938:). Oh, Galeazzo, for my advice, worry about living content with that little fortune which by grace, without any merit, has casually left you the sad condition of the times . I was born in the Lordship and Lord and Marquis of Mantua, most noble city, and in that I am kept Lord until this hour by the grace of God and my good bearing. You as a gypsy have been in a begotten place, in another born and educated elsewhere, without any domain or territory, and even if luck has graciously granted you some happy following, you have lost it for your lack, so that now you have to live like dogs do, at the expense of others . You, wretched, cannot live if you do not find someone who, not knowing you, wants to throw away the stuff, the time and the service. I am reputed and raised by nobility of birth and good morals; you for human and ass favors (and I usually have a party at the door of others, and not at mine!) I in military art - as is well known - I have carried myself in such a way that I have always come out with victory and popular throughout Italy. You, on the contrary, every time you made the war you came out or defeated or driven out, although you were against the enemy with a greater and much stronger army, when like a rabbit you fled from it, and you were the infamy, the ruin and destruction of the beautiful Italian dominion!
969:
1298:
1286:
405:, always for the same reasons: the Milanese conduct of the Marquis, in fact, ended at the very beginning of 1489, shortly after Galeazzo had obtained the title of captain general. Floriano Dolfo probably alludes to the latter, in a letter full of vulgarity written in 1496, when he tells the Marquis Francesco to praise his decision, taken years earlier, to pass to the service of the Lordship of Venice, as a "cerse - that is, a genital organ - of a horse that spurs neither fears, nor lashes" had dissolved the parental bond that bound Francesco al Moro, being in fact the two brothers-in-law. Covered with benefits and often in charge of very delicate missions by the Moro, who trusted him blindly, in 1489 he married Ludovico's illegitimate daughter- legitimized for the occasion:
922:
always lived at the expense of others, without enjoying anything of his own, opposing him instead his own noble and deserved hereditary condition. He also accuses him of having been only the ruin of
Ludovico Sforza, who "does not find himself hora fora of the kingdom he possesses captivated" if it had not been for his own cause, and of having earned everything he possesses only by prostituting himself, moreover through passive sodomy, while Francis proudly boasts of having practiced exclusively active sodomy. Among other things, he claims his military qualities and the merits acquired with weapons, reminding him vice versa of his shortcomings in this discipline, for which he accuses him of having been the cause of the ruin of all Italy:
781:
pain". A few days later they returned together with the bishop of
Piacenza to convince Galeazzo to join his father-in-law Ludovico in Pavia, who in those days had to go to Parma to welcome the emperor Maximilian, since he had the desire to have his son-in-law with him in order to comfort each other, but Galeazzo refused saying that he was not able to leave the room for the greatness of his pain, and that if Ludovico had ordered it then he would have gone to him "with the tongue on the ground", a blatant act of penance. However, Bernardino da Corte managed to persuade him to leave the room to move to the healthiest country residence in
1134:
825:
340:
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Gonzaga. Francesco does not even recognize the merits of
Galeazzo during the battle of Fornovo, and accuses him of having "cast out and persecuted as enemies" his own brothers, and of having turned his back on him, when in truth it appears from the sources that several times Galeazzo had acted as a peacemaker between his brothers and Ludovico il Moro, making them regain the conduct and possessions they had lost after leaving. A series of accusations, therefore, exaggerated and partially false, dictated by a visibly envious soul, which even blames Galeazzo for having made him lose his conduct with the
664:
shameful" and, if not directly in love, at least fond of her husband, as well as praised for his "modest mind". She was also herself to inform her family of the amusements taken with
Galeazzo, and none of this would have been possible without the consent of Ludovico, who had gladly encouraged him. More easily one would look at their relationship as the classic one between knight and lady, as his biographer interprets it and as Galeazzo himself declares in one of his letters, referring to his eternal and absolute servitude to Beatrice. He represents in some ways the forerunner of the
1146:
690:, because at the end of 1492 a scandal broke out for which Isabella of Aragon had tried to spread poison to this Rozone, favorite and lover of her husband Gian Galeazzo, as well as to Galeazzo Sanseverino himself. It is not known why, but it was probably out of jealousy of her husband. King Ferrante, informed on the matter, replied that it was impossible that Isabella had tried to poison Galeazzo, who was "loved by them as a son and always proved to be a good servant and relative"; as for Rozone, he said he was surprised that his niece "out of desperation" had not done worse.
525:
754:
1271:
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time it was possible to indicate the same person: Ludovico Sforza himself is sometimes mentioned as "Ludovico
Vesconte" and it was not mandatory in the letters to sign with the full surname. However, it is clear that Galeazzo Sanseverino and Galeazzo Visconti were not the same person, as they were mentioned separately in the same context. Doubts remain about the identity of the sender of the letters to the Marquise, however it does not appear that this Galeazzo Visconti also bore the surname
537:
1310:
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however be an illegitimate daughter of Count Pietro dal Verme, a man who said he was poisoned by his wife Chiara Sforza on commission of the Moro, who took over the possessions at the expense of the count's children just to make a gift to the favorite
Galeazzo. Bianca Giovanna, until then healthy, began to suffer from illness immediately after going to the counties of Bobbio and Voghera, where it was likely that she still lived aforementioned Francesca.
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817:
Crivelli, so that he would have taken revenge in the same way. This seems completely far-fetched, considering the intense affection that bound
Beatrice to Bianca Giovanna, who claimed to have next to her at all times. In the same way it is not clear what reason Galeazzo could have had for wanting the death of his duchess, thus seriously damaging his father-in-law and the state. He himself had been ill with fevers in recent months.
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31:
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would obtain much greater gain than he. However, it appears clear from this that
Francesco did not want to face him in a duel fearing to be defeated, and that the resentment was still alive in him for having seen himself repeatedly undermined by Galeazzo in the conduct with the Moro. Francesco also commits the mistake, in order to insult the enemy, of offending even the memory of his father
1245:; however some marble bas-reliefs, attributed to Verrocchio's workshop and dated 1480-90, show an almost identical figure of a leader, if not for the much more harmonious features of his face. It is not excluded, if the attribution is correct, that Leonardo may have drawn on his own experience in the master's workshop for the creation of Galeazzo's costume.
409:. The latter was at the time a seven-year-old girl, so the marriage was purely nominal, becoming effective only in 1496, when the girl turned fourteen. With the marriage he was invested with the possessions of the counties of Bobbio, Castel San Giovanni, Val Tidone and Voghera. In the same years he was given the castle of Mirabello.
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believe that the illustrious Lord
Ludovico will give him Cusago but I have broken my boots and, as I said above, I have gone mad, and these it is the earnings that are made to serve women nevertheless I will have patience, making it successful for my Duchess, to whom I promised not to lack in anything until death.
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Crescenzi claimed that
Galeazzo had a daughter named Anna, but this according to other historians is to be excluded, as Galeazzo did not leave succession and his fiefs returned to the Dal Verme. His half-brother Giulio, in an attempt to recover them, filed a lawsuit against them, but without success.
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King Francis I, still a prisoner at the Charterthus, mourned his dear friend who will never forget, later no Italian will ever hold the office of Grand Ecuyer of the king. Willibald Pirckheimer at the end of 1525 in a letter to Albrecht DĂĽrer recalls Galeazzo Sanseverino, a close friend in common and
921:
In the same year, probably, he challenged the Marquis Francesco Gonzaga to a duel for their ancient enmity. Francesco did not accept the duel, but responded with a long letter full of insults and vulgarity, in which he essentially accused Galeazzo of being a recommended without art or part, of having
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the young Bianca Giovanna died of a "stomach disease", or according to some for poisoning perpetrated by a certain Francesca Dal Verme, a woman who fiercely hated the Moro for personal reasons. Galeazzo was deeply saddened by it and remained locked up for many days in certain damp rooms of the castle
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against the French who had invaded the Italian peninsula and was the only one who together with his brothers with the cavalrymen pursued the fugitives beyond the Taro river in an attempt to prevent them from continuing the march towards Lombardy, while the rest of the soldiers of the Holy League gave
736:
During 1495 Galeazzo led the Milanese army - always as captain general of the Sforza armies - against the King of France and the Duke of Orleans, who last in June had seized Novara and threatened to besiege Milan itself. Since Galeazzo was sluggish, and there were rumors that his brother Fracasso was
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Although it is true that Beatrice wanted him next to her wherever she went and that, a bit like everyone, she probably suffered the fascination, however, none of the contemporaries insinuated any suspicious behavior between the two, and Beatrice demonstrated on several occasions to be "in superlative
596:
There was no meeting, public or private, at which Galeazzo was not present. He was a participant in all the secrets of the ducal family and, as long as he lived in Milan, he kept in the castle almost a court of his own. In the regency committee, composed of only three members, which - in the event of
413:
If as a general he then proved unhappy, he was personally most valiant and esteemed the most righteous jouster and the most tasky knight of the court: handsome of the person, like his other three brothers in the service of the Moor, he was certainly such as to please the princely bride, even almost a
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Galeazzo in particular immediately became the favorite of Ludovico, who certainly had to recognize his excellent courtesan qualities, and from this moment began for him a career in perpetual ascent, as well as to spread his fame. Of southern origins but without a homeland, the chronicler Andrea Prato
1240:
in 1491: "He wore a golden helmet all blond, but at the same time such as to instill fear, on the top of which a pair of twisted horns shone from the helmet a large winged snake protruding from its tail and paws covered the back of the horse". Since Galeazzo had entrusted Leonardo with the creation
713:; in fact, as Sanudo assures us, while he was in Alessandria in 1499 Galeazzo took care, more than the army, of dressing elegantly and having fun with women: "this Signor Galeazzo is in Alessandria, waiting for dresses and ladies, it is said hurt him, and he was at odds with lord Alessandro Sforza".
693:
But Isabella's retaliation against Galeazzo was perhaps due to the fact that he favored the duke in his betrayals, as did Ludovico who, rather than expelling Rozone from the state, granted him favors and attributions to please his nephew, in such a way that he had become "the first man he had beside
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It is known that during the ceremony Ludovico received, among other things, a small red banner, which he threw to the people; a sword unsheathed, which gave his nephew the count of Melzo (the blond figure on the left, with the sword resting on his shoulder); as well as a large golden banner with the
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It is not clear what his natural hair color was, since from a letter from Isabella d'Este we learn that sometimes he used to dye them black, as did other men in Milan. This was unusual for the time, where blond hair was fashionable. Judging by the letter, however, it was a non-permanent dye, indeed
1066:
Galeazzo was a good-looking man, unbeatable champion of the rides, loved by women not only for his charm, elegance and well-groomed physique, but also for his culture and way of speaking; he knew Latin, French and German. His reputation as a perfect courtier ran throughout Italy. He was educated by
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In 1516 the King of France granted him again Bobbio and all the fiefs, and with a second diploma he was also created Marquis of Bobbio. The marquisate of Bobbio was formed by the counties of Bobbio and Voghera, by the Malaspinian lordships of Oltrepò and Varzi and by the county of Tortona (together
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before him, when in truth the majority of historians and chroniclers agree in saying that Roberto Sanseverino died fighting valiantly and with honor, and was undoubtedly esteemed the first and most experienced among the Italian leaders of his time, a record that certainly did not belong to Federico
780:
Some courtiers of Ludovico, namely the castellan Bernardino da Corte, the first secretary Bartolomeo Calco and the Archbishop of Milan, very worried about his approval, then went to visit him and found him "so shocked and dejected full of tears and sobs so that he could hardly express the words of
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Achille Dina, however, insists on the strong "intimacy" that Galeazzo had rather with the Duchess Beatrice and insinuates - but without adducing any concrete evidence to support this hypothesis - that the two were lovers, arguing that "some intimate remorse" was due to her deep sorrow for the death
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My Madonna Marquise, I just can't forget our life in the evening, and her sweet company, and so I also go to Madama's dressing room, thinking I will find her combing her hair and next to her His Lordship, Theodora and Beatrice in shirt sleeves, and with her Violante and Maria also undressed, and
557:
We returned to Milan an hour after sunset and presented the whole hunt to the illustrious Lord my Duke of Bari, who took so much pleasure in it that more could not be said, much more than if he had been there in person, and I believe that my Duchess will have made a greater profit than I, because I
500:
The name appears several times in the chronicles and letters and it is not possible to establish whether it was always the same person or different, nor above all if it corresponds to the homonymous court poet Galeazzo Visconti. The uncertainty lies in the variability of the names with which at the
600:
As proof of the very close relationships existing between the three, consider that, in the period of mourning for the death of her mother, Beatrice used to eat meals with the sole company of her husband and son-in-law Galeazzo, and that the latter was very close to her even when, in 1492, a sudden
1110:
Although, as Rosmini would later say, among all the Sanseverino brothers he was "the least experienced in arms and military art the least learned", he could still count courage and fidelity among his virtues, and, to be most loved by Duke Ludovico and Duchess Beatrice, he had the title of captain
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with the Bishopric). The restitution took place following the new expulsion of the Dal Verme counts, but did not regain the lordships of Castel San Giovanni and Val Tidone, already assigned by the French in 1504 to the Pallavicino, becoming the Piacenza territory and later passing to the Farnese.
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Significant is finally the great pain that he showed for the loss of Beatrice: the Este ambassador Antonio Costabili, in describing to Duke Ercole the manifestations of mourning at the funeral of his daughter, showed himself particularly struck by the behavior of Galeazzo, who "in demonstrations,
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And among the men we know today, consider how well and gracefully Signor Galeazzo Sanseverino, great squire of France, does all the exercises of the body; and this because, in addition to the natural disposition that he has for the person, he has made every effort to learn from good teachers and
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He goes on to say that, even accepting the duel and winning, he would not bring back any glory, except that of having won "a prostitute, a female of ill repute, miserable, brazen and fugitive!"; conversely, if Galeazzo turns out to be the victor "by misfortune or by the fury of the heavens", he
816:
The passage, somewhat vague, received different interpretations over time. According to some, the Muratori overshadowed a murder by Beatrice's father, who would have poisoned his stepdaughter in revenge against Galeazzo, who offered his palace to the secret meetings between Ludovico and Lucrezia
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She, who was expecting the birth of another child, went every day to the church of S. Maria delle Grazie, staying there for long hours to pray and cry over Bianca's tomb. Pain from the recent loss? or for Ludovico's relationship with Crivelli? asks her biographer. Or some intimate remorse, which
852:
More likely, the Muratori wanted to imply that if the two young women met such a premature death within a month, evidently someone was looking for the ruin of the Moro, who in fact after the death of his wife was no longer able to take care of the state. The mysterious Francesca dal Verme would
805:
Another adds, having been Beatrice poisoned by Francesca dal Verme at the request of Galeazzo Sanseverino, just as Francesca after a few years confessed while dying. The reason for this is not said, being able only to observe, that as a certificate of this Corio had died shortly before Bianca,
550:
He tells of having accompanied the Duchess Beatrice on holiday in Cusago and being mounted with her in a cart, where during the journey they sang more than twenty-five songs, "doing a lot of crazy things", then fished, hunted and played ball with many other amusements, returning to Milan after
999:
His numerous attempts to mediate with King Louis XII the release of his friend and father-in-law Ludovico Sforza, who died a prisoner in Loches in 1508, were in vain. In Leonardo's last years spent in Amboise, Galeazzo Sanseverino was still close to his old friend with whom he shared pleasant
800:
The death appeared suspicious, especially since the cause was not known, and that the young woman had been tormented several times in recent months by fevers and stomach pains. Since it was followed, a little more than a month later, by the death of The Duchess Beatrice herself, the historian
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the illustrious Galeazzo Sanseverino, the very elegant Sforza captain general and, despite appearances, opposed to Isabella due to his ancient hatred family, as well as for his intimacy with Beatrice and with Moro, so great that, says Guicciardini, "in his bosom all the secrets and all the
433:
as his wife, Galeazzo knew with his affability and his natural charm to earn the favor of the new duchess, becoming his most faithful servant in perpetuity. Not infrequently they are found together in the daily entertainment of the court, as well as in matters of greater importance.
1352:
It was Galeazzo, small and thin in person, pale in the face: the agile cut of the body, the dexterity of the limbs, the softness of the face, the easy smile of the lips, made him dear to all the Milanese youth and he was always applauded when he wounded tournaments or ran gualdane.
1220:
Of little value from the physiognomic point of view is the miniature of the Missal Arcimboldi, which depicts him during the investiture of his father-in-law, however it constitutes a completely certain portrait thanks to the banner that we know he received from his father-in-law.
1205:, whose facial features show traits in common. In the first case, the identification had already been proposed at the end of the 19th century by German scholars such as Muller-Walde, having perhaps more familiarity with the features of Roberto, whose tombstone can be found in the
441:«Beatrice immediately began a life of violent entertainment mostly in the company of the very elegant Galeazzo Sanseverino, spending February and March in sometimes risky hunts and games in the surrounding castles.» (Achille Dina, Isabella of Aragon Duchess of Milan and Bari.)
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instructed his Milanese ambassador to greet Galeazzo on his part, telling him that he had heard "of his virtues, of his good bearings, and of the great affection that he brings us" and saying he was willing to gladly give him some benefit, if the opportunity had arisen.
572:
He also enjoyed the rare privilege of free access to the ducal apartments, if at the end of the letter he reminds the Marquise Isabella of those times when, entering Beatrice's private dressing room, he found the ladies still undressed and intent on styling their hair:
1046:, while attempting to defend King Francis I from capture, where the French cavalry was decimated by a force of 1,500 Basque arquebusiers. The day after the battle, his body was taken by his people to the Certosa di Pavia and, buried there, his tomb was never found.
721:
In 1494 he was sent by the Moor to Lyon on a diplomatic visit to Charles VIII, to prove the king's intentions in the enterprise of the kingdom of Naples. The latter was greatly fascinated: he gave him his most beautiful lovers and wanted to create him knight of the
2477:
It:«portava in capo un elmo d'oro tutto biondo, ma allo stesso tempo tale da incutere paura, sulla cima del quale brillavano un paio di corna a tortiglione dall'elmo fuoriusciva un gran serpente alato che con la coda e le zampe ricopriva le terga del
393:
barricaded in the Rocca di Ravaldino following the conspiracy of the Bears. After liberating the city, returning to Milan, he was appointed captain general of the Sforza army. This prevarication attracted to him and Ludovico the relentless hatred of
885:"Now are you here, Ludovico Sforza, who for the sake of a foreigner Galeazzo Sanseverino have chased me your citizen out, nor, if you have chased me away only one, have you again urged the souls of the Milanese to rebel against the royal Majesty?" '
968:
275:
and Giovanna da Correggio. The date of birth is not at all clear, to be placed around 1458-60 and perhaps in Milan, where his mother Giovanna was certainly in the years 1458-59, waiting for the return of her husband from his pilgrimage to the
336:, remained faithful to their father, and only after Roberto's death, in 1489, they passed to Moro. The latter essentially gained in his service all the sons of the great enemy, esteemed among the best leaders of the peninsula.
901:
and after the payment of a ransom paid by his brothers, he was released only a few months after his capture. He lost the counties and lordships of Bobbio, Castel San Giovanni, Val Tidone and Voghera reassigned by the French.
1297:
1357:
was amazed to see the redemption of so many beauties under the silk dress that covers it; she palpitated at the danger of such a graceful youth, and in her heart she begged him for victory. And the victory had to be for
1285:
1185:
A portrait of him is found in an incunabulum of the Divine Comedy edited by the Franciscan Pietro da Figino and illuminated by Antonio Grifo, at folio 271 v. The original is kept in the library of Dante's House in Rome.
505:, also the references in them to the days of leisure spent in the company of the two sisters d'Este and to the great familiarity with the Duchess Beatrice, as well as to a brother named "Gasparo" who could correspond to
1201:, in which recurring elements are noted, such as the thick curly hair and the central slit of the farsetto in the form of a spear. The identification is also based on comparison with the known portraits of his father
726:. Unbeatable champion of the rides, he was a perfect courtier, loved by women not only for his charm, elegance and well-groomed physique, but also for his culture and way of speaking, he was an esteemed friend of
913:
adds that he had stopped cutting his hair, which had become length to the waist, and wore it dyed the same black. Then he went to Nuremberg, where thanks to his mutual friend Willibald Pirckheimer he befriended
872:(1500), where, hit by a stone, he was wounded in the face. The valiant bearing of Galeazzo during this fateful battle was described by the Venetian Ercole Cinzio Rinucci in one of his compositions in octaves.
2038:(MCCCCXCVI-MDXXXIII) dall' autografo Marciano ital. cl. VII codd. CDXIX-CDLXXVII, Volume 2, di Marino Sanudo, Federico Stefani, Guglielmo Berchet, Nicolò Barozzi, Rinaldo Fulin, Marco Allegri · 1879, p. 1138.
996:. Because of this, the hatred of Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, now Marshal of France, towards him grew fiercely, as Galeazzo, who had first stripped him of Ludovico's favors, now stripped him of those of the king.
437:
Thus, for example, in 1491, Beatrice wrote to her sister: "every day the illustrious Messer Galeazzo and I, with some other of these courtiers, take pleasure in the game of ball at the mallet after lunch".
476:
This generated some confusion among historians, since there was at least one other Galeazzo Visconti his contemporary, also called "messer Vesconte", also a courtier friend of the dukes, who figures as
821:
words and deeds did wondrous things as testimony to the affection he bore to her, extending himself to make known to everyone the virtues and goodness that reigned in that Most Illustrious Madonna".
1241:
of wild costumes for himself and his men to be worn on the occasion of the aforementioned joust, some critics have hypothesized that it was a portrait of him, which in this case would probably be a
1217:
and that, just like Ludovico and Beatrice, he must certainly have been passionate about music. Others, like Robert de la Sizèranne, also recognized the traits of their father Roberto.
314:, despite the fact that his father was his bitter enemy. Shortly afterwards two of his half-brothers, Giorgio known as Faccenda and Ottaviano, also followed them. Two other brothers,
1919:
Delle memorie di Filippo di Comines, caualiero & signore d'Argentone, intorno alle principali attioni di Lodouico vndicesimo e di Carlo ottauo suo figliuolo amendue re di Francia
653:? or something in her relations with Bianca's husband, the charming Galeazzo Sanseverino, whose intrinsic nature and continuous sharing of pleasures with her cannot fail to strike? "
530:
Portrait of Galeazzo at the center of the scene of the ducal investiture of Ludovico il Moro, illuminated page by the Missal Arcimboldi in the Chapter Library of the Duomo of Milan.
806:
bastard of this Duke Lodovico, and wife of the aforementioned Galeazzo. But since rumors of the vulgar enter easily into these facts, I do not vouch for any of these secret news.
676:
Signor Galeazo di Sanseverino enjoyed little reputation on the part of the soldiers, nor was he loved because he was not worthy in government, however he was worthy of his spear.
632:
On the other hand, a link of a sexual nature should not be excluded, if - as Achille Dina, a twentieth-century historian, recalled - this was referred to by that accusation of
3012:
597:
Ludovico's sudden death - would take over the government, he was in second place immediately after Duchess Beatrice and immediately before Cardinal Ascanio, Moro's brother.
287:
He made his first military experiences in the company of his father Roberto and in 1475 he obtained, together with his brothers, his first conduct in the pay of Florence.
1015:, regaining his properties in Milan which Trivulce had confiscated. The Trivulce, who therefore came into conflict with the king of France, even died of indignation.
1115:
Messer Galeazzo Sanseverino, who was a beautiful jouster, but for cowardice and little experience in the military art not at all capable of leading a military camp.
2901:
2864:
2717:
371:
He favored foreigners far more than his own; and some of those he loved with so much fervor that, in a short time, from less than mediocre he made them very rich
2972:
621:
For the exceptional social climb that, from Roberto's unknown son, had led him to be almost a second duke in Milan, Galeazzo was called "the son of Fortune".
733:
Ludovico, at first aligned with the French, later changed alliances, siding with the Holy League that had formed to drive the invaders from the peninsula.
1159:
Galeaz de San Severino, smooth talker, skilful in hunting and body exercises, fine courtier, who did not hesitate to undress to play ball with the king .
909:, here the chronicles tell him sad melancholic, poor, little considered and always dressed in black as a sign of pain for the fate of his father-in-law.
465:
contain a curious and interminable dispute about who was the best paladin: Orlando or Rinaldo, as well as the story of a trip made by Beatrice d'Este to
1170:
He was persuasive, elegant in his language as well as in his habits, expert in matters of war, and passed for the most skilful joust that could be seen.
2350:
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To which thing, answering in a low manner, the prince said, that it is difficult to know the cause why the soul bends to love one and hates the other
1251:
2375:
402:
1232:
deserves a special mention, depicting a helmet very similar to that worn by Galeazzo during the joust held on the occasion of the wedding between
1107:
with a very limited duration, as Isabella recalls "having seen Count Francesco Sforza one day with black hair and the other with his naturals".
948:
1111:
general of the Sforza militias and kept it until the end. "Old man but worthy" says Johannes Agazzari on the occasion of the battle of Pavia.
280:. It is not even known whether his brother Antonio Maria was born before or after, but certainly after his second son Gaspare, known as
2276:
1384:
1309:
956:
in 1497, when this actually happened due to ambiguous behavior of Francesco himself, as well as to put him in a bad light with the emperor
881:
Immediately, having led the duke to his presence, Gian Giacomo addressed to him - according to Andrea Prato - these contemptuous words:
606:
It seems to me that this Messer Galeazzo is Duke of Milan because he can do what he wants and has what he knows how to ask and desire.
824:
454:, or because through his marriage with Bianca Giovanna he had been "adopted" within the Sforza family or because of his descent from
305:
3002:
2997:
2945:
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2734:
2556:
2514:
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1689:
1609:
1133:
2489:
2992:
1957:
Archivio Storico Lombardo, serie quinta, anno XLVIII, Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari, pp. 331-332
1202:
957:
944:
906:
801:
Ludovico Antonio Muratori in his Estensi Antiquities, hints at the possibility that Bianca had fallen victim to a court intrigue:
737:
playing a double game with the king of France, Beatrice herself went to the military camp to urge him to move against the enemy.
268:
1270:
339:
1859:
Ascanio Maria Sforza, la parabola politica di un cardinale-principe del rinascimento, volume 1, Marco Pellegrini, 2002, p. 283.
1662:
1531:
2932:
1388:
300:
1966:
Archivio Storico Lombardo, serie quinta, anno XLVIII, Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari, p. 372.
1164:
François Tommy Perrens, Histoire de Florence depuis la domination des Médicis jusqu'à la chute de la république (1434-1531).
497:
in 1492 and military commissar of Duke Ludovico in 1495; after the expulsion of the Moro he also passed to the French side.
878:
comments in this regard: "Trivulzio, seeing these prisoners, and above all Signor Lodovico, thinks, oh reader, what joy!!"
2987:
1145:
2954:
2600:
992:. No Italian, indeed no foreigner, neither before nor after him received this honor. In 1505 he was given the castle of
310:
deserted the Venetian conduct of their father Roberto and entered the service of the Duke of Bari, then Duke of Milan,
3007:
2262:
2232:"ROBERTO SANSEVERINO (1418-1487) UN GRANDE CONDOTTIERO DEL QUATTROCENTO TRA IL REGNO DI NAPOLI E IL DUCATO DI MILANO"
1475:
1459:"Roberto Sanseverino (1418-1487) Un Grade Condottiero del Quattrocento Tra Il Regno di Napoli e Il Ducato di Milano"
1817:
1645:
1023:
1424:
1209:. In support of this thesis, Piero Misciatelli recalls that Galeazzo was in fact a great friend and protector of
1175:
Conte Henri François Delaborde, L'expédition de Charles VIII en Italie histoire diplomatique et militaire (1888).
989:
910:
875:
669:
186:
93:
2683:
1883:
1257:
668:, a figure that would arise only three centuries later. A sexual metaphor could in fact be read in a passage by
2231:
1458:
1197:
1079:
326:
898:
869:
524:
2354:
2316:
Dell'istoria intorno alle militari imprese e alla vita di Gian-Jacopo Trivulzio detto il Magno ... libri 15
2196:
1599:
1429:
Galeazzo is played by Italian actor Antonio De Matteo, but has little to do with the historical character.
792:
Possible portrait of Bianca Giovanna Sforza (the blonde girl in profile on the right), next to the Duchess
753:
331:
1191:
1120:
1074:
840:, also grieving, is perhaps his son-in-law Galeazzo, recognizable by what seems to be the necklace of the
765:
723:
633:
494:
455:
406:
395:
345:
226:
154:
141:
2379:
980:
Thanks to the intervention of his brothers and Cardinal Federico Sanseverino, in 1504 he reconciled with
506:
315:
2977:
1493:
1027:
833:
382:
354:
2909:
2131:
Leonardo da Vinci e tre gentildonne milanesi del secolo XV, Gustavo Uzielli, Tipografia sociale, p. 45.
1684:. Ministero per i beni e le attivitĂ culturali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici. p. 164.
1034:
in 1522. In the service of France, Galeazzo campaigned in the Italian Wars from 1509 until his death.
2982:
1088:
841:
687:
622:
486:
613:
2689:
La corte di Lodovico il Moro: la vita privata e l'arte a Milano nella seconda metĂ del Quattrocento
2491:
La corte di Lodovico il Moro: la vita privata e l'arte a Milano nella seconda metĂ del Quattrocento
1888:
La corte di Lodovico il Moro: la vita privata e l'arte a Milano nella seconda metĂ del Quattrocento
1847:
La corte di Ludovico il Moro, la vita privata e l'arte a Milano nella seconda metĂ del Quattrocento
1363:
1276:
1019:
1008:
927:
629:
justifies the fact by saying that Ludovico "kept him as a son, as he did not yet have any adults".
551:
sunset, so much so that - he adds jokingly - in the star behind Beatrice he had almost gone crazy:
222:
198:
860:
daughter of the Marquis del Finale, who was at the time a child and with whom he had no children.
536:
2917:
2881:
2844:
2814:
2784:
2744:
2697:
2651:
2621:
2578:
2524:
2459:
1926:
1785:
1735:
1699:
953:
650:
1354:
1237:
993:
793:
584:
564:
462:
430:
214:
1778:
Atti e memorie del Primo Congresso storico lombardo, Como, 21-22 maggio, Varese, 23 maggio 1936
740:
On July 6, 1495, he took part – again as captain general of the Sforza armies – in the epochal
511:
469:
and the many amusements of the new duchess. These letters, however, contain only the signature
320:
2938:
2921:
2770:
2730:
2611:
2566:
2510:
2437:
2416:
2202:
1685:
1605:
1261:
1229:
1210:
1012:
931:
915:
761:
741:
482:
350:
124:
119:
75:
1558:
Regis Ferdinandi Primi Instructionum liber. 1486-1487, a cura di Scipione Volpicella, p. 130.
1445:''Guerre d'Italia in ottava rima'', vol. 2, Ferrara, Edizioni Panini, 1989, cap. 4.8, p. 122.
976:, in the scene of the capture of King Francis I. Tapestries of the Battle of Pavia,1528-1531.
649:
would increase her apprehension about the neighbor I'm leaving? Perhaps her conduct towards
1570:
1315:
1233:
1206:
1068:
2248:
1151:
Statue in the collection of the Great Museum of the Duomo of Milan, late fifteenth century.
2894:
2857:
2827:
2797:
2757:
2710:
2675:
2663:
2634:
2591:
2537:
2472:
1939:
1798:
1748:
1712:
1043:
973:
837:
390:
311:
210:
129:
61:
2163:
Lodovico il Moro e sua cattura, pagine di storia patria, Di Antonio Rusconi, 1878, p. 73.
1083:
cites Galeazzo Sanseverino as an example of a perfect nobleman, and it is also said that
868:
Galeazzo fell prisoner of the French, together with his lord Ludovico Sforza, after the
1404:
788:
296:
71:
30:
2966:
2687:
782:
490:
2452:
Cuius ab capite serpens alatus prodibat, cauda pedibusque terga equitis complectens.
2303:
Delle relazioni di Isabella d' Este Gonzaga con Ludovico e Beatrice Sforza, p. 121.
1214:
1084:
829:
727:
160:
2331:
2314:
2173:
2035:
1901:
1679:
1096:
always have excellent men with him and from each take the best of what they knew.
2449:
Caput auro penitus flavum, torvum alioquin, et cornibus sursum intortis emicans.
710:
182:
2221:
Diario ferrarese dall'anno 1476 sino al 1504, Bernardino Zambotti, pp. 188-189.
947:, saying that he was "with little praise led to death", and putting his father
1242:
478:
429:
When in 1491, after ten years of engagement, Ludovico finally decided to take
202:
35:
Presumed portrait of Galeazzo Sanseverino in Portrait of Luca Pacioli, c. 1495
1681:
Carteggio degli oratori mantovani alla corte sforzesca (1450-1500): 1495-1498
1031:
981:
277:
218:
1819:
Delle relazioni di Isabella d' Este Gonzaga con Ludovico e Beatrice Sforza
1647:
Delle relazioni di Isabella d' Este Gonzaga con Ludovico e Beatrice Sforza
1050:
mourns his death. His widow, Elisabetta Costanza del Carretto, retired to
905:
After these nefarious events he went to Innsbruck to the court of Emperor
777:
of Milan that harmed his health, already debilitated by a recent illness.
1871:
Delle relazioni di Isabella d'Este Gonzaga con Ludovico e Beatrice Sforza
1764:
Delle relazioni di Isabella d'Este Gonzaga con Ludovico e Beatrice Sforza
1051:
935:
845:
665:
988:, receiving the rank of councilor of state, chamberlain of the king and
856:
In 1498 he married again with Elisabetta Costanza del Carretto, called
272:
206:
194:
2571:
Histoire universelle: depuis le commencement du monde jusqu'a present
985:
637:
466:
450:
In his letters Galeazzo used to sign himself with the triple surname
190:
516:, led to a belief that the sender was in fact Galeazzo Sanseverino.
796:(on the left), in the miniature of ludovico's investiture ceremony.
640:
and, as many say, still as an old man no less patient than agent".
1581:
1579:
1139:
Probable portrait of Galeazzo in the guise of San Vittore il Moro.
967:
823:
787:
752:
338:
2351:"Decifrazioni e soluzioni 2013: La scritta in chiaro e la storia"
111:
Milanese army (1495–1500); French cavalry (1509–1525)
2141:
2139:
2137:
367:
alludes to him, when he reproaches Ludovico for his bad choices:
2146:
Deputazione di storia patria per le province parmensi (1964).
704:
Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari.
658:
Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari.
419:
Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari.
686:
Antonio Perria instead hypothesizes a relationship with Duke
681:
Marin Sanudo il giovane, I diarii di Marino Sanuto, 1496-1533
2727:
Come rose d'inverno, le signore della corte estense nel '400
897:
Unlike Sforza, behind the mediation of his brother Cardinal
2046:
2044:
1573:, L'Historia di Milano, Giorgio de' Cavalli, 1565, p. 1025.
461:
A series of letters written in this period to the Marquise
601:
attack of malarial fevers put her first pregnancy at risk.
972:
Alleged portrait of Galeazzo at the age of 66 during the
256:
La venuta del Re Carlo con la rotta del Taro (1496-1497).
2835:
Alessandro Giulini (1912). "Bianca Sanseverino Sforza".
2107:
2105:
709:
Probably Galeazzo was, a bit like most men of his time,
636:, who said of Ludovico: "he was dishonest in the sin of
2201:. Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. pp. 211–214 e 426.
401:
He also had a strong enmity with the Marquis of Mantua
2805:
Deputazione di Storia Patria per la Lombardia (1874).
1604:. Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. pp. 99–100 e 426.
543:
black eagle, which he gave to his son-in-law Galeazzo.
1549:, Volume 1, Gio. Pietro Vieusseux, 1842, pp. 256-257.
936:
hand that closes the thumb with the first two fingers
398:, and more generally the envy of the other brothers.
181:, (c. 1460 – 24 February 1525) was an Italian-French
1476:"Galeazzo da San Severino – Marchese di Castelnuovo"
1383:, by Michael Ennis (1992), where he is the lover of
2263:"ANTONIO MARIA DA SAN SEVERINO SIGNORE DI BASSIGNA"
1376:Galeazzo appears as a character in several novels:
147:
136:
115:
107:
99:
89:
81:
67:
48:
40:
21:
1054:, where she died in her palace on 3 January 1564.
930:that I made with my mouth, with the addition of a
489:, invested by the latter in 1488 of the county of
2935:: depuis le commencement du monde jusqu'a present
2642:Vincenzo Calmeta (2004). Rossella Guberti (ed.).
1007:In 1517 Galeazzo won a lawsuit against his enemy
2278:Ristretto di storia patria ad uso de' piacentini
1422:In the 2021 Anglo-Italian television miniseries
1189:Two of his possible portraits are the so-called
1087:was inspired by him when he sculpted his famous
848:even after the expiration of the canonical year.
2111:
2088:
2065:
2015:
1995:
1975:
1624:
1350:
1168:
1157:
1113:
1093:
924:
883:
803:
696:
674:
646:
603:
575:
555:
411:
369:
231:
2376:"Galeazzo Sanseverino Aragona Visconti Sforza"
745:themselves to the looting of the camp French.
2573:(in French). Vol. 33. 1771. p. 292.
1566:
1564:
1213:, who frequented his home in Milan, and fra'
772:On November 23, 1496, a few months after the
343:Possible portrait of Galeazzo Sanseverino in
8:
1195:by Leonardo da Vinci and "the pupil" in the
918:, who portrayed him in black dress in 1503.
699:resolutions of Ludovico Sforza were confined
616:, letter to duke of Ferrara, 7 August 1492.
471:Galeaz Sfortia Vicecomes armorum capitaneus
389:In 1488 Galeazzo was sent to the rescue of
2291:
1832:
1664:Busto Arsizio: notizie storico-statistiche
1585:
267:He was the third son of the famous leader
244:with the banner in the wind of the snake,
29:
18:
1366:, Beatrice o la corte di Lodovico il Moro
1327:
1030:at Calais in 1520. He was made count of
717:The first descent of the French in Italy
2900:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2863:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2716:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2567:"L'Histoire de la Republique de Venise"
2159:
2157:
1890:, vol. 1, Milano, Hoepli, 1913, p. 464.
1438:
1247:
1101:Baldassarre Castiglione, Il Cortegiano.
376:Giovanni Andrea Prato, Cronaca milanese
3013:People of the Italian War of 1494–1495
2890:
2879:
2853:
2842:
2823:
2812:
2793:
2782:
2753:
2742:
2706:
2695:
2671:
2659:
2649:
2630:
2619:
2587:
2576:
2533:
2522:
2468:
2457:
2436:(in Latin). Mursia. pp. 134–135.
2434:Nozze dei principi milanesi ed estensi
2345:
2343:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2084:
2082:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1935:
1924:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1794:
1783:
1744:
1733:
1708:
1697:
1453:
1451:
248:with many great gentlemen in company.
2928:L'Histoire de la Republique de Venise
1903:L'antico stato di Romano di Lombardia
1123:, Storie Fiorentine dal 1378 al 1509.
7:
2973:Military leaders of the Italian Wars
2488:Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri (1913) .
1525:
1523:
1514:Jahrb. d. K. preuss, Kunstsammlungen
1507:
1505:
1495:Personaggi del Quattrocento italiano
1487:
1485:
836:to the Duke (1498). The man next to
811:Ludovico Muratori, AntichitĂ Estensi
730:, he knew Latin, French and German.
452:Sfortia Vicecomes de Sancto Severino
240:did it of his people on the saddle,
234:On the other hand the Duke of Milan
2874:Beatrice d'Este, Duchessa di Milano
2507:Festa di nozze per Ludovico il Moro
1333:Knight of the Order of St. Michael
284:, who was already married in 1475.
242:who riding then from hand to hand,
2837:Archivio Storico Lombardo serie IV
2090:Archivio storico lombardo, vol. 39
1869:Alessandro Luzio; Rodolfo Renier.
1762:Alessandro Luzio; Rodolfo Renier.
1728:Beatrice d'Este duchessa di Milano
1042:He died in 1525 during the famous
578:when I can't find her, I feel sad.
14:
2051:SocietĂ Storica Lombarda (1874).
236:called and gave the general cane
2956:Histoire du XVI siècle en France
2908:Richard Clayton, Translation of
2602:Histoire du XVI siècle en France
2400:De la Sizèranne, Robert (1908).
1308:
1296:
1284:
1269:
1250:
1144:
1132:
1067:masters of arms and the scholar
535:
523:
2872:Cartwright, Julia Mary (1945).
1260:or Profilo di capitano antico,
1000:memories of the Milanese time.
844:. Both seem to have maintained
785:so that he would not get sick.
209:. He was first the favorite of
2937:, Arkstée & Merkus, 1771,
2914:Memoirs of the House of Medici
2613:Memoirs of the House of Medici
2494:. Milano, Hoepli. p. 556.
984:of France and followed him to
892:Cronaca di Giovan Andrea Prato
238:to Maria Galeazo, and captain
225:, as well as a sworn enemy of
1:
2333:Chronica civitatis Placentice
1533:Leonardo e i disfattisti suoi
1413:Massimo Gregori Grgic (2020).
1387:and true father of the Duchy
1226:Profile of an Ancient Captain
864:The second fall of the French
246:honor and glory of Lombardy,
2646:. Bologna: Rossella Guberti.
2055:. Vol. 39. p. 242.
1845:Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri.
1492:Misciattelli, Piero (1914).
2767:Beatrice d'Este (1475-1497)
2725:Maria Serena Mazzi (2004).
2330:Agazzari, Johannes (1862).
1917:Filippo di Comines (1610).
446:The uncertainty of the name
299:, Galeazzo and his brother
3029:
2684:Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri
2313:Carlo de' Rosmini (1815).
2150:. Vol. 4. p. 63.
1884:Francesco Malaguzzi Valeri
1678:Leverotti, Franca (1999).
1318:, 1465-1468. Paris, Louvre
1062:Appearance and personality
16:Italian-French condottiere
2807:Archivio storico lombardo
2555:Antoine Varillas (1691).
2418:Leonardo da Vinci pittore
2249:"GASPARE DA SAN SEVERINO"
2053:Archivio storico lombardo
2036:I diarii di Marino Sanuto
1730:(2 ed.). p. 77.
1726:Julia Cartwright (1945).
485:in 1484, advisor to Duke
295:In June 1483, during the
28:
3003:16th-century condottieri
2998:15th-century condottieri
2947:Histoire de Charles VIII
2610:Richard Clayton (1798).
2558:Histoire de Charles VIII
2432:Tristano Calco (2008) .
2415:Venturi, Adolfo (1920).
1397:, by Karen Essex (2006);
1198:Portrait of Luca Pacioli
964:In the service of France
749:Death of Bianca Giovanna
583:Galeazzo Sanseverino to
175:Galéas de Saint-Séverin'
2993:Grand squires of France
2839:. Vol. 18. Milano.
2765:Luisa Giordano (2008).
2195:Floriano Dolfo (2002).
1900:Muoni, Damiano (1871).
1822:. 1890. pp. 40–43.
1661:Luigi Ferrario (1864).
1650:. 1890. pp. 40–43.
1598:Floriano Dolfo (2002).
1530:Beltrami, Luca (1919).
774:transductio ad maritum,
291:At the service of Milan
171:Galeazzo da Sanseverino
23:Galeazzo da Sanseverino
2692:. Vol. 1. Milano.
2599:Paul L. Jacob (1834).
2509:. Mursia. p. 91.
2121:
2098:
2075:
2025:
2005:
1985:
1634:
1369:
1192:Portrait of a Musician
1178:
1167:
1126:
1121:Francesco Guicciardini
1104:
1075:Baldassare Castiglione
990:grand Ă©cuyer de France
977:
940:
895:
849:
814:
797:
769:
766:Bianca Giovanna Sforza
764:, alleged portrait of
758:The beautiful princess
707:
684:
661:
634:Francesco Guicciardini
619:
589:
570:
443:
422:
396:Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
379:
358:
346:Portrait of a Musician
260:
227:Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
187:Grand Écuyer de France
155:Bianca Giovanna Sforza
142:Order of Saint Michael
94:Grand Ă©cuyer de France
2402:Revue des Deux Mondes
2148:Fonti e studi: Ser. 2
1588:, pp. 39, 71–73.
1512:Muller-Walde (1897).
1411:My name is Bianca, by
1395:The Swans of Leonardo
1028:Henry VIII of England
971:
834:De Divina Proportione
827:
791:
756:
563:Galeazzo's letter to
439:
381:Already in 1486 King
355:Pinacoteca Ambrosiana
342:
82:Years of service
2988:House of Sanseverino
2933:Histoire universelle
2505:Guido Lopez (2008).
2176:, Volume IV, p. 151.
1381:The Duchess of Milan
1291:Alexander the Great.
842:order of St. Michael
724:Order of St. Michael
672:, who in 1499 wrote:
644:of her stepdaughter:
623:Philippe de Commines
159:Elisabetta Costanza
2265:. 27 November 2012.
2251:. 27 November 2012.
1835:, pp. 166–176.
1478:. 27 November 2012.
1401:La misura dell'uomo
1277:Alexander the Great
1207:Cathedral of Trento
1020:Francis I of France
1009:Jacques de Trivulce
567:, 11 February 1491.
362:Son-in-law del Moro
269:Roberto Sanseverino
223:Francis I of France
199:Castel San Giovanni
3008:People from Naples
2944:Antoine Varillas,
2918:The Monthly Review
2889:Unknown parameter
2852:Unknown parameter
2822:Unknown parameter
2792:Unknown parameter
2752:Unknown parameter
2705:Unknown parameter
2670:Unknown parameter
2629:Unknown parameter
2586:Unknown parameter
2532:Unknown parameter
2467:Unknown parameter
2198:Lettere ai Gonzaga
1934:Unknown parameter
1793:Unknown parameter
1743:Unknown parameter
1707:Unknown parameter
1601:Lettere ai Gonzaga
1385:Isabella of Aragon
978:
954:Lordship of Venice
850:
798:
770:
383:Ferrante of Aragon
359:
1766:. pp. 30–31.
1547:Cronache milanesi
1344:
1343:
1316:Scipion Africanus
1262:Leonardo da Vinci
1230:Leonardo da Vinci
1077:also in his book
1013:Marshal of France
858:Madama la Grande,
762:Leonardo da Vinci
742:battle of Fornovo
403:Francesco Gonzaga
357:, Milan, c. 1485.
351:Leonardo da Vinci
271:, first Count of
254:Gerolamo Senese,
177:), known as the
168:
167:
125:Battle of Agnadel
120:Battle of Fornoue
76:kingdom of France
59:February 24, 1525
3020:
2905:
2898:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2801:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2761:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2606:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2562:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2378:. Archived from
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2353:. Archived from
2347:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2192:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1997:Malaguzzi Valeri
1993:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1891:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1571:Bernardino Corio
1568:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1446:
1443:
1367:
1328:
1312:
1303:Detail of dragon
1300:
1288:
1273:
1254:
1234:Ludovico il Moro
1176:
1165:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1102:
1069:Pietro del Monte
1038:The heroic death
926:PrĂą! (this is a
893:
870:battle of Novara
812:
705:
682:
666:cavalier servant
659:
617:
587:
568:
539:
527:
515:
493:, ambassador to
420:
377:
335:
324:
312:Ludovico il Moro
309:
258:
211:Ludovico il Moro
58:
56:
33:
19:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
2963:
2962:
2953:Paul L. Jacob,
2899:
2888:
2878:
2871:
2862:
2851:
2841:
2834:
2821:
2811:
2809:. Vol. 39.
2804:
2791:
2781:
2777:
2769:. Vol. 2.
2764:
2751:
2741:
2737:
2724:
2715:
2704:
2694:
2682:
2669:
2658:
2648:
2641:
2628:
2618:
2609:
2598:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2531:
2521:
2517:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2466:
2456:
2444:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2292:Cartwright 1945
2290:
2286:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2194:
2193:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1933:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1833:Cartwright 1945
1831:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1742:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1706:
1696:
1692:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1586:Cartwright 1945
1584:
1577:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1420:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1349:
1347:In mass culture
1326:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1255:
1238:Beatrice d'Este
1183:
1177:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1125:
1119:
1103:
1100:
1064:
1044:Battle of Pavia
1040:
1018:He accompanied
994:Mehun-sur-Yèvre
974:Battle of Pavia
966:
894:
891:
886:
866:
813:
810:
794:Beatrice d'Este
751:
719:
706:
703:
683:
680:
660:
657:
618:
611:
594:
588:
585:Isabella d'Este
582:
569:
565:Isabella d'Este
562:
548:
547:
546:
545:
544:
540:
532:
531:
528:
509:
463:Isabella d'Este
456:Muzio Attendolo
448:
431:Beatrice d'Este
427:
425:The new duchess
421:
418:
407:Bianca Giovanna
391:Caterina Sforza
378:
375:
364:
329:
318:
303:
293:
265:
259:
253:
247:
245:
243:
241:
239:
237:
235:
215:Beatrice d'Este
151:
130:Battle of Pavia
128:
123:
85:1495–1525
62:Battle of Pavia
60:
54:
52:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2925:
2906:
2869:
2832:
2802:
2775:
2762:
2735:
2729:. Nuovecarte.
2722:
2680:
2639:
2616:. p. 253.
2607:
2596:
2563:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2515:
2497:
2480:
2442:
2424:
2421:. p. 173.
2407:
2392:
2367:
2339:
2336:. p. 101.
2322:
2319:. Vol. 1.
2305:
2296:
2284:
2268:
2254:
2240:
2223:
2214:
2207:
2178:
2165:
2153:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2101:
2092:
2078:
2069:
2058:
2040:
2028:
2019:
2008:
1999:
1988:
1979:
1968:
1959:
1945:
1921:. p. 419.
1909:
1906:. p. 188.
1892:
1876:
1861:
1852:
1837:
1825:
1804:
1780:. p. 267.
1769:
1754:
1718:
1690:
1670:
1667:. p. 251.
1653:
1637:
1631:pp. 39 e 71-73
1628:
1617:
1610:
1590:
1575:
1560:
1551:
1539:
1519:
1516:. p. 110.
1501:
1498:. p. 146.
1481:
1467:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1405:Marco Malvaldi
1398:
1392:
1373:
1370:
1360:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1258:Il Condottiere
1256:
1249:
1224:The so-called
1182:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1117:
1098:
1063:
1060:
1039:
1036:
965:
962:
916:Albrecht DĂĽrer
889:
865:
862:
808:
750:
747:
718:
715:
701:
678:
655:
614:Giacomo Trotti
609:
593:
592:Son of Fortune
590:
580:
560:
541:
534:
533:
529:
522:
521:
520:
519:
518:
447:
444:
426:
423:
416:
373:
363:
360:
301:Gian Francesco
292:
289:
264:
261:
251:
179:son of Fortuna
166:
165:
164:
163:
157:
149:
145:
144:
140:knight of the
138:
134:
133:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
72:Duchy of Milan
69:
65:
64:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3025:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2930:, vol. 33 of
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2891:|agency=
2883:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2854:|agency=
2846:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2824:|agency=
2816:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2794:|agency=
2786:
2778:
2776:9788846720573
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2754:|agency=
2746:
2738:
2736:9788887527162
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2707:|agency=
2699:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:|agency=
2665:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2631:|agency=
2623:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2588:|agency=
2580:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2534:|agency=
2526:
2518:
2516:9788842541165
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2474:
2469:|agency=
2461:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2443:9788842541165
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2382:on 2022-01-27
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2357:on 2022-01-27
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2208:9788887114522
2204:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2002:pp. 376 - 377
1998:
1992:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:|agency=
1928:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:|agency=
1787:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1745:|agency=
1737:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1709:|agency=
1701:
1693:
1691:9788871252513
1687:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1611:9788887114522
1607:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:. p. 55.
1535:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1364:Ignazio CantĂą
1359:
1356:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1160:
1147:
1135:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1080:Il Cortegiano
1076:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:his encounter
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
970:
963:
961:
959:
955:
950:
946:
939:
937:
933:
929:
923:
919:
917:
912:
908:
903:
900:
888:
882:
879:
877:
873:
871:
863:
861:
859:
854:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
822:
818:
807:
802:
795:
790:
786:
784:
783:Abbiategrasso
778:
775:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
746:
743:
738:
734:
731:
729:
725:
716:
714:
712:
700:
695:
691:
689:
688:Gian Galeazzo
677:
673:
671:
667:
654:
652:
645:
641:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
615:
608:
607:
602:
598:
591:
586:
579:
574:
566:
559:
554:
552:
538:
526:
517:
513:
508:
504:
498:
496:
492:
491:Busto Arsizio
488:
487:Gian Galeazzo
484:
480:
474:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
445:
442:
438:
435:
432:
424:
415:
410:
408:
404:
399:
397:
392:
387:
384:
372:
368:
361:
356:
352:
348:
347:
341:
337:
333:
328:
327:Antonio Maria
322:
317:
313:
307:
302:
298:
290:
288:
285:
283:
279:
274:
270:
262:
257:
250:
249:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:; Marquis of
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
162:
158:
156:
153:
152:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2978:1460s births
2955:
2946:
2931:
2927:
2913:
2873:
2836:
2806:
2766:
2726:
2688:
2643:
2612:
2605:(in French).
2601:
2570:
2561:(in French).
2557:
2549:Bibliography
2506:
2500:
2490:
2483:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2433:
2427:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2395:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2370:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2332:
2325:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2287:
2277:
2271:
2257:
2243:
2226:
2217:
2197:
2168:
2147:
2127:
2112:
2089:
2066:
2061:
2052:
2031:
2016:
2011:
1996:
1991:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1918:
1912:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1828:
1818:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1727:
1721:
1680:
1673:
1663:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1625:
1620:
1600:
1593:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1513:
1494:
1470:
1441:
1423:
1421:
1410:
1400:
1394:
1380:
1375:
1351:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:Luca Pacioli
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1169:
1158:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1085:Michelangelo
1078:
1073:
1065:
1056:
1048:
1041:
1017:
1006:
1002:
998:
979:
958:Maximilian I
941:
925:
920:
911:Marin Sanudo
907:Maximilian I
904:
896:
884:
880:
876:Marin Sanudo
874:
867:
857:
855:
851:
830:Luca Pacioli
819:
815:
804:
799:
779:
773:
771:
757:
739:
735:
732:
720:
708:
697:
692:
685:
675:
662:
647:
642:
631:
626:
620:
605:
604:
599:
595:
576:
571:
556:
553:
549:
502:
499:
495:Charles VIII
475:
470:
460:
451:
449:
440:
436:
428:
412:
400:
388:
380:
370:
365:
344:
294:
286:
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161:del Carretto
116:Battles/wars
2983:1525 deaths
2660:|work=
2118:pp. 236-240
612:Ambassador
510: [
330: [
319: [
304: [
193:, Count of
183:condottiere
44:1458-60 ca.
2967:Categories
2386:2022-01-28
2361:2022-01-28
1626:Cartwright
1433:References
1418:Television
1372:Literature
1243:caricature
932:manichetto
928:fart sound
217:, then of
203:Val Tidone
68:Allegiance
55:1525-02-24
2893:ignored (
2882:cite book
2876:. Milano.
2856:ignored (
2845:cite book
2826:ignored (
2815:cite book
2796:ignored (
2785:cite book
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2460:cite book
2022:pp. 38-39
1982:pp. 59-62
1938:ignored (
1927:cite book
1797:ignored (
1786:cite book
1747:ignored (
1736:cite book
1711:ignored (
1700:cite book
1389:Francesco
1181:Portraits
1032:Martigues
982:Louis XII
832:presents
473:appears.
278:Holy Land
219:Louis XII
173:(French:
148:Spouse(s)
2920:, 1798,
2686:(1913).
2644:Triumphi
2478:cavallo»
2172:Sanudo,
2116:—
2093:—
2070:—
2067:Muratori
2020:—
2017:Giordano
2000:—
1980:—
1629:—
1425:Leonardo
1361:—
1355:Beatrice
1211:Leonardo
1173:—
1162:—
1118:—
1099:—
1052:Piacenza
949:Federico
899:Federico
890:—
846:mourning
838:Ludovico
809:—
711:bisexual
702:—
679:—
656:—
651:Isabella
610:—
581:—
561:—
507:Fracasso
417:—
374:—
316:Fracasso
297:Salt War
282:Fracasso
252:—
108:Commands
2959:, 1834.
2950:, 1691.
2910:Tenhove
2281:. 1831.
2113:Giulini
1407:(2018);
1340:— 1494
1324:Honours
1203:Roberto
945:Roberto
728:Pacioli
627:Memoirs
625:in his
503:Sfortia
479:podestĂ
273:Caiazzo
207:Voghera
195:Caiazzo
122:(1495)
103:cavalry
2922:p. 253
2773:
2733:
2513:
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2174:Diarii
2095:p. 242
2072:p. 263
1688:
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986:Naples
934:and a
694:him".
670:Sanudo
638:sodomy
483:Annone
467:Cusago
414:child.
191:Bobbio
137:Awards
132:(1525)
127:(1509)
2235:(PDF)
1977:Mazzi
1462:(PDF)
1403:, by
1089:David
1026:with
828:Fra'
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323:]
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2939:292f
2902:link
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2731:ISBN
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1358:him!
1236:and
325:and
263:Life
221:and
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185:and
100:Unit
90:Rank
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41:Born
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