271:, was jointly commanded by Marcellus in association with Gaius Coponius. Other than this, nothing is known of Marcellus' involvement in the Civil War. The command of the Rhodian fleet at Dyrrachium was later mentioned as being under the command of Quintus Coponius and was wrecked in a storm. It is speculated that Marcellus was a casualty of the war – at least, he was not alive a few years later when Cicero was writing or delivering his
149:, but had not yet been able to secure election to a second consulship without having to stand as a candidate in Rome and without relinquishing his proconsular command (which would expose him to prosecution for illegalities in his first consulship). The election of Marcellus and Lentulus as consuls for 49 BC was within the normal framework of family connections and influences, but also a snub to Caesar through his own candidate,
239:(the younger) on a secret mission to win over the consul Lentulus with the bribe of a lucrative province; there is no hint that he made any similar offers to Marcellus, which may be an indication of the latter's comparative honesty or, perhaps more likely, his comparative insignificance in Roman politics. Balbus was too late in any case: Pompeius had sent both consuls and their forces on ahead of him to
227:
The whereabouts of
Marcellus was not known, even by 7 February, when he was two days late for a meeting with Lentulus and Cicero. The latter despaired, writing in frustration that the consuls were of no use and that no recruiting was being done. Pompeius himself wrote from Luceria on 17 February to
204:
Initially
Marcellus remained in Rome, with the consuls opposing any accommodation with Caesar, maintaining an anti-Caesarian hysteria, and pressuring Pompeius to cross Italy and raise troops. On 17 January both Marcellus and his colleague followed Pompeius in leaving Rome ahead of Caesar's advancing
176:
1 January 49 BC, Marcellus and
Lentulus entered office, and were presented at once with letters from Caesar, the tenor of which was claimed to be a declaration of war: Caesar would stand his legions down provided Pompey did as well; otherwise, he intended to retain them and "move quickly" to avenge
177:
the wrongs done against him—presumably against Rome. The Senate's response was an ultimatum: Caesar was to disband his legions or be declared a public enemy. After a week of angry exchanges, on 7 January 49 BC, the senate under
Lentulus and Marcellus passed the "final decree" (
169:. Lentulus, as consul-elect certainly joined with him in this, possibly Gaius Marcellus Major too. Neither the Claudii Marcelli or Lentulus were particular adherents of Pompeius, a powerful magnate and general, but saw him as a tool to use against Caesar.
220:, that all were anxious that Caesar should stand by his offer and they had sent messages back to him. However, within a few days Cicero was reporting to Atticus that the consuls did not care for peace. Lentulus was even reported to have tried to recruit
197:. Whilst Lentulus is recorded as the more vehement of the consuls in instigating the action that caused the tribunes to flee, Marcellus does not seem to have been aloof. On 10 January, Caesar famously crossed the
59:
with a long history of consulships throughout the history of the
Republic. Following a century without the family reaching the consulship, three Claudii Marcelli were Consuls in succession: in 51 BC
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216:(whose letters provide the details of these events) met with Marcellus and Lentulus in Capua, along with many other senators who had fled Rome. Cicero reported to his correspondent,
243:
and he followed with the remainder by 4 March, narrowly evading Caesar. Cicero condemned this, as it destroyed the negotiations for peace which he claimed to be mediating.
1509:
161:
Late in 50 BC, with much of the Senate wanting peace and unwilling to act against Caesar, the consul Gaius
Marcellus (Minor) took matters into his own hands and led a
105:
wrote "The candidate
Marcellus is snoring so loud that I can hear him next door" (although the other two contemporary Claudii Marcelli are also possibilities).
1003:
542:
496:
474:
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747:
361:'s legislation set the minimum age of 39 for praetors; for Marcellus to be consul in 49 BC this is the last year in which he could have held the praetorship
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236:
209:
1547:
1313:
112:
at the latest in 52 BC, but he could have held the office some years before – there is no mention of this in the historical record.
123:. Both his brother Marcus and cousin Gaius (Minor) had strongly opposed Caesar during their own consulships, working to have his
63:(the brother of Gaius Marcellus); in 50 BC Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor (their cousin); and in 49 BC Gaius Marcellus himself.
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Very little is known specifically about
Marcellus after crossing to Dyrrachium, though he is addressed by the Goddess
165:, without the backing of the Senate and directed against Caesar, aiming to put control of an army into the hands of
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153:. Gaius Marcellus and Lentulus Crus continued the policy of the Claudii Marcelli in their opposition to Caesar.
79:
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Pompeius placed much emphasis on his fleets to prevent Caesar from crossing from Italy. One fleet, that from
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212:, a kinsman serving with Caesar, brought conciliatory proposals from the proconsul. On 25 January
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Marcellus and
Lentulus urging them to collect all the troops they could and join him at
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forces, scandalously without even making the usual sacrifices before departure.
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294:
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terminated and to prevent Caesar from standing for election as consul of 48 BC
319:; to take up office in 49 BC, Marcellus must have been born in or before 92 BC
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of 81 BC a minimum age of 42 was established for the consulship in the
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In 50 BC Marcellus was elected consul for the following year alongside
109:
55:
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213:
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30:
145:, and then Gaius (Minor) by heavily bribing his consular colleague,
89:
Nothing is known of his earlier life, any military service, or his
358:
66:
Gaius
Marcellus was born sometime before 91 BC. His father was
78:
who was three times consul, and whose own grandfather – also a
1326:
Pauly's Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft
101:
for the curule aedileship of 56 BC of whom, on 23 November,
576:
Legions were being assembled for a campaign against Parthia
97:, although he may have been the candidate in opposition to
224:
at one stage, but thought better of this when criticized.
1336:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology
277:(March 43 BC). Marcellus is not mentioned further.
137:. Caesar had blocked Marcus by working with the
208:They went south to Teanum where, on 22 January,
1288:. New York: American Philological Association.
8:
1299:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
232:. By 20 February the consuls had done so.
82:– was five times consul and fought against
1466:
1376:(B.G.) "Commentaries on the Gallic War" (
1296:The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
1363:(B.C.) "Commentaries on the Civil War" (
235:In late February Caesar sent his agent,
286:
21:Gaius Claudius Marcellus (consul 50 BC)
189:fled with Caesar's envoy, the younger
1284:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
7:
14:
74:of 91; his great-grandfather was
1281:Broughton, T. Robert S. (1952).
29:(before 91 BC – c. 48 BC) was a
1338:. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
1553:Senators of the Roman Republic
193:, from Rome to meet Caesar at
1:
293:s.a. 59BC (AUC 705): MRR II;
108:Marcellus must have held the
16:Senator of the Roman Republic
1533:1st-century BC Roman consuls
1510:P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus
1373:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
1360:Commentarii de Bello Civili
1286:, Vol. II (99 B.C.-31 B.C.)
41:Family and political career
1569:
1498:L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus
370:MRR II s.a. 49BC (AUC 705)
201:, starting the Civil War.
18:
1548:Roman Republican praetors
1502:
1486:
1474:
1469:
1431:The Life of Julius Caesar
1323:Pauly-Wissowa (1897–99).
1304:Meier, Christian (1995).
1257:14 September 2014 at the
1148:14 September 2014 at the
1126:14 September 2014 at the
1020:14 September 2014 at the
984:14 September 2014 at the
179:senatus consultum ultimum
61:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
1412:(Letters to his Friends)
1407:16 February 2020 at the
1293:Gruen, Erich S. (1974).
27:Gaius Claudius Marcellus
1402:Epistulae ad Familiares
1391:29 October 2013 at the
1334:Smith, William (1867).
1067:29 October 2013 at the
1053:29 October 2013 at the
1042:29 October 2013 at the
962:29 October 2013 at the
925:31 October 2013 at the
903:31 October 2013 at the
892:29 October 2013 at the
870:31 October 2013 at the
151:Servius Sulpicius Galba
147:Lucius Aemilius Paullus
143:Servius Sulpicius Rufus
53:family, members of the
1353:The Civil Wars, Book 2
191:Gaius Scribonius Curio
141:and the other consul,
1482:G. Claudius Marcellus
1456:Velleius Paterculus:
80:M. Claudius Marcellus
76:M. Claudius Marcellus
68:M. Claudius Marcellus
1452:(Vitae XII Caesarum)
1443:The Life of Pompeius
1396:(Letters to Atticus)
1386:Epistulae ad Atticum
859:16 June 2016 at the
307:Under the Cornelian
264:of 7 January 49 BC.
210:Lucius Julius Caesar
19:For his cousin, see
1478:L. Aemilius Paullus
1470:Political offices
1437:The Life of Cicero
119:, as opponents to
1516:
1515:
1503:Succeeded by
1308:. HarperCollins.
1231:; Pauly-Wissowa,
262:senatus consultum
93:and entry to the
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1538:Claudii Marcelli
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1365:Knowledge (XXG)
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289:
272:
266:
261:
255:
245:
234:
226:
207:
203:
171:
162:
160:
132:
114:
107:
91:quaestorship
88:
65:
54:
44:
26:
25:
1447:Suetonius:
1212:; Plutarch
1160:Petronius,
1101:; Plutarch
1010:; Cicero,
996:Suetonius,
849:; Cicero,
827:; Plutarch
758:; Plutarch
740:Suetonius,
619:Meier p.342
535:Suetonius,
310:lex annalis
241:Dyrrhachium
134:in absentia
110:praetorship
1522:Categories
1441:Plutarch:
1435:Plutarch:
1429:Plutarch:
1418:Philippics
1269:References
1236:"Claudius"
1087:; Caesar,
820:Plutarch,
801:; Caesar,
679:; Caesar,
648:; Caesar,
628:Velleius,
604:Plutarch,
561:Plutarch,
489:Suetonius
453:Plutarch,
274:Philippics
230:Brundisium
222:gladiators
86:in Italy.
37:in 49 BC.
1543:Optimates
1250:Philippic
1163:Satyricon
974:Cicero,
952:Cicero,
882:Cicero,
343:Cicero,
257:Satyricon
252:Petronius
248:Discordia
157:Civil War
1415:Cicero:
1405:Archived
1399:Cicero:
1389:Archived
1383:Cicero:
1370:Caesar:
1357:Caesar:
1351:Appian:
1255:Archived
1247:Cicero,
1205:Caesar,
1190:Caesar,
1175:Caesar,
1146:Archived
1138:Cicero,
1124:Archived
1116:Cicero,
1104:Pompeius
1079:Appian,
1065:Archived
1051:Archived
1040:Archived
1032:Cicero,
1018:Archived
1015:viii.11c
1004:Archived
982:Archived
979:viii.12a
960:Archived
937:Caesar,
923:Archived
915:Cicero,
901:Archived
890:Archived
868:Archived
857:Archived
842:Caesar,
830:Pompeius
797:Appian,
785:Appian,
773:Appian,
761:Pompeius
748:Archived
728:Appian,
694:Caesar,
663:Appian,
640:Appian,
630:II.49, 2
607:Pompeius
592:Pompeius
564:Pompeius
551:II.49, 3
543:Archived
538:Div.Iul.
520:Caesar,
497:Archived
492:Div.Iul.
475:Archived
470:Div.Iul.
456:Pompeius
431:Archived
426:Div.Iul.
415:Pompeius
394:Caesar,
379:Caesar,
183:Antonius
167:Pompeius
139:tribunes
84:Hannibal
51:plebeian
1227:Smith,
1141:ad Att.
1119:ad Att.
1060:ad Fam.
1035:ad Att.
1013:ad Att.
999:Div.Jul
977:ad Att.
955:ad Att.
918:ad Att.
885:ad Att.
854:vii.13a
852:ad Att.
743:Div.Jul
346:ad Att.
218:Atticus
199:Rubicon
195:Ravenna
187:Cassius
174:Kalends
172:On the
99:Clodius
56:nobiles
49:were a
33:of the
1495:With:
1312:
1306:Caesar
1215:Cicero
1210:III.27
1195:III.26
1097:Caesar
1037:viii.9
957:vii.21
920:vii.20
898:vii.16
887:vii.15
865:vii.14
823:Caesar
716:Caesar
463:Caesar
404:Caesar
333:stemma
269:Rhodes
214:Cicero
121:Caesar
103:Cicero
95:Senate
31:Consul
1238:n.217
1229:p.933
1180:III.5
1081:II.39
810:XLI.6
799:II.37
787:II.36
775:II.37
730:II.33
711:XLI.3
677:XLI.1
665:II.32
646:XLI.1
642:II.32
587:XL.66
359:Sulla
281:Notes
1310:ISBN
1217:38.4
1208:B.C.
1193:B.C.
1178:B.C.
1143:ix.9
1121:ix.6
1106:62.2
1099:35.2
1092:I.25
1090:B.C.
1062:x.32
1001:34.1
942:I.14
940:B.C.
847:I.10
845:B.C.
832:61.4
825:34.1
806:I.14
804:B.C.
763:60.2
718:31.2
697:B.C.
682:B.C.
651:B.C.
609:59.1
594:58.6
566:58.5
540:29.2
525:8.50
523:B.G.
494:30.3
472:29.1
465:29.3
458:58.1
443:29.1
439:28.3
428:28.2
421:58.6
417:58.4
410:29.2
406:29.1
399:8.53
397:B.G.
384:8.50
382:B.G.
348:iv.3
185:and
163:coup
129:Gaul
45:The
699:i.5
684:I.2
653:I.1
250:in
127:of
1524::
1085:40
1083:,
1057:;
1048:11
1046:,
896:,
863:,
756:32
754:,
745:31
441:,
437:,
419:,
408:,
254:'
70:,
1380:)
1367:)
1329:.
1318:.
23:.
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