Galamso - Knowledge (XXG)

1556:(1953? - 1980) was one of the early Oromo nationalists and martyrs well-remembered in the Chercher highlands of Harerghe especially for the heroic speeches he made at his death spot. His name had been Umar Sheikh Mohammed Rabi, but the people usually refer to him as “Umar Bakkalcha” or simply “Bakkalcha” (the downfall star). Bakkalcha was enlightened in the Oromo National struggle from the very beginning. He had a good understanding of the quests of the Oromo causes far before many people. However, the most brainstorming incident that took him to decide giving up all of his belongings for the Oromo causes was the heroic death of the well known Oromo patriots and guerilla leaders called Elemo Killtu (Hassen Ibrahim) and Hundee (or Ahmad Taqi Sheikh Muhammed Rashid). 2918:, A Paper Presented on African Studies Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, November 11–14, 1999, pp. 23, 4, 3, 4, 5, 44, 44, 23-25, 52, 54-55. In this paper, Professor Mohammed Hassen notes that due to their presence in a region criss-crossed by trade routes, military conquests, and the pioneering campaigns of Islamic propagation, the Oromo in Harerghe had developed a long tradition of borrowing and adapting new lifestyles from other people, and lending their own customs to others. Accordingly, we can see many domestic terminologies of Arabian, Somali and Harari origins among the Harar Oromos, and we can look into thousands of words of Oromo origin among other peoples. 3256:, 1990, and new data obtained from Gelemso Municipality, December 2009, Gelemso, West Harerghe. The Municipality recounts this year 1908 as the birth date of a town. But the elders do not agree with that, neither the writer of this article (Alladin Alevi) too. This may be justified by the fact that the Menilik's landing at Gelemso was in 1887, and it is assumed that the Emperor did not had rest at a village which cannot fulfill the subsistence needs of his huge army; and where marketing was inaccessible. That means Gelemso had at least certain appearance of a small town or it had been a market place prior to the Menelik's period. 566:, the result of the third Ethiopian census (undertaken in May 2007) shows that Galamso has total population of 16,484, of which 9,003 are male and 7,481 are female. . However, this report is unacceptable to many people and organizations, including authorities in the departments of the district and zonal administrations. People who refuse the report demonstrate their argument simply by the sex ratio of the population (19 males/15 females) . which can not express the reality of the town. On the other hand, many inconsistencies of the report may induce one to reject its conclusion For example, the report says that the town of 1088:(Lake of the Cherecher): 10 km east of Gelemso, a lake that varies in its area coverage from time to time. Currently, it is the largest natural lake in eastern Ethiopia (assumed this rank when Lake Haramaya disappeared few years ago). The lake will become as large as 4 km with a breadth of 2 km at its peak. But some times it is mistaken for another temporal lake which appears at its vicinity during heavy rainfall season. This latter body of water is called by the peasants 132: 223: 2796:, p. 138, 118& 122, 166, 135, (16-19, 23, 28, 36, 102, 107, 109, 120, 136), (16-19, 23, 28, 36, 102, 107, 109, 120, 136), 117-122, 116, 118, 119, 119, 119, 116-117, (16-19, 23, 28, 36, 102, 107, 109, 120, 136), 131, 118, 70-76, 116-120,- Professor Urlich Braukamper is one of the leading authorities in the study of Islamic History and Culture in Ethiopia. He was so considerate man that while his study was concerned on the 203: 139: 33: 1759:- witnessed by many people as highly responsible administrator for the current features of the town. The town had got 24-hour electric power service while he was a mayor, and he laid down the master plan of the town too. Even, some of the most important constructions executed under the current regime were what he had planned in the 1980s. 2738:, edited by P.L. Donham and Wendy James, African Studies Centre, Cambridge University, 1980, p. 227-246, in this essay, Mohammed Hassen beautifully described the settlements of the three major bodies of the Eastern Oromo. For ethnography and especially for the history of the Eastern Oromos, the works of Mohammed Hassen are awesome. 2624:. (20 km east of Gelemso. In similar way Dergue military groups massacred 32 innocent civilians (children, baby of 1 year, women and elderly) bulldozed and buried in one grave yard in the place called 'Biyo' few km from town of Michata. It is still remembered locally as 'Qabri sodoma' in local Oromo language. 2532:

primary schools, the current Gelemso High School, the multipurpose city assembly hall (a unique at the time in all of Eastern Ethiopia), the public slaughter house, a stadium, youth recreation center, farmers training center and most notably, the Gelemso-Mechara high way. On the other hand, NGOs like

1784:

highlands. But for accuracy purposes, and to construct a relevant historical order, it is better to discuss those tales that directly focus to the town itself. Accordingly, some data obtained from oral history and written sources, which might describe the antique nature of the town, are not presented

1499:

and a father of Mohammed Zakir Meyra and many more heroes and scholars. Perhaps, he is the most widely known scholar, activist and important Islam figure in the region. In fact, he is well known for his dedication for Islam and its teaching throughout the country. He is also the most noted figure in

878:

Another most common custom in the town, which remained a noted figure to this day, is that all male residents are nicknamed. A boy is given a nickname by his friends when he is in early teens. He remains with it whether he likes it or not. But when becomes closer to the 40s, his formal name started

2125:

name for a kind of tree). That was a second turn in the long history of Gelemso, by which it had leaped from a small village of cultural importance to a truly urbanized community. However, elderly people assert that the formation of the garrison had also some bad objectives behind. It is said that

584:

With regard to the religious affiliations, it is witnessed by many that most of the residents of the town (around 70%) are Muslims. And Orthodox Christianity is the second significant religious domination (about 25%). Oromo is the native and the dominant ethnic group in Gelemso and the surrounding

2531:

came to power in 1974, more attention was given to Gelemso. Viewers and most of the residents say that the Dergue era was a prosperous time in the town's history where many governmental buildings were erected, and subsequent improvements were made in the town. This includes the health centre, two

1827:

could be a phenomenon of latter ages (i.e. after the 16th century), an argument that has a good ground, as far we consider the starting period of the mutual interdependence between the Muslims of the southeast and their Oromo neighbors. But one thing that deserves attention here is the recurrent

1104:: The natural caves around Gelemso have become important sites of geological and anthropological studies. The most famous three — named Hachare-Aynage, Rukiessa and Barro — are located near Mechara town, 40 km south of Gelemso. The first study of them was undertaken in 1996 by a team from 844:, is a room that serves as a bed room and it is where the family keeps its most valuable materials. The other room is of big size where guests are welcomed, and important ceremonies are undertaken. Inside this room, a big sized mud-built raised platform, which serves as seat and called 514:

stands to notify the spiritual significance of the newly built structure, (even though galma originally refers to the worshiping house of the traditional Oromo religion, the Oromos used to call the worshiping house of any faith by this name) and

2337:

remained the latter's capital) in the year 1968 and afterwards, some improvements were made. For example, the town was equipped with electric light service for 6 hours a night, and its tap water supply system (built by Italians) was expanded.

649:, is open only on the principal market day (Tuesday). Females dominate the business in the two open markets. The cattle market, however, is totally run by males. The town is one of the primary suppliers of the humped bull, popularly known as 2116:

Menelik was attracted by the landscape around Gelemso and ordered a garrison to be founded there, which his warlords had executed immediately. The garrison was established at the western part of the current town, and had been called

316:, Gelemso is located in eastern Ethiopian and is far from country capital by 301 km and second way 413 km in the western periphery of the highly networked mountain chain referred to by the natives as Fugug and by geographers as the 2141:

had recorded. But the true urban feature of the town dates from Menelik's period. This will be agreeable when we know that in 1908, Gelemso was one of the few centers that the imperial government formally recognized as true towns.

1183:: a villages referred by Oromo elders as a long existing settlement area since ancient times. This notion may induce us to identify it as a place repeatedly mentioned by the same name (Qurquraa) in the famous book known as 889:

are the two Islamic festivals celebrated with high honors in Gelemso. The remarkable event associated with them is the children's songs at the epoch nights of these festivals. The children also require their parents to buy

3269:[A brief history of the life of Negadras - Dejazmach, Decades, Decades of Immanuel, Legislative State of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia, Second Edition, Addis Ababa, October 1951, pages 163-185.]. 656:

The Afan Oromo spoken in the town is the Eastern Oromo dialect. But the natives of the town and the surrounding areas of Chercher highlands retain some peculiar usages. For example, coins are usually called

1600:, Afendi Muteki, the young Ethiopian ethnographic writer and activist, Artist Garbi Ahmed Nurie (Pianist, live in Toronto, Canada), Artist Adnan (singer) and Fozia Amin, member of the Central committee of 479:

had to seek a means that enables him live in the land of the Oromos with full citizenship rights, which could be accessed under the tradition of the Oromo people at that time. Accordingly, he became

3329:, Amharic Translation by Awgichew Terefe, Addis Ababa, 1992, p. 96, - However, Babile did 2 mistakes in his book. a) He underestimated the number of the dead. b). He alleged the cause of the dead to 1288:, whom the Oromos narrate as people of great length, extra ordinary strength and superior wealth, but devastated by hunger, epidemic and volcanic eruption because of their extravagance and disbelief. 2022:(now found in the south eastern tip of the town) was organized as a market center to accommodate traders who were coming from different regions. It is said that at that place, a local chief called 581:

Free viewers say that the census has defects, and the Ethiopian government admitted that. But the quest for the true figure of the population of Galamso and many other factors remained unanswered.

2484:

moved against its working rule of the time and opened a branch at Gelemso (according to its working rule of that time, the bank do not open its branch in a town found far away from the High Way).

2137:

who officially closed down all of the traditional Oromo institutions like Chaffe assembly and prohibited many other cultural feasts, a fact that Ethiopian writers of the early 20th century like

1432:: built by the Italian colonists in the late 1930s. It is the tallest man-made erection in the town, which is visible as far as 30 km away due its strategic position, and commonly called 2199:

by the Haile Selassie officials) and made valuable change on its urban customs. They established new settlements in the northern and eastern parts of the town, starting from a hill called now

1840:

saints, from which we may infer the saint called so was not a mere a legendary man only. (For example, he might have been engraved in Harar after his mission had failed in the land of the

1203:, which was written by the eyewitness of the conquests in the 16th century. This village is found about 30 km away from Gelemso (in the western direction) near to a small town called 1762:

Aleye Umare - Noted as long time administrator in history of the town. Almost all of the public constructions undertaken in the current regime were completed in his leadership. After the

2049:(The Seven Gates) in ancient times, non existent in the case of other towns of West Harerghe save Gelemso, when we consider its presence closer to places of significant traditions like 2581:

However, the prosperous situation prevailing during the Dergue time must never be considered as an expression of sympathetic view of the Dergue towards Gelemso. The motives behind the

1812:

came with his family and settled at Gelemso. He built the first mosque of the town, but he had little success in converting the local Oromos to Islam. Latter, he disagreed with the

2659: 1477:

was this Sheikh Ali Jami, so that he became one of the key figures in the Islamization of the Ittu Oromo. Sheikh Ali is considered a great saint and most of the people of the

1265:, the Oromo elders do not consider any one as a long standing. But this does not mean there was no place who had this name in ancient times. In fact, one of the places called 2884: 2863: 2263:

On the other hand, one of the most important features of Gelemso town, the Sheikh Omar mosque, was built in that period while Sheikh Omar was Qadi of the Chercher province.

1734:

as a merciless man to the youth for his showy acts and intensive brutality especially when was applying the mandatory national military service program (commonly called

1780:

It is difficult to trace when the history of the town starts. And it is so troublesome to single out the early history of the town from the history of the whole of the

1730:, the strongest opposition movement in West Harerghe at that time) and massacred them. The urban people of all sorts (Muslim, Christian, Oromo or Amhara) also remember 1338:: a deep gorge where the Oromos in ancient times used to throw and execute (into the chasm) criminals who were found guilty of intentional killing (of innocent people). 2283:). Although the group closed its missionary activities in the 1960s, the school they built has continued to function to this day, and the elderly people still call it 915:, together with their gourd smashing march, remains one of the classic customs of early Islam of Eastern Ethiopia (It is not known elsewhere apart from East Ethiopia). 621:

that has due benefits for communication purposes. It is said that some 40 years ago, Arabic was the language of commerce in the town, a custom survived to this date.

1292:

Today, as Professor Urlich Braukamper had described precisely in his book, the remnants of the stone built necropolis, store pits, houses and mosques of the ancient

1018:: in ancient times, the town is said to have seven natural gates called with different names. Most of those ancient names are still on use. The seven gates are ፡ 617:, is a principal language in the town. Amharic is also widely spoken in the town. From among the languages of international significance, in Galamso town, it is 2026:

had mastered over the caravan traders who used to sell the goods they brought from remote areas. Few elders, however, dispute this story and say rather

817:

people who reside elsewhere in Ethiopia. However, they also share the customs of the Oromos in many cases. For example, the Arabian spread bread called

1355:

which hosts the celebration of the birth day of Muhammad (Mawlid), making the town one of the main places in Ethiopia marked with such a festive. The

1214:: another village (a market area) referred by locals as a long standing settlement. Since the village is commonly called by the natives with a prefix 2341:

However, it was the efforts of Arabian, European and Asian traders that greatly helped Gelemso continue its long standing role as market center and

3349: 2519:, with whom he could demonstrate his devotion for Oromo freedom, an act that became one of the main reasons for which Gelemso is heard so loudly. 2260:(Second Rome), a future city to be evolved from the agrarian community that would be brought from southern Italy under the resettlement program. 2793: 1995:, pertaining that the place called so is 25 km from the town. Some people say Gelemso was an administrative capital and the seat of the 563: 1766:

was deposed from power, the town did not get an able mayor, so that the Woreda administrators usually intervene in the municipal activities.

542:

can never be found at any other place in the Oromo lands (in the whole of Ethiopia and the world either), and as it has no exact meaning in

1409:

had lived and preached Islam after he returned from the city of Harar where he attended his higher education. His mosque is encircled by a

2951: 1389:

was derived. There is no surviving remnant of the 13th-century mosque by now. The current shrine dates only from the late 19th century.

2944: 2545: 1698:

after Alemu Belachew, admired by many for his simple life and just approach, but hated by others for some of his terrifying campaigns.

331: 3046: 1515: 1473:(Qallitti is for female), It is said that the first man to preach Islam peacefully and openly (without any sanction) in the land of 163: 75: 2187:

in 1935, Gelemso began to expand in every direction. During their five years administration, the Italians returned the seat of the

2130:

had an aim of erasing the centrality and symbolism of early places like Gelemso from the mind and the heart of his Oromo subjects.

1710:

while Alemu Belachew was the first secretary of Habro Awraja Workers Party of Ethiopia. He is usually referred by the residents as

633:

Tuesday is the principal market day in Galamso. There are two open market places in the town. One of them is called by the natives

2881: 2860: 2658:

On June 21, 1992, when OLF quitted the transitional government, Gelemso was passed to the current Ethiopian government led by the

131: 2608:

were undertaken in Gelemso and elsewhere in the country. For instance, the residents of Gelemso still have fresh memories of the

2315:. However, the governmental projects were rarely planned and executed in the town then. But when it became the capital of Habro 2692:

were extensively described in this June 27/ 2009 (ሰኔ 20/2001 in Gee'z calendar) edition of the Amharic Weekly Newspaper called

1882:

woreda during the Haile Selasie period. However, it is unclear as to what Gelemso appeared to be when the ancient Sultanate of

944:

is the most notable festival celebrated in mass. The main festival lasts for 3 consecutive days, and it is held chiefly at the

1617:

Dejene Gizaw - The municipal mayor of Gelemso acknowledged for the foundation he laid in the modesty of the town in the 1960s.

1261:

which is a commonly known name in Oromo nomenclature. However, among many places of the Chercher highlands called by the name

468:

meaning father in Harari language, and male saints are usually called with this title.). Since then, Seid Ali has been called

3080: 3064: 2241:. (The remnant of the western old road still exists with its decorated Italian style bridge built on the northern section of 1738:). He was promoted later, but died in November 1989 in a helicopter crash at Dengego, with Gebreyes Weldehanna, secretary of 1559: 3145: 1847:

The current site of Gelemso town lays, according to proposed suggestions, within the boundary of the ancient Sultanate of

1739: 1677: 2945:"Environmental Monitoring in the Mechara caves, Southeastern Ethiopia: Implications for Speleothem Palaeoclimate Studies" 2030:

was a man who in ancient times, left the traditional Oromo religion and accepted Islam so that when he was diseased, the

2570:(the New City), totally emerged during the Dergue time as well. It is worth having also to mention the former President 2555: 450:(i.e. descendant of Muhammad) It was in latter periods that his followers who believed in his sainthood added a prefix 48: 2481: 1749:, Major General Birhanu Jembere, the commander of the 1st Division of Revolutionary Army of Ethiopia (commonly called 665:), and its counting vary by successive units of two. For example, at Gelemso, the Ethiopian five cents coin is called 2245:

river). The first modern buildings of the town were also attributed to the Italians, the most eloquent of them being

1116:: found 35 km west of Gelemso. It is one of the properly protected forest areas in Ethiopia, and extends to the 1234:

The village (a small market of about 1000 residents) is about 60 km to the south of Gelemso. In the 1980s, the

427:) religion of the Oromos, we may wonder why the mosque was called so. The Oromo elders explain the case as follows. 1991:

However, it is not clear again how Gelemso was elevated to a place of high social status with the establishment of

1859:

had mentioned as one of the Seven Islamic Principalities of the Southern and Eastern Ethiopia that constituted the

1196: 1105: 2018:

Latter on, oral history says, Gelemso evolved to an important village of commerce when one of its counties called

1808:, to preach Islam to the Oromos around Gelemso in the second half of the 13th century. Hence, as the sources say, 1582: 235: 2732:

Menelik’s Conquest of Harar, 1887, and Its Effect on Political Organization of the Surrounding Oromos Up to 1900

2477: 1608:

The city produced many doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, nurses, pharmacists, and many other professions.

57: 641:, it is where most of the trading activities of the principal market day takes place. The other one is called 1902:(i.e. both of them were phenomena of the same historical period, from the 13th century to the 15th century). 1635:, acknowledged for establishment of the police department of the province and many other institutions at the 1149:

Journal, these are the first fossils of a large-bodied Miocene ape from the African continent north of Kenya.

2640: 2480:

also entered to the business and they altogether marked the town's classic commercial era. That was why the

2034:

sanctioned his dead body not to be buried with the mass, a reason why we see his grave on isolated ground. (

2609: 1852: 1509: 2972: 2628: 2174:

narrates that in 1933, immediately after his ascension to the throne, Emperor Haile Selesie made Chercher

1756: 1727: 1597: 1539: 1239: 320:. Most people say that it is the city of love locally . Gelemso on 2013 EC became separate woreda in the 195: 928:

in Amharic) with great honor than other Christian festivals. Its annual first takes place on the bank of

2366: 506:

built his mosque in the southern part of the current site of Galamso town, the Oromo started to call it

247: 2620:) were taken away from town, executed, and then bulldozed to one grave in April 1970 at a place called 2554:

in Hararghe participated in the contest. Gelemso was also the first town of Eastern Ethiopia where the

1820: 1461:

Oromo clan, but also for his high priesthood in the Chercher plateau. His descendants are still called

1255: 1227: 1184: 1274: 3004: 2736:

Working Papers of Society and History in Imperial Ethiopia: The Southern Periphery from 1800s to 1974

2533: 2252:

Scholars tell us that the Italians had focused on Gelemso because of its presence in the vicinity of

1886:

was flourishing. But again, we may argue that the oral history concerning the Islamization effort of

2304: 1789:

people, whom we know only through their legends and few descriptions in the works of some scholars.

1701: 1689: 1574: 43: 2631:(OLF) and was made the administrative center of the OLF-held areas in the former provinces of West 2290:

Gelemso was made a municipal town in 1952. And in the year 1958, while it remained still under the

2184: 2058: 1894:, may have solid truths which can be inferred from the chronological concurrence of the mission of 1646: 1563: 215: 2930: 2652: 2257: 2213:

The Italian occupiers also constructed the first graveled road of the town, and connected it with

2008: 1238:

government had established a strong military base there in order to watch the nearby movements of

3028: 2138: 2102: 1969: 1523: 488: 412: 392: 321: 305: 240: 3266: 2648: 2644: 2597:

of the former Hararghe province), and to an equal importance, Gelemso's central location in the

2563: 2070: 2062: 2012: 2004: 1992: 1985: 1973: 1945: 1930: 1910: 1856: 1492: 3132: 3103: 3075:

Futuh al-habaša, English Translation by Paul Lester Stenhouse, Tsehai Publishers, 2003, p. 173

2681: 1117: 962:

is chewed in the town by many people of different age groups. A variety of superior quality of

614: 424: 3076: 3060: 3059:

Futuh al-habaša, English Translation by Paul Lester Stenhouse, Tsehai Publishers, 2003, p. 98

3020: 2789: 2291: 2188: 2159: 1977: 1488: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1251: 1145:, the 10 million years old fossils of a primate family (ape) were found in 2007. According to 435: 2991:

Suwa, Gen; Kono, Reiko T.; Katoh, Shigehiro; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas (August 8, 2007).

2882:

Central Statistical Agency (2008). Census 2007, Population of Oromia Region (PDF file) p.1635

2861:

Central Statistical Agency (2008). Census 2007, Population of Oromia Region (PDF file) p.1636

2242: 2230: 2066: 1981: 1922: 1829: 1824: 1809: 1793: 1512:, his close friend with whom he returned from Wallo after the completion of higher education. 1305: 535: 503: 3012: 2955: 2800:

people of southern Ethiopia, he traveled as far as Gelemso to know the ancient links of the

2204: 2155: 1638: 598: 281: 2253: 2234: 2933:

This Website gives you a satellite image of some villages and landmarks found near Gelemso

2888: 2867: 2585:

considerable attention, as many people believe, were the economic importance of the Habro

2238: 2222: 1593: 1547: 1247: 1142: 317: 1792:

All of our sources (oral and written) dignify the importance of a man mentioned above as

570:

has a population of 13,339, exceeded by Galamso only with 3000 souls. On the other hand,

3008: 2077:

must had been a place of higher social and spiritual importance in the tradition of the

1917:

Oromos (one of the two major tribal confederations of the Oromo people, the other being

1284:: around Gelemso, we can find ruins of the ancient buildings of the legendary people of 1162:. Choroora is of course in the southeast part of the Rift Valley. The exact location of 442:

was the first person to start an Islamization campaign in their land. His real name was

2826:, PhD Thesis, University of Toronto, 1996, p. 70 & 276, 279,156-160, 73, 70&319 2578:

the only Ethiopian ruler that came across the town for official visit while in office.

2559: 2196: 1937: 1553: 1535: 1125: 629:

Here are some important notes on social and commercial customary features of the town.

543: 376: 298: 109: 3267:"ደጃዝማች፡ደምስ፡ወልደ፡ዐማኑኤል፣ ሕገ፡መንግሥትና፡ምክር፡ቤት ፣ሁለተኛ፡መጽሐፍ፣ ዐዲስ፡አበባ፣ ጥቅምት፡1951፡ዓ.ም.፣ገጽ፡163-185" 3343: 2636: 2488: 2000: 1918: 1837: 1715: 1654: 1351:: found at the heart of Gelemso. The mosque is to the west of a Sufi compound called 900: 838:

Houses of the town are usually built with at least two rooms. One of these, known as

795: 602: 594: 586: 461: 457: 309: 228: 2943:

Asrat, Asfawossen; Baker, Andy; Leng, Melanie J; Gunn, John; Umer, Mohammed (2008).

1124:. Currently, the forest is a home of many species of animals, including the endemic 3032: 2334: 2163: 2078: 1753:), and colonel Qajella Gemeda, chief of the then Harerghe Region Police Department. 1527: 1321: 2574:

Haile-Mariam had visited Gelemso and its surrounding villages in 1985 which makes

2548:

it hosted was the major sport festival in history of the town where all of the 13

2101:

and the whole of Eastern Ethiopia, which he accomplished after his victory at the

1522:) (1942? – September 6, 1974): He was an Oromo nationalist known with his comrade 495:

division of the Eastern Oromo, and on his adoption ceremony, the Oromos named him

2011:

assembled only once in eight years. And others say that it was a place where the

645:

and it is functional throughout the week. The cattle market, which is found near

3211: 2214: 2171: 1925:

who played a key role in the derivation of the Oromo Constitutional Law (called

1819:

However, some of the most notable scholars who studied the case deeply, such as

1526:

as the first true fighters since they launched the first armed struggle for the

1200: 452: 396: 2279:(now separated from the main town by gorge created by gully erosion and called 2057:(retold as a place where once ruthless and contestant dictatorial queen called 1440:. It had served as a church, then as prison, and now it hosts a primary school. 3254:

Mayor Berhanu Bekam's Speech on the inauguration of Gelemso public bus station

3148:

Harar-Wallo Relations Revisited: Historical, Religious and Cultural Dimensions

2992: 2605: 2429: 2134: 2127: 2106: 2031: 1841: 1813: 1661: 1650: 1649:- Noted for his ruthless campaigns of murder and looting during the Ethiopian 1501: 1496: 904: 492: 431: 416: 2536:

international highly participated in the development activities of the Habro

1538:

and now honored as martyrs by the three major Oromo political organizations;

346: 333: 178: 165: 2618:

Oromo secessionists who conspire against the state with Somali Expansionists

2218: 2109:

had arrived at the bottom of the current Gelemso town. The Ethiopian writer

1578: 1121: 272: 3024: 2299:

administration, it was designated an electoral district (in Amharic called

1567: 527:

was introduced in this way, and in the long period of time, it evolved to

2824:

In the City of Saints: Religion, Politics, and Culture in Harar, Ethiopia

2632: 2604:

Indeed, the Dergue era was also a period where brutal campaigns like the

2571: 2086: 1879: 1781: 1743: 1719: 1570:

into the Oromo. (For the detail of his life and work, click on his name.)

1297: 313: 208: 3016: 2150:

Gelemso stayed under a period of dwarfism and stagnancy in the reign of

2566:). One of the main urban zones of the town, called in its Amharic name 2045:

To conclude, when we consider oral histories which assert the town had

1914: 1530:

causes under an organization that bears the name of their people (i.e.

1044:/(the gate of the Bamboo forest/Hardim)-found in the western direction. 252: 17: 1816:

and returned to Harar, where he died and buried according to legends.

1592:

Gelemso and its vicinity had produced many scholars which include Dr.

1064:(the gate of the Army/ Sheikh Hussein)-found in the southern direction 2916:

The City of Harar and the Spread of Islam Among the Oromo in Hararghe

2528: 2370: 2226: 1941: 1848: 1801: 1763: 1586: 1519: 1505: 1301: 1293: 1235: 1167: 1054:(the gate of the Women/Belbeleti): found in the south-west direction. 952:(See below). Professor Braukamper witnessed that when he visited the 618: 590: 447: 325: 277: 3185: 3183: 3150:, African Study Monographs, Kyoto University, March 2010, p. 111-117 2993:"A new species of great ape from the late Miocene epoch in Ethiopia" 2303:) and had got 2 seats in the imperial parliamentary assembly of the 2081:

since ancient times. And to the least, we can say it existed on the

1604:

and Human Rights Commissioner in the Federal Government of Ethiopia.

1332:

system and begin a new one. It is 25 km to the east of Gelemso.

1269:

in Chercher highlands is believed to be the offshoot of the ancient

3231:, (written in Amharic), Kuraz Publishers, Addis Ababa, 1990, p. 291 2836: 2834: 2832: 2256:(10 km east of Gelemso), a place where they intended to build 1866:

In the oral history collected from the elderly people, the ancient

2786:

Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays

2647:

festival, where about 800,000 Oromos came together at Gelemso and

2403: 2392: 2381: 2098: 1805: 1786: 1785:

here. These include specially the one that related to the ancient

1668: 1329: 1170:

woreda of West Harerghe zone, on 40 km distance from Gelemso.

1141:/Chorora: an archeological site 40 km west of Gelemso, where 575: 571: 567: 3242:

The Works of Abba Bahrey with Other Records Concerning the Oromo

2877: 2875: 1714:, especially for the brutal measures he had taken on peasants in 546:

or any other language, it might be sound to conclude the ancient

3330: 2704: 2702: 1844:). For all, detail investigations would clarify the real story. 1601: 1543: 963: 959: 662: 360: 3047:"Primatology.net, "A More Thorough Reading of Chororapithecus"" 2158:) who had special sympathy for another town established in the 2085:

long before the appearance of many of the current towns of the

1620:

Fitawrari Tesfaye Wondimagenyehu - The first governor of Habro

932:

River 1 km away from the town (in the southern direction).

907:

calendar. The children's song that is sung on the night before

861:

Kitchens are usually located outside the main house and called

538:

has been discussed by different scholars. However, as the name

534:

This story is not documented, while the Islamization effort of

475:

Local history tellers say that in order to achieve his target,

3218:, 3rd edition, Addis Ababa University Press, Addis Ababa, 2001 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 1320:: one of the five Oda or traditional meeting places where the 894:. The festivals are usually accompanied by private ceremonies. 698:

The residents dine three times a day. The breakfast is called

679:(eight lira). On the other hand, the Ethiopian birr is called 593:

subgroups at the third level. And a few others are persons of

446:

and according to the oral history of the Ittu Oromo, he was a

26: 1002:

Locations of interest around Gelemso include the followings.

903:, which is held in the 10th day of the Muharram month of the 2113:

tells that Menelik arrived at Gelemso on December 18, 1886.

752:). The meals include items of traditional Oromo styles like 589:

is the second largest ethnicity with persons from different

2275:

constructed the first school of the town at a place called

2015:

itself was located prior to its move to the current place.

1154:

When the fossils were excavated, the news media (including

813:

nation have the same food preparation style as that of the

434:

who are usually mentioned as the native Oromo group of the

423:

usually refers to the worship house under the traditional (

391:, a mosque named for a man who came to preach Islam to the 2973:"Anthropology.Net, "Chororapithecus Abyssinicus in Brief"" 1534:). They died together on September 5/1974 at the historic 1074:(the gate of Wene/Boke)- found in the south-east direction 1028:(the gate of Benti/Kore)- found in the northern direction. 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 1160:

Chorora Formation at the southern margin of the Afar rift

1094:

a place where everybody washes his body without being shy

1080:(the gate of Chaffee): found in the north east direction. 2804:

with other people. His book is an advisable work to read

2627:

On May 30, 1991, the town came under the control of the

1874:

district which was merged with the adjacent district of

1034:(the gate of Bube): found in the north-western direction 2097:

In 1887, while campaigning to occupy the city state of

1913:

as a cultural and administrative center of the Eastern

1657:

Region's High Court and sentenced to life imprisonment.

1495:. He was another key figure in the Islamization of the 1367:

is also a home of a big mausoleum in which the tomb of

956:

in 1973, the attendants of the feast number in 10,000s.

3314:

Oromia: An Introduction to History of the Oromo People

3298:

Oromia: An Introduction to the History of Oromo People

3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 2662:

along with the other towns of the West Harerghe Zone.

2601:

highlands, a region highly known for Oromo rebellion.

2183:

However, when Italy conquered Ethiopia and formed the

1712:

the most notorious administrator in history of Gelemso

1277:. Therefore, a search for that place should continue. 856:, is found with Persian and Arabian rugs spread on it. 578:

has only 11,650, something very difficult to believe.

3133:"አዲስ አድማስ ጋዜጣ፣ ሐምሌ 11፣ 2001፣ የጥበብ ሸማኔዎች (ሱፊዎች በሐረርጌ)" 1395:: where, according to oral history, the Muslim saint 1222:), this one also might be identical to a town of the 2558:

had opened its branch (now this branch had moved to

1550:. Hundee the hero immortalized by Ali Birra's songs. 1405:: located 10 km east of Gelemso, where a saint 1363:(the house of presence) as a focus. The compound of 1300:

highlands. Their mysterious legends reach as far as

970:

and it originates mostly around a rural zone called

824: 818: 799: 747: 705: 2491:, a well known Oromo nationalist and co-founder of 2476:etc....and well known Ethiopian entrepreneurs like 2221:through all weather roads which run in the west to 1921:) . Here, as many books have recorded, it was also 1629:Colonel Tedla Ayele - Second Governor of the Habro 1589:

woreda, but raised up in Gelemso in his early ages.

1426:: an Orthodox Christian Church aged about 60 years. 1381:which is traditionally identified with the ancient 328:Regional State, it has a latitude and longitude of 271: 263: 258: 246: 234: 214: 194: 96: 2592: 2586: 2549: 2537: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2294: 2175: 2061:had built her palace), when we analyze its tie to 1705: 1693: 1681: 1671: 1636: 1630: 1621: 868: 862: 851: 845: 839: 789: 783: 777: 771: 765: 759: 753: 741: 735: 729: 723: 717: 711: 699: 686: 680: 674: 2660:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front 2546:The 1984 Harerghe Province All Games Championship 3327:To Kill a Generation: The Red Terror in Ethiopia 2926: 2924: 2643:. The most memorable event of that time was the 2612:where 70 people (half of them in the pretext of 1508:), which he introduced to the Harar Oromos with 899:Another important festival of Islamic origin is 2180:the model of his future administration system. 1851:,. whom in the 14th century, the Syrian writer 1195:a chronicle of the brilliant campaigns of Imam 464:who call their saints and national heroes so. ( 3191:History of the Oromo People up to 16th Century 3175:History of the Oromo People up to 16th Century 3162:History of the Oromo People up to 16th Century 2842:History of the Oromo People up to 16th Century 2710:History of the Oromo People up to 16th Century 1936:Prior to the 1991 governmental change (during 1722:districts in the 1980s, where he labeled them 1250:also notes another village called by the name 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2682:አዲስ አድማስ ጋዜጣ፣ ሰኔ 20፣ 2001፣ ‹‹ፉጉግና የሐረርጌ ኦሮሞ›› 2651:to celebrate the resurrection of the ancient 2591:for whom Gelemso was a capital (among the 13 2345:. The list of those foreign traders includes 2321:upon the splitting up of the former Chercher 1980:. In this case, the role of the saint called 1660:Allagaw Gulle- Acknowledged for stopping the 974:. Other varieties are known by such names as 519:denotes the owner of the house (in this case 395:in the 13th century, called by his followers 8: 3308: 3306: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2788:, Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie 9, 2003, 2614:Amhara land lords who resist the land reform 2507:to meet other early Oromo nationalists like 1909:assumed a wider fame with the foundation of 1898:and the flourishing era of the Sultanate of 1457:by the Oromos, not only for his origin from 1343:Places noted for Islamic history and culture 920:The Christian population usually celebrates 399:Seid, and by the Oromos with his given name 2487:In the late 1960s and early 1970s, General 2307:regime, which was won in that very year by 2271:In 1951, the Christian missionary group of 1976:in recent years were called in the name of 776:, etc... dishes of the Arabian origin like 101: 1960:is a tree known in its scientific name as 1823:, suggest that the Islamization effort of 1796:in the birth of the town. It is said that 1359:has many quarters of different uses, with 93: 76:Learn how and when to remove this message 3333:, which had no strong support in Gelemso 3229:Emperor Yohannes and the Ethiopian Unity 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3173:Oromia Culture and Tourism Commission , 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2495:, had been in the town for his supposed 2233:), and in the east to Dire Dawa through 1964:) . And many rituals exercised when the 613:The Oromo tongue, called by the natives 359:. Gelemso is the origin of a variety of 3216:A History of Modern Ethiopia: 1855-1991 3189:Oromia Culture and Tourism Commission, 3160:Oromia Culture and Tourism Commission, 2840:Oromia Culture and Tourism Commission, 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2708:Oromia Culture and Tourism Commission, 2696:. For full citation, visit this website 2671: 2327:to Habro and Chercher-Adal-Gara Guracha 1855:and, in the 15th century, the Egyptian 1413:and a mausoleum that contains his tomb. 270: 257: 193: 158: 124: 2688:and the ethnography of the indigenous 2677: 2675: 2503:) . Fortunately, the incident favored 1944:times), people who live closer to the 1175:Places referred as ancient settlements 1114:Dindin Forest and Wild Life Sanctuary 53:Large chunks of unreferenced material. 2191:to Gelemso (which was moved first to 1870:is said to be synonymous to the late 1676:, called first secretary of ESEPA or 262: 245: 233: 213: 7: 3285:Gelemso Branch Inauguration Ceremony 2412:Latter on, natives of the town like 1890:, in which Gelemso is identified as 1804:, the then chief Islamic scholar in 1349:Sheikh Omar Mosque and Sufi Compound 1296:people are observable in all of the 1158:Journal) reported the place wrongly 2952:International Journal of Speleology 2065:and the presence of the shrines of 1988:can be accepted without any doubt. 1653:. He was tried for genocide by the 363:called by the same name (Gelemso). 2493:Mecha-Tulama Self Help Association 2162:highlands and named for his honor 1596:of the Dergue, Dr. Bayan Asoba of 1166:, however, is the east section of 1133:Places of archeological importance 1016:the Seven Natural Gates of Gelemso 685:and the ten birr note is known as 673:(four lira), and 20 cents called 456:to his name, in the manner of the 25: 2093:After the conquests of Menelik II 1724:extremists who shelter secessions 1516:Ahmad Taqi Sheikh Mohammed Rashid 669:(two lira), the ten cents called 574:town, which is twice as large as 2684:The marvelous networking of the 2523:From the 1974 revolution to 1992 1999:(the President's Office) of the 1226:Sultanate that was mentioned in 1199:whom the Ethiopian writers call 1096:(of being seen naked by others). 873:, roast a meet outside a house). 809:The residents who belong to the 710:), the lunch is known as either 221: 201: 137: 130: 31: 2133:Truly speaking, it was Emperor 1704:- administrative head of Habro 1667:Alemu Belachew- party chief of 138: 88:Town in Oromia Region, Ethiopia 3350:Populated places in the Oromia 2542:starting from the late 1980s. 1726:(by this, he was referring to 1560:Sheikh Mohammed Rashad Abdulle 829:is experienced by most of the 1: 3283:Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, 2210:which mean a military camp). 2146:During the Italian occupation 1430:Saint Michael Catholic Church 1403:The Mosque of Sheikh Ali Jami 1399:had lived some 300 years ago. 1312:Places of cultural importance 3300:, Khartoum, 1988, p. 183-184 3104:"አዲስ አድማስ ጋዜጣ፣ ሰኔ 27፣ 2001፣ 2556:Development Bank of Ethiopia 2267:After the Italian occupation 825: 800: 748: 3035:– via www.nature.com. 2616:, and half of them labeled 2593: 2587: 2550: 2538: 2482:Commercial Bank of Ethiopia 2329: 2323: 2317: 2309:Haji Abdullahi Sheikh Ahmed 2295: 2247:St. Michael Catholic Church 2176: 2007:serving as the place where 1905:And again, it is said that 1706: 1694: 1682: 1672: 1637: 1631: 1622: 1445:Notable people from Gelemso 869: 863: 852: 846: 840: 819: 790: 784: 778: 772: 766: 760: 754: 742: 736: 730: 728:) and the dinner is called 724: 718: 712: 706: 700: 687: 681: 675: 371:Oral history says the name 51:. The specific problem is: 3366: 2195:, then to Asebe Teferi or 1678:Workers' Party of Ethiopia 1197:Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi 1106:University of Huddersfield 564:Central Statistical Agency 562:Based on figures from the 47:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 3244:, Avon, Minnesota, p. 222 2478:Mohammed Abdullahi Ogsade 2273:American Adventist Church 1583:Ethiopian Catholic Church 1418:Important Christian sites 1189:the Conquest of Abyssinia 550:gave rise to the current 159: 125: 118: 102: 1984:at the establishment of 1800:was appointed by Sheikh 1585:. He is originally from 1500:the transmission of the 1481:usually refer to him as 1328:or 8-year period of the 1324:used to meet to end one 554:, the name of the town. 151:Location within Ethiopia 100: 91:Town in Oromia, Ethiopia 3193:, Adama, 2004, p. 94-96 2844:, Adama, 2004, p. 94-99 1692:- party chief of Habro 867:(from the Oromo phrase 510:. Here, as elders say, 3287:, December 1969, p. 17 3227:Tekletsadik Mekuria , 2629:Oromo Liberation Front 2426:Muteki Sheikh Mohammed 1728:Oromo Liberation Front 1612:Notable administrators 1451:Sheikh Ali Jami Guutoo 1120:mountains of northern 794:, and the traditional 2961:on 30 September 2011. 2655:assembly tradition. 2610:Kara Qurqura Massacre 2414:Mohammad Abdo (Lungo) 2400:Sheikh Bashir Babikir 2073:, we can deduce that 1968:(conferences) of the 1853:Abu Fadlulah Al Umari 1828:appearance of a name 1510:Sheikh Mohammed Harar 1491:: popularly known as 998:Locations of interest 491:sub-group within the 3177:, Adama, 2004, p. 93 3164:, Adama, 2004, p. 99 2712:, Adama, 2004, p. 94 2517:Mohammed Zakir Meyra 2466:Tiruneh Gebremichael 2438:Haji Sani Abdulqadir 2225:(via small towns of 2069:both at Gelemso and 1878:to form the current 1836:in the long list of 1757:Birhanu Bekama Butta 1742:all over the former 1453:: - commonly called 1424:Medihane Alem Church 1385:, of which the name 1062:Karra Sheekh Husseen 1012:Karra Torban Gelemso 58:improve this article 3017:10.1038/nature06113 3009:2007Natur.448..921S 2784:Ulrich Braukämper: 2185:Italian East Africa 2152:Ras Teferi Mekonnen 2111:Tekletsadik Mekuria 1972:were undertaken at 1962:Ficus gnaphalocarpa 1892:the scene of action 1564:Al-Azhar University 1504:Sufi brother-hood ( 1052:Karra Balballeettii 343: / 175: / 2887:2010-08-16 at the 2866:2010-08-16 at the 2458:Mekonnen Metaferia 2103:Battle of Chelenqo 1479:Chercher highlands 436:Chercher highlands 403:after he was made 322:West Hararghe Zone 264: • Total 3003:(7156): 921–924. 2931:www.maplandia.com 2914:Mohammed Hassen: 2794:978-3-8258-5671-7 2730:Mohammed Hassen: 2690:Oromo of Harerghe 2249:mentioned above. 2189:Chercher province 1948:often called the 1821:Ulrich Bräukamper 1489:Sheikh Umar Aliye 1471:the respected one 1438:the tallest house 1256:Al Futuhul Habash 1230:by the same name. 1228:Al Futuhul Habash 1185:Al Futuhul Habash 879:to be used again. 823:and the Harari's 635:Magaalaa Salaasaa 304:), is a town in 288: 287: 86: 85: 78: 49:quality standards 40:This article may 16:(Redirected from 3357: 3334: 3323: 3317: 3316:, Khartoum, 1988 3310: 3301: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3240:Getachew Haile, 3238: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3209: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3158: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3129: 3112: 3111: 3100: 3083: 3073: 3067: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3036: 2988: 2977: 2976: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2954:. Archived from 2949: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2919: 2912: 2891: 2879: 2870: 2858: 2845: 2838: 2827: 2820: 2805: 2782: 2739: 2728: 2713: 2706: 2697: 2679: 2596: 2590: 2553: 2541: 2472:and his brother 2428:and his brother 2376:and his brother 2332: 2326: 2320: 2313:Mukhtar Mohammed 2298: 2287:(The American). 2179: 2168:Teferi wished it 2156:Haile Selassie I 2154:(latter Emperor 1861:Zeyla Federation 1709: 1697: 1685: 1675: 1642: 1634: 1625: 1371:(the founder of 1304:in the west and 1275:Al Futhul Habash 872: 866: 855: 849: 843: 828: 822: 803: 793: 787: 781: 775: 769: 763: 757: 751: 745: 739: 733: 727: 721: 715: 709: 703: 690: 684: 678: 661:, (from Italian 639:Tuesday's Market 558:Basic statistics 358: 357: 355: 354: 353: 348: 347:8.817°N 40.517°E 344: 341: 340: 339: 336: 227: 225: 224: 207: 205: 204: 190: 189: 187: 186: 185: 180: 179:8.817°N 40.517°E 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 141: 140: 134: 113: 105: 104: 94: 81: 74: 70: 67: 61: 35: 34: 27: 21: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3304: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3210: 3197: 3188: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3115: 3102: 3101: 3086: 3074: 3070: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3040: 2990: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2922: 2913: 2894: 2889:Wayback Machine 2880: 2873: 2868:Wayback Machine 2859: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2808: 2783: 2742: 2729: 2716: 2707: 2700: 2686:Fugug Mountains 2680: 2673: 2668: 2525: 2434:Haji Ahmed Nure 2389:Francesco Berto 2385:Antonio Viccini 2343:social panorama 2269: 2148: 2095: 2083:line of history 2051:Halayya Buchuro 1778: 1773: 1614: 1594:Ashagre Yigletu 1566:who translated 1518:(well known as 1447: 1420: 1345: 1314: 1248:Mohammed Hassen 1177: 1143:Chororapithecus 1135: 1038:Karra Gobeensaa 1008: 1006:Natural wonders 1000: 627: 611: 605:ethnicities. . 560: 409:the adopted son 369: 351: 349: 345: 342: 337: 334: 332: 330: 329: 318:Ahmar Mountains 222: 220: 202: 200: 183: 181: 177: 174: 169: 166: 164: 162: 161: 155: 154: 153: 152: 149: 148: 147: 146: 142: 121: 114: 107: 99: 92: 89: 82: 71: 65: 62: 55: 36: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3352: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3318: 3302: 3289: 3276: 3258: 3246: 3233: 3220: 3195: 3179: 3166: 3153: 3146:Hussein Ahmed 3138: 3113: 3084: 3068: 3052: 3038: 2978: 2964: 2935: 2920: 2892: 2871: 2846: 2828: 2822:Camilla Gibb: 2806: 2740: 2714: 2698: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2524: 2521: 2462:Jemaneh Yimamu 2446:Usmail Ahmayyu 2422:Mohammed Beker 2407:Usma'il Hindii 2351:Abdallah Ubadi 2347:Nasir Sana'ani 2305:Haile Seliasie 2268: 2265: 2147: 2144: 2094: 2091: 2040:grave of Lukku 1938:Haile Selassie 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1754: 1702:Selamu Tegenye 1699: 1690:Alemu Mengesha 1687: 1665: 1658: 1644: 1627: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1590: 1577:, the current 1575:Berhane Eyesus 1571: 1562:a graduate of 1557: 1554:Umar Bakkalcha 1551: 1536:Battle of Tiro 1513: 1486: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1427: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1400: 1393:Aw-Sherif Hill 1390: 1379:Aw-Seid Shrine 1376: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1336:Halaya Buchuro 1333: 1313: 1310: 1290: 1289: 1259: 1258: 1232: 1231: 1193: 1192: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1151: 1150: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126:Mountain Nyala 1110: 1109: 1098: 1097: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1065: 1055: 1045: 1035: 1029: 1024:/ also called 1007: 1004: 999: 996: 995: 994: 972:Chaffe Afanani 957: 934: 933: 917: 916: 896: 895: 880: 875: 874: 870:alatti waaddaa 858: 857: 835: 834: 806: 805: 696: 691:(from English 654: 643:Magaalaa Qobbo 626: 623: 610: 607: 559: 556: 383:, meaning the 375:came from the 368: 365: 293:(also spelled 286: 285: 275: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 256: 255: 250: 244: 243: 238: 232: 231: 218: 212: 211: 198: 192: 191: 157: 156: 150: 144: 143: 136: 135: 129: 128: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 115: 97: 90: 87: 84: 83: 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3362: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3332: 3328: 3325:Babile Tola, 3322: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3273:(in Amharic). 3272: 3271:gzamargna.net 3268: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3106:ኦዳ ቡልቱም በሐረርጌ 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2622:Karra Qurqura 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499:(Amharic for 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489:Taddese Birru 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474:Mumme Ghazali 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:Nejash Usmail 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396:Haji Abdullah 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374:Kostar Gragor 2372: 2368: 2365:who were all 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2173: 2170:in Amharic). 2169: 2166:(which means 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:Akkoo Manoyye 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:Eastern Oromo 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1776:Early history 1775: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647:Mekonnen Maru 1645: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1308:in the east. 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:Natural Caves 1100: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042:Karra Hardiim 1040:/also called 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1003: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 958: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938:Milad Al Nabi 936: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918: 914: 911:day known as 910: 906: 902: 898: 897: 893: 888: 884: 881: 877: 876: 871: 865: 860: 859: 854: 848: 842: 837: 836: 832: 827: 826:hulbat marakh 821: 816: 812: 808: 807: 802: 801:hulbat marakh 797: 792: 786: 780: 774: 768: 762: 756: 750: 746:(from Harari 744: 738: 732: 726: 722:(from Arabic 720: 714: 708: 704:(from Arabic 702: 697: 694: 689: 683: 677: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653:(Harar Bull). 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 631: 630: 624: 622: 620: 616: 608: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 582: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 557: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:House of Usso 386: 382: 378: 374: 366: 364: 362: 356: 352:8.817; 40.517 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 310:Oromia Region 307: 303: 300: 296: 292: 283: 279: 276: 274: 266: 254: 251: 249: 242: 241:West Hararghe 239: 237: 230: 219: 217: 210: 199: 197: 188: 184:8.817; 40.517 160:Coordinates: 133: 117: 111: 95: 80: 77: 69: 66:December 2021 59: 54: 50: 46: 45: 38: 29: 28: 19: 3326: 3321: 3313: 3312:Geda Melba, 3297: 3296:Geda Melba, 3292: 3284: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3236: 3228: 3223: 3215: 3190: 3174: 3169: 3161: 3156: 3147: 3141: 3105: 3071: 3055: 3041: 3000: 2996: 2967: 2956:the original 2938: 2915: 2841: 2823: 2801: 2797: 2785: 2735: 2731: 2709: 2694:Addis Admass 2693: 2689: 2685: 2657: 2653:Chaffe Gadaa 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2598: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2568:Addis Ketema 2567: 2544: 2526: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501:house arrest 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2473: 2470:Omar Ghazali 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2442:Ahmed Alhadi 2441: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2373: 2363:Salah Muhsin 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2335:Asebe Teferi 2312: 2308: 2300: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2262: 2258:Secondo Roma 2251: 2246: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2192: 2182: 2167: 2164:Asebe Teferi 2151: 2149: 2132: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2096: 2082: 2079:Oromo people 2074: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2036:Qabrii Lukku 2035: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2009:Caffee Gadaa 1996: 1990: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1935: 1926: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1846: 1833: 1818: 1797: 1791: 1779: 1750: 1746: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1711: 1607: 1531: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1437: 1434:Mana Dheeraa 1433: 1429: 1423: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361:Beytul Hadra 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1335: 1325: 1317: 1291: 1285: 1282:Harala Ruins 1281: 1260: 1233: 1223: 1220:Daro Abonaah 1219: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1194: 1188: 1180: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1146: 1138: 1113: 1101: 1093: 1089: 1086:Haroo Carcar 1085: 1078:Karra Caffee 1077: 1072:Karra Bookee 1071: 1068:Karra Weenne 1067: 1061: 1058:Karra Cifraa 1057: 1051: 1048:Karra Beeraa 1047: 1041: 1037: 1032:Karra Bubbee 1031: 1025: 1022:Karra Bantii 1021: 1015: 1011: 1001: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 929: 925: 921: 912: 908: 891: 886: 882: 830: 814: 810: 798:dish called 758:(porridge), 692: 676:nira saddeet 670: 666: 658: 651:Harar Sangaa 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 628: 612: 583: 580: 561: 551: 547: 539: 533: 528: 524: 523:). The name 520: 516: 511: 507: 501: 496: 484: 480: 476: 474: 469: 465: 451: 443: 439: 429: 420: 415:clan of the 408: 404: 400: 388: 385:Hall of Usso 384: 380: 372: 370: 306:West Haraghe 301: 294: 290: 289: 72: 63: 56:Please help 52: 41: 3212:Bahru Zewde 2509:Elemo Kiltu 2454:Belew Haile 2418:Ahmed Yusuf 2285:Amerikaanii 2215:Addis Ababa 2172:Bahru Zewde 2139:Aleqa Tayye 2047:Karra Torba 2020:Qabri Lukku 1997:Mana Bokkuu 1970:Chaffe Gada 1524:Elemo Kiltu 1459:Warra Qallu 1375:) is found. 1369:Sheikh Omar 1201:Ahmad Gragn 1026:Karra Qoree 950:Sheikh Omar 887:Eid Al Adha 883:Eid al Fitr 671:niiraa afur 647:Qabri Lukku 489:Warra Qallu 485:adopted son 413:Warra Qallu 393:Ittu Oromos 350: / 182: / 60:if you can. 3081:0972317252 3065:0972317252 2666:References 2649:Oda Bultum 2645:Oda Bultum 2606:Red Terror 2564:Asbeteferi 2513:Ahmad Taqi 2430:Ahmad Taqi 2402:, and the 2333:(Chiro or 2135:Menelik II 2128:Menelik II 2107:Menelik II 2105:, Emperor 2071:Oda Bultum 2063:Oda Bultum 2032:Ittu Oromo 2013:Oda Bultum 2005:Oda Bultum 1993:Oda Bultum 1986:Oda Bultum 1974:Oda Bultum 1952:itself as 1946:Oda Bultum 1931:Oda Bultum 1911:Oda Bultum 1857:Al Makrizi 1842:Ittu Oromo 1814:Ittu Oromo 1751:Misrak Ezz 1747:Kiflehager 1680:for Habro 1662:Red Terror 1651:Red Terror 1502:Qadiriyyah 1497:Ittu Oromo 1493:Gelemsiyyi 1469:: meaning 1407:Sheikh Ali 1383:Galma Usso 1318:Oda Bultum 1246:Professor 966:is called 892:eid cloths 767:affeellama 667:niira lama 637:, meaning 548:Galma Usso 525:Galma Usso 508:galma Usso 493:Ittu Oromo 432:Ittu Oromo 417:Ittu Oromo 405:ilma gossa 381:Galma Usso 259:Population 2527:When the 2359:Ali Sa'ad 2355:Ali Ahmed 2301:የምርጫ አውራጃ 2219:Dire Dawa 2055:Laga Bera 1579:Patriarch 1397:Aw-Sherif 1118:Arba Gugu 1090:Sal Malee 982:chabbbala 864:alawaadaa 481:ilma gosa 425:Waqefanna 367:Etymology 297:, and in 273:Time zone 3344:Category 3025:17713533 2885:Archived 2864:Archived 2633:Hararghe 2599:Chercher 2583:Dergue's 2576:Mengistu 2572:Mengistu 2393:Sudanese 2382:Italians 2292:Chercher 2160:Chercher 2089:region. 2087:Hararghe 1978:Aw -Seid 1880:Darolebu 1834:Seid Ali 1782:Hararghe 1744:Hararghe 1736:Beherawi 1720:Darolebu 1475:Chercher 1467:Qalittii 1455:Qallicha 1436:meaning 1298:Hararghe 1271:Qunburah 1267:Qunburah 1263:Qunburah 1252:Qunburah 1218:(saying 1212:Abboonah 1181:Qurquraa 1139:Corooraa 1092:meaning 978:, 'qudaa 924:(called 922:Epiphany 913:Ishaatoo 820:mulawwah 785:fatiiraa 779:mulawwah 737:hirbaata 731:dhiheena 688:bawandii 609:Language 460:and the 444:Seid Ali 314:Ethiopia 302:Galamsoo 209:Ethiopia 42:require 3033:4312331 3005:Bibcode 2594:awrajas 2551:awrajas 2505:Tadesse 2378:Stafrol 2367:Yemenis 2330:awrajas 2243:Aw Seid 2239:Badessa 2231:Bordode 2205:Italian 2123:Amharic 2075:Gelemso 2067:Aw-Seid 2003:, with 1982:Aw-Seid 1954:Aw Seid 1923:Aw Seid 1915:Barento 1907:Gelemso 1896:Aw Seid 1888:Aw Seid 1830:Aw Seid 1825:Aw Seid 1810:Aw Seid 1798:Aw Seid 1794:Aw Seid 1771:History 1581:of the 1463:Qalicha 1387:Gelemso 1306:Jijjiga 1164:Chorora 986:tachero 930:Aw Seid 831:Amharas 743:hiraata 713:subaata 682:qarshii 625:Customs 585:areas. 552:Galamso 540:Galamso 536:Aw Seid 529:Galamso 521:Aw Seid 504:Aw Seid 487:of the 483:or the 477:Aw Seid 470:Aw Seid 440:Aw Seid 438:, says 411:of the 379:phrase 373:Galamso 338:40°31′E 324:of the 295:Gelemso 291:Galamso 267:241,200 253:Gelemso 196:Country 170:40°31′E 145:Galamso 103:Galamso 98:Galamso 44:cleanup 18:Gelemso 3079: 3063: 3031: 3023: 2997:Nature 2802:Hadiya 2798:Hadiya 2792: 2588:awraja 2539:awraja 2529:Dergue 2404:Indian 2391:, the 2380:, the 2371:Greeks 2369:, the 2324:awraja 2318:awraja 2296:awraja 2227:Hardim 2203:(from 2177:awraja 2024:Lukkuu 1942:Dergue 1919:Borana 1900:Dawaro 1884:Dawaro 1868:Dawaro 1849:Dawaro 1838:Harari 1802:Abadir 1764:Dergue 1732:Selamu 1707:awraja 1695:awraja 1683:awraja 1673:awraja 1655:Harari 1643:level. 1639:awraja 1632:awraja 1623:awraja 1587:Anchar 1573:Abuna 1568:Qur'an 1520:Hundee 1506:Tariqa 1483:Aw Ali 1302:Karayu 1294:Harala 1286:Harala 1236:Dergue 1224:Dawaro 1205:Hardim 1168:Anchar 1156:Nature 1147:Nature 992:etc... 990:walaha 942:Mawlid 926:Timket 909:Ashura 901:Ashura 853:madaba 815:Amhara 811:Amhara 796:Harari 791:haniid 773:qiitaa 761:shumoo 755:marqaa 749:hiraat 707:futuur 701:fatara 659:niiraa 619:Arabic 603:Harari 599:Argoba 595:Somali 591:Gurage 587:Amhara 462:Somali 458:Harari 448:Sharif 335:8°49′N 326:Oromia 248:Woreda 229:Oromia 226: 216:Region 206: 167:8°49′N 106: 3029:S2CID 2959:(PDF) 2948:(PDF) 2734:, in 2560:Chiro 2281:Tirso 2254:Wachu 2235:Wachu 2223:Awash 2208:campo 2201:Kambo 2197:Chiro 2193:Kunni 2119:Gorgo 2099:Harar 2038:mean 2028:Lukku 1966:Ya'ii 1929:) at 1806:Harar 1787:Harla 1669:Habro 1532:Oromo 1528:Oromo 1411:galma 1373:Hadra 1365:Hadra 1357:Hadra 1353:Hadra 1330:Gadaa 1322:Oromo 976:urata 968:qarti 954:Hadra 946:Hadra 905:Hijra 847:dinqa 841:deera 740:, or 725:ghada 719:qadaa 693:pound 615:Oromo 576:Mieso 572:Hirna 568:Mieso 544:Oromo 512:galma 502:When 421:galma 419:. As 377:Oromo 361:Jimaa 299:Oromo 278:UTC+3 110:Oromo 3331:EPRP 3077:ISBN 3061:ISBN 3021:PMID 2790:ISBN 2641:Bale 2639:and 2637:Arsi 2534:CARE 2515:and 2398:and 2387:and 2311:and 2277:Lode 2237:and 2229:and 2217:and 2121:(an 2053:and 1940:and 1927:Hera 1876:Lebu 1872:Daro 1718:and 1716:Boke 1602:OPDO 1548:IFLO 1546:and 1544:OPDO 1326:luba 1216:Daro 1122:Arsi 964:khat 960:Khat 885:and 833:too. 663:lira 601:and 517:Usso 497:Usso 430:The 401:Usso 236:Zone 120:Town 3013:doi 3001:448 2562:or 2497:ግዞት 1958:oda 1956:. ( 1950:Oda 1832:or 1740:WPE 1598:OLF 1540:OLF 1465:or 1273:of 1254:in 1240:OLF 1187:, ( 1070:or 1060:or 1050:or 1014:or 948:of 940:or 850:or 716:or 407:or 387:or 308:of 282:EAT 3346:: 3305:^ 3214:, 3198:^ 3182:^ 3116:^ 3087:^ 3027:. 3019:. 3011:. 2999:. 2995:. 2981:^ 2950:. 2923:^ 2895:^ 2874:^ 2849:^ 2831:^ 2809:^ 2743:^ 2717:^ 2701:^ 2674:^ 2635:, 2511:, 2468:, 2464:, 2460:, 2456:, 2452:, 2448:, 2444:, 2440:, 2436:, 2432:, 2424:, 2420:, 2416:, 2409:. 2361:, 2357:, 2353:, 2349:, 2042:) 1933:. 1863:. 1542:, 1242:. 1207:. 1191:), 988:, 984:, 980:, 788:, 782:, 770:, 764:, 734:, 695:). 597:, 531:. 499:. 472:. 466:Aw 453:Aw 397:Aw 312:, 3135:. 3110:. 3108:" 3049:. 3015:: 3007:: 2975:. 1686:. 1664:. 1626:. 1485:. 1128:. 1108:. 804:. 284:) 280:( 112:) 108:( 79:) 73:( 68:) 64:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index