196:
55:
31:
923:
239:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
662:
653:
644:
635:
626:
617:
608:
599:
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
536:
527:
518:
509:
500:
491:
482:
473:
464:
455:
446:
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
374:
365:
356:
347:
338:
329:
320:
311:
302:
293:
284:
275:
266:
257:
248:
230:
221:
212:
203:
1022:
Because defining a GSSP depends on finding well-preserved geologic sections and identifying key events, this task becomes more difficult as one goes farther back in time. Before 630 million years ago, boundaries on the geologic timescale are defined simply by reference to fixed dates, known as
174:
This includes that the outcrop has to be located where it can be visited quickly (International airport and good roads), has to be kept in good condition (ideally a national reserve), in accessible terrain, extensive enough to allow repeated sampling and open to researchers of all
940:
Once a GSSP boundary has been agreed upon, a 'golden spike' is driven into the geologic section to mark the precise boundary for future geologists (though in practice the 'spike' need neither be golden nor an actual spike). As such, GSSPs are also sometimes referred to as
999:
is less than ideal as a marker fossil as it is not found in every
Cambrian sequence, and it is not assured that it is found at the same level in every exposure. In fact, further eroding its value as a boundary marker, it has since been identified in strata 4m
1008:
bed at the boundary at
Fortune Head, but there is one slightly above the boundary in similar beds nearby. These factors have led some geologists to suggest that this GSSP is in need of reassigning.
989:. A continuous section is available from beds that are clearly Precambrian into beds that are clearly Cambrian. The boundary is set at the first appearance of a complex trace fossil
195:
102:, though far more faunal stages have been described than GSSPs. The GSSP definition effort commenced in 1977. As of 2024, 79 of the 101 stages that need a GSSP have a ratified GSSP.
187:
931:
1368:
1867:
91:
1210:
1443:
1307:
1422:
111:
87:
1602:"Geotime chart displaying geologic time periods compared to the fossil record – Deals with chronology and classifications for laymen (not GSSPs)"
2488:
1638:
1427:
1577:
1451:
1985:
2186:
1782:
1017:
1609:
1822:
1233:"Guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)"
935:
World map of all ratified GSSPs, SABSs, and GSSAs. GSSPs use red markers, SABSs use green markers, and GSSAs use purple markers.
724:
1561:
1467:
1174:
1278:
1181:
2232:
1329:
1257:
1980:
1491:
247:
1975:
2493:
2165:
2035:
319:
571:
562:
508:
400:
211:
2375:
2355:
1499:
859:
760:
472:
301:
220:
1537:
1514:
2365:
2337:
1949:
850:
823:
652:
463:
43:
877:
796:
787:
733:
715:
634:
607:
580:
526:
517:
445:
346:
265:
202:
2432:
1631:
922:
913:
904:
832:
769:
661:
616:
481:
427:
418:
409:
382:
373:
292:
283:
238:
229:
2320:
814:
778:
751:
742:
688:
679:
670:
625:
544:
499:
490:
436:
364:
355:
337:
328:
310:
274:
256:
2498:
2483:
2370:
2107:
1954:
1186:
895:
886:
868:
706:
598:
589:
535:
841:
805:
697:
643:
553:
454:
391:
2508:
2270:
2071:
1817:
1716:
995:
that is found worldwide. The
Fortune Head GSSP is unlikely to be washed away or built over. Nonetheless,
126:
2513:
2503:
1872:
1107:
1092:
982:
75:
2305:
1411:
International stratigraphic guide: A guide to stratigraphic classification, terminology, and procedure
2246:
2222:
2217:
1435:
1344:
1299:
1231:
Remane, J.; M. G. Bassett; J. W. Cowie; K.H. Gohrbandt; H.R. Lane; O. Michelsen; Wang Naiwen (1996).
1122:
137:
119:
79:
2332:
2227:
2170:
2145:
2135:
1910:
1807:
1797:
1624:
1593:
1386:
1169:
1127:
1112:
1097:
1082:
1067:
1032:
83:
2457:
2437:
2315:
2300:
2285:
2207:
2006:
1970:
1772:
1360:
1044:
1005:
144:
1274:
2265:
2061:
2056:
1900:
1736:
1569:
1459:
991:
133:
2462:
2411:
2327:
2275:
2051:
2029:
1895:
1792:
1352:
1247:
39:
34:
The 'golden spike' (bronze disk in the lower section of the image) or 'type section' of the
2310:
1553:
1417:
2395:
2360:
2347:
2257:
2115:
2010:
1944:
1905:
1742:
1252:
986:
54:
47:
30:
168:
The outcrop should be unaffected by tectonic and sedimentary movements, and metamorphism.
1348:
2295:
2093:
2081:
2025:
2020:
2014:
1939:
1862:
1787:
1142:
958:
1601:
98:
changes. Hence GSSPs are usually described in terms of transitions between different
2477:
2212:
2130:
2125:
2076:
2066:
1827:
1706:
1364:
1050:
1475:
1232:
2290:
2088:
1802:
1777:
1762:
1728:
1688:
1004:
the GSSP. However, no other fossil is known that would be preferable. There is no
978:
150:
The marker has to have regional and global correlation in outcrops of the same age.
110:
A geologic section has to fulfill a set of criteria to be adapted as a GSSP by the
99:
95:
1483:
1990:
1887:
1849:
1832:
1767:
1748:
1681:
1661:
1206:
1159:
970:
1757:
1752:
1647:
1356:
1328:
Gehling, J.; Jensen, S. R.; Droser, M.; Myrow, P.; Narbonne, G. (March 2001).
1137:
2447:
2427:
2160:
2120:
1857:
1666:
1154:
1554:"Chart of The Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP): chart"
945:. The first stratigraphic boundary was defined in 1972 by identifying the
2442:
2280:
1924:
1837:
1062:
985:
is a typical GSSP. It is accessible by paved road and is set aside as a
974:
950:
946:
143:
The horizon in which the marker appears should have minerals that can be
1507:
2452:
1676:
1671:
1545:
1522:
1077:
1040:
1330:"Burrowing below the basal Cambrian GSSP, Fortune Head, Newfoundland"
154:
125:
The lower boundary has to be defined using a primary marker (usually
17:
1538:"The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP): overview"
1877:
1164:
954:
53:
171:
The outcrop has to be accessible to research and free to access.
165:
Sedimentation has to be continuous without any changes in facies.
1811:
1693:
1620:
1711:
1616:
1207:"Latest version of international chronostratigraphic chart"
182:
Agreed-upon Global
Boundary Stratotype Section and Points
74:, is an internationally agreed upon reference point on a
1585:
132:
There should also be secondary markers (other fossils,
188:
List of Global
Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
118:
A GSSP has to define the lower boundary of a geologic
1147:
subdivision of an age, not used by the ICS timescale
2420:
2404:
2388:
2346:
2256:
2245:
2200:
2192:
Global
Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
2179:
2153:
2144:
2106:
2044:
1999:
1963:
1932:
1923:
1886:
1848:
1727:
1702:
1654:
953:boundary with a bronze plaque at a locality called
86:. The effort to define GSSPs is conducted by the
957:, northeast of the village of Suchomasty in the
1440:ICS Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information
1385:Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.; Gibbard, P.L. (2015),
1304:ICS Subcommission for Stratigraphic Information
1102:22 defined, tens to ~one hundred million years
1023:"Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages" (GSSAs).
162:The outcrop has to have an adequate thickness.
114:. The following list summarizes the criteria:
27:Boundary of a stage on the geologic time scale
1632:
1436:"GSSP table with pages on each ratified GSSP"
1300:"GSSP table with pages on each ratified GSSP"
58:The 'golden spike' marking the Ediacaran GSSP
8:
1209:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
64:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
36:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
2253:
2150:
1929:
1724:
1639:
1625:
1617:
1394:, International Commission on Stratigraphy
1087:10 defined, several hundred million years
92:International Union of Geological Sciences
1251:
94:. Most, but not all, GSSPs are based on
2187:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
1423:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1030:
88:International Commission on Stratigraphy
29:
1388:International Chronostratigraphic Chart
1198:
1033:Units in geochronology and stratigraphy
1586:"GSSPs and Continental drift 3D views"
1117:34 defined, tens of millions of years
1072:4 total, half a billion years or more
78:which defines the lower boundary of a
1413:, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1976
7:
1515:"Math Words – An alphabetical index"
153:The marker should be independent of
1418:"International Stratigraphic Chart"
1986:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
1012:Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages
25:
1277:. Geologic Timescale Foundation.
1018:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age
1612:from the original on 2023-12-07.
1596:from the original on 2023-12-08.
1580:from the original on 2023-11-30.
1564:from the original on 2022-06-30.
1494:from the original on 2021-04-27.
1446:from the original on 2017-01-02.
1430:from the original on 2019-04-03.
1374:from the original on 2017-08-11.
1263:from the original on 2015-03-18.
921:
912:
903:
894:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
696:
687:
678:
669:
660:
651:
642:
633:
624:
615:
606:
597:
588:
579:
570:
561:
552:
543:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
471:
462:
453:
444:
435:
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
381:
372:
363:
354:
345:
336:
327:
318:
309:
300:
291:
282:
273:
264:
255:
246:
237:
228:
219:
210:
201:
194:
1868:English and British regnal year
1558:stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu
1310:from the original on 2017-01-02
1281:from the original on 2023-01-24
1253:10.18814/epiiugs/1996/v19i3/007
1213:from the original on 2014-05-30
1175:New Zealand geologic time scale
1182:North American land mammal age
1132:99 defined, millions of years
70:), sometimes referred to as a
1:
2489:Geologic time scales of Earth
1981:Old Style and New Style dates
1484:"Web Geological Time Machine"
1468:"Earth Science: Geologic Age"
1933:Pre-Julian / Julian
2166:Geological history of Earth
2036:Astronomical year numbering
1472:Washington State University
2530:
1570:"GSSP Table - All Periods"
1015:
185:
2338:Thermoluminescence dating
2233:Samarium–neodymium dating
1456:USA National Park Service
1409:Hedberg, H.D., (editor),
1357:10.1017/S001675680100509X
2052:Chinese sexagenary cycle
1452:"What is Geologic Time?"
2266:Amino acid racemisation
1574:timescalefoundation.org
1057:geochronological units
1006:radiometrically datable
38:(GSSP) for the base of
2271:Archaeomagnetic dating
1783:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
129:of a fossil species).
127:first appearance datum
59:
51:
2171:Geological time units
145:radiometrically dated
76:stratigraphic section
57:
33:
2223:Law of superposition
2218:Isotope geochemistry
1606:rocksandminerals.com
932:class=notpageimage|
138:geomagnetic reversal
2356:Fluorine absorption
2333:Luminescence dating
2228:Luminescence dating
2136:Milankovitch cycles
1976:Proleptic Gregorian
1808:Hindu units of time
1349:2001GeoM..138..213G
1337:Geological Magazine
1170:Geologic time scale
1035:
84:geologic time scale
2494:Historical geology
2458:Terminus post quem
2438:Synchronoptic view
2405:Linguistic methods
2366:Obsidian hydration
2301:Radiometric dating
2286:Incremental dating
2208:Chronostratigraphy
1045:chronostratigraphy
1039:Segments of rock (
1031:
60:
52:
2471:
2470:
2384:
2383:
2241:
2240:
2102:
2101:
2057:Geologic Calendar
1919:
1918:
1488:ucmp.berkeley.edu
1151:
1150:
997:Treptichnus pedum
992:Treptichnus pedum
977:boundary GSSP at
965:Fortune Head GSSP
16:(Redirected from
2521:
2463:ASPRO chronology
2412:Glottochronology
2328:Tephrochronology
2276:Dendrochronology
2254:
2151:
1950:Proleptic Julian
1940:Pre-Julian Roman
1930:
1725:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1613:
1597:
1581:
1565:
1549:
1544:. Archived from
1542:stratigraphy.org
1526:
1521:. Archived from
1511:
1506:. Archived from
1495:
1479:
1474:. Archived from
1463:
1458:. Archived from
1447:
1431:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1203:
1036:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
772:
763:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
700:
691:
682:
673:
664:
655:
646:
637:
628:
619:
610:
601:
592:
583:
574:
565:
556:
547:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
493:
484:
475:
466:
457:
448:
439:
430:
421:
412:
403:
394:
385:
376:
367:
358:
349:
340:
331:
322:
313:
304:
295:
286:
277:
268:
259:
250:
241:
232:
223:
214:
205:
198:
90:, a part of the
40:Ediacaran period
21:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2416:
2400:
2396:Molecular clock
2389:Genetic methods
2380:
2361:Nitrogen dating
2348:Relative dating
2342:
2311:Potassium–argon
2258:Absolute dating
2248:
2237:
2196:
2175:
2140:
2116:Cosmic Calendar
2108:Astronomic time
2098:
2040:
1995:
1959:
1945:Original Julian
1915:
1882:
1844:
1743:Ab urbe condita
1721:
1698:
1650:
1645:
1600:
1584:
1568:
1552:
1536:
1533:
1513:
1498:
1482:
1466:
1450:
1434:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1056:
1029:
1020:
1014:
987:nature preserve
967:
938:
937:
936:
934:
928:
927:
926:
918:
917:
909:
908:
900:
899:
891:
890:
882:
881:
873:
872:
864:
863:
855:
854:
846:
845:
837:
836:
828:
827:
819:
818:
810:
809:
801:
800:
792:
791:
783:
782:
774:
773:
765:
764:
756:
755:
747:
746:
738:
737:
729:
728:
720:
719:
711:
710:
702:
701:
693:
692:
684:
683:
675:
674:
666:
665:
657:
656:
648:
647:
639:
638:
630:
629:
621:
620:
612:
611:
603:
602:
594:
593:
585:
584:
576:
575:
567:
566:
558:
557:
549:
548:
540:
539:
531:
530:
522:
521:
513:
512:
504:
503:
495:
494:
486:
485:
477:
476:
468:
467:
459:
458:
450:
449:
441:
440:
432:
431:
423:
422:
414:
413:
405:
404:
396:
395:
387:
386:
378:
377:
369:
368:
360:
359:
351:
350:
342:
341:
333:
332:
324:
323:
315:
314:
306:
305:
297:
296:
288:
287:
279:
278:
270:
269:
261:
260:
252:
251:
243:
242:
234:
233:
225:
224:
216:
215:
207:
206:
190:
184:
108:
96:paleontological
48:South Australia
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Paleogeography
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Earth sciences
2476:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:New Chronology
2430:
2424:
2422:
2421:Related topics
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2296:Paleomagnetism
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2094:New Earth Time
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1955:Revised Julian
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1873:Lists of kings
1870:
1865:
1863:Canon of Kings
1860:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1788:Before present
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1598:
1582:
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2514:Stratigraphy
2504:Paleobiology
2376:Stratigraphy
2321:Uranium–lead
2291:Lichenometry
2191:
2089:Winter count
2072:Mesoamerican
2000:Astronomical
1818:Mesoamerican
1803:Sothic cycle
1778:Seleucid era
1763:Bosporan era
1751: /
1741:
1689:Paleontology
1605:
1590:ghkclass.net
1589:
1573:
1557:
1546:the original
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1312:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1275:"GSSP Rules"
1269:
1243:
1239:
1226:
1215:. Retrieved
1201:
1021:
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983:Newfoundland
979:Fortune Head
968:
942:
939:
109:
72:golden spike
71:
67:
63:
61:
35:
2316:Radiocarbon
1991:Dual dating
1850:Regnal year
1828:Short Count
1768:Bostran era
1749:Anno Domini
1682:Big History
1662:Archaeology
1519:pballew.net
1504:pballew.net
1160:MN zonation
971:Precambrian
2478:Categories
1911:Vietnamese
1823:Long Count
1758:Anno Mundi
1753:Common Era
1655:Key topics
1648:Chronology
1404:References
1314:2024-03-17
1285:2024-03-17
1217:2024-03-17
1138:Chronozone
2448:Year zero
2428:Chronicle
2371:Seriation
2306:Lead–lead
2180:Standards
2161:Deep time
2121:Ephemeris
2007:Lunisolar
1971:Gregorian
1964:Gregorian
1925:Calendars
1888:Era names
1858:Anka year
1737:Human Era
1667:Astronomy
1365:131211543
1246:: 77–81.
1155:Body plan
2443:Timeline
2281:Ice core
2154:Concepts
1901:Japanese
1833:Tzolk'in
1798:Egyptian
1610:Archived
1594:Archived
1578:Archived
1562:Archived
1492:Archived
1444:Archived
1428:Archived
1369:Archived
1308:Archived
1279:Archived
1258:Archived
1240:Episodes
1211:Archived
1063:Eonothem
1055:Notes to
1027:See also
975:Cambrian
951:Devonian
947:Silurian
134:chemical
44:Ediacara
2453:Floruit
2201:Methods
2062:Iranian
2030:Islamic
1896:Chinese
1707:Periods
1677:History
1672:Geology
1345:Bibcode
1078:Erathem
82:on the
2249:dating
2045:Others
2011:Hebrew
1906:Korean
1717:Epochs
1363:
1108:Series
1098:Period
1093:System
1041:strata
155:facies
2082:Aztec
2026:Lunar
2021:Solar
2015:Hindu
1878:Limmu
1838:Haab'
1793:Hijri
1392:(PDF)
1372:(PDF)
1361:S2CID
1333:(PDF)
1261:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
1193:Notes
1165:Fauna
1143:Chron
1123:Stage
1113:Epoch
1043:) in
1002:below
955:Klonk
120:stage
106:Rules
80:stage
2077:Maya
1812:Yuga
1712:Eras
1694:Time
969:The
68:GSSP
18:GSSP
1353:doi
1341:138
1248:doi
1128:Age
1083:Era
1068:Eon
961:.
112:ICS
2480::
2013:,
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62:A
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