606:
253:
644:. Gaiseric sent a fleet of 500 Vandal ships against the Romans, losing 340 ships in the first engagement, but succeeded in destroying 600 Roman ships in the second battle, during which fireships were employed by Gaiseric to devastating effect. This catastrophic defeat of the Roman fleet by Gaiseric's forces was claimed to have cost the imperial coffers upwards of 64,000 pounds of gold and 700,000 pounds of silver. The Romans abandoned the campaign and Gaiseric remained master of the western Mediterranean until his death, ruling from the
628:, where the Vandal ships burned the imperial boats at their moorings, again proving himself "more than a match for the imperial establishments of both West and East." Then in early 462, Gaiseric sent the empress Eudoxia with her daughters Eudocia and Placidia—captured during the sack of Rome—back to Constantinople from Carthage in an act of reconciliation with the Empire, likely intending to preserve the marriage of his son Huneric to Eudocia.
540:
560:
of the
Jupiter Capitolinus temple—but more significant was the capture of important figures and dignitaries in the city, whose return remained a bargaining point between the Vandals and the Empire for many years to come. Routine Vandal raids along the coast of Italy and the Mediterranean characterized the situation during the first years after Gaiseric's successful seizure of Rome.
559:
implored him not to destroy the ancient city or murder its inhabitants. Gaiseric agreed and the gates of Rome were thrown open to him and his men. Once inside the city, the invaders plundered it thoroughly, to the extent that
Procopius noted how the Vandals had even stripped the gold from the ceiling
299:
Gunderic's death in 428 paved the way for
Gaiseric's ascension to king of the Vandals; his rise to power was accompanied by continued hostilities against competing powers begun by his brother. He likewise sought ways of increasing the power and wealth of his people (Vandals and some Alans), who then
551:
Goths had carried out in 410. Historian
Michael Kulikowski notes that unlike Alaric, who besieged Rome as an itinerant barbarian general in "desperate straits," Gaiseric was the king of a flourishing polity and was therefore able to systematically conduct the sack. More than just systematically
682:
authority. After enjoying just a few short years of peace, Gaiseric died at
Carthage in 477, succeeded by his son Huneric, who did not have his father's enviable reputation and Vandal authority began to diminish. Nonetheless, the peace established by Zeno between Vandal-controlled Carthage and
467:
and as such, Gaiseric made
Carthage his new residence. Inheriting an already economically efficient and effective state, the tax revenues from his new lands enabled the Vandal conqueror to construct a large fleet that challenged imperial control over the Mediterranean. Gaiseric presided over a
294:
Gaiseric...was a man of moderate height and lame in consequence of a fall from his horse. He was a man of deep thought and few words, holding luxury in disdain, furious in his anger, greedy for gain, shrewd in winning over the barbarians and skilled in sowing the seeds of dissension to arouse
462:
Despite the blow to the imperial coffers caused by
Gaiseric's seizure of African revenue and the corresponding grain supply, the Vandal king had no intention of depriving Italy of Africa's grain, but instead wished to sell it to the emperor for profit. Meanwhile, his new status was that of
373:
Crossing at the
Straits of Gibraltar, Gaiseric led not only his Vandal brethren and army, but was likely accompanied by a contingent of Alans and Goths. Once there, he won many battles over the weak and divided Roman defenders and quickly overran the territory now comprising modern
803:
Two consecutive decades' worth of conflict between the
Vandals and the two Empires followed the sack of Rome, until they eventually reached peace in 476. The subsequent deaths of both the last Roman Emperor of the West (Romulus) and Gaiseric—atop the succession of inept barbarian
319:, and not long after taking power, Gaiseric decided to leave Hispania to his rivals. In fact, he seems to have started building a Vandal fleet for a potential exodus even before he became king. Before he could make his move to Africa, Gaiseric was attacked by a large force of
434:, striking a devastating blow at imperial power, taking advantage of the fact that Aetius remained preoccupied with affairs in Gaul. Classical scholar Stewart Oost observed, "Thus he undoubtedly achieved what had been his purpose since he first crossed to Africa." Historian
793:
Some of the treasures taken back to
Carthage by Gaiseric included valuables acquired from the Roman sack of Jerusalem from 70 AD. Additionally, Gaiseric led an incursion near Agrigento in 456 but was repulsed there and defeated by Ricimer in a naval battle off the coast of
240:
in 468. As a result, the Romans abandoned their campaign against the Vandals and concluded peace with Gaiseric. Gaiseric died in Carthage in 477 and was succeeded by his son, Huneric. Through his nearly fifty years of rule, Gaiseric raised a relatively inconsequential
631:
While rhetorical writing from the period still distinguished between "barbarian" and Romans and the imperial state attempted to exercise control over the empire and its peripheries, the elite population in the lands controlled by the likes of the Germanic chieftains
361:
in 428/429; some scholars claim that this figure represents an exaggeration and the number was probably closer to 20,000. Whatever the true numbers, there are indications that the Vandals under Gaiseric may have been invited by the Roman governor
475:) in 440 AD but was repulsed. Hunnic invasions into the lower Danube forced Constantinople to withdraw forces from Sicily to the benefit of Gaiseric. In a 442 treaty with Rome, the Vandals were recognized as the independent rulers of
256:
A 16th century perception of the Vandals, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by
639:
In 468, Gaiseric's kingdom was the target of the last concerted effort by the two-halves of the Roman Empire. They wished to subdue the Vandals and end their pirate raids, so Emperor Leo sent an armada from Constantinople led by
552:
attack Rome, Gaiseric's invasion was a devastating blow to the empire itself, so much so that historian Michael Grant claims, "Gaiseric contributed more to the collapse of the western Roman Empire than any other single man."
1816:"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]"
468:
mixture of Vandals, Alans, Goths and Romans in Africa, relying on an ad-hoc administration under auspices of the imperial government to legitimize his rule. Latin literary culture even flourished in Carthage.
405:
was concluded in 435, and in return for recognizing Gaiseric as king of the lands he had conquered, the Vandals would desist from further attacks on Carthage, pay a tribute to the Empire, and Gaiseric's son
438:
argues that Gaiseric's conquest of Carthage presaged Rome's later collapse. The Romans were caught unaware, and Gaiseric captured a large part of the western Roman navy docked in the port of Carthage. The
583:, as well as riches from the city. Across Italy, the shock of the Vandal sack of Rome and the ongoing presence of the Vandals paralyzed the imperial government. Eudocia married Gaiseric's son
775:
Nonetheless, Gaiseric's military success had long been and certainly remained dependent upon the continued support of not only his Vandal kin, but that of his allied Suebi, Alans, and Goths.
605:
563:
Petronius Maximus, who was foremost among those vying for power in the wake of Valentinian III's murder, fled rather than fight the Vandal warlord. Although history remembers the Vandal
624:
began collecting an invasion fleet for an assault against the Vandals. Once Gaiseric received word of this initiative, he preempted the attack by sending vessels from Carthage to
1815:
527:
that was exploited by the Vandal king. Gaiseric was of the opinion that these acts voided his 442 peace treaty with Valentinian, and on 31 May, he and his men landed on
547:
Responding to the actions of Petronius Maximus, Gaiseric moved a large seaborne force from Carthage to Italy and sacked the city in a more thorough manner than even
2145:
698:
252:
847:, the total invasion force consisted of 100,000 men with a fleet drawn from the whole of the eastern Mediterranean. For more on this, see: Procopius,
2140:
2135:
784:
Maximus was killed by a Roman mob outside the city, fatally struck it seems by a roof tile hurled at him and then his body torn limb for limb.
2130:
1940:
1901:
1882:
1843:
1804:
1785:
1766:
1727:
1708:
1628:
1590:
1551:
636:
and Gaiseric, preferred the certainties of their leadership over "the vagaries and ineptitude of the would-be imperial government in Italy."
520:
571:
a term for any wantonly destructive act—in actuality, the Vandals did not wreak great destruction in the city; they did, however, take
2052:
766:
452.107. Historian Peter Heather suggests a figure of 50,000 people—including more than 10,000 warriors—were moved to Africa in 429.
2031:
1999:
1686:
1667:
357:
After defending the aforementioned Suebian attack at Mérida, Gaiseric led most of his people—possibly as many as 80,000 persons to
366:, who wished to use the military strength of the Vandals in his struggle against the imperial government under the Roman general,
2125:
206:
188:
348:
1609:
814:
2110:
591:—Gaiseric's grandson—who later played a critical role in Emperor Justinian's sixth-century conquests of north Africa.
1655:
712:
282:, Gaiseric became the second most powerful man among the Vandals, after the newly appointed king, his half-brother
332:
2115:
523:
to his own son; the latter had formerly been promised to Gaiseric's son, Huneric, which contributed a possible
428:
262:
609:
Pope Leo the Great attempts to persuade Gaiseric, prince of Vandals, to abstain from sacking Rome. (miniature
579:
and many other things of value. Gaiseric also took with him Empress Eudoxia and her daughters, Eudocia, and
124:
746:
398:. Gaiseric and his forces then began subduing the interior of Numidia. A peace between Gaiseric and the
395:
286:. His status as a noble of the king's family occurred before his more formal accession to the kingship.
279:
742:
821:—even dealt a naval defeat to Gaiseric's fleet at Sicily in 464–465, albeit acting on his own accord.
499:, and his fleet soon came to control much of the western Mediterranean. During 455, the Roman emperor
675:
600:
352:
210:
88:
2120:
2105:
2100:
645:
633:
410:
was sent—as a hostage—to Rome. Gaiseric's treaty with the Romans also included Vandal retention of
2079:
1754:
564:
391:
225:
1892:
Schwarcz, Andreas (2004). "The Settlement of Vandals in North Africa". In A.H. Merrills (ed.).
224:, led the Vandal king to invade Italy. The invasion culminated in his most famous exploit, the
2048:
2027:
1995:
1963:
1936:
1919:
1897:
1878:
1858:
1839:
1800:
1781:
1762:
1742:
1723:
1704:
1682:
1663:
1643:
1624:
1605:
1586:
1569:
1547:
706:
508:
246:
182:
111:
678:
through a treaty negotiated by the Constantinopolitan Senator, Severus, who was acting under
2071:
871:
834:
except for a toehold on the far west coast, Lilybaeum, which was ceded in 491 to Theodoric.
656:
484:
383:
305:
1566:
History of the Later Roman Empire: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian
539:
516:
500:
459:. The subsequent sermons of Quodvultdeus paint a "dark picture of the Vandal plunderers."
402:
358:
242:
217:
884:
1988:
1983:
679:
399:
367:
258:
202:
174:
104:
84:
30:
2094:
2083:
1971:
1911:
1696:
435:
671:, hacked them to pieces, and threw the body parts overboard on the way to Carthage.
883:
Numismatic evidence indicates that Gaiseric had coins minted in his likeness. See:
649:
456:
444:
387:
324:
301:
229:
80:
2042:
918:
667:
at Kenipolis with heavy losses. In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at
2020:
1870:
660:
1923:
804:
leadership—diminished the threats to the ever more powerful Byzantine Empire.
641:
556:
411:
363:
237:
2062:
Nsiri, Mohamed-Arbi (2018). "Genséric fossoyeur de la Romanitas africaine?".
1862:
1746:
1647:
1583:
Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700
1573:
1561:
844:
668:
568:
420:
328:
316:
313:
137:
830:
He occupied Sicily in 468 for 8 years until the island was ceded in 476 to
1990:
Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418–584 : the Techniques of Accommodation
1894:
Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa
1875:
Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa
1873:(2004). "The Vandals: Fragments of a Narrative". In A.H. Merrills (ed.).
1797:
From Rome to Byzantium, AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome
1759:
The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy
818:
692:
621:
588:
580:
548:
488:
476:
452:
440:
431:
394:
had recently been bishop and who died during the siege), taking it after
336:
309:
287:
283:
233:
232:
to reclaim North Africa, inflicting devastating defeats on the forces of
147:
100:
48:
2075:
228:
in June 455. Gaiseric repulsed two major attempts by both halves of the
866:
831:
717:
664:
584:
512:
492:
480:
415:
407:
379:
375:
312:. The Vandals had suffered greatly from attacks from the more numerous
221:
194:
119:
58:
1701:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
683:
Constantinople lasted until 530, when Justinian's conquests broke it.
1484:
1482:
576:
504:
472:
448:
275:
1916:
Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800
1741:. Translated by Charles C. Mierow. London: Oxford University Press.
604:
538:
528:
496:
320:
251:
198:
451:, since Gaiseric demanded that all his close advisors follow the
1761:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
1720:
Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe
572:
515:
the throne. Petronius Maximus also married Valentinian's widow,
543:
Gaiseric Sacking Rome, a painting by Karl Briullov (1833–1836).
1933:
The Last of the Romans: Bonifatius – Warlord and Comes Africae
1640:
The Age of Attila: Fifth Century Byzantium and the Barbarians
1397:
1395:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1154:
1152:
331:. However, this Suebic army was later defeated during the
747:
Nicoletta Onesti, "The Language and Names of the Vandals"
855:(Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1979), vol. 2 p. 55.
1976:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
743:
Nicoletta Onesti, "Tracing the Language of the Vandals"
382:. His Vandal army defeated the Bonifatius' army in the
885:
https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/126957
261:
in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the
1679:
Deep into Mani: Journey to the Southern Tip of Greece
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1103:
1101:
1076:
1074:
519:, and likewise wedded the imperial couple's daughter
1488:
1857:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
1585:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
220:, who had betrothed his daughter to Gaiseric's son
143:
133:
110:
94:
68:
64:
54:
44:
36:
28:
23:
2019:
1987:
274:After his father's death in a battle against the
1722:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1703:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1546:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
587:after arriving in Carthage. That union produced
1994:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
1642:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
427:In a surprise move on 19 October 439, Gaiseric
1677:Greenhalgh, Peter; Eliopoulos, Edward (1986).
186:
1918:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
1512:
1374:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1017:
993:
981:
933:
762:. 300.28 Lem. 77; Prosper 395.1278. Cf. also
8:
1855:Galla Placidia Augusta: A Biographical Essay
290:described Gaiseric in the following manner:
1041:
1524:
1461:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1386:
1338:
1266:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1143:
1065:
957:
699:Augustine: The Decline of the Roman Empire
20:
16:King of the Vandals and Alans (r. 428–477)
1960:Das Vandalenreich. Aufstieg und Untergang
1799:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
969:
945:
745:, 16 pages, 22 February 2015. Also see:
659:defeat, the Vandals tried to invade the
424:(allies under special treaty) of Rome.
2009:Gwatkin, H.; Whitney, J., eds. (1957).
1834:Merrills, Andy; Miles, Richard (2010).
1131:
1092:
1005:
899:
734:
1896:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
1877:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
1500:
1473:
1218:
921:Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations
1623:. Nashville, TN: B & H Academic.
1278:
906:
674:In 474, Gaiseric made peace with the
471:Gaiseric besieged Panormus (Palermo,
7:
1568:. Vol. I. New York: Macmillan.
1437:
1362:
1350:
1290:
1230:
1194:
1119:
1080:
1053:
1029:
851:III.6.1. Translated by H.B. Dewing,
567:as extremely brutal—making the word
2146:5th century in the Byzantine Empire
1935:. London and New York: Bloomsbury.
1449:
1249:
1206:
1107:
741:See the following for more detail:
555:Before Gaiseric marched upon Rome,
1931:Wijnendaele, Jeroen W. P. (2014).
1778:Rome in Late Antiquity: AD 312–609
14:
165:– 25 January 477), also known as
1544:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire
1489:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1986
758:This figure is drawn from Hyd.,
1838:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
349:Vandal conquest of Roman Africa
245:tribe to the status of a major
201:from 428 to 477. He ruled over
2141:5th-century monarchs in Europe
2136:5th-century monarchs in Africa
2011:The Cambridge Medieval History
1958:Diesner, Hans-Joachim (1966).
1739:The Gothic History of Jordanes
1602:L'Afrique vandale et byzantine
595:Later exploits and final years
483:. In 455, Gaiseric seized the
386:and laid siege to the city of
335:and its leader drowned in the
226:capture and plundering of Rome
1:
2026:. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
813:The rogue military commander
620:Sometime in 460, the Emperor
610:
205:and played a key role in the
159:
72:
2131:5th-century Arian Christians
2018:O'Donnell, James J. (1985).
663:but were driven back by the
396:14 months of bitter fighting
339:River while trying to flee.
216:The murder of Roman Emperor
1681:. London: Faber and Faber.
2162:
713:Battle of Agrigentum (456)
598:
346:
327:, who had managed to take
2047:. John Wiley & Sons.
1776:Lançon, Bertrand (2001).
1638:Gordon, Colin D. (1966).
1621:A History of Christianity
1581:Conant, Jonathon (2012).
1513:Merrills & Miles 2010
1375:Merrills & Miles 2010
1327:Merrills & Miles 2010
1315:Merrills & Miles 2010
1303:Merrills & Miles 2010
1018:Merrills & Miles 2010
994:Merrills & Miles 2010
982:Merrills & Miles 2010
934:Merrills & Miles 2010
749:2009, 3, 22 February 2015
1542:Bunson, Matthew (1995).
263:Ghent University Library
213:during the 5th century.
98:25 January 477 (aged 87)
2126:Africa (Roman province)
2013:. Cambridge: Macmillan.
1780:. New York: Routledge.
1718:Heather, Peter (2012).
864:See the translation of
187:
2041:Mills, Andrew (2010).
1978:. New York: Macmillan.
1853:Oost, Stewart (1968).
1662:. New York: Scribner.
1619:Early, Joseph (2015).
617:
544:
333:Battle of MĂ©rida (428)
297:
266:
179:Gaisericus, Geisericus
178:
1604:. Turnhout: Brepols.
608:
542:
323:under the command of
292:
280:Crossing of the Rhine
255:
2111:Kings of the Vandals
1600:Duval, Noël (2003).
1353:, pp. 254, 327.
996:, p. 264, fn95.
676:Eastern Roman Empire
601:Vandal War (461-468)
443:bishop of the city,
353:Vandal War (439-442)
211:Western Roman Empire
89:Western Roman Empire
2076:10.1017/lis.2018.12
1755:Kulikowski, Michael
1515:, pp. 123–126.
1452:, pp. 121–122.
1389:, pp. 219–220.
1377:, pp. 110–111.
1365:, pp. 287–290.
1341:, pp. 214–215.
1317:, pp. 116–117.
1293:, pp. 284–290.
1233:, pp. 283–290.
1146:, pp. 204–205.
646:Strait of Gibraltar
535:Sack of Rome in 455
1795:Lee, A.D. (2013).
870:, fragment 42 and
618:
545:
267:
193:) was king of the
1964:Kohlhammer Verlag
1942:978-1-78093-847-9
1903:978-0-75464-145-2
1884:978-0-75464-145-2
1845:978-1-44431-807-4
1806:978-0-74862-790-5
1787:978-0-41592-975-2
1768:978-0-67466-013-7
1737:Jordanes (1915).
1729:978-0-19-989226-6
1710:978-0-19515-954-7
1630:978-1-43368-363-3
1592:978-0-52119-697-0
1553:978-0-19510-233-8
1305:, pp. 60–67.
1044:, pp. 89–92.
1020:, pp. 52–55.
984:, pp. 52–54.
936:, pp. 49–50.
707:Barbarians Rising
655:Following up the
509:Petronius Maximus
153:
152:
31:Vandals and Alans
2153:
2087:
2058:
2037:
2025:
2014:
2005:
1993:
1979:
1967:
1946:
1927:
1907:
1888:
1866:
1849:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1814:Lucas de Heere.
1810:
1791:
1772:
1750:
1733:
1714:
1692:
1673:
1651:
1634:
1615:
1596:
1577:
1557:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1476:, p. 120fn.
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
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1336:
1330:
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1234:
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1204:
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1123:
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1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1042:Wijnendaele 2014
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
916:
910:
904:
887:
881:
875:
872:Candidus Isaurus
862:
856:
841:
835:
828:
822:
811:
805:
801:
795:
791:
785:
782:
776:
773:
767:
756:
750:
739:
615:
612:
485:Balearic Islands
447:, was exiled to
384:battle of Calama
306:Hispania Baetica
270:Path to kingship
192:
181:; reconstructed
164:
161:
77:
74:
21:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2116:Vandal warriors
2091:
2090:
2061:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2017:
2008:
2002:
1984:Goffart, Walter
1982:
1970:
1957:
1954:
1952:Further reading
1949:
1943:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1891:
1885:
1869:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1813:
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1788:
1775:
1769:
1753:
1736:
1730:
1717:
1711:
1695:
1689:
1676:
1670:
1660:History of Rome
1654:
1637:
1631:
1618:
1612:
1599:
1593:
1580:
1560:
1554:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1525:Kulikowski 2019
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1462:Kulikowski 2019
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1426:Kulikowski 2019
1424:
1420:
1414:Kulikowski 2019
1412:
1408:
1402:Kulikowski 2019
1400:
1393:
1387:Kulikowski 2019
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1339:Kulikowski 2019
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1267:Kulikowski 2019
1265:
1256:
1248:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:, pp. 254.
1193:
1189:
1183:Kulikowski 2019
1181:
1177:
1171:Kulikowski 2019
1169:
1165:
1159:Kulikowski 2019
1157:
1150:
1144:Kulikowski 2019
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1066:Kulikowski 2019
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
958:Kulikowski 2019
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
919:Lucas de Heere,
917:
913:
905:
901:
896:
891:
890:
882:
878:
863:
859:
842:
838:
829:
825:
812:
808:
802:
798:
792:
788:
783:
779:
774:
770:
757:
753:
740:
736:
731:
726:
689:
648:all the way to
613:
603:
597:
537:
517:Licinia Eudoxia
501:Valentinian III
403:Valentinian III
359:Northern Africa
355:
347:Main articles:
345:
300:resided in the
272:
218:Valentinian III
162:
129:
99:
78:
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2064:Libyan Studies
2059:
2054:978-1405160681
2053:
2038:
2032:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1980:
1972:Gibbon, Edward
1968:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1928:
1912:Wickham, Chris
1908:
1902:
1889:
1883:
1867:
1850:
1844:
1831:
1811:
1805:
1792:
1786:
1773:
1767:
1751:
1734:
1728:
1715:
1709:
1697:Heather, Peter
1693:
1687:
1674:
1668:
1656:Grant, Michael
1652:
1635:
1629:
1616:
1610:
1597:
1591:
1578:
1558:
1552:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:, p. 244.
1517:
1505:
1493:
1478:
1466:
1464:, p. 241.
1454:
1442:
1440:, p. 410.
1430:
1428:, p. 222.
1418:
1416:, p. 221.
1406:
1404:, p. 220.
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1329:, p. 118.
1319:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1281:, p. 432.
1271:
1269:, p. 215.
1254:
1252:, p. 121.
1235:
1223:
1211:
1209:, p. 117.
1199:
1187:
1185:, p. 268.
1175:
1173:, p. 267.
1163:
1161:, p. 205.
1148:
1136:
1124:
1122:, p. 259.
1112:
1110:, p. 116.
1097:
1095:, p. 292.
1085:
1070:
1068:, p. 197.
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
1008:, p. 176.
998:
986:
974:
962:
960:, p. 196.
950:
948:, p. 98 .
938:
926:
911:
909:, p. 116.
898:
897:
895:
892:
889:
888:
876:
857:
836:
823:
817:—who ruled in
806:
796:
786:
777:
768:
751:
733:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
715:
710:
703:
695:
688:
685:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
536:
533:
344:
341:
271:
268:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
128:
127:
122:
116:
114:
108:
107:
105:Vandal Kingdom
96:
92:
91:
85:Pannonia Prima
70:
66:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2158:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:(1): 93–119.
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2033:0-8057-6609-X
2029:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
2001:0-691-05303-0
1997:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:(1896–1902).
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:. Stuttgart:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1688:0-57113-524-2
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1669:0-684-15986-4
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1503:, p. 32.
1502:
1497:
1494:
1491:, p. 21.
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1221:, p. 40.
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:, p. 87.
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1083:, p. 40.
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1056:, p. 39.
1055:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:, p. 38.
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
978:
975:
972:, p. 50.
971:
970:Schwarcz 2004
966:
963:
959:
954:
951:
947:
946:Jordanes 1915
942:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
922:
915:
912:
908:
903:
900:
893:
886:
880:
877:
873:
869:
868:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:According to
840:
837:
833:
827:
824:
820:
816:
810:
807:
800:
797:
790:
787:
781:
778:
772:
769:
765:
761:
755:
752:
748:
744:
738:
735:
728:
723:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:
704:
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
684:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
637:
635:
629:
627:
626:Carthago Nova
623:
607:
602:
594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
558:
553:
550:
541:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:on orders of
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
466:
465:Proconsularis
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
436:Chris Wickham
433:
430:
425:
423:
422:
417:
413:
409:
404:
401:
400:Roman Emperor
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:and northern
377:
371:
369:
365:
360:
354:
350:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
264:
260:
259:Lucas d'Heere
254:
250:
248:
247:Mediterranean
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
190:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
157:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
115:
113:
109:
106:
102:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
71:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
39:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2067:
2063:
2043:
2021:
2010:
1989:
1975:
1959:
1932:
1915:
1893:
1874:
1871:Pohl, Walter
1854:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1820:lib.ugent.be
1819:
1796:
1777:
1758:
1738:
1719:
1700:
1678:
1659:
1639:
1620:
1601:
1582:
1565:
1543:
1535:Bibliography
1520:
1508:
1496:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1139:
1132:Wickham 2005
1127:
1115:
1093:Heather 2005
1088:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1006:Heather 2012
1001:
989:
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
920:
914:
902:
879:
865:
860:
852:
848:
839:
826:
809:
799:
789:
780:
771:
763:
759:
754:
737:
705:
697:
673:
654:
650:Tripolitania
638:
630:
625:
619:
565:sack of Rome
562:
554:
546:
524:
479:and part of
470:
464:
461:
457:Christianity
445:Quodvultdeus
426:
419:
414:and part of
388:Hippo Regius
372:
356:
325:Heremigarius
308:in southern
304:province of
298:
293:
273:
230:Roman Empire
215:
170:
166:
155:
154:
81:Lake Balaton
29:King of the
18:
2044:The Vandals
1836:The Vandals
1501:Conant 2012
1474:Gordon 1966
1219:Lançon 2001
815:Marcellinus
764:Chron. Gall
661:Peloponnese
614: 1475
525:casus belli
278:during the
236:in 460 and
45:Predecessor
2121:Mauretania
2106:477 deaths
2101:389 births
2095:Categories
1924:1025811203
1611:2503512755
1562:Bury, J.B.
1279:Grant 1978
907:Early 2015
874:in Gordon.
724:References
642:Basiliscus
557:Pope Leo I
412:Mauretania
364:Bonifacius
314:Visigothic
238:Basiliscus
163: 389
76: 389
40:427 – 477
2084:158445490
2022:Augustine
1863:561770132
1825:25 August
1747:463056290
1648:314897401
1574:963903029
1438:Bury 1923
1363:Bury 1923
1351:Bury 1923
1291:Bury 1923
1231:Bury 1923
1195:Bury 1923
1120:Oost 1968
1081:Pohl 2004
1054:Pohl 2004
1030:Pohl 2004
894:Citations
853:Procopius
845:Procopius
669:Zakynthos
657:Byzantine
634:Theodoric
569:vandalism
421:foederati
392:Augustine
329:Lusitania
317:federates
203:a kingdom
189:*Gaisarīx
138:Godigisel
55:Successor
1986:(1980).
1914:(2005).
1757:(2019).
1699:(2005).
1658:(1978).
1564:(1923).
1450:Lee 2013
1250:Lee 2013
1207:Lee 2013
1108:Lee 2013
849:De Bello
819:Dalmatia
794:Corsica.
693:Alaric I
687:See also
622:Majorian
589:Hilderic
581:Placidia
549:Alaric's
505:murdered
489:Sardinia
477:Byzacena
455:form of
441:Catholic
432:Carthage
429:captured
337:Guadiana
310:Hispania
288:Jordanes
284:Gunderic
243:Germanic
234:Majorian
183:Vandalic
171:Genseric
167:Geiseric
156:Gaiseric
148:Arianism
144:Religion
101:Carthage
49:Gunderic
24:Gaiseric
867:Priscus
832:Odoacer
718:Odoacer
665:Maniots
585:Huneric
529:Italian
521:Eudocia
513:usurped
493:Corsica
481:Numidia
416:Numidia
408:Huneric
390:(where
380:Algeria
376:Morocco
295:enmity.
249:power.
222:Huneric
209:of the
207:decline
195:Vandals
120:Huneric
59:Huneric
2082:
2051:
2030:
1998:
1939:
1922:
1900:
1881:
1861:
1842:
1803:
1784:
1765:
1745:
1726:
1707:
1685:
1666:
1646:
1627:
1608:
1589:
1572:
1550:
680:Zeno's
577:silver
531:soil.
511:, who
495:, and
473:Sicily
449:Naples
368:Aetius
343:Africa
276:Franks
134:Father
2080:S2CID
760:Chron
729:Notes
497:Malta
453:Arian
321:Suebi
302:Roman
199:Alans
175:Latin
125:Gento
112:Issue
79:Near
37:Reign
2049:ISBN
2028:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1920:OCLC
1898:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1859:OCLC
1840:ISBN
1827:2020
1801:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1743:OCLC
1724:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1644:OCLC
1625:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1570:OCLC
1548:ISBN
573:gold
503:was
351:and
197:and
95:Died
69:Born
2072:doi
418:as
169:or
2097::
2078:.
2068:49
2066:.
1818:.
1481:^
1394:^
1257:^
1238:^
1151:^
1100:^
1073:^
652:.
611:c.
575:,
491:,
487:,
370:.
185::
177::
160:c.
103:,
87:,
83:,
73:c.
2086:.
2074::
2057:.
2036:.
2004:.
1966:.
1945:.
1926:.
1906:.
1887:.
1865:.
1848:.
1829:.
1809:.
1790:.
1771:.
1749:.
1732:.
1713:.
1691:.
1672:.
1650:.
1633:.
1614:.
1595:.
1576:.
1556:.
924:.
702:.
616:)
265:.
173:(
158:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
