the Central Statistical Agency. STO was directed to establish a single economic plan for Soviet Russia and to direct the work of the individual People's Commissariats toward this plan's fulfillment, so that "for the first time the RSFSR had a general planning organ with clearly defined functions," as historian
664:
456:
During May 1955 Gosplan was divided into two commissions: the USSR Council of
Ministers State Commission for Advanced Planning and the USSR Council of Ministers Economic Commission on Current Planning. These were, respectively, tasked with predictive and immediate planning. The work of the latter was
740:
The second step was to identify where there were mismatches between levels of outputs of one material that was used as an input in another part of the economy i.e. where there were differences between supply and demand within the economy. If mismatches between supply and demand were identified then,
364:
for national electrification was the "one serious work on the question of the single economic plan." Other members of
Sovnarkom were more optimistic, however, and Lenin sustained a defeat on the establishment of another planning entity, Gosplan. As a compromise measure uniting the mission of the two
712:
itself also had responsibility for planning through the
Industrial Planning Commission (Promplan). Re-examination of roles was also required as the introduction of the first five-year plan meant that Gosplan's role was no longer one of prognosis and drafting of 'control figures' since plans had now
392:
Gosplan had no power of compulsion in this early interval, but was forced to work through
Sovnarkom, STO, or the People's Commissariats to have its suggestions implemented by decree. The agency's economic calculations and policy suggestions remained largely abstract throughout the first half of the
729:
The planning system as such was fairly simple. Gosplan calculated the sum of the country's resources and facilities, established priorities for their use, and handed down output targets and supply allocations to the various economic ministries and through them to every branch and enterprise in the
401:
Tension continued between
Narkomfin and Gosplan throughout the NEP period, with Narkomfin advocating for increased grain exports as a means of bolstering the currency by balancing imports and exports while simultaneously bolstering peasant prosperity, while Gosplan emerged as the chief advocate of
745:
Wages and pensions were leveled upwards, and skilled and manual work began to exceed much mental and professional work in remuneration. The
Italian economic historian Rita Di Leo found "a compression of differentials" and a bias for so-called "productive" work (i.e., yielding measurable physical
760:
Ideological bias resulted in unrealistic plans that were impossible to execute. Pressure to execute them anyway resulted in widespread falsification of statistics on all levels of reporting. Falsified plan realization feedback further resulted in
Gosplan preparing plans even more detached from
765:
The second economy engulfed a significant fraction of the GDP. Not only individuals but state enterprises as well engaged in these practices, often out of necessity, when extra-legal influence or illegal operations appeared to be the only way to fulfill the demands of the plan. Claims of plan
384:
Gosplan quickly became a centre point for central planning and expanded investment in heavy industry, with Leon
Trotsky one of the leading political patrons of the agency. In June 1922 a new decree further expanded Gosplan's purview, with the agency directed to compose both "long-term" and
756:
Using this method any changes in the plan to remove mismatches between inputs and outputs would result in hundreds, even thousands, of changes to material balances. This meant that, without the aid of information technology, Gosplan could only deal with the economy in very general terms.
741:
for the one-year plan, utilization plans for a particular input material could be cut or alternatively effort was made to increase supply. For the five-year plan mismatches between supply and demand could be mitigated by modifying long-term plans to increase productive capacity.
385:"immediate" plans of production. Gosplan was to be consulted regarding proposed economic and financial decrees submitted to the Council of People's Commissars by the various economic People's Commissariats. An administrative rivalry ensued between Gosplan and the
318:
in 1920 that serious attention was paid to the question of systematic planning for the Soviet economy. In March 1920 the
Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense was given a new name – the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) – and a broader planning mission.
333:
The State Committee for Planning, commonly known as "Gosplan," was launched as a permanent advisory subcommittee of STO, assigned with the task of conducting detailed economic investigations and providing expert recommendations to the decision-making STO.
372:
Initially Gosplan had an advisory function, with its entire staff consisting of just 34 people at the time of its April 1921 launch. These were selected on the basis of academic expertise in specialized aspects of industry; just 7 were members of the
724:
The first step in the process was to assess how much steel, cement, wool cloth, etc. would be available for the next year. This calculation was based on the following formula: production minus exports plus imports plus or minus changes in stocks.
707:
The introduction of the first five-year plan in 1928 led to a re-examination of the roles of Gosplan and VSNKh, the supreme state organization for management of the economy at this time. This re-examination of roles was required because
313:
In the midst of such chaos the mere idea of long-term economic planning remained a utopian dream during these first years of existence of Soviet Russia. It was not until the Civil War had drawn to a successful conclusion for the
716:
In order to ensure the success of the plan it was necessary to ensure that inputs from one part of the economy matched outputs from another part of the economy. Gosplan achieved this using a methodology called the system of
2339:
342:
271:) were depopulated, with urban residents returning to the countryside to claim a place in land redistribution and in order to avoid the unemployment, lack of food, and lack of fuel which had become endemic. By 1919
721:'. For a plan period (in detail for one year and in lesser detail for a five-year plan) Gosplan drew up a balance sheet in terms of units of material (i.e. money was not used as part of the accounting process).
1821:
267:
which followed was a period of virtual economic collapse. Production and distribution of necessary commodities were severely tested as factories were shuttered and major cities such as Petrograd (now
1981:
572:
1786:
2156:
1961:
1906:
2395:
2026:
1637:
1866:
1806:
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output) over "unproductive" work (services, trade, etc.). "Such a wage policy calls into question the modernization of society, its efficiency, its competitiveness."
1721:
694:
350:
Gosplan was formally established by a Sovnarkom decree, dated 22 February 1921. Ironically, the decree was passed on the same day that an article by Soviet leader
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2171:
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514:
419:
2021:
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389:(Narkomfin), the latter the agency most in favor of currency stabilization and expansion of the general economy through the regulated market.
2101:
1630:
1342:
618:
272:
1976:
2370:
2096:
1931:
1856:
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381:(NEP), very real constraints existed on the possible extent of central planning during the initial phase of Gosplan's institutional life.
302:, backed by the foreign military intervention of Great Britain, France, Japan, the United States, and other countries. In the countryside
294:
rushed from economic bottleneck to economic bottleneck in a frenzied effort to sustain what remained of Russian industry on behalf of the
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239:
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178:
96:
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1841:
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542:
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1951:
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During 1930 the Statistical Directorate was merged into Gosplan, and on 3 February 1931 Gosplan was resubordinated to the
2106:
1971:
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494:
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in 1928, Gosplan became responsible for their creation and supervision according to the objectives declared by the
360:
criticizing advocates of a "single economic plan" for their "idle talk" and "boring pedantry" and arguing that the
2146:
2011:
2287:
2121:
1771:
472:
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1991:
2086:
1926:
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fulfillment that were passed up the hierarchy became as impossible to believe as the targets in the next plan.
2252:
2131:
595:
1602:
1583:
1564:
1474:
537:
56:
439:
1911:
1731:
600:
532:
480:
980:
942:
851:
810:
567:
378:
366:
1831:
954:
935:
916:
900:
881:
870:
829:
287:
260:
1257:
1239:
1228:
1221:
1203:
1185:
1145:
718:
633:
562:
264:
227:
2400:
1284:
1268:
1181:
1156:
1138:
1113:
1095:
1083:
648:
638:
590:
457:
based on the five-year plans delivered by Gosplan, with Gosplan planning 10–15 years ahead.
268:
222:
1615:
1606:
1587:
1568:
1347:
1328:
1324:
1306:
1295:
1288:
1069:
1050:
923:
888:
346:
Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, first head of Gosplan, as he appeared on a 1972 Soviet postage stamp.
303:
405:
During 1925 Gosplan started creating annual economic plans, known as "control numbers" (
1313:
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1261:
1192:
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1057:
1022:
961:
840:
822:
299:
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1034:
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992:
973:
460:
Gosplan was headquartered at the building now occupied by the State Duma, in Moscow.
276:
238:
in 1991, Gosplan had as its main task the creation and administration of a series of
1246:
863:
844:
628:
231:
2312:
623:
361:
351:
2334:
377:. With the ongoing turn to a market-based system of production as part of the
327:
158:
145:
643:
450:
315:
306:, often backed by brute force, took place under the nominal auspices of the
1409:
A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923: Volume 2.
1382:(Государственный комитет по планированию, "State Committee for Planning".)
663:
295:
2277:
509:
504:
427:
423:
17:
356:
133:
393:
1920s, with Gosplan's desires and actual policy largely disjointed.
709:
341:
137:
1596:
1577:
1558:
1619:
275:
had emerged, further pushing the struggling economic system of
2322:
298:, locked in a life or death struggle with the anti-Bolshevik
234:. Established in 1921 and remaining in existence until the
27:
Soviet government agency responsible for economic planning
2017:
Machine Building for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Products
2203:
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
2226:
2218:
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
2190:
1822:
Construction of Road Building and Communal Machines
1701:
1653:
184:
174:
129:
119:
111:
94:
79:
71:
1425:Russian Economic Development Since the Revolution.
1982:Instrument-Making, Automation and Control Systems
1395:New Edition. London: Penguin Books, 1989; pg. 61.
2208:Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
1661:President and Vice President of the Soviet Union
418:, the People's Commissariat of Finance, and the
402:cheap food and planned development of industry.
1506:
1504:
1077:State Economic Commission for Advanced Planning
763:
743:
727:
1121:State Economic Commission for Current Planning
1631:
688:
406:
212:
46:
40:
8:
2022:Machine Building for Light and Food Industry
1737:Automobile and Agricultural Machine Building
1427:New York: E.P. Dutton, 1928; pg. 241; fn. 1.
32:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1455:
1453:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1403:
1401:
322:STO was established as a commission of the
2396:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
2157:Timber, Paper and Wood Processing Industry
1977:Installation and Special Construction Work
1638:
1624:
1616:
1537:
1535:
1533:
695:
681:
467:
55:
2097:Oil Processing and Petrochemical Industry
1962:Heavy and Transport Machines Construction
1419:
1417:
1371:The word "Gosplan" is an abbreviation of
292:Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense
2313:Standards and Product Quality Management
1647:All-Union Government of the Soviet Union
780:
444:All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2032:Machinery for Stock Raising and Feeding
2027:Machine Tool and Tool Building Industry
1812:Construction of Petrochemical Machinery
1364:
479:
414:Its work was coordinated with the USSR
48:Государственный комитет по планированию
42:Gosudarstvenny komitet po planirovaniyu
515:Supreme Soviet of the National Economy
420:Supreme Soviet of the National Economy
31:
2052:Medical and Microbiologiacal Industry
1727:Installation and Special Construction
1343:Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia
619:Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia
221:
61:Soviet Gosplan headquarters in Moscow
7:
2376:State Committees of the Soviet Union
2213:Construction in the Southern Regions
2007:Land Reclamation and Water Resources
1867:Electrical Power and Electrification
1807:Construction of Oil and Gas Industry
375:Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks)
308:People's Commissariat of Agriculture
33:State Planning Committee of the USSR
2198:Construction in the Eastern Regions
1757:Chemical and Oil Machinery Building
2172:Tractors and Agricultural Machines
2037:Manufacture of Communication Media
365:planning entities, head of GOELRO
226:), was the agency responsible for
25:
1717:Agricultural Products Procurement
1411:London: Macmillan, 1952; pg. 375.
669:Business and economics portal
543:Scientific production association
290:emerged. The Soviet government's
1787:Communication Equipment Industry
1543:The End of Communist Revolution.
1393:An Economic History of the USSR.
662:
428:State Supply Committee (Gossnab)
387:People's Commissariat of Finance
286:system remembered to history as
2162:Tool and Tool Building Industry
416:Central Statistical Directorate
236:dissolution of the Soviet Union
194:Central Statistical Directorate
1802:Construction of Heavy Industry
324:Council of People's Commissars
124:Government of the Soviet Union
104:RSFSR State Planning Committee
1:
2391:1922 establishments in Russia
2386:1921 establishments in Russia
2067:Mineral Fertilizer Production
1827:Construction of Tool-Machines
1797:Construction of Fuel Industry
1817:Construction of Power Plants
1762:Cellulose and Paper Industry
1353:Economic calculation problem
422:(VSNKh), and later with the
369:was tapped to head Gosplan.
2371:Economy of the Soviet Union
1747:Building Materials Industry
1512:A History of Soviet Russia,
1496:A History of Soviet Russia,
1461:A History of Soviet Russia,
1445:A History of Soviet Russia,
464:Method of material balances
65:Russian State Duma building
41:
2417:
1907:Foreign Economic Relations
1476:A History Of Soviet Russia
83:22 February 1921
2345:Timber and Paper Industry
2102:Power and Electrification
1877:Electrotechnical Industry
1609:. Moscow: Gosplan, 1925.
1590:. Moscow: Gosplan, 1924.
1571:. Moscow: Gosplan, 1923.
1162:
1119:
1075:
998:
804:State Planning Commission
802:
789:
786:
783:
438:With the introduction of
407:
228:central economic planning
213:
54:
47:
39:
2273:Labour and Social Issues
1952:Housing and Architecture
1932:General Machine-Building
1882:Environmental Protection
1376:udarstvenniy Komitet po
1164:State Planning Committee
1000:State Planning Committee
279:towards total collapse.
205:State Planning Committee
2107:Pulp and Paper Industry
2057:Medium Machine-Building
2042:Meat and Dairy Industry
1972:Industrial Construction
596:Material Product System
2350:Transport Construction
2308:Science and Technology
2177:Transport Construction
2082:Nuclear Power Industry
2077:Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
1957:Heavy Machine Building
1862:Electrical Engineering
1473:Carr, Edward Hallett.
774:
754:
738:
713:become orders to act.
538:Production association
347:
2142:Technical Cultivation
1922:Fruits and Vegetables
1605:13 April 2017 at the
1586:13 April 2017 at the
1567:13 April 2017 at the
529:Business group types
345:
159:55.75750°N 37.61528°E
2340:Television and Radio
2092:Oil and Gas Industry
1872:Electronics Industry
1722:Agriculture and Food
1673:Presidential Council
1041:Grigory Kosyachenko
1006:Nikolai Voznesensky
777:Directors of Gosplan
601:Net material product
424:State Bank (Gosbank)
207:, commonly known as
179:Council of Ministers
2191:Regional ministries
1611:—Downloadable pdfs.
1598:Planovoe khozaistvo
1592:—Downloadable pdfs.
1579:Planovoe khozaistvo
1573:—Downloadable pdfs.
1541:Robert V. Daniels,
981:Nikolai Voznesensky
943:Nikolai Voznesensky
852:Gleb Krzhizhanovsky
811:Gleb Krzhizhanovsky
568:Linear optimization
520:Economic ministries
379:New Economic Policy
367:Gleb Krzhizhanovsky
255:Economic background
244:economy of the USSR
155: /
36:
2303:State of Emergency
2258:Defense Technology
2238:Building Materials
2182:Urban Construction
1892:Ferrous Metallurgy
1678:Federation Council
1562:(Gosplan Bulletin)
955:Vyacheslav Molotov
936:Vyacheslav Molotov
917:Vyacheslav Molotov
901:Vyacheslav Molotov
882:Vyacheslav Molotov
871:Valerian Kuibyshev
830:Alexander Tsuryupa
790:Premier(s) Served
348:
288:military communism
261:October Revolution
223:[ɡosˈpɫan]
164:55.75750; 37.61528
2381:Economic planning
2358:
2357:
1917:Forestry Industry
1752:Chemical Industry
1742:Aviation Industry
1612:
1600:(Planned Economy)
1593:
1581:(Planned Economy)
1574:
1560:Bulletin Gosplana
1334:
1333:
1258:Nikita Khrushchev
1251:24 November 1962
1240:Nikita Khrushchev
1236:24 November 1962
1229:Veniamin Dymshits
1222:Nikita Khrushchev
1204:Nikita Khrushchev
1186:Nikita Khrushchev
1150:25 December 1956
1146:Mikhail Pervukhin
1135:25 December 1956
910:25 February 1937
897:25 February 1937
875:10 November 1930
860:10 November 1930
857:18 November 1925
837:18 November 1925
834:11 December 1923
819:11 December 1923
771:Robert V. Daniels
751:Robert V. Daniels
735:Robert V. Daniels
719:material balances
705:
704:
634:Economic planning
563:Material balances
408:контрольные цифры
354:was published in
304:food requisitions
265:Russian Civil War
201:
200:
175:Parent department
16:(Redirected from
2408:
2283:People's Control
2228:State Committees
2147:Textile Industry
2047:Medical Industry
2012:Machine Building
1987:Internal Affairs
1967:Higher Education
1902:Fishing Industry
1847:Defense Industry
1688:Security Council
1640:
1633:
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1617:
1610:
1591:
1572:
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1514:vol. 2, pg. 381.
1508:
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1498:vol. 2, pg. 379.
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1463:vol. 2, pg. 377.
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1447:vol. 2, pg. 376.
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1318:5 February 1988
1303:5 February 1988
1300:14 October 1985
1285:Nikolai Tikhonov
1277:14 October 1985
1269:Nikolai Baibakov
1211:Vladimir Novikov
1182:Nikolai Bulganin
1157:Nikolai Bulganin
1139:Nikolai Bulganin
1114:Nikolai Bulganin
1096:Nikolai Bulganin
1084:Nikolai Baibakov
986:8 December 1942
970:8 December 1942
948:19 January 1938
932:1 December 1937
929:17 October 1937
913:17 October 1937
907:Gennady Smirnov
781:
772:
752:
736:
697:
690:
683:
667:
666:
649:State capitalism
639:Marxism-Leninism
591:Material product
557:Planning methods
481:Soviet economics
468:
410:
409:
269:Saint Petersburg
259:The time of the
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2231:and commissions
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2222:
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2152:Timber Industry
2122:Rubber Industry
2062:Merchant Marine
1887:Foreign Affairs
1705:
1697:
1649:
1644:
1607:Wayback Machine
1588:Wayback Machine
1569:Wayback Machine
1555:
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1525:The Interregnum
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1399:
1391:Alec >Nove,
1390:
1386:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1348:Planned economy
1339:
1329:Valentin Pavlov
1325:Nikolai Ryzhkov
1307:Nikolai Ryzhkov
1296:Nikolai Talyzin
1289:Nikolai Ryzhkov
1274:2 October 1965
1254:2 October 1965
1070:Georgy Malenkov
1051:Georgy Malenkov
1009:9 January 1948
989:9 January 1948
924:Valery Mezhlauk
889:Valery Mezhlauk
816:13 August 1921
779:
773:
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737:
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573:Five-year plans
558:
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440:five-year plans
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240:five-year plans
218:
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187:State committee
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97:State committee
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73:State committee
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2323:State Security
2320:
2318:State Planning
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2243:Cinematography
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2167:Internal Trade
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2137:State Security
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2112:Radio Industry
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2127:Shipbuilding
2087:Oil Industry
1927:Gas Industry
1792:Construction
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1527:, pp. 13-14.
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1247:Pyotr Lomako
1175:10 May 1957
1163:
1153:10 May 1957
1132:25 May 1955
1120:
1110:10 May 1957
1089:25 May 1955
1076:
1066:25 May 1955
999:
864:Alexey Rykov
845:Alexey Rykov
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232:Soviet Union
208:
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130:Headquarters
120:Jurisdiction
115:1 April 1991
29:
2132:State Farms
1407:E.H. Carr,
1271:(2nd term)
1215:4 May 1960
1200:4 May 1960
1107:3 May 1957
1092:3 May 1957
1086:(1st term)
1060:(3rd term)
1025:(2nd term)
983:(2nd term)
964:(1st term)
945:(1st term)
926:(2nd term)
891:(1st term)
854:(2nd term)
813:(1st term)
624:Cybernetics
525:Enterprises
362:GOELRO plan
352:V. I. Lenin
162: /
2365:Categories
2335:Statistics
2298:Metallurgy
2293:Publishing
2072:Metallurgy
1703:Ministries
1359:References
585:Statistics
328:E. H. Carr
316:Bolsheviks
150:37°36′55″E
147:55°45′27″N
95:Preceding
87:1921-02-22
2278:Logistics
1857:Education
1654:All-Union
1380:irovaniyu
761:reality:
644:Socialism
451:Sovnarkom
397:Emergence
112:Dissolved
35:(Gosplan)
2328:Chairmen
2117:Railways
1912:Forestry
1777:Commerce
1732:Armament
1693:Premiers
1603:Archived
1584:Archived
1565:Archived
1337:See also
769:—
749:—
733:—
473:a series
471:Part of
296:Red Army
263:and the
75:overview
2401:Gosplan
2253:Defense
1997:Justice
1937:Geology
1897:Finance
1852:Economy
1842:Defense
1837:Culture
533:Combine
510:Gosbank
505:Gossnab
500:Gosplan
250:History
230:in the
214:Госплан
209:Gosplan
85: (
63:(later
18:GOSPLAN
2288:Prices
1947:Health
1832:Cotton
1523:Carr,
1510:Carr,
1494:Carr,
1459:Carr,
1443:Carr,
787:Dates
357:Pravda
284:ad hoc
185:Child
134:Moscow
80:Formed
1545:1993.
784:Name
710:VSNKh
138:RSFSR
1708:list
1666:list
1378:Plan
426:and
219:IPA:
203:The
1374:Gos
495:STO
411:).
282:An
2367::
1532:^
1503:^
1485:^
1452:^
1432:^
1416:^
1400:^
1327:,
1287:,
1283:,
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1184:,
843:,
475:on
453:.
446:.
430:.
310:.
246:.
217:,
136:,
1710:)
1706:(
1639:e
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689:t
682:v
89:)
67:)
20:)
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