40:
425:, because the Porcii Catones had been the patrons of the city ever since Cato the Censor had served as consul and proconsul in Spain in 195–194. The name Porcius is more frequently encountered on inscriptions in the area, an indication of the Catones' influence over the town. Gaius' choice shows that he did not expect to be restored, because other exiles often remained closer to Italy in order to lobby for their return, such as Lucius Opimius who settled to
348:
365:. Gaius probably benefited from the support of influential friends to escape harsher punishment, but perhaps the plaintiffs were Macedonian provincials—which would mean that Gaius was only sued for some minor damages he caused in the province and not his defeat against the Scordisci, hence the mild verdict.
414:, as enemies or turncoats. Cicero makes it clear that they owed their condemnation to the Gracchan background of the jurors. Gaius may have not even waited for the result of the trial and went into exile.
321:
The disaster triggered a "religious hysteria" at Rome, with a return to human sacrifice for the last time in Roman history. Two couples (one Greek and one Celtic) were therefore buried alive under the
339:. One vestal was sentenced to death in 114, but the acquittal of the other two was not accepted, and a tribune of the plebs forced their retrial in 113, which resulted in their death as well.
1355:
190:, which suggests he also supported Tiberius' younger brother. It seems that he deserted the cause of the Gracchi soon after though, as he was later prosecuted by a Gracchan court.
355:
As was customary with defeated commanders, Gaius was not prorogued in his province and returned to Rome in 113. He was sued at his return for extortion under the provision of the
1232:
437:
31:
1191:
326:
1387:
112:. In fact the commission's members were former supporters of the Gracchi and made Gaius pay for his betrayal by forcing him into exile. Gaius left for
1456:
407:
1452:
674:
1502:
1484:
306:—had broken out and a consul was needed. During the summer Gaius nevertheless suffered a crushing defeat against the Scordisci in northern
152:
144:
100:. His defeat led to a religious hysteria at Rome, and he was sentenced to pay a fine at his return. He was sued again in 109 before the
565:
417:
Unlike most other exiled Romans, Gaius did not move to another city in Italy or the Greek East, but went instead to the less civilised
1527:
1480:
1435:
1403:
1375:
1248:
1179:
276:
1517:
1310:
1295:
1266:
1210:
1161:
1115:
403:
1463:
1512:
1216:
280:
140:
74:
180:—the literate court of Scipio Aemilianus—as Tiberius was also Scipio's brother-in-law. Gaius first recorded position was as
1472:
252:
243:, but former consuls serving as legates are extremely rare, and it is more likely that Gaius was praetor in Sicily in 117.
1507:
1254:
272:
1423:
151:, the eldest son of Aemilius Paullus and natural brother of his mother. In addition, Gaius was the younger brother of
1273:
287:
877:, p. 23 (n°45). The mention of "exile" is likely an error, coming from a confusion with Gaius' second trial.
1316:
385:
377:
208:
1522:
357:
39:
380:. Officially, this special court was set up to investigate the bribes received by Roman politicians from
398:
had been made jurors in the criminal courts by Gaius
Gracchus). The first man prosecuted was therefore
498:
494:
173:
51:
1342:
1110:
502:
456:
His name is hereafter shortened to Gaius, as this praenomen was particularly rare among the Porcii.
402:, the consul who in 121 had ordered the murder of Gaius Gracchus and his supporters. Then followed
373:
264:
101:
1133:
203:
182:
1368:
Imperatores Victi, Military Defeat and
Aristocratic Competition in the Middle and Late Republic
347:
1431:
1399:
1398:, (Phoenix Supplementary Volume XI.), Toronto and Buffalo, University of Toronto Press, 1973,
1371:
1306:
1291:
1262:
1244:
1206:
1175:
1157:
1129:
422:
169:
148:
1409:
1198:
411:
220:
177:
47:
17:
1104:
136:
78:
769:
Broughton, "Candidates defeated", p. 9. Caprarius was finally elected consul in 113.
509:
article, cf. Badian, "The Legend of the Legate Who Lost His
Luggage", pp. 203, 204.
1283:
399:
268:
240:
219:. The reason is unknown, but Gaius was likely either on his way to or from his post in
187:
89:
55:
410:(perhaps the consul of 110), and thus Gaius Porcius Cato—who all can be linked to the
1496:
1334:
394:
and the targeted individuals were men associated with the demise of the
Gracchi (the
330:
322:
197:
Nothing is known of his activities until his consulship in 114, but Gaius was surely
864:, pp. 522, 892 (note 81). Gaius' successor in Macedonia was Metellus Caprarius.
1346:
1338:
1330:
1167:
369:
315:
224:
70:
1151:
207:
required a three-year wait between holding magistracies. His province was likely
132:
368:
Apparently, Gaius did not suffer from this conviction. He kept his seat in the
1119:
426:
362:
290:
as his province, which was normally given to a praetor, but a war against the
212:
1241:
The Peace of the Gods: Elite
Religious Practices in the Middle Roman Republic
1007:, 128, " were all condemned by their judges, who were of the Gracchan party."
1124:
388:, against whom Rome had been at war since 112. However, the jurors were all
299:
291:
129:
117:
104:, which investigated possible bribes received by Roman politicians from the
93:
938:
Sherwin-White, "The
Extortion Procedure Again", pp. 44, 45 (note 11).
135:, which became prominent at the beginning of the second century thanks to
747:
Taylor & Broughton, "The Order of the Two
Consuls' Names", p. 6.
433:). Gaius received the citizenship of Tarraco, and presumably died there.
381:
335:
109:
43:
1413:
1320:
1186:
994:, p. 144. There is some doubt on the identity of Postumius though.
430:
418:
390:
236:
232:
216:
198:
113:
105:
85:
66:
30:"Gaius Porcius Cato" redirects here. For the tribune of the plebs, see
1228:
Candidates
Defeated in Roman Elections: Some Ancient Roman "Also-Rans"
1227:
1382:
1099:
712:
Badian, "The Legend of the Legate Who Lost His
Luggage", p. 210.
647:
Badian, "The Legend of the Legate Who Lost His
Luggage", p. 204.
311:
307:
303:
191:
97:
92:
in the late 120s BC. He became consul in 114, but was crushed by the
372:
and remained politically active, as he was sued again in 109 by the
283:
however suggests that Caprarius could have withdrawn his candidacy.
361:. The sentence was particularly lenient, with a fine of only 8,000
690:, p. 477, suggests Gaius stole something from the Mamertines.
346:
295:
38:
1274:
Human Sacrifice and Fear of Military Disaster in Republican Rome
227:
in 1993, the academic consensus was that Gaius lost his baggage
1042:
Knapp, "The Origins of Provincial Prosopography", p. 199.
968:' control of the courts), 144 (real motivation of the trials).
251:
Gaius was elected consul in 114, alongside the other plebeian
139:, the grandfather of Gaius. Born before 157, his parents were
211:, as Cicero tells that Gaius' baggage was confiscated by the
1396:
The Orators in Cicero's Brutus: Prosopography and Chronology
168:
Gaius is first mentioned in the sources as a supporter of
271:
considers that Gaius was a supporter of the conservative
279:
was also candidate in the consular elections that year.
1414:
The Order of the Two Consuls' Names in the Yearly Lists
1236:, New Series, 1991, Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. i–vi+1–64.
318:. It was the first major Roman defeat in a generation.
1356:
Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft
890:, p. 142, says the fine was "ludicrously small".
703:, vol. I, p. 544, as example of the former view.
1321:
The Origins of Provincial Prosopography in the West
1288:
Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts, 149–78 B.C.
1370:, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1990,
1233:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1153:Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC
275:—the most powerful family at the time—even though
46:minted by Gaius Cato in 123 BC. On the obverse is
1290:, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1978,
310:, who then could enter Roman territory as far as
1391:, 1952, Vol. 42, Parts 1 and 2, pp. 43–55.
1223:, American Philological Association, 1951–1952.
120:) in Spain, and became a citizen of that town.
32:Gaius Porcius Cato (tribune of the plebs 56 BC)
69:) was a Roman politician and general, notably
1187:The Legend of the Legate Who Lost His Luggage
155:, consul in 118, who died during his office.
143:and Aemilia Tertia, the youngest daughter of
8:
816:Eckstein, "Human Sacrifice", pp. 71–73.
186:in 123, the year of the first tribunate of
1441:
501:; Franz Miltner, vol. 43, cols. 167, 168.
176:in 133. Gaius probably met him within the
1192:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
351:Location of Tarraco in Hispania Citerior.
1303:A History of Exile in the Roman Republic
838:Eckstein, "Human Sacrifice", p. 71.
812:
810:
804:Eckstein, "Human Sacrifice", p. 73.
406:(consul in 111), Gaius Sulpicius Galba,
1418:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
1363:), J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart, 1894–1980.
1195:, 1993, Bd. 42, H. 2, pp. 203–210.
469:
449:
147:. As a result, Gaius was the nephew of
436:Gaius was possibly the grandfather of
376:—named after the tribune of the plebs
194:describes him as a "mediocre orator".
1221:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
1203:The Praetorship in the Roman Republic
1156:, University of Toronto Press, 1990,
903:, p. 522, writes "a minor fine".
630:
628:
626:
7:
1305:, Cambridge University Press, 2006,
1261:, Cambridge University Press, 1974,
1243:, Princeton University Press, 2017,
530:
528:
1278:American Journal of Ancient History
277:Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius
25:
1327:, 1978, Vol. 9, pp. 187–222.
1205:, Oxford University Press, 2000,
1174:, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1958,
440:, tribune of the plebs in 56 BC.
223:. Before an article published by
172:, the famous social reformer and
65:(before 157 BC – after 109 BC in
1172:Foreign Clientelae (264–70 B.C.)
1481:C. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius
141:Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus
75:Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus
1:
1412:and T. Robert S. Broughton, "
1383:The Extortion Procedure Again
343:Trials and exile (113–109 BC)
325:. The defeat also led to the
228:
73:in 114 BC. He was the son of
1503:2nd-century BC Roman consuls
1388:The Journal of Roman Studies
1280:, 1982, n°7, pp. 69–95.
255:. He is described as consul
1430:, Oxford, Blackwell, 1995,
327:Trial of the Vestal Virgins
231:110 on his way to serve as
128:Gaius Cato belonged to the
18:Gaius Porcius Cato (consul)
1544:
1420:, 1949, 19, pp. 3–14.
1055:, pp. 77, 78, 81, 82.
84:Initially a friend of the
50:, while the reverse shows
29:
1528:Roman Republican praetors
1477:
1461:
1449:
1444:
408:Spurius Postumius Albinus
27:Roman senator and general
1518:Moneyers of ancient Rome
1259:Roman Republican Coinage
592:Roman Republican Coinage
478:Roman Republican Coinage
404:Lucius Calpurnius Bestia
378:Gaius Mamilius Limetanus
1394:Graham Vincent Sumner,
1239:Craige Brian Champion,
358:Lex Acilia repetundarum
259:while Balbus is consul
1513:Ancient Roman generals
1381:A. N. Sherwin-White, "
1217:T. Robert S. Broughton
1150:Michael C. Alexander,
738:, vol. I, p. 533.
660:, vol. I, p. 529.
551:, vol. I, p. 527.
352:
267:elected Balbus first.
59:
1473:Manius Acilius Balbus
1457:M. Caecilius Metellus
505:may have written the
350:
253:Manius Acilius Balbus
215:, the inhabitants of
42:
1508:Ancient Roman exiles
1081:, vol. 43, col. 106.
951:, pp. 142, 143.
916:, pp. 126, 127.
725:, pp. 477, 704.
638:, vol. 43, col. 105.
480:, pp. 294, 295.
174:tribune of the plebs
1453:M. Aemilius Scaurus
1366:Nathan Rosenstein,
981:, pp. 145–147.
964:, pp. 90, 91 (
829:, pp. 127–131.
760:, pp. 126–127.
374:Mamilian commission
286:Gaius was assigned
265:Centuriate Assembly
247:Consulship (114 BC)
153:Marcus Porcius Cato
102:Mamilian commission
1485:Cn. Papirius Carbo
1445:Political offices
1111:Laelius De Amictia
1031:Foreign Clientelae
782:, pp. 82, 83.
438:Gaius Porcius Cato
353:
281:T. R. S. Broughton
263:, which means the
183:triumvir monetalis
63:Gaius Porcius Cato
60:
1491:
1490:
1478:Succeeded by
1301:Gordon P. Kelly,
1272:A. M. Eckstein, "
927:Imperatores Victi
888:Imperatores Victi
849:Peace of the Gods
520:Orators in Brutus
423:Hispania Citerior
329:, in which three
170:Tiberius Gracchus
149:Scipio Aemilianus
124:Family background
88:, Gaius betrayed
16:(Redirected from
1535:
1450:Preceded by
1442:
1410:Lily Ross Taylor
1343:Friedrich MĂĽnzer
1255:Michael Crawford
1199:T. Corey Brennan
1136:on Wikisource),
1082:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1001:
995:
988:
982:
975:
969:
958:
952:
945:
939:
936:
930:
923:
917:
910:
904:
897:
891:
884:
878:
871:
865:
858:
852:
845:
839:
836:
830:
823:
817:
814:
805:
802:
796:
789:
783:
776:
770:
767:
761:
754:
748:
745:
739:
732:
726:
719:
713:
710:
704:
697:
691:
684:
678:
667:
661:
654:
648:
645:
639:
632:
621:
614:
608:
601:
595:
588:
582:
575:
569:
558:
552:
545:
539:
532:
523:
516:
510:
503:Friedrich MĂĽnzer
493:, vol. 1, cols.
487:
481:
474:
457:
454:
333:were accused of
302:tribe from east
273:Caecilii Metelli
230:
178:Scipionic Circle
145:Aemilius Paullus
86:Gracchi brothers
77:and grandson of
21:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1325:Ancient Society
1317:Robert C. Knapp
1147:
1096:
1094:Ancient sources
1091:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1015:
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998:
989:
985:
976:
972:
959:
955:
946:
942:
937:
933:
924:
920:
911:
907:
901:The Praetorship
898:
894:
885:
881:
872:
868:
862:The Praetorship
859:
855:
846:
842:
837:
833:
824:
820:
815:
808:
803:
799:
793:The Praetorship
790:
786:
777:
773:
768:
764:
755:
751:
746:
742:
733:
729:
723:The Praetorship
720:
716:
711:
707:
698:
694:
688:The Praetorship
685:
681:
668:
664:
655:
651:
646:
642:
633:
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615:
611:
602:
598:
589:
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559:
555:
546:
542:
533:
526:
517:
513:
488:
484:
475:
471:
466:
461:
460:
455:
451:
446:
429:(now Durrës in
386:King of Numidia
345:
249:
201:by 117, as the
166:
161:
137:Cato the Censor
126:
79:Cato the Censor
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1523:Porcii Catones
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1468:114 BC
1460:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1436:978-0631198079
1421:
1407:
1404:978-0802052810
1392:
1379:
1376:978-0520069398
1364:
1328:
1314:
1299:
1284:Erich S. Gruen
1281:
1270:
1252:
1249:978-0691174853
1237:
1224:
1214:
1196:
1183:
1180:978-0198142041
1165:
1146:
1145:Modern sources
1143:
1142:
1141:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1035:
1033:, p. 318.
1022:
1020:, p. 170.
1009:
996:
992:Roman Politics
983:
979:Roman Politics
970:
962:Roman Politics
953:
949:Roman Politics
940:
931:
929:, p. 142.
918:
914:Roman Politics
905:
892:
879:
866:
853:
851:, p. 168.
840:
831:
827:Roman Politics
818:
806:
797:
795:, p. 522.
784:
771:
762:
758:Roman Politics
749:
740:
727:
714:
705:
692:
679:
662:
649:
640:
622:
609:
607:, p. 146.
605:Roman Politics
596:
583:
581:, p. 126.
579:Roman Politics
570:
553:
540:
536:Roman Politics
524:
511:
489:Elimar Klebs,
482:
468:
467:
465:
462:
459:
458:
448:
447:
445:
442:
400:Lucius Opimius
344:
341:
248:
245:
241:Jugurthine War
188:Gaius Gracchus
165:
162:
160:
157:
125:
122:
90:Gaius Gracchus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1540:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:The Illyrians
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:(abbreviated
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1347:Franz Miltner
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:Georg Wissowa
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:9780511584558
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:0-674-28420-8
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:9780521074926
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:9780195114607
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:9780802057877
1159:
1155:
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1074:
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1039:
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1032:
1026:
1023:
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1006:
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997:
993:
987:
984:
980:
974:
971:
967:
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950:
944:
941:
935:
932:
928:
922:
919:
915:
909:
906:
902:
896:
893:
889:
883:
880:
876:
870:
867:
863:
857:
854:
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
828:
822:
819:
813:
811:
807:
801:
798:
794:
788:
785:
781:
780:The Illyrians
775:
772:
766:
763:
759:
753:
750:
744:
741:
737:
731:
728:
724:
718:
715:
709:
706:
702:
696:
693:
689:
683:
680:
676:
672:
666:
663:
659:
653:
650:
644:
641:
637:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
613:
610:
606:
600:
597:
594:, p. 75.
593:
587:
584:
580:
574:
571:
567:
563:
557:
554:
550:
544:
541:
538:, p. 66.
537:
531:
529:
525:
522:, p. 63.
521:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
486:
483:
479:
473:
470:
463:
453:
450:
443:
441:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
359:
349:
342:
340:
338:
337:
332:
328:
324:
323:Forum Boarium
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
246:
244:
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238:
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226:
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210:
206:
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195:
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107:
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95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1471:
1464:Roman consul
1462:
1427:
1417:
1395:
1386:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1339:Elimar Klebs
1331:August Pauly
1324:
1302:
1287:
1277:
1258:
1240:
1231:
1220:
1202:
1190:
1171:
1168:Ernst Badian
1152:
1137:
1123:
1109:
1103:
1089:Bibliography
1078:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1004:
999:
991:
986:
978:
973:
965:
961:
956:
948:
943:
934:
926:
925:Rosenstein,
921:
913:
908:
900:
895:
887:
886:Rosenstein,
882:
874:
869:
861:
856:
848:
843:
834:
826:
821:
800:
792:
787:
779:
774:
765:
757:
752:
743:
735:
730:
722:
717:
708:
700:
695:
687:
682:
670:
665:
657:
652:
643:
635:
617:
612:
604:
599:
591:
586:
578:
573:
561:
556:
548:
543:
535:
519:
514:
506:
490:
485:
477:
472:
452:
435:
416:
395:
389:
367:
356:
354:
334:
320:
285:
260:
256:
250:
225:Ernst Badian
202:
196:
181:
167:
164:Early career
127:
83:
62:
61:
36:
1424:John Wilkes
1134:C. D. Yonge
1130:translation
1116:translation
873:Alexander,
736:Magistrates
734:Broughton,
701:Magistrates
699:Broughton,
671:In Verrem 2
658:Magistrates
656:Broughton,
549:Magistrates
547:Broughton,
269:Erich Gruen
239:during the
133:gens Porcia
1497:Categories
1120:Wikisource
847:Champion,
590:Crawford,
562:De Amictia
476:Crawford,
464:References
427:Dyrrachium
213:Mamertines
204:Lex Villia
54:driving a
1138:Pro Balbo
1125:In Verrem
1077:Miltner,
1066:Pro Balbo
899:Brennan,
860:Brennan,
791:Brennan,
721:Brennan,
686:Brennan,
634:Miltner,
444:Footnotes
363:sesterces
292:Scordisci
288:Macedonia
257:posterior
118:Tarragona
94:Scordisci
1064:Cicero,
1029:Badian,
1003:Cicero,
778:Wilkes,
669:Cicero,
616:Cicero,
560:Cicero,
518:Sumner,
499:592, 593
382:Jugurtha
336:incestum
316:Adriatic
314:and the
300:Illyrian
221:Syracuse
130:plebeian
116:(modern
110:Jugurtha
106:Numidian
52:Victoria
44:Denarius
1351:et alii
1051:Kelly,
1016:Kelly,
990:Gruen,
977:Gruen,
966:equites
960:Gruen,
947:Gruen,
912:Gruen,
825:Gruen,
756:Gruen,
603:Gruen,
577:Gruen,
534:Gruen,
431:Albania
419:Tarraco
412:Gracchi
396:equites
391:equites
331:vestals
237:Numidia
217:Messina
199:praetor
114:Tarraco
67:Tarraco
1470:With:
1434:
1402:
1374:
1309:
1294:
1276:", in
1265:
1247:
1209:
1178:
1160:
1105:Brutus
1100:Cicero
1005:Brutus
875:Trials
675:iv. 10
620:, 108.
618:Brutus
384:, the
370:Senate
312:Delphi
308:Thrace
304:Serbia
296:Celtic
233:legate
209:Sicily
192:Cicero
159:Career
98:Thrace
71:consul
1226:——, "
1185:——, "
1068:, 28.
1053:Exile
1018:Exile
261:prior
108:King
1432:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1158:ISBN
56:biga
48:Roma
1416:",
1385:",
1323:",
1319:, "
1230:",
1189:",
1132:by
1122:),
1118:on
495:590
421:in
298:or
294:—a
235:in
96:in
1499::
1426:,
1361:RE
1353:,
1349:,
1345:,
1341:,
1337:,
1333:,
1286:,
1257:,
1219:,
1201:,
1170:,
1108:,
1102:,
1079:RE
809:^
673:,
636:RE
625:^
566:39
564:,
527:^
507:RE
497:,
491:RE
229:c.
81:.
1438:.
1406:.
1378:.
1313:.
1298:.
1269:.
1251:.
1213:.
1182:.
1164:.
1140:.
1128:(
1114:(
677:.
568:.
58:.
34:.
20:)
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