Galatian War - Knowledge (XXG)

768: 29: 624:, one of the three Galatian tribes. The consul held an assembly and addressed his troops about the upcoming war. Vulso then sent envoys to Eposognatus, the chief of a section of the Tolistobogii, and the only chief who was friendly with Pergamum. He was the only Galatian chief who had chosen to not ally with the Seleucids and had not sent them troops. Eposognatus did not have power over all members of the Tolistobogii because the Galatians were not a unified polity, their tribes and chiefs could each act independently. The envoys returned and replied that the chief of the Tolistobogii had requested the Romans not to invade his territory. He also claimed that he would attempt to negotiate the surrender of the other chiefs. 979: 305: 1079: 508: 613: 755:

the battle by attacking again with their light infantry. The Galatians were once again attacked by long-range weapons; the Galatian center broke due to the first charge of the legions and fled to their camp. The flanks stood their grounds for longer but were eventually forced to retreat. The Romans chased them and plundered the Galatian camp as the surviving Galatians fled across the river to join the women, children and the Trocmi gathered across the Halys river. Eight thousand Galatians were killed and an unknown number were captured. The location of Mount Magaba, where this battle was fought, is thought to be

1129: 424: 690: 4600: 913:, 16,320 gold philippics and 250,000 Attalid coins. The loot taken during this campaign was so large that all the Roman ships on the Anatolian coast could not carry it; Athenaeus had to provide the Pergamese fleet to carry the remainder. As a result of the campaign and its loot, Greco-Asiatic rituals and luxury began to be introduced to Rome. Livy and other ancient historians blamed these influences for the moral decline of the Roman Republic. Livy had observed the following about the triumph and its consequences: 732: 686:. On Mount Olympus, the Galatians had fortified themselves with a ditch and other defensive works. For the first two days after their arrival, the Romans scouted the mountains. During the Romans' first patrol, they were attacked by Galatian cavalry. The latter were twice the size of the Roman cavalry guarding the patrol, and the Romans were pushed back to their camp. The Galatians had deployed around 4,000 soldiers to hold a hill overlooking the route to Mount Olympus. 1003:, an anti-Vulso historian. Grainger also argues that Livy, in all likelihood, had overstated the numbers of the Galatian combatants. He argues that Vulso had been sent to attack the Galatians only as a front, and that the actual intent was to use the presence of Roman troops on Seleucid territories to claim those territories for Rome and the allies. Grainger further argues that Vulso had the powers to negotiate with the Galatians and all other kingdoms east of the 751:. Their other aim was to assassinate Vulso at the conference. Enroute to the conference, the Romans saw the Galatian cavalry numbering around 1,000 soldiers charging at them. In the skirmish that followed, the Galatians overpowered Vulso's cavalry escort of 500 men. However, they were driven back when the cavalry numbering around 600 soldiers that had been accompanying the Roman foragers arrived and forced the Galatians to retreat. 1090:, a pace of 6 and 1/3rd miles a day. Livy states that the army had marched at the speed of five miles a day from Acoridos Come to Beudos. Grainger argues this is likely an understatement; the army had covered the 50 miles between the two cities in four days, it had then marched 48 miles in the subsequent three days. This is a distance of 98 miles covered in seven days, with the average pace being 14 miles a day. 1039:

Grainger notes that their cavalry had been very effective, but they had used it erringly at Ancyra as infantry. Grainger argues that the strategy of the Galatians had been to keep the Roman army in the vicinity of their mountainous strongholds till winter arrived, when they would be cut off. However, he writes that the Galatians had been either incompetent at or unaware of

578:. Grainger argues that 275 talents of silver and 60,000 medimnoi of grain was the minimum total loot during the marches, the food being sufficient for 41 days for about 35,000 soldiers. He notes that Vulso had extracted a substantial amount of money and food from probable Seleucid allies, thus reducing the resources they could have provided to the Seleucids for a new war. 609:. Grainger argues that the guides provided by Seleucus were not helping the Romans with navigation but with safe passage. The Romans found the cities on their route deserted; Livy says this was due to fear of the Romans, while Grainger argues it could have been a Seleucid measure to avoid skirmishes and thus protect the truce. 1159:

The historian Michael Taylor arrives at an estimate of ~24 million denarii for the value of Vulso's loot and ~2.6 million denarii for the value of the distributions to the soldiers. Taylor estimates that the remaining 21.6 million denarii were distributed as repayments to Roman citizens; the formula

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Grainger has used details provided by Livy to calculate the total loot taken during the campaigns in Asia Minor. Vulso's distribution of the loot to the soldiers was estimated at 308 talents or 18.5 million denarii, the government's share of the loot after making these distributions was estimated at

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The Romans spent the next two days scouting the surrounding area and on the third day they met the Galatian army consisting of about 50,000 to more than 60,000 men; Grainger is sceptical of this number. The Galatian cavalry had been deployed on the flanks but was used as infantry. The Romans started

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Joined by troops from Pergamum, the Romans marched inland, avoiding cities held by the Seleucids and attacking those which had not formally allied with the latter. Modern historians argue that this measure was taken to preserve the Roman–Seleucid truce while also weakening potential Seleucid allies.

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argues that Vulso's campaign completed the long historical process of confining the Galatians to Galatia; their first settlements in Asia Minor had been in the coastal regions. Heinen also argues that Vulso's campaign put an end to the "great age of the Celtic mercenary". Strobel, however, contends

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were to cease their raids and to stay confined within their own lands, however, they were not put under Roman or allied control and were left free. Envoys from cities in Asia Minor settled by Greeks came to congratulate Vulso for his victory against the Gauls. The envoys visited Vulso in the winter

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with the Seleucids. The territories through which the Roman army had marched during this campaign were transferred from the Seleucids to either Rome or its allies, which modern historians argue was one of the purposes of the campaign. When Vulso returned to Rome, he was charged with threatening the

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Grainger states that the Galatians had followed plans and their commanders had maintained control during both battles. He cites Livy who had observed that the Galatians had relied entirely on passive defenses against a possible siege, but had not armed themselves with long range ballistic weapons.

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argues that the Senate had heard representations against the Galatians from both the king of Pergamum and the Greek cities in Asia Minor, and that it had kept the army deployed in Asia Minor in order to deal with the Galatians. For the size of this army, the historian John D. Grainger arrives at a

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finally stormed the Galatian camp, the defenders fled down the mountains; many fell down cliffs or succumbed to attacks by the Roman-allied cavalry at the foothills. Livy's text states that the Galatians lost 40,000 people either killed or captured during this battle. Grainger notes that Livy had

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during the spring season. Vulso assumed command of Scipio's army, which was now idle since the Seleucids had been defeated. He was sent to conclude the treaty Scipio was arranging and ensure Antiochus accepted the terms set by the Romans. However, he was not content with the task given to him and

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being present near Ancyra. Grainger argues that these forces, allies of the Galatians and Seleucids, could have pulled the Romans into a war further into the Seleucid inner territories, where they would have had difficulty defending themselves against an attack by the Seleucids and their allies.

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and found it deserted; they nevertheless destroyed it. While encamped there, they received a messenger sent by Eposognatus. The messenger reported that Eposognatus had failed in persuading the Galatians not to attack and that they were mustering nearby in the mountains. The Tolistobogii and the

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by the Senate. As a result of the campaign, Greco-Asian religious rituals and luxury began to be introduced to Rome, which ancient historians blamed for the moral decline of the Roman Republic. The loot brought by Vulso was used to repay Roman taxpayers and also for increased expenditure on

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26.3 talents of gold and 264.1 talents of silver. Vulso's share of the loot is unknown but is thought to be substantial. Vulso also had to pay a year's extra salary to his army on their return to Rome as pledged by Scipio; an infantryman's yearly pay was 108 denarii in this period.

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to reduce the size of Vulso's army, but it did not pass. Three modern historians have thus argued that the Senate was aware of the likelihood of a war with the Galatians, and that it had allowed the continued deployment of the army either to counterbalance the Seleucids or fill the

504:; he argues that Vulso chose not to pass through these wealthier cities because they were fortified by the Seleucids and an attack on them could trigger a new war. Grainger further argues that Vulso's primary intent in this campaign was to weaken Seleucid allies, not to loot. 431:

This was the first war started by a Roman general without the permission of the Senate or the people. Vulso started his preparations for the war by summoning the Pergamese to help. Since the King of Pergamum, Eumenes II ,was in Rome at the time, his brother and regent

635:, drove it back towards the Roman camp and caused significant casualties. The Roman cavalry counterattacked and drove back the Galatians, who might have broken their formations. The Galatian attack might have been intended for reconnaissance. Vulso then arrived in 1193:

and king Eumenes, 800 Pergamene cavalry, 500 Tralli and Cretans, and 2,000 Macedonian and Thracian volunteers" in Scipio's army before the Battle of Magnesia. Grainger says there could have been ~5,000 allied soldiers in Vulso's army before the start of the

543:, which had taken over all their country except the capital. The consul accepted their request. He entered Termessian territory, allowing the Termessians to enter his alliance for fifty talents and for their withdrawal from Sindian territory. 1259:

The historian Stephen Mitchell notes: "40,000 according to Claudius Antipater; 10,000 according to the usually generous Valerius Antias, but Livy stresses the difficulty in computing the number of casualties. Prisoners could be more easily

639:, on the border of the Galatian lands; here he began negotiations with Eposognatus, a chief of the Tolistobogii. Meanwhile Vulso and his army marched, within five days, through the Axylon, an area without trees. He built a bridge over the 814:. When he returned her to the Galatians for a ransom, she signaled to one of her tribesman, who then killed the centurion. Chiomara then gave the head of the centurion to her husband as proof of her revenge. The historian 1744: 986:

The historians John D. Grainger and Nels W. Førde argue that most historians have accepted Livy's account of the war without critical analysis. Grainger points out that Livy had cited his account of the war in book 38 to

893:) each from the spoils of war, officers were paid twice as much while cavaliers were paid thrice as much. The loot Vulso brought to Rome was used by the Roman Senate to pay off the debts it had incurred during the 1172:

for every 1000 asses of the assessed value of their property. This calculation has been inverted to arrive at an estimate of 900 million denarii for the total valuation of the property held by Roman taxpayers.

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The Romans had then turned their attention towards the Gallic tribes of Galatia who were known for making frequent raids into other cities in Asia Minor and possessing much loot. Ancient historians noted that

1121:, and then finally to Cormasa. Bean notes that this march from Ürkütlü to Cormasa took Vulso two days according to Livy, and that Vulso then marched to the territory of Sagalassus near modern day Düver and 884:

by the Senate, where the proposal to approve the triumph passed with a substantial majority. At the triumph, a minimum of 52 Galatian chiefs were exhibited in chains. All soldiers of the army were paid 168

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archers, slingers and javelinists inflicted heavy losses on the poorly armored Galatians, while those who attempted to enter into close combat were overcome by the superior weapons and armor of the Roman

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The loot from this campaign paraded at Vulso's triumph included 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg) of gold crowns, 220,000 pounds (100,000 kg) of silver, 2,103 pounds (954 kg) of gold, 127,000 Attic

783:. The Galatians sent envoys to Vulso asking for peace but because winter was approaching, he had returned to Ephesus. Vulso remained in Asia Minor for another year. During that time he concluded the 4061: 1097:

for retracing Vulso's route; both of them had travelled through the modern locations corresponding to the places Vulso had marched past. Ramsay had proposed that Vulso had travelled from Sinda via

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in Asia Minor. The pretext he used for the invasion was that the Galatians had supplied soldiers to the Seleucid army at the Battle of Magnesia. Historians have cited the ancient Roman historian

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to argue that the principal reason for the invasion was Vulso's desire to seize the wealth of the Galatians, who had become rich from plundering their neighbors, and to gain glory for himself.

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even though their cavalry could have been used more impactfully on open fields. He uses these facts to posit that the Galatians had given up the frequent raids they had been known for.

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The army marched deeper inland from the Alander river and pitched camp near a Galatian stronghold called Cuballum/Caballum, where Vulso had captured what is assumed to be a Galatian

873:/Thrausi, a Thracian tribe, were the attackers. An unknown but significant quantity of loot was stolen by the Thracians and an unknown number of Vulso's men were killed, including 3685: 1238:

district and the central plateau". The historian David Magie notes that: "As used by modern writers, however, the Axylon denotes the 'steppe' extending from the hills north of

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When Vulso returned to Rome, he received much criticism because of his unauthorized war against the Galatians. However, he eventually overcame the opposition and was awarded a

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After the Roman victory at Mount Olympus, the Tectosagi under the command of their chief Komboiomaros asked to meet Vulso for a conference halfway between their camp and

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Grainger further argues that only when a peace with the Seleucids was finally concluded did Vulso move from his position near Galatia, where he could have performed a

6011: 1618: 682:. The location of Mount Olympus is thought to be either Çile Dağı, a hill located between Gordion and Ancyra; or Alis Daği in northern Galatia, on the border with 1736: 6036: 4169: 3748: 3394:] (in German). Vol. 1: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und historischen Geographie des hellenistischen und römischen Kleinasien I . Akademie Verlag. 6006: 3452: 945:) with a total expenditure of 6 million denarii; the construction and renovation of roads in Italy; and the building of large structures such as the 4536: 929:

The historian Philip Kay argues that the loot brought by Manlius contributed to and drove increased spending on infrastructure, particularly by the

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doubted these figures, Grainger himself considers them to be exaggerated. A Roman unit arrived at the camp after the battle to retrieve the loot.

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of wheat. Vulso then crossed the Caularis river, Lake Cabalitis (Lake Söğüt) and arrived in Madamprum/Mandropolis. The army plundered Laco/Lagon (

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Førde, Nels W. (1979). "Cn. Manlius Vulso and the Middle Bloc during the Second Century BC". In Powell Jr., Marvin A.; Sack, Ronald H. (eds.).

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Førde argues that the army had marched south towards Termessos to receive supplies from Roman ships docking at the port of Attalia (modern day

5764: 4565: 4090: 747:. The main aim of the conference for the Tectosagi was to delay the Roman attack so that their women and children could retreat across the 379: 234: 145: 999:, seen as a pro-Vulso historian. Book 39, which dealt with the triumph celebrated by Vulso, has been speculated to have been sourced from 1865: 1780: 1582: 1521: 1221:

One medimnos of wheat weighed about 41 kilograms (90 lb), whereas one medimnoi of barley weighed around 32.5 kilograms (72 lb).

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started to plan for a new war. He addressed the soldiers, congratulated them on their victory and then proposed a new war against the

2328: 2273: 1832: 472:, who offered food supplies as part of the treaty that was being concluded. The army then marched through the mountainous regions of 6021: 3510: 3480: 3407: 3373: 3339: 3309: 3282: 3255: 3236: 3217: 3190: 3155: 3136: 3096: 3074: 3055: 3016: 2982: 2948: 585:

and provided some guides to the Romans. Vulso, like he did during his previous marches, avoided Seleucid-controlled cities, namely

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Battles of The Greek and Roman Worlds: A Chronological Compendium of 667 Battles to 31 BC From the Historians of the Ancient World

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These defeats forced the Galatians to sue for peace and the Romans returned to the coast of Asia Minor, where Vulso concluded the

261:). They then marched northward and unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate with the Galatians. The Romans defeated the Galatians in 4162: 4137: 4125: 3741: 581:

The consul reached the Rhotrine Springs and he was once again met by Seleucus, who took the injured and sick Romans with him to

562:, while the historian Alan S. Hall posited that it was located east of the Lysis river, which has been triangulated near modern 978: 1931: 437: 333: 254: 245:

supplying troops to the Seleucids during the war, and that Vulso had embarked on this campaign without the permission of the

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had not yet come into their line of sight. The second attack by the Thracians was at Tempyra in southern Thrace, where the

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These two significant military defeats forced the Galatians to sue for peace. This campaign greatly enriched Vulso and his

3795: 3698: 3664: 3126: 996: 598: 1902: 1610: 4529: 4434: 4404: 4305: 3322:(2014). "Mediterranean Grain Prices c. 300 to 31 BC: the Impact of Rome". In Baker, Heather D.; Jursa, Michael (eds.). 4328: 4155: 4120: 3734: 1015: 4389: 1700: 901:, a resolution of the Roman Senate. The legionaries of Vulso's army, numbering around 10,000 men, were paid a second 6031: 795:

of Pergamum would give them the terms of the peace when he returned from Rome. The terms given to the Galatians at

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The Galatians: History and characteristics of the formation of Celtic states on the soil of Hellenistic Asia Minor

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Livy notes that after marching from Antiochia, it took the Roman allied army three days to cover a distance of 20

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where they were met by 1,000 infantry and 300 cavalry led by Attalus's brother, Athenaeus. They then marched to

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Die Galater: Geschichte und Eigenart der keltischen Staatenbildung auf dem Boden des hellenistischen Kleinasien

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BC. He also argues that Vulso's victories have been overstated in ancient and modern literature. The historian

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suspected that the war with Galatians had been conducted partly for the benefit of the Attalids. He notes that

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Cn. Manlio Vulsone e i grandi cambiamenti della sua epoca (Cn. Manlius Vulso and the great changes of his era)

3131:. Vol. VII, Part II: The Hellenistic World (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 412–445. 5156: 4522: 4257: 4110: 2932: 2096: 1094: 693:

The Çile Dağı hill at top right, thought to be the site of the Battle of Mount Olympus, as seen from Gordion

656: 535:), then crossed the River Cobulatus/Colobatus (the upper Istanos Çay), where he was met by ambassadors from 507: 465: 262: 5646: 4439: 4298: 4115: 3886: 1078: 678:

village in the region; Oroanda is thought to be located on the southwest bank of Lake Trogitis, modern day

612: 329: 226: 4482: 4464: 3987: 3122: 1101:, Pogla and Andeda to reach Cormasa. Bean posits that the route Vulso had most likely used was via modern 988: 574:

before accepting a tribute of fifty talents and 20,000 medimnoi each of barley and wheat from the city of

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BC. Some projects named by Kay are the new port of and commercial infrastructure in Rome in the late 190s

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was the wife of Ortiagon, a Galatian chief. She was captured after the war by the Romans and raped by a

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Darbyshire, Gareth; Mitchell, Stephen; Vardar, Levent (2000). "The Galatian Settlement in Asia Minor".

1122: 1113:. Bean posits that Vulso would then have marched from modern Aziziye to the Lysis river valley between 249:. However, modern historians argue that the war had either the covert or tacit approval of the Senate. 5729: 3465:

Documentary Sources in Ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman Economic History: Methodology and Practice

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Documentary Sources in Ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman Economic History: Methodology and Practice

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and Eriza. Grainger notes that these cities were relatively poorer than those to the immediate north:

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then marched south, possibly to receive supplies from Roman ships at the port of Attalia (modern day

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The combined Roman–Pergamese army started their march from Ephesus. They advanced inland, passing

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to Hacıbekâr, then going northward, crossing the Samasbeli Pass and reaching the heights around

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Hall, Alan S. (1986). "R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 9: The Milyadeis and Their Territory".

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These were the men who first brought into Rome bronze couches, expensive bedclothes, tapestries

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A Roman mile is equivalent to around 0.92 miles (1.48 km; 4,900 ft; 1,620 yd).

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Livy had written about a combined total of 4,000 soldiers deployed by Morzius (the prince of

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Taylor, Michael James (2017). "State Finance in the Middle Roman Republic: A Reevaluation".

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had sent a pamphlet to the Rhodians to this effect, perhaps to instigate them against Rome.

1004: 954: 902: 894: 854: 853:. On his return journey, he was attacked twice by Thracian thieves. The first attack was at 784: 582: 416: 369: 281: 5028: 4773: 1642: 554:

to seize the city of Cormasa in Pisidia, and there seized a large booty. The archaeologist

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possible range of 30 to 35 thousand total soldiers, including those fielded by the allies.

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and instead chose to travel north. He passed Xyline Come and Darsa, then took the city of

536: 365: 325: 273:. The Romans then defeated a larger Galatian contingent on a hill near Ancyra (modern day 206: 120: 1239: 3463:(2014). "Wheat Prices in Ptolemaic Egypt". In Baker, Heather D.; Jursa, Michael (eds.). 5681: 5161: 4998: 4913: 4843: 4695: 4394: 4282: 4277: 4186: 4030: 3933: 3906: 2105: 1190: 1161: 1128: 1110: 995:, both of whom were political enemies of Vulso. However, Livy also cited material from 698: 563: 539:, a town in Pisidia. The ambassadors asked for assistance fighting against the city of 202: 116: 861:), where the middle of Vulso's column was attacked by 10,000 Thracians when the Roman 6000: 5901: 5295: 5083: 4492: 4242: 4219: 4199: 4041: 4019: 3916: 3911: 3118: 1270: 1230:

The historian Stephen Mitchell postulates that the location of Axylon is either "the

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The harbor in Attalia, modern day Antalya, where Vulso may have received his supplies

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movement on any Seleucid reinforcements or armies arriving from Syria. The historian

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A map showing the route most likely to be the one Vulso took on his march to Galatia

5906: 5874: 5706: 5221: 5141: 4933: 4768: 4444: 4287: 4036: 3943: 3938: 3810: 3430: 3114: 3050:. Alten Orient und Alten Testament no. 203. Neukirchener Verlag. pp. 231–244. 2966: 2101:"Trogitis or Soghla-Göl (Marsh-Lake), also called Seidi-Sheher-Göl, Kara-Viran-Göl" 1066: 930: 776: 621: 412: 407: 246: 96: 3267:

Contested Triumphs: Politics, Pageantry, and Performance in Livy's Republican Rome

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with Antiochus and divided the lands of the Asia Minor coast between Pergamum and

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Grainger, John D. (1995). "The Campaign of Cn. Manlius Vulso in Asia Minor".

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and the weapons in use at the time. He observes that the Galatians opted for

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that the Galatians had probably settled in Galatia out of their own will.

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as the Galatians had gathered great wealth through their many conquests in

3711: 3399: 3301: 3274: 3209: 3117:(1984). "The Syrian-Egyptian Wars and the new kingdoms of Asia Minor". In 3026: 1692: 241:, had justified the invasion by saying that it was in retaliation for the 5951: 5921: 5911: 5846: 5841: 5830: 5817: 5807: 5744: 5671: 5641: 5593: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5533: 5523: 5478: 5438: 5368: 5348: 5328: 5308: 5266: 5261: 5251: 5241: 5226: 5121: 5073: 5053: 5008: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4953: 4928: 4871: 4758: 4753: 4733: 4718: 4708: 3265:

Pelikan Pittenger, Miriam R. (2009). r. Pelikan Pittenger, Miriam (ed.).

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A map of the course and tributaries of the Halys river, now known as the

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occupied another mountain. This information was received from Oroanda, a

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Political map of Asia Minor after the Treaty of Apamea, legend in German

759:, a hill around 10 miles (16 km) to the east of modern day Ankara. 5931: 5856: 5826: 5772: 5701: 5588: 5558: 5548: 5543: 5518: 5498: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5443: 5428: 5358: 5196: 5181: 5131: 5078: 5063: 5048: 5038: 5018: 5013: 4993: 4968: 4923: 4886: 4881: 4866: 4823: 4818: 4798: 4788: 4778: 4738: 4703: 4649: 4644: 4639: 3646: 3615: 3584: 3553: 1235: 1165: 1137: 715: 697:

On the third day, the Romans attacked the Galatian position with their

662: 628: 602: 571: 481: 477: 445: 396: 387: 285:

peace between the Seleucids and Rome. He was cleared and was granted a

266: 258: 210: 58: 16:

War between the Galatian Gauls and the Roman Republic fought in 189 BC

5961: 5936: 5926: 5879: 5802: 5691: 5528: 5513: 5353: 5318: 5271: 5211: 5201: 5171: 5151: 5068: 5023: 4948: 4943: 4793: 4783: 4147: 3726: 2992: 1903:"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Abacaenum, Alanader" 1098: 870: 819: 788: 744: 702: 667: 606: 559: 551: 520: 516: 484:. The army passed through or encamped at cities like Gordiu Teichos, 373: 274: 238: 218: 106: 62: 3638: 3607: 3576: 3545: 2651: 2649: 1148:. He also argues that one of the reasons why the army had camped at 1093:

The archaeologist George Ewart Bean cites the British archaeologist

5985: 5966: 5836: 5398: 4861: 4763: 4673: 4624: 4545: 1141: 1127: 1077: 977: 766: 730: 688: 661:

The next day, the Romans and the Pergamese arrived at the city of

631:. While they were there, the Galatian cavalry attacked the army's 611: 547: 532: 506: 485: 473: 422: 392: 303: 198: 1212:

Possibly the Çavdir Çay river according to historian David Magie.

269:

and Ancyra; or Alis Daği in northern Galatia, on the border with

5782: 5206: 4803: 4619: 3177:. Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy. Oxford University Press. 2928: 1087: 400: 4518: 4151: 3730: 1669:, pp. 114–116.For the location of Cormasa, see pages 91–97 1203:

One medimnos of wheat weighed around 41 kilograms (90 lb).

1140:), which may have been carrying materials received through the 1007:, which he wouldn't have had without approval from the Senate. 229:

and were in the midst of concluding a treaty with the latter.

3003:. Translated by Pothecary, Sarah. Princeton University Press. 1318:

One denarius had around 4.49 grams (0.158 oz) of silver.

1300:

One denarius had around 4.49 grams (0.158 oz) of silver.

1282:

One denarius had around 4.49 grams (0.158 oz) of silver.

2600: 2598: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2153: 2151: 344:. The Romans pursued Antiochus and the Seleucids across the 2387: 2385: 1338: 1336: 1334: 791:. When the Galatian envoys came, Vulso told them that King 2250: 2248: 2246: 2192: 2190: 2038: 2036: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1932:"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Cuballum" 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 877:, a commissioner sent to advise on the Treaty of Apamea. 643:

and crossed over to its northern bank, where priests from

558:

posited that Cormasa was the modern village of Eğnes near

308:

The Roman Republic, Galatia and the Seleucid Empire in 200

2068:"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Oroanda" 1719: 1717: 1489: 1487: 265:, thought to be either Çile Dağı, a hill located between 4514: 2549: 2547: 2522: 2520: 2169: 2142: 1593: 1591: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1353: 1351: 3530:(1959). "Notes and Inscriptions from Pisidia. Part I". 3067:

The Galatians: Celtic Invaders of Greece and Asia Minor

2284: 2282: 2023: 2021: 1474: 1472: 1309:

A talent weighed around 22.42 kilograms (49.4 lb).

3001:

Strabo's Geography: A Translation for the Modern World

1447: 1445: 1443: 818:

was very impressed with her and conversed with her at

176:

40,000 dead or captured at Mount Olympus (overstated)

1611:"Cobulatus | Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography" 941:

BC; the remodeling of the Roman sewerage system (the

527:

as indemnity and promised to provide him with 10,000

925:... and when a cook began to be a valued possession. 5892: 5855: 5763: 5720: 5612: 5294: 5097: 4842: 4694: 4687: 4607: 4552: 4337: 4228: 4185: 4050: 3764: 597:. The Romans instead marched from Acoridos Come to 3684:(PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. 2811: 436:took command of the Pergamese army. He joined the 2475: 1189:There were "3,000 auxiliaries contributed by the 3503:Taken at the Flood: The Roman Conquest of Greece 3146:Helm, Marian; Roselaar, Saskia T., eds. (2023). 804:BC, and gave him 212 golden wreaths as a gift. 566:. Grainger notes that Vulso did not fully enter 3663:(PhD thesis) (in Italian). University of Pisa. 2265: 2263: 1857: 1855: 1853: 915: 865:had marched past the Thracian position and the 356:, decisively defeated the Seleucid army at the 21: 826:also related this account in his essay titled 616:Map of Asia Minor with the major cities marked 332:. The Romans intervened, defeating him at the 4530: 4163: 3742: 2937:Rome and the Mediterranean: Books XXXI to XLV 833:Vulso began his return journey to Rome in 188 515:The army then advanced into the territory of 8: 4126:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire 2907: 2895: 2538: 1164:of the Roman government was refunding every 3229:Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor 3148:Spoils in the Roman Republic: Boon and Bane 3125:; Frederiksen, M. W.; Astin, A. E. (eds.). 427:A statue of Attalus II in modern day Turkey 4691: 4537: 4523: 4515: 4170: 4156: 4148: 3749: 3735: 3727: 2604: 2463: 2427: 2403: 1816: 1693:"Lysis (river): a Pleiades place resource" 1342: 27: 18: 3183:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199681549.001.0001 2871: 2691: 2679: 2616: 2589: 2577: 2511: 2499: 2391: 2072:Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University 1936:Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University 1907:Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University 1741:Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University 1699:. R. Talbert, Sean Gillies, Tom Elliott. 1545: 1505: 1463: 620:They soon arrived on the border with the 523:. Moagetes persuaded Vulso to accept 100 519:, ruled by Moagetes, who Livy says was a 511:Map of Asia Minor with its regions marked 2883: 2823: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2703: 2655: 2487: 2340: 2300: 2254: 2220: 2196: 2181: 2054: 2042: 2012: 2000: 1976: 1964: 1889: 1844: 1804: 1792: 1723: 1654: 1566: 1533: 1493: 1434: 1422: 1405: 1381: 1369: 1357: 982:The Taurus Mountains in central Anatolia 3897:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 3678:Finance, Manpower, and the Rise of Rome 3362:Geschichte der kleinasiatischen Galater 2799: 2775: 2763: 2439: 2415: 2364: 2237: 2157: 1330: 1182: 468:where they were met by Antiochus' son, 415:created by their defeat. The historian 6012:Wars involving the Kingdom of Pergamon 3691:from the original on 17 December 2020. 3451:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 3444: 3366:History of the Galatians of Asia Minor 2787: 2565: 2553: 2526: 2376: 2288: 2170:Darbyshire, Mitchell & Vardar 2000 2143:Darbyshire, Mitchell & Vardar 2000 2027: 1877: 1451: 406:A proposal had been introduced in the 33:A map showing the location of Galatia. 4566:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe 2859: 2847: 2667: 2451: 2352: 2312: 2208: 1988: 1764: 1691:Foss, C.; Mitchell, S. (2017-10-27). 1597: 1478: 1393: 348:; and together with their ally, King 7: 6037:2nd century BC in the Roman Republic 4380:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese 4005:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain 2835: 1776: 1697:Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places 1678: 1666: 1638: 647:met him and prophesied his victory. 386:BC and deployed to Asia, arrived at 180:Tolistobogii and Tectosagi massacred 164:30 - 35,000 Roman and allied forces 3417:von Bredow, Iris (1 October 2006). 2640: 2628: 1942:from the original on 4 January 2023 1269:Tempyra was located to the east of 993:Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus 897:. The citizens were paid through a 221:. The Romans had just defeated the 4360:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations 3670:from the original on 20 June 2024. 3269:. University of California Press. 1913:from the original on 19 March 2023 14: 6007:Wars involving the Roman Republic 3467:. Oxbow Books. pp. 260–288. 3326:. Oxbow Books. pp. 289–312. 1703:from the original on 27 June 2024 1621:from the original on 28 July 2024 4598: 4138:Military history of ancient Rome 3368:] (in German). Otto Zeller. 3048:Studies in honor of Tom B. Jones 2324: 2269: 2078:from the original on 6 June 2024 1861: 1828: 1747:from the original on 14 May 2024 1578: 1517: 382:, elected a Roman consul for 189 4121:Civil wars of the Third Century 546:Vulso marched for two days via 3675:Taylor, Michael James (2015). 3431:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1203680 2812:Frankopan & Pothecary 2024 1: 3699:American Journal of Philology 3294:Celts and the Classical World 3128:The Cambridge Ancient History 997:Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius 961:at an unnamed location in 179 3246:Montagu, John Drogo (2015). 2971:The Rise of the Roman Empire 841:BC. He returned via Thrace, 440:a few days later with 1,000 161:Over 50,000 men (overstated) 4329:Wars of Alexander the Great 3505:. Oxford University Press. 1016:Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia 368:and began settling it with 263:the battle on Mount Olympus 6053: 3654:Menicucci, Chiara (2013). 3521:Research papers and theses 3227:Mitchell, Stephen (1995). 3175:Rome's Economic Revolution 3065:Grainger, John D. (2020). 2514:, pp. 45–46, fn. 120. 2119:10.1524/klio.1930.23.23.98 1681:, pp. 141–142, fn. 5. 654: 297: 205:, supported by their ally 61:, Asia Minor (present-day 5980: 4596: 4501: 4248:Wars of the Delian League 4134: 4079:Roman conquest of Britain 3069:. Pen & Sword Books. 2826:, pp. 36–37, fn. 41. 2658:, pp. 23, fn. 1, 24. 2418:, pp. 2.1.56–2.1.57. 170: 155: 126: 82: 37: 26: 6022:Wars involving the Celts 4273:Second Peloponnesian War 3296:. Taylor & Francis. 3202:Roman Rule in Asia Minor 3150:. Franz Steiner Verlag. 3089:The Attalids of Pergamon 2933:McDonald, Alexander Hugh 2908:Helm & Roselaar 2023 2896:Helm & Roselaar 2023 2631:, pp. 217–219, 233. 2539:Helm & Roselaar 2023 2097:Ramsay, William Mitchell 875:Quintus Minucius Thermus 458:Magnesia on the Maeander 209:. The war was fought in 197:BC between the Galatian 4258:First Peloponnesian War 3776:Roman conquest of Italy 3123:Ogilvie, Robert Maxwell 1248:Laodiceia Catacecaumene 1095:William Mitchell Ramsay 657:Battle of Mount Olympus 651:Battle of Mount Olympus 193:was a war fought in 189 4465:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 4390:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 4324:Expansion of Macedonia 3473:10.2307/j.ctvh1dn9m.17 3332:10.2307/j.ctvh1dn9m.16 3292:Rankin, David (2002). 2694:, p. 86, fn. 231. 2619:, p. 84, fn. 226. 2592:, p. 81, fn. 219. 2476:Pelikan Pittenger 2009 2184:, p. 24, fn. 126. 1979:, p. 24, fn. 124. 1396:, p. 233, fn. 10. 1133: 1083: 1074:Logistics and finances 989:Lucius Furius Purpureo 983: 927: 772: 740: 694: 617: 512: 428: 313: 166:2,800 Pergamese troops 127:Commanders and leaders 4577:First Transalpine War 4106:Domitian's Dacian War 4025:Liberators' civil war 3712:10.1353/ajp.2017.0004 3400:10.1515/9783050069999 3302:10.4324/9780203441985 3275:10.1525/9780520942776 3210:10.1515/9781400887743 3200:Magie, David (1950). 3085:Hansen, Esther Violet 2778:, p. 68, fn. 55. 2766:, p. 58, fn. 17. 2145:, p. 89, fn. 24. 1991:, p. 1307, n. 8. 1131: 1081: 981: 837:BC and arrived in 187 770: 734: 692: 615: 510: 426: 334:Battle of Thermopylae 324:, the Emperor of the 307: 298:Further information: 178:8,000 dead at Ancyra 171:Casualties and losses 4365:Seleucid–Mauryan war 4205:Second Messenian War 4111:Trajan's Dacian Wars 3796:Roman–Hernician wars 3165:Kay, Philip (2014). 2742:, p. 60, fn. 6. 2015:, p. 53, fn. 5. 1807:, p. 35, fn. 3. 974:Strategy and warfare 800:of either 189 or 188 739:in modern day Turkey 380:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso 235:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso 146:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso 74:Roman Allied victory 4635:Gallo-Roman culture 4560:Battle of the Allia 4253:Third Messenian War 4210:Lydian–Milesian War 4195:First Messenian War 4010:Roman–Parthian Wars 3801:Roman–Volscian wars 3781:Roman–Etruscan Wars 3250:. Pen & Sword. 3009:10.1353/book.124889 2941:Bettenson, Henry S. 2838:, pp. 115–116. 2790:, pp. 424–425. 2466:, pp. 135–136. 2454:, pp. 241–243. 2367:, pp. 109–110. 2355:, pp. 239–240. 1892:, pp. 159–160. 1508:, pp. 26, 174. 933:of 184, 179 and 174 322:Antiochus the Great 5917:Basel-Münsterhügel 4440:Roman–Seleucid War 4299:Theban–Spartan War 4238:Greco-Persian Wars 4179:Ancient Greek wars 4116:Roman–Persian Wars 4015:Caesar's civil war 3887:Roman–Seleucid war 3786:Roman-Aequian wars 3758:Ancient Roman wars 3528:Bean, George Ewart 3107:10.7591/j.cttq4444 2963:Scott-Kilvert, Ian 2478:, pp. 98–100. 1795:, pp. 33, 35. 1372:, pp. 25, 29. 1134: 1084: 984: 965:BC, among others. 889:(equivalent to 42 773: 741: 695: 618: 513: 494:Heraclea at Latmus 429: 358:Battle of Magnesia 314: 300:Galatians (people) 227:Roman–Seleucid War 6032:180s BC conflicts 5992: 5991: 5888: 5887: 4919:Bituriges Vivisci 4512: 4511: 4450:War against Nabis 4263:Second Sacred War 4145: 4144: 4101:Jewish–Roman wars 3973:Sulla's civil war 3967:Bellum Octavianum 3855:Illyro-Roman Wars 3828:Roman–Gallic wars 3806:Roman–Sabine wars 3626:Anatolian Studies 3595:Anatolian Studies 3564:Anatolian Studies 3533:Anatolian Studies 3499:Waterfield, Robin 3423:Brill's New Pauly 3320:Rathbone, Dominic 3119:Walbank, Frank W. 3035:Secondary sources 2975:Walbank, Frank W. 2730:, pp. 38–39. 2568:, pp. 91–92. 2442:, p. 2.1.57. 2240:, p. 2.1.56. 2160:, p. 2.1.55. 1657:, pp. 34–35. 1437:, pp. 23–24. 1246:and southward to 899:senatus consultum 718:. When the Roman 556:George Ewart Bean 525:talents of silver 217:, in present-day 187: 186: 78: 77: 6044: 4692: 4602: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4516: 4505:Military history 4475:Mithridatic Wars 4460:Maccabean Revolt 4408: 4385:Chremonidean War 4314:Third Sacred War 4309: 4215:First Sacred War 4172: 4165: 4158: 4149: 4067:Marcomannic Wars 3978:Mithridatic Wars 3902:Celtiberian Wars 3791:Roman–Latin wars 3751: 3744: 3737: 3728: 3723: 3692: 3690: 3683: 3671: 3669: 3662: 3650: 3619: 3588: 3557: 3516: 3494: 3461:von Reden, Sitta 3456: 3450: 3442: 3413: 3379: 3353: 3315: 3288: 3261: 3242: 3223: 3196: 3161: 3142: 3110: 3080: 3061: 3030: 2997:Frankopan, Peter 2988: 2973:. Translated by 2954: 2939:. Translated by 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2277: 2267: 2258: 2252: 2241: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2146: 2140: 2131: 2130: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2031: 2025: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1859: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1586: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1482: 1476: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1346: 1340: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1187: 1064: 1060: 1045:mountain warfare 1041:military tactics 1005:Taurus Mountains 964: 955:Basilica Aemilia 940: 936: 924: 920: 895:Second Punic War 840: 836: 828:Bravery of Women 822:; the historian 803: 785:Treaty of Apamea 727:Battle of Ancyra 460:and the city of 417:Esther V. Hansen 385: 370:Scipio Asiaticus 363: 336:and forcing the 319: 311: 290:infrastructure. 282:Treaty of Apamea 196: 48: 39: 38: 31: 19: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6017:Ancient Galatia 5997: 5996: 5993: 5988: 5976: 5894: 5884: 5851: 5759: 5716: 5608: 5290: 5093: 4838: 4683: 4664:La Tène culture 4603: 4594: 4548: 4543: 4513: 4508: 4497: 4413:Macedonian Wars 4406: 4333: 4307: 4294:Theban hegemony 4224: 4181: 4176: 4146: 4141: 4130: 4096:Civil war of 69 4084:Boudican revolt 4053: 4046: 3922:Cantabrian Wars 3860:Macedonian Wars 3767: 3760: 3755: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3639:10.2307/3642831 3622: 3608:10.2307/3642912 3591: 3577:10.2307/3643015 3560: 3546:10.2307/3642333 3526: 3523: 3513: 3497: 3483: 3459: 3443: 3416: 3410: 3382: 3376: 3358:Stähelin, Felix 3356: 3342: 3318: 3312: 3291: 3285: 3264: 3258: 3245: 3239: 3226: 3220: 3199: 3193: 3164: 3158: 3145: 3139: 3113: 3099: 3083: 3077: 3064: 3058: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3019: 2991: 2985: 2977:Penguin Books. 2957: 2951: 2943:Penguin Books. 2927: 2924: 2922:Primary sources 2919: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2605:Waterfield 2014 2603: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2464:Waterfield 2014 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2428:von Bredow 2006 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2404:Waterfield 2014 2402: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2280: 2268: 2261: 2253: 2244: 2236: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2149: 2141: 2134: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2034: 2026: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1943: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1914: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1860: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1827: 1823: 1817:Waterfield 2014 1815: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1775: 1771: 1767:, p. 1158. 1763: 1759: 1750: 1748: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1637: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1600:, p. 1157. 1596: 1589: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1516: 1512: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1485: 1477: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1349: 1343:Waterfield 2014 1341: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1254: 1234:plain" or "the 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1162:urban quaestors 1076: 1062: 1054: 1027:notes that the 1001:Valerius Antias 976: 971: 962: 947:Basilica Porcia 938: 934: 922: 918: 838: 834: 801: 765: 729: 711:Roman auxiliary 659: 653: 641:Sangarius River 587:Seleucia Sidera 454: 383: 361: 326:Seleucid Empire 317: 309: 302: 296: 194: 179: 177: 165: 148: 141: 139: 135: 133: 119: 113: 66: 46: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6050: 6048: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 5999: 5998: 5990: 5989: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5861: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5765:Eastern Europe 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4914:Bituriges Cubi 4911: 4906: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4591:(50 BC–476 AD) 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4395:Cleomenean War 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4290: 4285: 4283:Corinthian War 4280: 4278:Phyle Campaign 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4191: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4031:Bellum Siculum 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3941: 3936: 3934:Jugurthine War 3931: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3907:Lusitanian War 3904: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3772: 3770: 3768:Roman Republic 3762: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3706:(1): 143–180. 3693: 3672: 3651: 3620: 3589: 3558: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3511: 3495: 3491:j.ctvh1dn9m.17 3481: 3457: 3414: 3408: 3380: 3374: 3354: 3350:j.ctvh1dn9m.16 3340: 3316: 3310: 3289: 3283: 3262: 3256: 3243: 3237: 3224: 3218: 3197: 3191: 3171:Wilson, Andrew 3162: 3156: 3143: 3137: 3111: 3097: 3081: 3075: 3062: 3056: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3017: 2989: 2983: 2955: 2949: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2910:, p. 207. 2900: 2898:, p. 236. 2888: 2876: 2874:, p. 270. 2872:von Reden 2014 2864: 2862:, p. 238. 2852: 2850:, p. 236. 2840: 2828: 2816: 2814:, p. xli. 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2754:, p. 165. 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2692:Menicucci 2013 2684: 2682:, p. 151. 2680:Menicucci 2013 2672: 2670:, p. 234. 2660: 2645: 2643:, p. 302. 2633: 2621: 2617:Menicucci 2013 2609: 2607:, p. 137. 2594: 2590:Menicucci 2013 2582: 2578:Menicucci 2013 2570: 2558: 2556:, p. 130. 2543: 2541:, p. 206. 2531: 2529:, p. 159. 2516: 2512:Menicucci 2013 2504: 2502:, p. 164. 2500:Menicucci 2013 2492: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2406:, p. 144. 2396: 2394:, p. 149. 2392:Menicucci 2013 2381: 2379:, p. 247. 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2317: 2315:, p. 240. 2305: 2293: 2278: 2259: 2257:, p. 164. 2242: 2225: 2213: 2211:, p. 239. 2201: 2199:, p. 163. 2186: 2174: 2162: 2147: 2132: 2099:(1930-12-01). 2088: 2059: 2057:, p. 160. 2047: 2045:, p. 162. 2032: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1967:, p. 161. 1952: 1923: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1849: 1837: 1821: 1819:, p. 138. 1809: 1797: 1785: 1769: 1757: 1728: 1713: 1683: 1671: 1659: 1647: 1631: 1602: 1587: 1571: 1569:, p. 291. 1550: 1548:, p. 131. 1546:Menicucci 2013 1538: 1526: 1510: 1506:Menicucci 2013 1498: 1483: 1481:, p. 235. 1468: 1466:, p. 133. 1464:Menicucci 2013 1456: 1439: 1427: 1410: 1398: 1386: 1374: 1362: 1347: 1345:, p. 135. 1329: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1311: 1302: 1293: 1284: 1275: 1262: 1252: 1223: 1214: 1205: 1196: 1191:Achaean League 1181: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1075: 1072: 1050:The historian 1025:Felix Stähelin 975: 972: 970: 967: 764: 761: 728: 725: 699:light infantry 655:Main article: 652: 649: 453: 450: 366:sued for peace 364:BC. Antiochus 340:to retreat to 330:invaded Greece 295: 292: 203:Roman Republic 185: 184: 181: 173: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 153: 152: 143: 129: 128: 124: 123: 117:Roman Republic 114: 112: 111: 110: 109: 104: 99: 88: 85: 84: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 57: 55: 51: 50: 43: 35: 34: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6049: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5891: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5187:Longostaletes 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4493:War of Actium 4491: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4243:Aeginetan War 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4220:Sicilian Wars 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4200:Lelantine War 4198: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4140: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4062:Germanic wars 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4042:War of Actium 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4020:War of Mutina 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917:Sertorian War 3915: 3913: 3912:Numantine War 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3679: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3512:9780191664144 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3482:9781782976516 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3409:9783050025438 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384:Strobel, Karl 3381: 3377: 3375:9783535012786 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3341:9781782976516 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3311:9781134747214 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3284:9780520942776 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3257:9781848327900 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3238:9780198150299 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3219:9780691655031 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3192:9780199681549 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3157:9783515133692 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3138:9780521234450 3134: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:Heinen, Heinz 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3098:9780801406157 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3076:9781526770714 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3057:9783788705602 3053: 3049: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3018:9780691243139 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2984:9780141920504 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:Radice, Betty 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2950:9780141960814 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2886:, p. 42. 2885: 2884:Grainger 1995 2880: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2824:Grainger 1995 2820: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2802:, p. 80. 2801: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2752:Grainger 2020 2748: 2745: 2741: 2740:Stähelin 1974 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728:Grainger 1995 2724: 2721: 2718:, p. 39. 2717: 2716:Grainger 1995 2712: 2709: 2706:, p. 38. 2705: 2704:Grainger 1995 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2656:Grainger 1995 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2580:, p. 83. 2579: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2490:, p. 60. 2489: 2488:Stähelin 1974 2484: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2343:, p. 24. 2342: 2341:Mitchell 1995 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2303:, p. 56. 2302: 2301:Stähelin 1974 2297: 2294: 2291:, p. 91. 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255:Grainger 2020 2251: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2223:, p. 57. 2222: 2221:Stähelin 1974 2217: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197:Grainger 2020 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:Mitchell 1995 2178: 2175: 2172:, p. 89. 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2113:(23): 98–99. 2112: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2055:Grainger 2020 2051: 2048: 2044: 2043:Grainger 2020 2039: 2037: 2033: 2030:, p. 90. 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013:Stähelin 1974 2009: 2006: 2003:, p. 23. 2002: 2001:Mitchell 1995 1997: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1977:Mitchell 1995 1973: 1970: 1966: 1965:Grainger 2020 1961: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1890:Grainger 2020 1886: 1883: 1880:, p. 88. 1879: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1847:, p. 36. 1846: 1845:Grainger 1995 1841: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1805:Grainger 1995 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793:Grainger 1995 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1726:, p. 35. 1725: 1724:Grainger 1995 1720: 1718: 1714: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1655:Grainger 1995 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567:Rathbone 2014 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1536:, p. 34. 1535: 1534:Grainger 1995 1530: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1496:, p. 26. 1495: 1494:Grainger 1995 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1454:, p. 89. 1453: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:Grainger 1995 1431: 1428: 1425:, p. 33. 1424: 1423:Grainger 1995 1419: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1408:, p. 27. 1407: 1406:Grainger 1995 1402: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1384:, p. 28. 1383: 1382:Grainger 1995 1378: 1375: 1371: 1370:Grainger 1995 1366: 1363: 1360:, p. 25. 1359: 1358:Grainger 1995 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1080: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 980: 973: 968: 966: 960: 956: 952: 951:Pons Aemilius 948: 944: 943:Cloaca Maxima 932: 926: 914: 912: 911:tetradrachmas 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 769: 762: 760: 758: 752: 750: 746: 738: 733: 726: 724: 721: 717: 712: 708: 704: 700: 691: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 658: 650: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:advance guard 630: 625: 623: 614: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589:, Apollonia, 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 509: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 451: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 425: 421: 418: 414: 409: 404: 402: 398: 394: 389: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 360:in 190 or 189 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338:Seleucid army 335: 331: 327: 323: 306: 301: 293: 291: 288: 283: 278: 277:in Turkey). 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 192: 182: 175: 174: 169: 163: 160: 159: 154: 151: 147: 144: 138: 131: 130: 125: 122: 118: 115: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 89: 87: 86: 81: 73: 70: 69: 64: 60: 56: 53: 52: 44: 41: 40: 36: 30: 25: 20: 5994: 5982: 5907:Argentomagus 5875:Tolistobogii 5707:Vertamocorii 5257:Vertamocorii 5222:Segovellauni 5142:Budenicenses 4934:Coriosolites 4769:Mediomatrici 4579:(125–121 BC) 4571:Galatian War 4570: 4562:(ca. 387 BC) 4503: 4455:Galatian War 4454: 4445:Aetolian War 4407:(220–217 BC) 4353: 4352:Wars of the 4308:(357–355 BC) 4292:Wars of the 4288:Boeotian War 4136: 4091:Armenian War 4054:Roman Empire 4037:Perusine War 4029: 3965: 3944:Servile Wars 3939:Cimbrian War 3892:Galatian War 3891: 3811:Samnite Wars 3703: 3697: 3677: 3656: 3630: 3624: 3599: 3593: 3568: 3562: 3537: 3531: 3502: 3464: 3418: 3391: 3387: 3365: 3361: 3323: 3293: 3266: 3247: 3228: 3201: 3174: 3167:Bowman, Alan 3147: 3127: 3088: 3066: 3047: 3000: 2970: 2936: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2800:Strobel 1996 2795: 2783: 2776:Strobel 1996 2771: 2764:Strobel 1996 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2534: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2440:Montagu 2015 2435: 2423: 2416:Montagu 2015 2411: 2399: 2372: 2365:Strobel 1996 2360: 2348: 2336: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2238:Montagu 2015 2216: 2204: 2177: 2165: 2158:Montagu 2015 2110: 2104: 2091: 2080:. Retrieved 2071: 2062: 2050: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1944:. Retrieved 1935: 1926: 1915:. Retrieved 1906: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1840: 1824: 1812: 1800: 1788: 1772: 1760: 1749:. Retrieved 1740: 1731: 1705:. Retrieved 1696: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1650: 1634: 1623:. Retrieved 1614: 1605: 1574: 1541: 1529: 1513: 1501: 1459: 1430: 1401: 1389: 1377: 1365: 1314: 1305: 1296: 1287: 1278: 1265: 1255: 1242:eastward to 1240:Lake Akşehir 1226: 1217: 1208: 1199: 1185: 1160:used by the 1158: 1154: 1146:Roman Sicily 1135: 1092: 1085: 1067:Heinz Heinen 1052:Karl Strobel 1049: 1037: 1009: 985: 928: 916: 907: 879: 832: 827: 806: 774: 753: 742: 696: 660: 626: 622:Tolistobogii 619: 605:and finally 580: 545: 514: 455: 452:March inland 430: 413:power vacuum 408:Roman Senate 405: 378: 372:, the Roman 315: 279: 251: 247:Roman Senate 231: 191:Galatian War 190: 188: 140:Komboiomaros 97:Tolistobogii 83:Belligerents 22:Galatian War 5895:settlements 5813:Hercuniates 5662:Gallianates 5652:Bromanenses 5147:Camactulici 5099:Narbonensis 4989:Nitiobroges 4909:Bodiocasses 4891:Brannovices 4829:Veliocasses 4809:Silvanectes 4583:Gallic Wars 4470:Achaean War 4405:Social War 4400:Lyttian War 4375:Syrian Wars 4370:Pyrrhic War 4339:Hellenistic 4319:Foreign War 4306:Social War 4052:Wars of the 4000:Gallic Wars 3929:Achaean War 3816:Pyrrhic War 3766:Wars of the 3633:: 137–157. 2788:Heinen 1984 2566:Hansen 1971 2554:Taylor 2015 2527:Taylor 2017 2377:Rankin 2002 2289:Hansen 1971 2028:Hansen 1971 1878:Hansen 1971 1452:Hansen 1971 1088:Roman miles 1055: [ 1014:) and king 1012:Paphlagonia 749:Halys river 720:legionaries 502:Themisonium 490:Aphrodisias 213:in central 132:Eposognatus 6001:Categories 5957:Magetobria 5870:Tectosages 5793:Cornacates 5788:Britolagai 5740:Lactorates 5712:Votodrones 5687:Montunates 5667:Gennanates 5504:Savincates 5424:Cosuanetes 5374:Bodiontici 5364:Benacenses 5344:Ausuciates 5339:Aneuniates 5334:Ambisontes 5314:Adunicates 5304:Acitavones 5286:Vulgientes 5280:Tectosages 5237:Tricastini 5217:Segobrigii 5117:Allobroges 5107:Agesinates 5089:Viducasses 5004:Petrocorii 4939:Durocasses 4903:Eburovices 4899:Diablintes 4852:Abrincatui 4834:Viromandui 4814:Suessiones 4729:Caeracates 4589:Roman Gaul 4585:(58–50 BC) 4435:Cretan War 4347:Lamian War 4268:Samian War 4072:Gothic War 3833:Punic Wars 3821:Social War 3540:: 67–117. 3027:jj.9669315 2917:References 2860:Førde 1979 2848:Førde 1979 2668:Førde 1979 2452:Førde 1979 2353:Førde 1979 2313:Førde 1979 2209:Førde 1979 2082:2024-07-08 1989:Magie 1950 1946:2024-07-28 1917:2024-07-28 1765:Magie 1950 1751:2024-07-28 1707:2024-06-27 1625:2024-07-28 1598:Magie 1950 1479:Førde 1979 1394:Førde 1979 1260:reckoned." 1244:Lake Tatta 1144:levied on 903:stipendium 793:Eumenes II 781:Asia Minor 737:Kızılırmak 680:Lake Suğla 601:, then to 599:Metropolis 576:Sagalassus 438:Roman army 434:Attalus II 350:Eumenes II 346:Aegean Sea 342:Asia Minor 294:Background 255:Roman army 215:Asia Minor 150:Attalus II 5972:Vertillum 5947:Entremont 5893:Pre-Roman 5865:Aigosages 5823:Scordisci 5798:Costoboci 5778:Arabiates 5750:Tarusates 5735:Cocosates 5722:Aquitania 5697:Subinates 5637:Arusnates 5632:Anesiates 5614:Cisalpina 5604:Vindelici 5599:Vesubiani 5564:Vediantii 5554:Triulatti 5509:Sebaginni 5494:Rucinates 5489:Quariates 5484:Nemeturii 5474:Nantuates 5449:Graioceli 5434:Eguiturii 5419:Ceutrones 5414:Caturiges 5409:Catubrini 5404:Catenates 5394:Calucones 5389:Brixentes 5384:Brigianii 5379:Brigantii 5324:Ambidravi 5276:Arecomici 5232:Tolosates 5167:Dexivates 5059:Tricasses 5044:Segusiavi 4964:Lemovices 4959:Latobrigi 4857:Ambiliati 4749:Catalauni 4744:Catuslugi 4724:Bellovaci 4714:Atrebates 4679:Vergobret 4654:Cisalpine 4230:Classical 3602:: 23–43. 3571:: 75–97. 3447:cite book 3439:1574-9347 3425:. Brill. 2836:Hall 1986 2127:2192-7669 1679:Hall 1986 1667:Bean 1959 1326:Citations 1232:Eskişehir 1194:campaign. 887:sestertii 867:rearguard 843:Macedonia 812:centurion 797:Lampsacus 763:Aftermath 672:Tectosagi 595:Dokimeion 568:Pamphylia 541:Termessos 498:Apollonia 466:Antiochia 243:Galatians 223:Seleucids 102:Tectosagi 92:Galatians 5983:Part of: 5952:Gergovia 5942:Ensérune 5922:Bibracte 5912:Avaricum 5847:Varciani 5842:Taurisci 5831:Celegeri 5818:Latobici 5808:Eravisci 5745:Sotiates 5672:Insubres 5657:Cenomani 5642:Bagienni 5622:Anamares 5594:Vergunni 5584:Vennones 5579:Venostes 5574:Venisami 5569:Velaunii 5539:Suanetes 5534:Sogionti 5524:Segusini 5479:Nemaloni 5439:Gallitae 5369:Bergalei 5349:Avantici 5329:Ambilici 5309:Adanates 5267:Vocontii 5262:Verucini 5252:Tritolli 5247:Tricorii 5242:Tricores 5227:Suelteri 5157:Cenomani 5122:Anatilii 5074:Vellavii 5054:Tigurini 5009:Pictones 4984:Namnetes 4979:Mandubii 4974:Lingones 4954:Helvetii 4929:Carnutes 4895:Cenomani 4872:Andecavi 4759:Eburones 4754:Condrusi 4734:Caeroesi 4719:Atuatuci 4709:Aresaces 4669:Religion 4658:Galatian 4650:Language 4615:Ambactus 4573:(189 BC) 4354:Diadochi 3720:26360897 3686:Archived 3665:Archived 3501:(2014). 3386:(1996). 3360:(1974). 3173:(eds.). 3087:(1971). 2995:(2024). 2969:(eds.). 2961:(2003). 2959:Polybius 2931:(2005). 2641:Kay 2014 2629:Kay 2014 2076:Archived 1940:Archived 1911:Archived 1777:Polybius 1745:Archived 1701:Archived 1639:Polybius 1619:Archived 1150:Abbassus 1033:Hannibal 1029:Rhodians 1021:flanking 969:Analysis 959:Macellum 957:, and a 863:vanguard 847:Thessaly 824:Plutarch 816:Polybius 808:Chiomara 684:Bithynia 676:Phrygian 645:Pessinus 637:Abbassus 564:Çeltikçi 529:medimnoi 470:Seleucus 462:Alabanda 444:and 500 442:infantry 354:Pergamum 271:Bithynia 207:Pergamum 201:and the 156:Strength 142:Gaulotos 137:Chiomara 134:Orgiagon 121:Pergamum 54:Location 5932:Cenabum 5857:Galatia 5827:Dindari 5773:Anartes 5755:Vasates 5702:Taurini 5677:Libicii 5589:Veragri 5559:Ucennii 5549:Tebavii 5544:Suetrii 5519:Segovii 5499:Salassi 5469:Medulli 5464:Licates 5459:Ingauni 5454:Iemerii 5444:Genauni 5429:Ecdinii 5359:Belouni 5197:Nearchi 5182:Ligauni 5177:Libicii 5137:Bormani 5132:Avatici 5127:Atacini 5079:Venelli 5064:Tulingi 5049:Sequani 5039:Senones 5034:Santoni 5019:Redones 5014:Rauraci 4999:Parisii 4994:Osismii 4969:Lexovii 4924:Cadurci 4887:Aulerci 4882:Arverni 4867:Ambarri 4844:Celtica 4824:Triboci 4819:Treveri 4799:Paemani 4789:Nemetes 4779:Menapii 4739:Caletes 4704:Ambiani 4696:Belgica 4688:Peoples 4645:Oppidum 4640:Nemeton 4630:Eubages 4608:Culture 4553:History 4477: ( 4415: ( 4187:Archaic 3647:3642831 3616:3642912 3585:3643015 3554:3642333 3419:Tempyra 2999:(ed.). 2935:(ed.). 1236:Haymana 1166:assidui 1138:Antalya 1123:Yazıköy 1119:Elmacık 1115:Kozluca 1107:Aziziye 1103:Ürkütlü 931:censors 891:denarii 882:triumph 855:Cypsela 777:legions 757:Elmadağ 716:velites 707:Trallia 663:Gordion 629:oppidum 603:Synnada 572:Lysinoe 482:Pisidia 478:Phrygia 446:cavalry 397:Galatia 388:Ephesus 287:triumph 267:Gordion 259:Antalya 225:in the 211:Galatia 183:Unknown 59:Galatia 6027:189 BC 5962:Noreia 5937:Cularo 5927:Bibrax 5902:Alesia 5880:Trocmi 5803:Gotini 5692:Orobii 5682:Marici 5627:Anauni 5529:Sentii 5514:Seduni 5354:Belaci 5319:Alauni 5296:Alpina 5272:Volcae 5212:Salyes 5202:Oxybii 5192:Memini 5172:Helvii 5162:Comani 5152:Cavari 5112:Albici 5084:Veneti 5069:Turoni 5024:Ruteni 4949:Gabali 4944:Esuvii 4877:Arouii 4794:Nervii 4784:Morini 4483:Second 4429:Fourth 4421:Second 3988:Second 3954:Second 3880:Fourth 3870:Second 3843:Second 3718: 3645: 3614: 3583: 3552: 3509: 3489: 3479: 3437: 3406: 3372: 3348: 3338: 3308: 3281: 3254: 3235: 3216: 3189: 3154: 3135: 3105: 3095: 3073: 3054: 3025: 3015: 2993:Strabo 2981: 2947: 2125: 1615:Archli 1111:Bozlar 1099:Comama 1063: 963: 953:, the 949:, the 939: 935: 923: 919: 871:Trausi 859:İpsala 851:Epirus 839: 835: 820:Sardis 802: 789:Rhodes 745:Ancyra 709:. The 703:Thrace 668:Trocmi 607:Beudos 591:Lysias 583:Apamea 560:Burdur 552:Andeda 521:tyrant 517:Cibyra 384: 374:consul 362: 328:, had 318: 316:In 191 310: 275:Ankara 239:consul 237:, the 219:Turkey 195: 107:Trocmi 71:Result 63:Turkey 47: 5986:Celts 5967:Tylis 5837:Serdi 5399:Carni 5029:Sagii 4862:Aedui 4774:Meldi 4764:Leuci 4674:Vātes 4625:Druid 4546:Gauls 4487:Third 4479:First 4425:Third 4417:First 3993:Third 3983:First 3959:Third 3949:First 3875:Third 3865:First 3848:Third 3838:First 3716:JSTOR 3689:(PDF) 3682:(PDF) 3668:(PDF) 3661:(PDF) 3643:JSTOR 3612:JSTOR 3581:JSTOR 3550:JSTOR 3487:JSTOR 3390:[ 3364:[ 3346:JSTOR 3103:JSTOR 3040:Books 3023:JSTOR 2329:38.37 2274:38.27 1866:38.18 1833:38.15 1781:21.36 1643:21.35 1583:38.14 1522:38.12 1177:Notes 1170:asses 1168:25.5 1142:tithe 1059:] 857:(now 701:from 548:Pogla 537:Sinda 533:Lagbe 486:Tabae 474:Caria 393:Gauls 199:Gauls 5829:and 5783:Boii 5730:Boii 5647:Boii 5278:and 5207:Reii 4804:Remi 4620:Bard 3507:ISBN 3477:ISBN 3453:link 3435:ISSN 3404:ISBN 3370:ISBN 3336:ISBN 3306:ISBN 3279:ISBN 3252:ISBN 3233:ISBN 3214:ISBN 3187:ISBN 3152:ISBN 3133:ISBN 3093:ISBN 3071:ISBN 3052:ISBN 3013:ISBN 2979:ISBN 2945:ISBN 2929:Livy 2325:Livy 2270:Livy 2123:ISSN 2106:Klio 1862:Livy 1829:Livy 1579:Livy 1518:Livy 1271:Sale 1117:and 1109:and 991:and 849:and 705:and 593:and 550:and 500:and 480:and 401:Livy 320:BC, 253:The 189:The 42:Date 3708:doi 3704:138 3635:doi 3604:doi 3573:doi 3542:doi 3469:doi 3427:doi 3396:doi 3328:doi 3298:doi 3271:doi 3206:doi 3179:doi 3005:doi 2115:doi 395:of 376:. 352:of 45:189 6003:: 4901:, 4897:, 4893:, 4656:, 4485:, 4481:, 4427:, 4423:, 4419:, 3714:. 3702:. 3641:. 3631:36 3629:. 3610:. 3600:45 3598:. 3579:. 3569:50 3567:. 3548:. 3536:. 3485:. 3475:. 3449:}} 3445:{{ 3433:. 3421:. 3402:. 3344:. 3334:. 3304:. 3277:. 3212:. 3185:. 3169:; 3121:; 3101:. 3021:. 3011:. 2965:; 2648:^ 2597:^ 2546:^ 2519:^ 2384:^ 2327:, 2281:^ 2272:, 2262:^ 2245:^ 2228:^ 2189:^ 2150:^ 2135:^ 2121:. 2111:23 2109:. 2103:. 2074:. 2070:. 2035:^ 2020:^ 1955:^ 1938:. 1934:. 1909:. 1905:. 1864:, 1852:^ 1831:, 1779:, 1743:. 1739:. 1716:^ 1695:. 1641:, 1617:. 1613:. 1590:^ 1581:, 1553:^ 1520:, 1486:^ 1471:^ 1442:^ 1413:^ 1350:^ 1333:^ 1250:". 1125:. 1057:de 905:. 845:, 830:. 496:, 492:, 476:, 448:. 312:BC 49:BC 5833:) 5825:( 5282:) 5274:( 4905:) 4889:( 4660:) 4652:( 4538:e 4531:t 4524:v 4489:) 4431:) 4171:e 4164:t 4157:v 3750:e 3743:t 3736:v 3722:. 3710:: 3649:. 3637:: 3618:. 3606:: 3587:. 3575:: 3556:. 3544:: 3538:9 3515:. 3493:. 3471:: 3455:) 3441:. 3429:: 3412:. 3398:: 3378:. 3352:. 3330:: 3314:. 3300:: 3287:. 3273:: 3260:. 3241:. 3222:. 3208:: 3195:. 3181:: 3160:. 3141:. 3109:. 3079:. 3060:. 3029:. 3007:: 2987:. 2953:. 2430:. 2331:. 2276:. 2129:. 2117:: 2085:. 1949:. 1920:. 1868:. 1835:. 1783:. 1754:. 1710:. 1645:. 1628:. 1585:. 1524:. 1273:. 65:)

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