1545:(1953? - 1980) was one of the early Oromo nationalists and martyrs well-remembered in the Chercher highlands of Harerghe especially for the heroic speeches he made at his death spot. His name had been Umar Sheikh Mohammed Rabi, but the people usually refer to him as “Umar Bakkalcha” or simply “Bakkalcha” (the downfall star). Bakkalcha was enlightened in the Oromo National struggle from the very beginning. He had a good understanding of the quests of the Oromo causes far before many people. However, the most brainstorming incident that took him to decide giving up all of his belongings for the Oromo causes was the heroic death of the well known Oromo patriots and guerilla leaders called Elemo Killtu (Hassen Ibrahim) and Hundee (or Ahmad Taqi Sheikh Muhammed Rashid).
2907:, A Paper Presented on African Studies Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, November 11–14, 1999, pp. 23, 4, 3, 4, 5, 44, 44, 23-25, 52, 54-55. In this paper, Professor Mohammed Hassen notes that due to their presence in a region criss-crossed by trade routes, military conquests, and the pioneering campaigns of Islamic propagation, the Oromo in Harerghe had developed a long tradition of borrowing and adapting new lifestyles from other people, and lending their own customs to others. Accordingly, we can see many domestic terminologies of Arabian, Somali and Harari origins among the Harar Oromos, and we can look into thousands of words of Oromo origin among other peoples.
3245:, 1990, and new data obtained from Gelemso Municipality, December 2009, Gelemso, West Harerghe. The Municipality recounts this year 1908 as the birth date of a town. But the elders do not agree with that, neither the writer of this article (Alladin Alevi) too. This may be justified by the fact that the Menilik's landing at Gelemso was in 1887, and it is assumed that the Emperor did not had rest at a village which cannot fulfill the subsistence needs of his huge army; and where marketing was inaccessible. That means Gelemso had at least certain appearance of a small town or it had been a market place prior to the Menelik's period.
555:, the result of the third Ethiopian census (undertaken in May 2007) shows that Galamso has total population of 16,484, of which 9,003 are male and 7,481 are female. . However, this report is unacceptable to many people and organizations, including authorities in the departments of the district and zonal administrations. People who refuse the report demonstrate their argument simply by the sex ratio of the population (19 males/15 females) . which can not express the reality of the town. On the other hand, many inconsistencies of the report may induce one to reject its conclusion For example, the report says that the town of
1077:(Lake of the Cherecher): 10 km east of Gelemso, a lake that varies in its area coverage from time to time. Currently, it is the largest natural lake in eastern Ethiopia (assumed this rank when Lake Haramaya disappeared few years ago). The lake will become as large as 4 km with a breadth of 2 km at its peak. But some times it is mistaken for another temporal lake which appears at its vicinity during heavy rainfall season. This latter body of water is called by the peasants
121:
212:
2785:, p. 138, 118& 122, 166, 135, (16-19, 23, 28, 36, 102, 107, 109, 120, 136), (16-19, 23, 28, 36, 102, 107, 109, 120, 136), 117-122, 116, 118, 119, 119, 119, 116-117, (16-19, 23, 28, 36, 102, 107, 109, 120, 136), 131, 118, 70-76, 116-120,- Professor Urlich Braukamper is one of the leading authorities in the study of Islamic History and Culture in Ethiopia. He was so considerate man that while his study was concerned on the
192:
128:
22:
1748:- witnessed by many people as highly responsible administrator for the current features of the town. The town had got 24-hour electric power service while he was a mayor, and he laid down the master plan of the town too. Even, some of the most important constructions executed under the current regime were what he had planned in the 1980s.
2727:, edited by P.L. Donham and Wendy James, African Studies Centre, Cambridge University, 1980, p. 227-246, in this essay, Mohammed Hassen beautifully described the settlements of the three major bodies of the Eastern Oromo. For ethnography and especially for the history of the Eastern Oromos, the works of Mohammed Hassen are awesome.
2613:. (20 km east of Gelemso. In similar way Dergue military groups massacred 32 innocent civilians (children, baby of 1 year, women and elderly) bulldozed and buried in one grave yard in the place called 'Biyo' few km from town of Michata. It is still remembered locally as 'Qabri sodoma' in local Oromo language.
2521:
primary schools, the current
Gelemso High School, the multipurpose city assembly hall (a unique at the time in all of Eastern Ethiopia), the public slaughter house, a stadium, youth recreation center, farmers training center and most notably, the Gelemso-Mechara high way. On the other hand, NGOs like
1773:
highlands. But for accuracy purposes, and to construct a relevant historical order, it is better to discuss those tales that directly focus to the town itself. Accordingly, some data obtained from oral history and written sources, which might describe the antique nature of the town, are not presented
1488:
and a father of
Mohammed Zakir Meyra and many more heroes and scholars. Perhaps, he is the most widely known scholar, activist and important Islam figure in the region. In fact, he is well known for his dedication for Islam and its teaching throughout the country. He is also the most noted figure in
867:
Another most common custom in the town, which remained a noted figure to this day, is that all male residents are nicknamed. A boy is given a nickname by his friends when he is in early teens. He remains with it whether he likes it or not. But when becomes closer to the 40s, his formal name started
2114:
name for a kind of tree). That was a second turn in the long history of
Gelemso, by which it had leaped from a small village of cultural importance to a truly urbanized community. However, elderly people assert that the formation of the garrison had also some bad objectives behind. It is said that
573:
With regard to the religious affiliations, it is witnessed by many that most of the residents of the town (around 70%) are
Muslims. And Orthodox Christianity is the second significant religious domination (about 25%). Oromo is the native and the dominant ethnic group in Gelemso and the surrounding
2520:
came to power in 1974, more attention was given to
Gelemso. Viewers and most of the residents say that the Dergue era was a prosperous time in the town's history where many governmental buildings were erected, and subsequent improvements were made in the town. This includes the health centre, two
1816:
could be a phenomenon of latter ages (i.e. after the 16th century), an argument that has a good ground, as far we consider the starting period of the mutual interdependence between the
Muslims of the southeast and their Oromo neighbors. But one thing that deserves attention here is the recurrent
1093:: The natural caves around Gelemso have become important sites of geological and anthropological studies. The most famous three — named Hachare-Aynage, Rukiessa and Barro — are located near Mechara town, 40 km south of Gelemso. The first study of them was undertaken in 1996 by a team from
833:, is a room that serves as a bed room and it is where the family keeps its most valuable materials. The other room is of big size where guests are welcomed, and important ceremonies are undertaken. Inside this room, a big sized mud-built raised platform, which serves as seat and called
503:
stands to notify the spiritual significance of the newly built structure, (even though galma originally refers to the worshiping house of the traditional Oromo religion, the Oromos used to call the worshiping house of any faith by this name) and
2326:
remained the latter's capital) in the year 1968 and afterwards, some improvements were made. For example, the town was equipped with electric light service for 6 hours a night, and its tap water supply system (built by
Italians) was expanded.
638:, is open only on the principal market day (Tuesday). Females dominate the business in the two open markets. The cattle market, however, is totally run by males. The town is one of the primary suppliers of the humped bull, popularly known as
2105:
Menelik was attracted by the landscape around
Gelemso and ordered a garrison to be founded there, which his warlords had executed immediately. The garrison was established at the western part of the current town, and had been called
305:, Gelemso is located in eastern Ethiopian and is far from country capital by 301 km and second way 413 km in the western periphery of the highly networked mountain chain referred to by the natives as Fugug and by geographers as the
2130:
had recorded. But the true urban feature of the town dates from
Menelik's period. This will be agreeable when we know that in 1908, Gelemso was one of the few centers that the imperial government formally recognized as true towns.
1172:: a villages referred by Oromo elders as a long existing settlement area since ancient times. This notion may induce us to identify it as a place repeatedly mentioned by the same name (Qurquraa) in the famous book known as
878:
are the two
Islamic festivals celebrated with high honors in Gelemso. The remarkable event associated with them is the children's songs at the epoch nights of these festivals. The children also require their parents to buy
3258:[A brief history of the life of Negadras - Dejazmach, Decades, Decades of Immanuel, Legislative State of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia, Second Edition, Addis Ababa, October 1951, pages 163-185.].
645:
The Afan Oromo spoken in the town is the Eastern Oromo dialect. But the natives of the town and the surrounding areas of Chercher highlands retain some peculiar usages. For example, coins are usually called
1589:, Afendi Muteki, the young Ethiopian ethnographic writer and activist, Artist Garbi Ahmed Nurie (Pianist, live in Toronto, Canada), Artist Adnan (singer) and Fozia Amin, member of the Central committee of
468:
had to seek a means that enables him live in the land of the Oromos with full citizenship rights, which could be accessed under the tradition of the Oromo people at that time. Accordingly, he became
3318:, Amharic Translation by Awgichew Terefe, Addis Ababa, 1992, p. 96, - However, Babile did 2 mistakes in his book. a) He underestimated the number of the dead. b). He alleged the cause of the dead to
1277:, whom the Oromos narrate as people of great length, extra ordinary strength and superior wealth, but devastated by hunger, epidemic and volcanic eruption because of their extravagance and disbelief.
2011:(now found in the south eastern tip of the town) was organized as a market center to accommodate traders who were coming from different regions. It is said that at that place, a local chief called
570:
Free viewers say that the census has defects, and the Ethiopian government admitted that. But the quest for the true figure of the population of Galamso and many other factors remained unanswered.
2473:
moved against its working rule of the time and opened a branch at Gelemso (according to its working rule of that time, the bank do not open its branch in a town found far away from the High Way).
2126:
who officially closed down all of the traditional Oromo institutions like Chaffe assembly and prohibited many other cultural feasts, a fact that Ethiopian writers of the early 20th century like
1421:: built by the Italian colonists in the late 1930s. It is the tallest man-made erection in the town, which is visible as far as 30 km away due its strategic position, and commonly called
2188:
by the Haile Selassie officials) and made valuable change on its urban customs. They established new settlements in the northern and eastern parts of the town, starting from a hill called now
1829:
saints, from which we may infer the saint called so was not a mere a legendary man only. (For example, he might have been engraved in Harar after his mission had failed in the land of the
1192:, which was written by the eyewitness of the conquests in the 16th century. This village is found about 30 km away from Gelemso (in the western direction) near to a small town called
1751:
Aleye Umare - Noted as long time administrator in history of the town. Almost all of the public constructions undertaken in the current regime were completed in his leadership. After the
2038:(The Seven Gates) in ancient times, non existent in the case of other towns of West Harerghe save Gelemso, when we consider its presence closer to places of significant traditions like
2570:
However, the prosperous situation prevailing during the Dergue time must never be considered as an expression of sympathetic view of the Dergue towards Gelemso. The motives behind the
1801:
came with his family and settled at Gelemso. He built the first mosque of the town, but he had little success in converting the local Oromos to Islam. Latter, he disagreed with the
2648:
1466:
was this Sheikh Ali Jami, so that he became one of the key figures in the Islamization of the Ittu Oromo. Sheikh Ali is considered a great saint and most of the people of the
1254:, the Oromo elders do not consider any one as a long standing. But this does not mean there was no place who had this name in ancient times. In fact, one of the places called
2873:
2852:
2252:
On the other hand, one of the most important features of Gelemso town, the Sheikh Omar mosque, was built in that period while Sheikh Omar was Qadi of the Chercher province.
1723:
as a merciless man to the youth for his showy acts and intensive brutality especially when was applying the mandatory national military service program (commonly called
1769:
It is difficult to trace when the history of the town starts. And it is so troublesome to single out the early history of the town from the history of the whole of the
1719:, the strongest opposition movement in West Harerghe at that time) and massacred them. The urban people of all sorts (Muslim, Christian, Oromo or Amhara) also remember
1327:: a deep gorge where the Oromos in ancient times used to throw and execute (into the chasm) criminals who were found guilty of intentional killing (of innocent people).
2272:). Although the group closed its missionary activities in the 1960s, the school they built has continued to function to this day, and the elderly people still call it
904:, together with their gourd smashing march, remains one of the classic customs of early Islam of Eastern Ethiopia (It is not known elsewhere apart from East Ethiopia).
610:
that has due benefits for communication purposes. It is said that some 40 years ago, Arabic was the language of commerce in the town, a custom survived to this date.
1281:
Today, as Professor Urlich Braukamper had described precisely in his book, the remnants of the stone built necropolis, store pits, houses and mosques of the ancient
1007:: in ancient times, the town is said to have seven natural gates called with different names. Most of those ancient names are still on use. The seven gates are ፡
606:, is a principal language in the town. Amharic is also widely spoken in the town. From among the languages of international significance, in Galamso town, it is
2015:
had mastered over the caravan traders who used to sell the goods they brought from remote areas. Few elders, however, dispute this story and say rather
806:
people who reside elsewhere in Ethiopia. However, they also share the customs of the Oromos in many cases. For example, the Arabian spread bread called
1344:
which hosts the celebration of the birth day of Muhammad (Mawlid), making the town one of the main places in Ethiopia marked with such a festive. The
1203:: another village (a market area) referred by locals as a long standing settlement. Since the village is commonly called by the natives with a prefix
2330:
However, it was the efforts of Arabian, European and Asian traders that greatly helped Gelemso continue its long standing role as market center and
3338:
2508:, with whom he could demonstrate his devotion for Oromo freedom, an act that became one of the main reasons for which Gelemso is heard so loudly.
2249:(Second Rome), a future city to be evolved from the agrarian community that would be brought from southern Italy under the resettlement program.
2782:
1984:, pertaining that the place called so is 25 km from the town. Some people say Gelemso was an administrative capital and the seat of the
552:
1755:
was deposed from power, the town did not get an able mayor, so that the Woreda administrators usually intervene in the municipal activities.
531:
can never be found at any other place in the Oromo lands (in the whole of Ethiopia and the world either), and as it has no exact meaning in
1398:
had lived and preached Islam after he returned from the city of Harar where he attended his higher education. His mosque is encircled by a
2940:
1378:
was derived. There is no surviving remnant of the 13th-century mosque by now. The current shrine dates only from the late 19th century.
2933:
2534:
1687:
after Alemu Belachew, admired by many for his simple life and just approach, but hated by others for some of his terrifying campaigns.
320:
3035:
1504:
1462:(Qallitti is for female), It is said that the first man to preach Islam peacefully and openly (without any sanction) in the land of
152:
64:
2176:
in 1935, Gelemso began to expand in every direction. During their five years administration, the Italians returned the seat of the
2119:
had an aim of erasing the centrality and symbolism of early places like Gelemso from the mind and the heart of his Oromo subjects.
1699:
while Alemu Belachew was the first secretary of Habro Awraja Workers Party of Ethiopia. He is usually referred by the residents as
622:
Tuesday is the principal market day in Galamso. There are two open market places in the town. One of them is called by the natives
2870:
2849:
2647:
On June 21, 1992, when OLF quitted the transitional government, Gelemso was passed to the current Ethiopian government led by the
120:
2597:
were undertaken in Gelemso and elsewhere in the country. For instance, the residents of Gelemso still have fresh memories of the
2304:. However, the governmental projects were rarely planned and executed in the town then. But when it became the capital of Habro
2681:
were extensively described in this June 27/ 2009 (ሰኔ 20/2001 in Gee'z calendar) edition of the Amharic Weekly Newspaper called
1871:
woreda during the Haile Selasie period. However, it is unclear as to what Gelemso appeared to be when the ancient Sultanate of
933:
is the most notable festival celebrated in mass. The main festival lasts for 3 consecutive days, and it is held chiefly at the
1606:
Dejene Gizaw - The municipal mayor of Gelemso acknowledged for the foundation he laid in the modesty of the town in the 1960s.
1250:
which is a commonly known name in Oromo nomenclature. However, among many places of the Chercher highlands called by the name
457:
meaning father in Harari language, and male saints are usually called with this title.). Since then, Seid Ali has been called
3069:
3053:
2230:. (The remnant of the western old road still exists with its decorated Italian style bridge built on the northern section of
1727:). He was promoted later, but died in November 1989 in a helicopter crash at Dengego, with Gebreyes Weldehanna, secretary of
1548:
3134:
1836:
The current site of Gelemso town lays, according to proposed suggestions, within the boundary of the ancient Sultanate of
1728:
1666:
2934:"Environmental Monitoring in the Mechara caves, Southeastern Ethiopia: Implications for Speleothem Palaeoclimate Studies"
2019:
was a man who in ancient times, left the traditional Oromo religion and accepted Islam so that when he was diseased, the
2559:(the New City), totally emerged during the Dergue time as well. It is worth having also to mention the former President
2544:
439:(i.e. descendant of Muhammad) It was in latter periods that his followers who believed in his sainthood added a prefix
37:
2470:
1738:, Major General Birhanu Jembere, the commander of the 1st Division of Revolutionary Army of Ethiopia (commonly called
654:), and its counting vary by successive units of two. For example, at Gelemso, the Ethiopian five cents coin is called
2234:
river). The first modern buildings of the town were also attributed to the Italians, the most eloquent of them being
1105:: found 35 km west of Gelemso. It is one of the properly protected forest areas in Ethiopia, and extends to the
1223:
The village (a small market of about 1000 residents) is about 60 km to the south of Gelemso. In the 1980s, the
416:) religion of the Oromos, we may wonder why the mosque was called so. The Oromo elders explain the case as follows.
1980:
However, it is not clear again how Gelemso was elevated to a place of high social status with the establishment of
1848:
had mentioned as one of the Seven Islamic Principalities of the Southern and Eastern Ethiopia that constituted the
1185:
1094:
2007:
Latter on, oral history says, Gelemso evolved to an important village of commerce when one of its counties called
1797:, to preach Islam to the Oromos around Gelemso in the second half of the 13th century. Hence, as the sources say,
1571:
224:
2721:
Menelik’s Conquest of Harar, 1887, and Its Effect on Political Organization of the Surrounding Oromos Up to 1900
2466:
1597:
The city produced many doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, nurses, pharmacists, and many other professions.
46:
630:, it is where most of the trading activities of the principal market day takes place. The other one is called
1891:(i.e. both of them were phenomena of the same historical period, from the 13th century to the 15th century).
1624:, acknowledged for establishment of the police department of the province and many other institutions at the
1138:
Journal, these are the first fossils of a large-bodied Miocene ape from the African continent north of Kenya.
2629:
2469:
also entered to the business and they altogether marked the town's classic commercial era. That was why the
2023:
sanctioned his dead body not to be buried with the mass, a reason why we see his grave on isolated ground. (
2598:
1841:
1498:
2961:
2617:
2163:
narrates that in 1933, immediately after his ascension to the throne, Emperor Haile Selesie made Chercher
1745:
1716:
1586:
1528:
1228:
309:. Most people say that it is the city of love locally . Gelemso on 2013 EC became separate woreda in the
184:
917:
in Amharic) with great honor than other Christian festivals. Its annual first takes place on the bank of
2355:
495:
built his mosque in the southern part of the current site of Galamso town, the Oromo started to call it
236:
2609:) were taken away from town, executed, and then bulldozed to one grave in April 1970 at a place called
2543:
in Hararghe participated in the contest. Gelemso was also the first town of Eastern Ethiopia where the
1809:
1450:
Oromo clan, but also for his high priesthood in the Chercher plateau. His descendants are still called
1244:
1216:
1173:
1263:
2993:
2725:
Working Papers of Society and History in Imperial Ethiopia: The Southern Periphery from 1800s to 1974
2522:
2241:
Scholars tell us that the Italians had focused on Gelemso because of its presence in the vicinity of
1875:
was flourishing. But again, we may argue that the oral history concerning the Islamization effort of
2293:
1778:
people, whom we know only through their legends and few descriptions in the works of some scholars.
1690:
1678:
1563:
32:
2620:(OLF) and was made the administrative center of the OLF-held areas in the former provinces of West
2279:
Gelemso was made a municipal town in 1952. And in the year 1958, while it remained still under the
2173:
2047:
1883:, may have solid truths which can be inferred from the chronological concurrence of the mission of
1635:
1552:
204:
2919:
2641:
2246:
2202:
The Italian occupiers also constructed the first graveled road of the town, and connected it with
1997:
1227:
government had established a strong military base there in order to watch the nearby movements of
3017:
2127:
2091:
1958:
1512:
477:
401:
381:
310:
294:
229:
3255:
2637:
2633:
2586:
of the former Hararghe province), and to an equal importance, Gelemso's central location in the
2552:
2059:
2051:
2001:
1993:
1981:
1974:
1962:
1934:
1919:
1899:
1845:
1481:
3121:
3092:
3064:
Futuh al-habaša, English Translation by Paul Lester Stenhouse, Tsehai Publishers, 2003, p. 173
2670:
1106:
951:
is chewed in the town by many people of different age groups. A variety of superior quality of
603:
413:
3065:
3049:
3048:
Futuh al-habaša, English Translation by Paul Lester Stenhouse, Tsehai Publishers, 2003, p. 98
3009:
2778:
2280:
2177:
2148:
1966:
1477:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1240:
1134:, the 10 million years old fossils of a primate family (ape) were found in 2007. According to
424:
2980:
Suwa, Gen; Kono, Reiko T.; Katoh, Shigehiro; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas (August 8, 2007).
2871:
Central Statistical Agency (2008). Census 2007, Population of Oromia Region (PDF file) p.1635
2850:
Central Statistical Agency (2008). Census 2007, Population of Oromia Region (PDF file) p.1636
2231:
2219:
2055:
1970:
1911:
1818:
1813:
1798:
1782:
1501:, his close friend with whom he returned from Wallo after the completion of higher education.
1294:
524:
492:
3001:
2944:
2789:
people of southern Ethiopia, he traveled as far as Gelemso to know the ancient links of the
2193:
2144:
1627:
587:
270:
2242:
2223:
2922:
This Website gives you a satellite image of some villages and landmarks found near Gelemso
2877:
2856:
2574:
considerable attention, as many people believe, were the economic importance of the Habro
2227:
2211:
1582:
1536:
1236:
1131:
306:
1781:
All of our sources (oral and written) dignify the importance of a man mentioned above as
559:
has a population of 13,339, exceeded by Galamso only with 3000 souls. On the other hand,
2997:
2066:
must had been a place of higher social and spiritual importance in the tradition of the
1906:
Oromos (one of the two major tribal confederations of the Oromo people, the other being
1273:: around Gelemso, we can find ruins of the ancient buildings of the legendary people of
1151:. Choroora is of course in the southeast part of the Rift Valley. The exact location of
431:
was the first person to start an Islamization campaign in their land. His real name was
2815:, PhD Thesis, University of Toronto, 1996, p. 70 & 276, 279,156-160, 73, 70&319
2567:
the only Ethiopian ruler that came across the town for official visit while in office.
2548:
2185:
1926:
1542:
1524:
1114:
618:
Here are some important notes on social and commercial customary features of the town.
532:
365:
287:
98:
3256:"ደጃዝማች፡ደምስ፡ወልደ፡ዐማኑኤል፣ ሕገ፡መንግሥትና፡ምክር፡ቤት ፣ሁለተኛ፡መጽሐፍ፣ ዐዲስ፡አበባ፣ ጥቅምት፡1951፡ዓ.ም.፣ገጽ፡163-185"
3332:
2625:
2477:
1989:
1907:
1826:
1704:
1643:
1340:: found at the heart of Gelemso. The mosque is to the west of a Sufi compound called
889:
827:
Houses of the town are usually built with at least two rooms. One of these, known as
784:
591:
583:
575:
450:
446:
298:
217:
2932:
Asrat, Asfawossen; Baker, Andy; Leng, Melanie J; Gunn, John; Umer, Mohammed (2008).
1113:. Currently, the forest is a home of many species of animals, including the endemic
3021:
2323:
2152:
2067:
1742:), and colonel Qajella Gemeda, chief of the then Harerghe Region Police Department.
1516:
1310:
2563:
Haile-Mariam had visited Gelemso and its surrounding villages in 1985 which makes
2537:
it hosted was the major sport festival in history of the town where all of the 13
2090:
and the whole of Eastern Ethiopia, which he accomplished after his victory at the
1511:) (1942? – September 6, 1974): He was an Oromo nationalist known with his comrade
484:
division of the Eastern Oromo, and on his adoption ceremony, the Oromos named him
2000:
assembled only once in eight years. And others say that it was a place where the
634:
and it is functional throughout the week. The cattle market, which is found near
3200:
2203:
2160:
1914:
who played a key role in the derivation of the Oromo Constitutional Law (called
1808:
However, some of the most notable scholars who studied the case deeply, such as
1515:
as the first true fighters since they launched the first armed struggle for the
1189:
441:
385:
2268:(now separated from the main town by gorge created by gully erosion and called
2046:(retold as a place where once ruthless and contestant dictatorial queen called
1429:. It had served as a church, then as prison, and now it hosts a primary school.
3243:
Mayor Berhanu Bekam's Speech on the inauguration of Gelemso public bus station
3137:
Harar-Wallo Relations Revisited: Historical, Religious and Cultural Dimensions
2981:
2594:
2418:
2123:
2116:
2095:
2020:
1830:
1802:
1650:
1639:
1638:- Noted for his ruthless campaigns of murder and looting during the Ethiopian
1490:
1485:
893:
481:
420:
405:
2525:
international highly participated in the development activities of the Habro
1527:
and now honored as martyrs by the three major Oromo political organizations;
335:
322:
167:
154:
2607:
Oromo secessionists who conspire against the state with Somali Expansionists
2207:
2098:
had arrived at the bottom of the current Gelemso town. The Ethiopian writer
1567:
1110:
261:
3013:
2288:
administration, it was designated an electoral district (in Amharic called
1556:
516:
was introduced in this way, and in the long period of time, it evolved to
2813:
In the City of Saints: Religion, Politics, and Culture in Harar, Ethiopia
2621:
2593:
Indeed, the Dergue era was also a period where brutal campaigns like the
2560:
2075:
1868:
1770:
1732:
1708:
1559:
into the Oromo. (For the detail of his life and work, click on his name.)
1286:
302:
197:
3005:
2139:
Gelemso stayed under a period of dwarfism and stagnancy in the reign of
2555:). One of the main urban zones of the town, called in its Amharic name
2034:
To conclude, when we consider oral histories which assert the town had
1903:
1519:
causes under an organization that bears the name of their people (i.e.
1033:/(the gate of the Bamboo forest/Hardim)-found in the western direction.
241:
1805:
and returned to Harar, where he died and buried according to legends.
1581:
Gelemso and its vicinity had produced many scholars which include Dr.
1053:(the gate of the Army/ Sheikh Hussein)-found in the southern direction
2905:
The City of Harar and the Spread of Islam Among the Oromo in Hararghe
2517:
2359:
2215:
1930:
1837:
1790:
1752:
1575:
1508:
1494:
1290:
1282:
1224:
1156:
1043:(the gate of the Women/Belbeleti): found in the south-west direction.
941:(See below). Professor Braukamper witnessed that when he visited the
607:
579:
436:
314:
266:
3174:
3172:
3139:, African Study Monographs, Kyoto University, March 2010, p. 111-117
2982:"A new species of great ape from the late Miocene epoch in Ethiopia"
2292:) and had got 2 seats in the imperial parliamentary assembly of the
2070:
since ancient times. And to the least, we can say it existed on the
1593:
and Human Rights Commissioner in the Federal Government of Ethiopia.
1321:
system and begin a new one. It is 25 km to the east of Gelemso.
1258:
in Chercher highlands is believed to be the offshoot of the ancient
3220:, (written in Amharic), Kuraz Publishers, Addis Ababa, 1990, p. 291
2825:
2823:
2821:
2245:(10 km east of Gelemso), a place where they intended to build
1855:
In the oral history collected from the elderly people, the ancient
2775:
Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays
2636:
festival, where about 800,000 Oromos came together at Gelemso and
2392:
2381:
2370:
2087:
1794:
1775:
1774:
here. These include specially the one that related to the ancient
1657:
1318:
1159:
woreda of West Harerghe zone, on 40 km distance from Gelemso.
1130:/Chorora: an archeological site 40 km west of Gelemso, where
564:
560:
556:
3231:
The Works of Abba Bahrey with Other Records Concerning the Oromo
2866:
2864:
1703:, especially for the brutal measures he had taken on peasants in
535:
or any other language, it might be sound to conclude the ancient
3319:
2693:
2691:
1833:). For all, detail investigations would clarify the real story.
1590:
1532:
952:
948:
651:
349:
3036:"Primatology.net, "A More Thorough Reading of Chororapithecus""
2147:) who had special sympathy for another town established in the
2074:
long before the appearance of many of the current towns of the
1609:
Fitawrari Tesfaye Wondimagenyehu - The first governor of Habro
921:
River 1 km away from the town (in the southern direction).
896:
calendar. The children's song that is sung on the night before
850:
Kitchens are usually located outside the main house and called
527:
has been discussed by different scholars. However, as the name
523:
This story is not documented, while the Islamization effort of
464:
Local history tellers say that in order to achieve his target,
3207:, 3rd edition, Addis Ababa University Press, Addis Ababa, 2001
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
1309:: one of the five Oda or traditional meeting places where the
883:. The festivals are usually accompanied by private ceremonies.
687:
The residents dine three times a day. The breakfast is called
668:(eight lira). On the other hand, the Ethiopian birr is called
582:
subgroups at the third level. And a few others are persons of
435:
and according to the oral history of the Ittu Oromo, he was a
15:
991:
Locations of interest around Gelemso include the followings.
892:, which is held in the 10th day of the Muharram month of the
2102:
tells that Menelik arrived at Gelemso on December 18, 1886.
741:). The meals include items of traditional Oromo styles like
578:
is the second largest ethnicity with persons from different
2264:
constructed the first school of the town at a place called
2004:
itself was located prior to its move to the current place.
1143:
When the fossils were excavated, the news media (including
802:
nation have the same food preparation style as that of the
423:
who are usually mentioned as the native Oromo group of the
412:
usually refers to the worship house under the traditional (
380:, a mosque named for a man who came to preach Islam to the
2962:"Anthropology.Net, "Chororapithecus Abyssinicus in Brief""
1523:). They died together on September 5/1974 at the historic
1063:(the gate of Wene/Boke)- found in the south-east direction
1017:(the gate of Benti/Kore)- found in the northern direction.
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
1149:
Chorora Formation at the southern margin of the Afar rift
1083:
a place where everybody washes his body without being shy
1069:(the gate of Chaffee): found in the north east direction.
2793:
with other people. His book is an advisable work to read
2616:
On May 30, 1991, the town came under the control of the
1863:
district which was merged with the adjacent district of
1023:(the gate of Bube): found in the north-western direction
2086:
In 1887, while campaigning to occupy the city state of
1902:
as a cultural and administrative center of the Eastern
1646:
Region's High Court and sentenced to life imprisonment.
1484:. He was another key figure in the Islamization of the
1356:
is also a home of a big mausoleum in which the tomb of
945:
in 1973, the attendants of the feast number in 10,000s.
3303:
Oromia: An Introduction to History of the Oromo People
3287:
Oromia: An Introduction to the History of Oromo People
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
2651:
along with the other towns of the West Harerghe Zone.
2590:
highlands, a region highly known for Oromo rebellion.
2172:
However, when Italy conquered Ethiopia and formed the
1701:
the most notorious administrator in history of Gelemso
1266:. Therefore, a search for that place should continue.
845:, is found with Persian and Arabian rugs spread on it.
567:
has only 11,650, something very difficult to believe.
3122:"አዲስ አድማስ ጋዜጣ፣ ሐምሌ 11፣ 2001፣ የጥበብ ሸማኔዎች (ሱፊዎች በሐረርጌ)"
1384:: where, according to oral history, the Muslim saint
1211:), this one also might be identical to a town of the
2547:
had opened its branch (now this branch had moved to
1539:. Hundee the hero immortalized by Ali Birra's songs.
1394:: located 10 km east of Gelemso, where a saint
1352:(the house of presence) as a focus. The compound of
1289:
highlands. Their mysterious legends reach as far as
959:
and it originates mostly around a rural zone called
813:
807:
788:
736:
694:
2480:, a well known Oromo nationalist and co-founder of
2465:etc....and well known Ethiopian entrepreneurs like
2210:through all weather roads which run in the west to
1910:) . Here, as many books have recorded, it was also
1618:Colonel Tedla Ayele - Second Governor of the Habro
1578:
woreda, but raised up in Gelemso in his early ages.
1415:: an Orthodox Christian Church aged about 60 years.
1370:which is traditionally identified with the ancient
317:Regional State, it has a latitude and longitude of
260:
252:
247:
235:
223:
203:
183:
85:
2581:
2575:
2538:
2526:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2283:
2164:
2050:had built her palace), when we analyze its tie to
1694:
1682:
1670:
1660:
1625:
1619:
1610:
857:
851:
840:
834:
828:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
688:
675:
669:
663:
2649:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
2535:The 1984 Harerghe Province All Games Championship
3316:To Kill a Generation: The Red Terror in Ethiopia
2915:
2913:
2632:. The most memorable event of that time was the
2601:where 70 people (half of them in the pretext of
1497:), which he introduced to the Harar Oromos with
888:Another important festival of Islamic origin is
2169:the model of his future administration system.
1840:,. whom in the 14th century, the Syrian writer
1184:a chronicle of the brilliant campaigns of Imam
453:who call their saints and national heroes so. (
3180:History of the Oromo People up to 16th Century
3164:History of the Oromo People up to 16th Century
3151:History of the Oromo People up to 16th Century
2831:History of the Oromo People up to 16th Century
2699:History of the Oromo People up to 16th Century
1925:Prior to the 1991 governmental change (during
1711:districts in the 1980s, where he labeled them
1239:also notes another village called by the name
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2671:አዲስ አድማስ ጋዜጣ፣ ሰኔ 20፣ 2001፣ ‹‹ፉጉግና የሐረርጌ ኦሮሞ››
2640:to celebrate the resurrection of the ancient
2580:for whom Gelemso was a capital (among the 13
2334:. The list of those foreign traders includes
2310:upon the splitting up of the former Chercher
1969:. In this case, the role of the saint called
1649:Allagaw Gulle- Acknowledged for stopping the
963:. Other varieties are known by such names as
508:denotes the owner of the house (in this case
384:in the 13th century, called by his followers
8:
3297:
3295:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2777:, Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie 9, 2003,
2603:Amhara land lords who resist the land reform
2496:to meet other early Oromo nationalists like
1898:assumed a wider fame with the foundation of
1887:and the flourishing era of the Sultanate of
1446:by the Oromos, not only for his origin from
1332:Places noted for Islamic history and culture
909:The Christian population usually celebrates
388:Seid, and by the Oromos with his given name
2476:In the late 1960s and early 1970s, General
2296:regime, which was won in that very year by
2260:In 1951, the Christian missionary group of
1965:in recent years were called in the name of
765:, etc... dishes of the Arabian origin like
90:
1949:is a tree known in its scientific name as
1812:, suggest that the Islamization effort of
1785:in the birth of the town. It is said that
1348:has many quarters of different uses, with
82:
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
3322:, which had no strong support in Gelemso
3218:Emperor Yohannes and the Ethiopian Unity
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3162:Oromia Culture and Tourism Commission ,
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2484:, had been in the town for his supposed
2222:), and in the east to Dire Dawa through
1953:) . And many rituals exercised when the
602:The Oromo tongue, called by the natives
348:. Gelemso is the origin of a variety of
3205:A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855-1991
3178:Oromia Culture and Tourism Commission,
3149:Oromia Culture and Tourism Commission,
2829:Oromia Culture and Tourism Commission,
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2697:Oromia Culture and Tourism Commission,
2685:. For full citation, visit this website
2660:
2316:to Habro and Chercher-Adal-Gara Guracha
1844:and, in the 15th century, the Egyptian
1402:and a mausoleum that contains his tomb.
259:
246:
182:
147:
113:
2677:and the ethnography of the indigenous
2666:
2664:
2492:) . Fortunately, the incident favored
1933:times), people who live closer to the
1164:Places referred as ancient settlements
1103:Dindin Forest and Wild Life Sanctuary
42:Large chunks of unreferenced material.
2180:to Gelemso (which was moved first to
1859:is said to be synonymous to the late
1665:, called first secretary of ESEPA or
251:
234:
222:
202:
7:
3274:Gelemso Branch Inauguration Ceremony
2401:Latter on, natives of the town like
1879:, in which Gelemso is identified as
1793:, the then chief Islamic scholar in
1338:Sheikh Omar Mosque and Sufi Compound
1285:people are observable in all of the
1147:Journal) reported the place wrongly
2941:International Journal of Speleology
2054:and the presence of the shrines of
1977:can be accepted without any doubt.
1642:. He was tried for genocide by the
352:called by the same name (Gelemso).
2482:Mecha-Tulama Self Help Association
2151:highlands and named for his honor
1585:of the Dergue, Dr. Bayan Asoba of
1155:, however, is the east section of
1122:Places of archeological importance
1005:the Seven Natural Gates of Gelemso
674:and the ten birr note is known as
662:(four lira), and 20 cents called
445:to his name, in the manner of the
14:
2082:After the conquests of Menelik II
1713:extremists who shelter secessions
1505:Ahmad Taqi Sheikh Mohammed Rashid
658:(two lira), the ten cents called
563:town, which is twice as large as
2673:The marvelous networking of the
2512:From the 1974 revolution to 1992
1988:(the President's Office) of the
1215:Sultanate that was mentioned in
1188:whom the Ethiopian writers call
1085:(of being seen naked by others).
862:, roast a meet outside a house).
798:The residents who belong to the
699:), the lunch is known as either
210:
190:
126:
119:
20:
2122:Truly speaking, it was Emperor
1693:- administrative head of Habro
1656:Alemu Belachew- party chief of
127:
77:Town in Oromia Region, Ethiopia
3339:Populated places in the Oromia
2531:starting from the late 1980s.
1715:(by this, he was referring to
1549:Sheikh Mohammed Rashad Abdulle
818:is experienced by most of the
1:
3272:Commercial Bank of Ethiopia,
2199:which mean a military camp).
2135:During the Italian occupation
1419:Saint Michael Catholic Church
1392:The Mosque of Sheikh Ali Jami
1388:had lived some 300 years ago.
1301:Places of cultural importance
3289:, Khartoum, 1988, p. 183-184
3093:"አዲስ አድማስ ጋዜጣ፣ ሰኔ 27፣ 2001፣
2545:Development Bank of Ethiopia
2256:After the Italian occupation
814:
789:
737:
3024:– via www.nature.com.
2605:, and half of them labeled
2582:
2576:
2539:
2527:
2471:Commercial Bank of Ethiopia
2318:
2312:
2306:
2298:Haji Abdullahi Sheikh Ahmed
2284:
2236:St. Michael Catholic Church
2165:
1996:serving as the place where
1894:And again, it is said that
1695:
1683:
1671:
1661:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1434:Notable people from Gelemso
858:
852:
841:
835:
829:
808:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
731:
725:
719:
717:) and the dinner is called
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
676:
670:
664:
360:Oral history says the name
40:. The specific problem is:
3355:
2184:, then to Asebe Teferi or
1667:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
1186:Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi
1095:University of Huddersfield
553:Central Statistical Agency
551:Based on figures from the
36:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
3233:, Avon, Minnesota, p. 222
2467:Mohammed Abdullahi Ogsade
2262:American Adventist Church
1572:Ethiopian Catholic Church
1407:Important Christian sites
1178:the Conquest of Abyssinia
539:gave rise to the current
148:
114:
107:
91:
1973:at the establishment of
1789:was appointed by Sheikh
1574:. He is originally from
1489:the transmission of the
1470:usually refer to him as
1317:or 8-year period of the
1313:used to meet to end one
543:, the name of the town.
140:Location within Ethiopia
89:
80:Town in Oromia, Ethiopia
3182:, Adama, 2004, p. 94-96
2833:, Adama, 2004, p. 94-99
1681:- party chief of Habro
856:(from the Oromo phrase
499:. Here, as elders say,
3276:, December 1969, p. 17
3216:Tekletsadik Mekuria ,
2618:Oromo Liberation Front
2415:Muteki Sheikh Mohammed
1717:Oromo Liberation Front
1601:Notable administrators
1440:Sheikh Ali Jami Guutoo
1109:mountains of northern
783:, and the traditional
2950:on 30 September 2011.
2644:assembly tradition.
2599:Kara Qurqura Massacre
2403:Mohammad Abdo (Lungo)
2389:Sheikh Bashir Babikir
2062:, we can deduce that
1957:(conferences) of the
1842:Abu Fadlulah Al Umari
1817:appearance of a name
1499:Sheikh Mohammed Harar
1480:: popularly known as
987:Locations of interest
480:sub-group within the
3166:, Adama, 2004, p. 93
3153:, Adama, 2004, p. 99
2701:, Adama, 2004, p. 94
2506:Mohammed Zakir Meyra
2455:Tiruneh Gebremichael
2427:Haji Sani Abdulqadir
2214:(via small towns of
2058:both at Gelemso and
1867:to form the current
1825:in the long list of
1746:Birhanu Bekama Butta
1731:all over the former
1442:: - commonly called
1413:Medihane Alem Church
1374:, of which the name
1051:Karra Sheekh Husseen
1001:Karra Torban Gelemso
47:improve this article
3006:10.1038/nature06113
2998:2007Natur.448..921S
2773:Ulrich Braukämper:
2174:Italian East Africa
2141:Ras Teferi Mekonnen
2100:Tekletsadik Mekuria
1961:were undertaken at
1951:Ficus gnaphalocarpa
1881:the scene of action
1553:Al-Azhar University
1493:Sufi brother-hood (
1041:Karra Balballeettii
332: /
164: /
2876:2010-08-16 at the
2855:2010-08-16 at the
2447:Mekonnen Metaferia
2092:Battle of Chelenqo
1468:Chercher highlands
425:Chercher highlands
392:after he was made
311:West Hararghe Zone
253: • Total
2992:(7156): 921–924.
2920:www.maplandia.com
2903:Mohammed Hassen:
2783:978-3-8258-5671-7
2719:Mohammed Hassen:
2679:Oromo of Harerghe
2238:mentioned above.
2178:Chercher province
1937:often called the
1810:Ulrich Bräukamper
1478:Sheikh Umar Aliye
1460:the respected one
1427:the tallest house
1245:Al Futuhul Habash
1219:by the same name.
1217:Al Futuhul Habash
1174:Al Futuhul Habash
868:to be used again.
812:and the Harari's
624:Magaalaa Salaasaa
293:), is a town in
277:
276:
75:
74:
67:
38:quality standards
29:This article may
3346:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3305:, Khartoum, 1988
3299:
3290:
3283:
3277:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3229:Getachew Haile,
3227:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3198:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3101:
3100:
3089:
3072:
3062:
3056:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3025:
2977:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2943:. Archived from
2938:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2908:
2901:
2880:
2868:
2859:
2847:
2834:
2827:
2816:
2809:
2794:
2771:
2728:
2717:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2668:
2585:
2579:
2542:
2530:
2461:and his brother
2417:and his brother
2365:and his brother
2321:
2315:
2309:
2302:Mukhtar Mohammed
2287:
2276:(The American).
2168:
2157:Teferi wished it
2145:Haile Selassie I
2143:(latter Emperor
1850:Zeyla Federation
1698:
1686:
1674:
1664:
1631:
1623:
1614:
1360:(the founder of
1293:in the west and
1264:Al Futhul Habash
861:
855:
844:
838:
832:
817:
811:
792:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
679:
673:
667:
650:, (from Italian
628:Tuesday's Market
547:Basic statistics
347:
346:
344:
343:
342:
337:
336:8.817°N 40.517°E
333:
330:
329:
328:
325:
216:
214:
213:
196:
194:
193:
179:
178:
176:
175:
174:
169:
168:8.817°N 40.517°E
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
130:
129:
123:
102:
94:
93:
83:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
24:
23:
16:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3199:
3186:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3144:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3104:
3091:
3090:
3075:
3063:
3059:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3029:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2883:
2878:Wayback Machine
2869:
2862:
2857:Wayback Machine
2848:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2797:
2772:
2731:
2718:
2705:
2696:
2689:
2675:Fugug Mountains
2669:
2662:
2657:
2514:
2423:Haji Ahmed Nure
2378:Francesco Berto
2374:Antonio Viccini
2332:social panorama
2258:
2137:
2084:
2072:line of history
2040:Halayya Buchuro
1767:
1762:
1603:
1583:Ashagre Yigletu
1555:who translated
1507:(well known as
1436:
1409:
1334:
1303:
1237:Mohammed Hassen
1166:
1132:Chororapithecus
1124:
1027:Karra Gobeensaa
997:
995:Natural wonders
989:
616:
600:
594:ethnicities. .
549:
398:the adopted son
358:
340:
338:
334:
331:
326:
323:
321:
319:
318:
307:Ahmar Mountains
211:
209:
191:
189:
172:
170:
166:
163:
158:
155:
153:
151:
150:
144:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
131:
110:
103:
96:
88:
81:
78:
71:
60:
54:
51:
44:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3307:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3247:
3235:
3222:
3209:
3184:
3168:
3155:
3142:
3135:Hussein Ahmed
3127:
3102:
3073:
3057:
3041:
3027:
2967:
2953:
2924:
2909:
2881:
2860:
2835:
2817:
2811:Camilla Gibb:
2795:
2729:
2703:
2687:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2513:
2510:
2451:Jemaneh Yimamu
2435:Usmail Ahmayyu
2411:Mohammed Beker
2396:Usma'il Hindii
2340:Abdallah Ubadi
2336:Nasir Sana'ani
2294:Haile Seliasie
2257:
2254:
2136:
2133:
2083:
2080:
2029:grave of Lukku
1927:Haile Selassie
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1691:Selamu Tegenye
1688:
1679:Alemu Mengesha
1676:
1654:
1647:
1633:
1616:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1579:
1566:, the current
1564:Berhane Eyesus
1560:
1551:a graduate of
1546:
1543:Umar Bakkalcha
1540:
1525:Battle of Tiro
1502:
1475:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1416:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1389:
1382:Aw-Sherif Hill
1379:
1368:Aw-Seid Shrine
1365:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:Halaya Buchuro
1322:
1302:
1299:
1279:
1278:
1248:
1247:
1221:
1220:
1182:
1181:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1140:
1139:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:Mountain Nyala
1099:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1013:/ also called
996:
993:
988:
985:
984:
983:
961:Chaffe Afanani
946:
923:
922:
906:
905:
885:
884:
869:
864:
863:
859:alatti waaddaa
847:
846:
824:
823:
795:
794:
685:
680:(from English
643:
632:Magaalaa Qobbo
615:
612:
599:
596:
548:
545:
372:, meaning the
364:came from the
357:
354:
282:(also spelled
275:
274:
264:
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
245:
244:
239:
233:
232:
227:
221:
220:
207:
201:
200:
187:
181:
180:
146:
145:
139:
133:
132:
125:
124:
118:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
104:
86:
79:
76:
73:
72:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3351:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3321:
3317:
3314:Babile Tola,
3311:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3262:(in Amharic).
3261:
3260:gzamargna.net
3257:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3095:ኦዳ ቡልቱም በሐረርጌ
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2611:Karra Qurqura
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2488:(Amharic for
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:Taddese Birru
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:Mumme Ghazali
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:Nejash Usmail
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:Haji Abdullah
2383:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:Kostar Gragor
2361:
2357:
2354:who were all
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:in Amharic).
2158:
2155:(which means
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:Akkoo Manoyye
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:Eastern Oromo
1987:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1765:Early history
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:Mekonnen Maru
1634:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:in the east.
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:Natural Caves
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:Karra Hardiim
1029:/also called
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
992:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:Milad Al Nabi
925:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:
903:
900:day known as
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
882:
877:
873:
870:
866:
865:
860:
854:
849:
848:
843:
837:
831:
826:
825:
821:
816:
815:hulbat marakh
810:
805:
801:
797:
796:
791:
790:hulbat marakh
786:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
735:(from Harari
733:
727:
721:
715:
711:(from Arabic
709:
703:
697:
693:(from Arabic
691:
686:
683:
678:
672:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:(Harar Bull).
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
619:
613:
611:
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
571:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:House of Usso
375:
371:
367:
363:
355:
353:
351:
345:
341:8.817; 40.517
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Oromia Region
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
272:
268:
265:
263:
255:
243:
240:
238:
231:
230:West Hararghe
228:
226:
219:
208:
206:
199:
188:
186:
177:
173:8.817; 40.517
149:Coordinates:
122:
106:
100:
84:
69:
66:
58:
55:December 2021
48:
43:
39:
35:
34:
27:
18:
17:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3301:Geda Melba,
3286:
3285:Geda Melba,
3281:
3273:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3179:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3094:
3060:
3044:
3030:
2989:
2985:
2956:
2945:the original
2927:
2904:
2830:
2812:
2790:
2786:
2774:
2724:
2720:
2698:
2683:Addis Admass
2682:
2678:
2674:
2646:
2642:Chaffe Gadaa
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2587:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2557:Addis Ketema
2556:
2533:
2515:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:house arrest
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2462:
2459:Omar Ghazali
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:Ahmed Alhadi
2430:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2352:Salah Muhsin
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2324:Asebe Teferi
2301:
2297:
2289:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2247:Secondo Roma
2240:
2235:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2171:
2156:
2153:Asebe Teferi
2140:
2138:
2121:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2085:
2071:
2068:Oromo people
2063:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2025:Qabrii Lukku
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2006:
1998:Caffee Gadaa
1985:
1979:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1924:
1915:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1835:
1822:
1807:
1786:
1780:
1768:
1739:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1700:
1596:
1520:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1426:
1423:Mana Dheeraa
1422:
1418:
1412:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:Beytul Hadra
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1324:
1314:
1306:
1280:
1274:
1271:Harala Ruins
1270:
1249:
1222:
1212:
1209:Daro Abonaah
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1127:
1102:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1075:Haroo Carcar
1074:
1067:Karra Caffee
1066:
1061:Karra Bookee
1060:
1057:Karra Weenne
1056:
1050:
1047:Karra Cifraa
1046:
1040:
1037:Karra Beeraa
1036:
1030:
1026:
1021:Karra Bubbee
1020:
1014:
1011:Karra Bantii
1010:
1004:
1000:
990:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
914:
910:
901:
897:
880:
875:
871:
819:
803:
799:
787:dish called
747:(porridge),
681:
665:nira saddeet
659:
655:
647:
640:Harar Sangaa
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
617:
601:
572:
569:
550:
540:
536:
528:
522:
517:
513:
512:). The name
509:
505:
500:
496:
490:
485:
473:
469:
465:
463:
458:
454:
440:
432:
428:
418:
409:
404:clan of the
397:
393:
389:
377:
374:Hall of Usso
373:
369:
361:
359:
295:West Haraghe
290:
283:
279:
278:
61:
52:
45:Please help
41:
30:
3201:Bahru Zewde
2498:Elemo Kiltu
2443:Belew Haile
2407:Ahmed Yusuf
2274:Amerikaanii
2204:Addis Ababa
2161:Bahru Zewde
2128:Aleqa Tayye
2036:Karra Torba
2009:Qabri Lukku
1986:Mana Bokkuu
1959:Chaffe Gada
1513:Elemo Kiltu
1448:Warra Qallu
1364:) is found.
1358:Sheikh Omar
1190:Ahmad Gragn
1015:Karra Qoree
939:Sheikh Omar
876:Eid Al Adha
872:Eid al Fitr
660:niiraa afur
636:Qabri Lukku
478:Warra Qallu
474:adopted son
402:Warra Qallu
382:Ittu Oromos
339: /
171: /
49:if you can.
3070:0972317252
3054:0972317252
2655:References
2638:Oda Bultum
2634:Oda Bultum
2595:Red Terror
2553:Asbeteferi
2502:Ahmad Taqi
2419:Ahmad Taqi
2391:, and the
2322:(Chiro or
2124:Menelik II
2117:Menelik II
2096:Menelik II
2094:, Emperor
2060:Oda Bultum
2052:Oda Bultum
2021:Ittu Oromo
2002:Oda Bultum
1994:Oda Bultum
1982:Oda Bultum
1975:Oda Bultum
1963:Oda Bultum
1941:itself as
1935:Oda Bultum
1920:Oda Bultum
1900:Oda Bultum
1846:Al Makrizi
1831:Ittu Oromo
1803:Ittu Oromo
1740:Misrak Ezz
1736:Kiflehager
1669:for Habro
1651:Red Terror
1640:Red Terror
1491:Qadiriyyah
1486:Ittu Oromo
1482:Gelemsiyyi
1458:: meaning
1396:Sheikh Ali
1372:Galma Usso
1307:Oda Bultum
1235:Professor
955:is called
881:eid cloths
756:affeellama
656:niira lama
626:, meaning
537:Galma Usso
514:Galma Usso
497:galma Usso
482:Ittu Oromo
421:Ittu Oromo
406:Ittu Oromo
394:ilma gossa
370:Galma Usso
248:Population
2516:When the
2348:Ali Sa'ad
2344:Ali Ahmed
2290:የምርጫ አውራጃ
2208:Dire Dawa
2044:Laga Bera
1568:Patriarch
1386:Aw-Sherif
1107:Arba Gugu
1079:Sal Malee
971:chabbbala
853:alawaadaa
470:ilma gosa
414:Waqefanna
356:Etymology
286:, and in
262:Time zone
3333:Category
3014:17713533
2874:Archived
2853:Archived
2622:Hararghe
2588:Chercher
2572:Dergue's
2565:Mengistu
2561:Mengistu
2382:Sudanese
2371:Italians
2281:Chercher
2149:Chercher
2078:region.
2076:Hararghe
1967:Aw -Seid
1869:Darolebu
1823:Seid Ali
1771:Hararghe
1733:Hararghe
1725:Beherawi
1709:Darolebu
1464:Chercher
1456:Qalittii
1444:Qallicha
1425:meaning
1287:Hararghe
1260:Qunburah
1256:Qunburah
1252:Qunburah
1241:Qunburah
1207:(saying
1201:Abboonah
1170:Qurquraa
1128:Corooraa
1081:meaning
967:, 'qudaa
913:(called
911:Epiphany
902:Ishaatoo
809:mulawwah
774:fatiiraa
768:mulawwah
726:hirbaata
720:dhiheena
677:bawandii
598:Language
449:and the
433:Seid Ali
303:Ethiopia
291:Galamsoo
198:Ethiopia
31:require
3022:4312331
2994:Bibcode
2583:awrajas
2540:awrajas
2494:Tadesse
2367:Stafrol
2356:Yemenis
2319:awrajas
2232:Aw Seid
2228:Badessa
2220:Bordode
2194:Italian
2112:Amharic
2064:Gelemso
2056:Aw-Seid
1992:, with
1971:Aw-Seid
1943:Aw Seid
1912:Aw Seid
1904:Barento
1896:Gelemso
1885:Aw Seid
1877:Aw Seid
1819:Aw Seid
1814:Aw Seid
1799:Aw Seid
1787:Aw Seid
1783:Aw Seid
1760:History
1570:of the
1452:Qalicha
1376:Gelemso
1295:Jijjiga
1153:Chorora
975:tachero
919:Aw Seid
820:Amharas
732:hiraata
702:subaata
671:qarshii
614:Customs
574:areas.
541:Galamso
529:Galamso
525:Aw Seid
518:Galamso
510:Aw Seid
493:Aw Seid
476:of the
472:or the
466:Aw Seid
459:Aw Seid
429:Aw Seid
427:, says
400:of the
368:phrase
362:Galamso
327:40°31′E
313:of the
284:Gelemso
280:Galamso
256:241,200
242:Gelemso
185:Country
159:40°31′E
134:Galamso
92:Galamso
87:Galamso
33:cleanup
3068:
3052:
3020:
3012:
2986:Nature
2791:Hadiya
2787:Hadiya
2781:
2577:awraja
2528:awraja
2518:Dergue
2393:Indian
2380:, the
2369:, the
2360:Greeks
2358:, the
2313:awraja
2307:awraja
2285:awraja
2216:Hardim
2192:(from
2166:awraja
2013:Lukkuu
1931:Dergue
1908:Borana
1889:Dawaro
1873:Dawaro
1857:Dawaro
1838:Dawaro
1827:Harari
1791:Abadir
1753:Dergue
1721:Selamu
1696:awraja
1684:awraja
1672:awraja
1662:awraja
1644:Harari
1632:level.
1628:awraja
1621:awraja
1612:awraja
1576:Anchar
1562:Abuna
1557:Qur'an
1509:Hundee
1495:Tariqa
1472:Aw Ali
1291:Karayu
1283:Harala
1275:Harala
1225:Dergue
1213:Dawaro
1194:Hardim
1157:Anchar
1145:Nature
1136:Nature
981:etc...
979:walaha
931:Mawlid
915:Timket
898:Ashura
890:Ashura
842:madaba
804:Amhara
800:Amhara
785:Harari
780:haniid
762:qiitaa
750:shumoo
744:marqaa
738:hiraat
696:futuur
690:fatara
648:niiraa
608:Arabic
592:Harari
588:Argoba
584:Somali
580:Gurage
576:Amhara
451:Somali
447:Harari
437:Sharif
324:8°49′N
315:Oromia
237:Woreda
218:Oromia
215:
205:Region
195:
156:8°49′N
95:
3018:S2CID
2948:(PDF)
2937:(PDF)
2723:, in
2549:Chiro
2270:Tirso
2243:Wachu
2224:Wachu
2212:Awash
2197:campo
2190:Kambo
2186:Chiro
2182:Kunni
2108:Gorgo
2088:Harar
2027:mean
2017:Lukku
1955:Ya'ii
1918:) at
1795:Harar
1776:Harla
1658:Habro
1521:Oromo
1517:Oromo
1400:galma
1362:Hadra
1354:Hadra
1346:Hadra
1342:Hadra
1319:Gadaa
1311:Oromo
965:urata
957:qarti
943:Hadra
935:Hadra
894:Hijra
836:dinqa
830:deera
729:, or
714:ghada
708:qadaa
682:pound
604:Oromo
565:Mieso
561:Hirna
557:Mieso
533:Oromo
501:galma
491:When
410:galma
408:. As
366:Oromo
350:Jimaa
288:Oromo
267:UTC+3
99:Oromo
3320:EPRP
3066:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3010:PMID
2779:ISBN
2630:Bale
2628:and
2626:Arsi
2523:CARE
2504:and
2387:and
2376:and
2300:and
2266:Lode
2226:and
2218:and
2206:and
2110:(an
2042:and
1929:and
1916:Hera
1865:Lebu
1861:Daro
1707:and
1705:Boke
1591:OPDO
1537:IFLO
1535:and
1533:OPDO
1315:luba
1205:Daro
1111:Arsi
953:khat
949:Khat
874:and
822:too.
652:lira
590:and
506:Usso
486:Usso
419:The
390:Usso
225:Zone
109:Town
3002:doi
2990:448
2551:or
2486:ግዞት
1947:oda
1945:. (
1939:Oda
1821:or
1729:WPE
1587:OLF
1529:OLF
1454:or
1262:of
1243:in
1229:OLF
1176:, (
1059:or
1049:or
1039:or
1003:or
937:of
929:or
839:or
705:or
396:or
376:or
297:of
271:EAT
3335::
3294:^
3203:,
3187:^
3171:^
3105:^
3076:^
3016:.
3008:.
3000:.
2988:.
2984:.
2970:^
2939:.
2912:^
2884:^
2863:^
2838:^
2820:^
2798:^
2732:^
2706:^
2690:^
2663:^
2624:,
2500:,
2457:,
2453:,
2449:,
2445:,
2441:,
2437:,
2433:,
2429:,
2425:,
2421:,
2413:,
2409:,
2405:,
2398:.
2350:,
2346:,
2342:,
2338:,
2031:)
1922:.
1852:.
1531:,
1231:.
1196:.
1180:),
977:,
973:,
969:,
777:,
771:,
759:,
753:,
723:,
684:).
586:,
520:.
488:.
461:.
455:Aw
442:Aw
386:Aw
301:,
3124:.
3099:.
3097:"
3038:.
3004::
2996::
2964:.
1675:.
1653:.
1615:.
1474:.
1117:.
1097:.
793:.
273:)
269:(
101:)
97:(
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
