584:. The relative rise of Russia's power in comparison to that of Austria during the 19th century also played a role in such feelings. Events of the 1860s helped to increase pro-Russian feelings in Galicia. Traditionally, the local Ruthenians had a naive belief that the Habsburg Emperor was on their side and that he would defend them against the Polish nobility. From the late 1850s, Austrian courts often sided with (primarily Polish) nobles in land disputes with peasants, during which forests and pastures that the peasants had traditionally been using were deemed the property of the nobles. This led to significant economic hardship for the peasants. While this was happening, the Russian tsar had emancipated the peasants in Russian-ruled Ukraine. In 1863–1864, an insurrection of Polish nobles in areas that included Russian-ruled Ukraine was brutally crushed by the Tsarist government, which in punishing the Polish rebels provided the Ukrainian peasants with relatively favorable compensation. Many Galicians began to approvingly contrast the Tsar's brutal treatment of the Polish nobles with the Austrians' seemingly taking the Polish side in the Polish-Ukrainian conflict. Many of them came to believe that the plight of the Ukrainians was improving more under the Tsars than it was under the Austrians. In the testimony of one Austrian-Ukrainian peasant, "if there is no justice in Vienna, we will find it in the
773:, called for complete identification with Russia and promoted the conversion of the western Ukrainian people to Orthodoxy. The Russophiles now largely depended on financing from the Russian government and Russian private sponsors (the Galician-Russian Benevolent Society was established in Saint Petersburg in 1908) and from ultraconservative Galician Polish aristocrats. The Polish ultraconservatives had become alarmed by the social mobilization of the Ukrainian peasants and sought to use the Russophile movement as a way of dividing the Ukrainian community. They were also united with the Russophiles in opposition to a proposed alliance between Ukrainophiles and politically moderate Poles. Polish support provided the Russophiles with some advantages during elections, some advantages for Russophile priests in obtaining parishes, and tolerance towards Russophile political activities. The Russophiles also attempted, with some limited success, to exploit the differences between Ukrainian
517:
508:, a Galician Russophile newspaper spread rumours of anti-Russian Jewish uprisings in order to justify antisemitic pogroms by Russian troops, and Russophiles working within the Russian administration united with right-wing Russian elements in urging the Russian government to solve the "Jewish question" by stripping Jews of Russian citizenship, expelling them to Germany and distributing their property (along with that of Poles) among the local Ukrainian (who Moscophiles considered "Russian") people. The latter appeals were ignored by the Russian military, who did not want excessive disruptions to the local economy during the war. Russophiles who had been installed by the Russian authorities as mayors in some towns proceeded to shut down Jewish schools.
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nineteen
Ukrainian periodicals published in Galicia in 1899, sixteen were Ukrainophile in orientation, only two were Russophile in orientation and one was neutral. In the 1907 elections to the Viennese parliament, the Ukrainophiles won 22 seats while the Russophiles won five. But the Russophiles, due to Polish interference, won elections to the Galician parliament the same year by taking 11 seats, the Ukrainophiles 10. In 1913, 30 Ukrainophile and only 1 Russophile delegate were sent to the Galician Diet. There were certain regional patterns in the support for Russophilism, in that it was most popular in the extreme western parts of eastern Galicia, particularly in the
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become
Russified sent money to Galicia in order to sponsor Ukrainophile cultural activities there. These people, enjoying gentry status, were generally much wealthier than the priests and priests' sons who dominated the local Galician movements. The amount sent by these private individuals from Russian-ruled Ukraine to Ukrainophile causes likely equalled the subsidies sent by the Russian government to Galician Russophiles. For example, Yelyzaveta Myloradovich, a noblewoman from Poltava, donated 20,000 Austrian crowns to the
385:. Its proponents, referred to as "Old Ruthenians", were mainly wealthier or more influential priests and the remnants of the nobility who had not been Polonised, and were quite loyal to the Habsburgs, to whom they owed their higher social standing. While emphasizing their separateness from the Poles in terms of religion and background, these people nevertheless maintained an elitist attitude towards the peasantry. They frequently spoke the Polish language among themselves, and tried to promote a version of
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alarmed by the
Russophiles' activities. To maintain the loyalty of the Ukrainian population, the Austrian authorities made concessions to Ukrainian causes, such as expanding the Ukrainian educational system, and in 1893 made the Ukrainophile version of the vernacular Ukrainian language the language of instruction. Doing so effectively shut the Russophiles out of the educational system. During the 1880s the Austrians put many Russophiles on
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education in
Galicia, Ukrainian language students rose sharply in number. Hrushevsky envisioned Galicia as a refuge for the Ukrainian national movement and the Galician Ruthenians as Ukrainians of the 20th century. The 1890 agreement was crucial in helping Ukrainian national identity flourish in Galicia earlier than it did in the Russian Empire's territories where it was suppressed.
1804:
595:, a member of "The Ruthenian Trinity", joined the Russophile movement. Soon thereafter, the Russophile priests of the St George Cathedral Circle came to dominate the local hierarchy of the Greek Catholic Church, thereby transforming that Church into an instrument of their cause. Russophiles took over Ruthenian academic institutions (such as the
344:, introduced compulsory education and raised the status of the Ruthenian priests to that of their Polish and Hungarian counterparts. Furthermore, they mandated that Ukrainian Catholic seminarians receive a formal higher education (previously, priests had been educated informally by their fathers), and organized institutions in
444:) in 1835 and 1839–1840 and who during this time influenced the local Ruthenian intelligentsia. No longer seeing themselves as representatives of a small Ruthenian nation of under three million people, weak in comparison to its neighbours, the Russophiles now saw themselves as the westernmost branch of the
920:(which was returned to Russophiles in 1922 after it had been given to the Ukrainophiles in 1915) and which subsidized the movement in order to try to divide Ukrainian society. This had little effect beyond the Lemko regions in the extreme west, and since the interwar era, Galicia has been the centre of
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and peasants. The gentry were somewhat more likely to support
Russophilia than were peasants. A noble candidate in the elections of 1911, Ivan Kulchytsky, declared "now we have recovered our sight and shall not allow the bastards to trick us with Ukraine…. You should know that from now on we do not
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The
Austrian government also contributed significantly to the Ukrainophiles' victory. Initially, Austria had supported Russophilia as a counterbalance to the Poles and Hungarians. During the latter part of the 19th century, as Austria-Hungary and Russia became rivals, the Austrian authorities became
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were actually more in touch with contemporary
Russian cultural and intellectual trends than were the Russophiles despite the latter group's love for Russia. Moreover, while educated Ukrainophiles were coming to Galicia from the Russian Empire, local Russophiles in Galicia experienced a "brain drain"
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The early
Galician Russophile Nikolay Kmicykevich wrote an article in 1834 stating that the Russians were the same people from Western Ukraine to Kamchatka, from the White Sea to the Black Sea, and the language they spoke was the same Russian language. He wrote that the standard Russian language was
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from eastern
Ukraine also took the form of generous financial assistance from wealthy Ukrainian landowners. Due to restrictions against Ukrainian printing and the Ukrainian language imposed by the tsarist government in eastern Ukraine, eastern Ukrainian noble or Cossacks officer families who had not
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who had dominated them, were deeply moved by the presence of the seemingly invincible
Russian troops sent by Nicholas to help crush the rebellion. At this time, Austria supported the Russophile movement as a counterbalance to Polish and Hungarian interests, and under the leadership of the Russophile
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wrote ironically of them, that "you Galician intellectuals really do think of creating some kind of Uniate Paraguay, with some kind of hierarchical bureaucratic aristocracy, just like you have created an Austro-Ruthenian literary language!" Old Ruthenianism dominated Galicia's cultural scene until
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and a Ukrainophile orientation. Although Sheptytsky did not interfere in priests' personal activities and writings, he slowly purged the Church's hierarchy of Russophiles. Despite drawing some Ukrainophiles' criticism for the slow progression of his changes, under Sheptytsky's leadership the Church
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issued a manifesto proclaiming that the people of Galicia were brothers who had "languished for centuries under a foreign yoke" and urged them to "raise the banner of United Russia." During this time, with the help of local Russophiles, the Russian administration, aware that the Ukrainophiles were
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were created, providing inexpensive loans to farmers and eliminating the reliance on non-Ukrainian moneylenders. Russophiles belatedly tried to imitate such strategies but could not catch up. By 1914, Prosvita had 3,000 reading rooms while the Russophile version, the Kachkovsky Society (founded in
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Despite some democratic elements (such as promoting literacy among peasants) Galician Russophilia tended to be anti-democratic and reactionary, placing it at odds with the democratic trends in 19th-century society. For example, the Russophile leader Denis Zubrytsky defended serfdom both before and
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showed the literary potential of the vernacular Ukrainian language. The local declining number of Russophiles could not compete with the talent of these Ukrainophile cultural figures and scholars. Possibly as a result of the Polish-Ruthenian agreement of 1890 which allowed Ukrainian culture and
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who became acquainted with the local Ruthenian intelligentsia and became an influence on them. However, the movement did not come to dominate western Ukrainian society until the 1850s–60s. Many proponents of Ruthenianism became disenchanted with Austria and linked themselves with the giant and
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of the native inhabitants of Western Ukraine and the emergence of several national ideologies that reflected the natives' East Slavic culture and were opposed to that of Roman Catholic Poland and Hungary. This development was encouraged by the Austrian authorities because it served to undermine
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issued a decree forbidding forceful conversion from Uniatism to Orthodoxy, except in cases where 75% of the parishioners approved, the ultimate goal was the liquidation of the Ukrainian Catholic Church. In addition to its head, hundreds of priests were exiled to Russia and replaced by Orthodox
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Other factors helped Ukrainophilia triumph over Russophilia in Galicia: the Polish-dominated high society of Galicia was deeply anti-Russian in response to the Russian suppression of Polish uprisings, hence, the Galician Polish gentry set an anti-Russian tone for polite society while remaining
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people. A Russian orientation also played into the Russophile's elitist tendencies, because the Russian literary language which they tried to adopt (many continued to use the Polish language in their daily lives) set the Russophile priests and nobles apart from the Ukrainian-speaking peasants.
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Help from Russian and Polish patrons largely failed to prevent the Russophile decline. By the early 20th century, the Russophiles became a minority in Galicia. Within the Church, they were nicknamed "bisons," in scholar Himka's words an "ancient, shaggy species on the verge of extinction." Of
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leaders and their ideology. Ukrainian schools were forcibly converted to Russian-language instruction, reading rooms, newspapers, co-operatives and credit unions were closed, and hundreds of community leaders were arrested and exiled under suspicion of collaboration. The popular head of the
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Immediately before the outbreak of World War I, the Austrian and Hungarian governments held numerous treason trials of those suspected of Russophile subversion. When the Austrians were driven from Galicia in August 1914, they avenged themselves upon suspected Russophiles and their families.
361:, the idea that Galicia was the westernmost part of Russia and that the natives of Western Ukraine were, like all of the Russian Empire's East Slavic inhabitants, members of one Russian nation; Ruthenianism, the idea that the people of Western Ukraine were a unique East Slavic nation; and
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Many factors accounted for the collapse of the Russophile movement. The principal one was likely the Ukrainophiles' incredible capacity for organization. The Populists fanned out throughout the countryside in order to mobilize the masses to their cause. In 1868, the Lviv student
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1874), had only 300. The Ukrainian co-operative union had 900 members, while the rival Russophile one had only 106. Prevented from publishing in the mainstream western Ukrainian newspapers by the Russophiles who controlled them, the Populists created their own. In 1880,
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The time has come . . . to cross our Rubicon and say openly so that everyone can hear it: We cannot be separated by a Chinese wall from our brothers and cannot stand apart from the linguistic, ecclesiastical, and national connection with the entire Russian world!—from
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Initially, there existed a fluidity between all three national orientations, with people changing their allegiance throughout their lives, and until approximately the turn of the 20th century members of all three groups frequently identified themselves by the ethnonym
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497:" and was only being readopted in Galicia. Indeed, Galician Russophiles wrote that one of the reasons for all East Slavs to adopt the Russian language was that the modern Russian language had been created in the 17th and 18th centuries by scholars from Ukraine.
308:. The loss of independence began a period of gradual, centuries-long assimilation of much of the native elite into Polish and Hungarian culture. This elite adopted a national orientation in which they saw the native Rus population of Galicia as a branch of the
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culture, religion or both. The latter two groups would form the nucleus of native national movements that would emerge with the loosening of Polish and Hungarian control in western Ukraine, which occurred when the entire region came under the control of the
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In terms of language, Galician Russophiles were strongly opposed to the adoption of the vernacular Ukrainian language spoken by peasants and instead supported the adoption of standard literary Russian. This opposition was such that they even welcomed the
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548:, the future Emperor Nicholas I of Russia. These émigrés, while adopting a sense of Russian patriotism, also maintained their ties to their homeland and tried to use their wealth to introduce Russian literature and culture to their region. When the
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was largely begun by Galician Russophiles and served as the basis for their nation-building project (in contrast, the Ukrainophiles at that time focused on the history of the Cossacks). In terms of literature and culture, the Russophiles promoted
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685:. Many of these figures settled or lived for a time in Lviv. In contrast, no prominent Russian intellectuals came to Galicia in order to help the local Russophile cause. This phenomenon led to the ironic observation of Drahomanov that the
619:). Originally coming from the same social stratum as the Russophiles (priests and nobles), but joined by the emerging secular intelligentsia, the Ukrainophiles were from a younger generation who unlike their fathers found enthusiasm for
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at the end of the 18th century. At this time, several people from the region settled in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and obtained high academic positions. The best known of these was Vasilly Kukolnik (father of Russian playwright
913:. They lost their war and the territory was annexed by Poland. However, the experience of proclaiming a Ukrainian state and fighting for it significantly intensified and deepened the Ukrainian orientation within Galicia.
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rather than the Tsars, and embraced the peasantry rather than rejected it. This dedication to the people (the "bottom-up" approach) would prove successful against the Russophiles' elitist "top-down" orientation.
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organization, whose goal was to organize reading rooms and community theatres which became extremely popular among the peasants. In order to help the impoverished peasants, Ukrainophile activists set up
603:('The Word'), and under their leadership, it became the most widely circulated newspaper among Western Ukrainians. In 1870, the Russophiles formed a political organization, the Ruthenian Council (
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as a literary language for western Ukraine. This language was never standardized, however. The language actually spoken by the common people was viewed with contempt. Old Ruthenians rejected both
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Lacking support within their community and from the Austrian government, the remaining Russophiles turned to outsiders for support and became more radical in their politics. They founded the
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that would serve this function. This led to the appearance, for the first time, of a large educated social class within the Ukrainian population in Galicia. Austrian reforms led to a gradual
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and parts of northern Hungary from Austria-Hungary and attaching them to Russia, of seeking volunteers for the Russian army, and of organizing a pro-Russian paramilitary group known as the
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There were also antisemitic strains in Russophilism. From the 1860s to the 1880s some peasants hoped that the Tsar would come to Galicia and slaughter the Poles and the Jews. During the
607:) which represented the population of Western Ukraine. From the 1860s until the 1880s Western Ukrainian political, religious, and cultural life came to be dominated by the Russophiles.
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priests, who urged the parishioners to convert to Orthodoxy. The behaviour of the Russian authorities was so heavy-handed that it was denounced as a "European scandal" in the Russian
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258:(Old Ruthenians) to stress either the differences within their faction, referring to commonness with all Russians, or their unique stand within the whole of the Russian nation.
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for treason or espionage. These trials were widely publicized, and served to discredit the Russophiles among the Ukrainian people, most of whom continued to be loyal to the
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875:, most of the remaining Galician Russophiles and their families retreated alongside the Russian army in fear of reprisals. Approximately 25,000 of them were resettled near
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464:, Zubrytsky claimed that his stated purpose was to acquaint his Galician people with Russian history and the Russian language. Indeed, the historiography of the medieval
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The Russophile movement barely clung on during the interwar period, supported by the Polish government which funded and granted Russophiles some institutions such as the
365:, the idea that the people of western Ukraine were the same as those of neighbouring lands in the Russian Empire but that both were a people different from Russians —
456:, who helped convert many of the Galician elite to his cause. He was also the first to begin writing in standard Russian: as early as 1849 he started his main work,
790:. This region, closest to Polish ethnographic territory, may have been most receptive to Russophilia's radical differentiation of Ukrainians/Ruthenians from Poles.
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nobleman Adolf Dobriansky, the people of Carpathian Ruthenia were granted limited autonomy, although the region reverted to Hungarian control after a few years.
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After the collapse of Austria–Hungary, the Ukrainians of Galicia proclaimed the West Ukrainian National Republic. Between 70 and 75 thousand men fought in its
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879:. Among those that did not leave, the Austrians arrested and sentenced to death approximately thirty noted Russophiles, including two members of parliament,
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as many of them left western Ukraine for positions in Russia. Many of the classics teachers needed as a result of Russian educational reforms promoted by
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Within a generation of achieving dominance of Western Ukrainian life, however, the Russophiles were eclipsed by the Ukrainophiles, or so-called Populists (
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more acceptable for modern writing and that the popular dialects in Ukraine were corrupted by Polish influence. These ideas were stimulated by the Russian
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loyal to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and that they had organized the Ukrainian legion of the Austro-Hungarian army, engaged in a harsh persecution of the
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nation who happened to be of the Eastern Christian faith. They believed that the native language was merely a dialect of Polish, comparable to
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the mid-19th century, when it was supplanted by Russophilia; many of the proponents of old Ruthenianism eventually became Russophiles.
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for Ukrainian people had been accepted by both the Russophiles and the Moscophiles for quite a long period of time. The new name
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When civil war broke out in Russia, some Galician Russophiles then fought in the ranks of the White Army, specifically under
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began to be accepted by the Ruthenian Galicians (as opposed to Polonian Galicians) around the 1890s, under the influence of
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and Volodymyr Kurylovich (their sentences were commuted to life imprisonment and they were released in 1917), as well as
731:, who later became an important Ukrainian politician. The Austrians also deported an editor of the Russophile newspaper
654:("Word"), and due to the rising literacy of the Ukrainian population, its circulation surpassed that of its older rival.
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1604:[Under Russian dominion (1914–1915)] (in Russian). Lviv Eparchy of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Archived from
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John Paul Himka. (2001). The Construction of Nationality in Galician Rus: Icarian Flights in Almost All Directions. In
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The "Russophiles" did not always apply the term to themselves and called themselves Russians, Rusians, Ruthenians or
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2013:/ Львів. нац. ун-т ім. І.Франка; Вступ. ст., комент. О.Сухого; За заг. ред. С.А.Макарчука. -Львів, 2001. – 235 с.
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of a large number of well-educated and talented eastern Ukrainian writers and scholars, such as the writer
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that would buy supplies in large quantities, eliminate middlemen, and pass the savings onto the villagers.
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Politically, the Russophiles came to advocate the idea of a union between a Galician Ruthenia and Russia.
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Talerhof Concentration Camp, where 30,000 alleged Russophiles were interned by Austria during World War I
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was, however, resented by the peasants, the clergy, and small minority of nobles who retained their
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In Galicia, Russophilia emerged as early as the 1830s, when "Society of scholars" was organized in
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gradually ceased being a bastion of Russophilism and instead became a staunchly Ukrainophile one.
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Die Russophilen in Galizien. Ukrainische Konservative zwischen Österreich und Russland, 1848–1915
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Nationalizing a Borderland: War, Ethnicity, and Anti-Jewish Violence in East Galicia, 1914–1915.
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concentration camp, where approximately three thousand died of exposure. The camp was closed by
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give a damn for Ukraine and have returned to the historical road. From now on we are Russians."
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One of the most active of the Galician Russophiles was the prominent historian, nobleman
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that was developing in the late 19th century. Russophilia was largely a backlash against
21:"Ukrainian Russophiles" redirects here. For the contemporary Russophilia in Ukraine, see
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The Russian administration of Galicia lasted from August 1914 until June 1915. Russian
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The Ukrainian Question: The Russian Empire and Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century.
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Giuseppe Motta (5 December 2013). "Czechoslovakia: A Bridge between East and West".
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1109:// Internet Encyclopeidia of Ukraine, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 2019
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continued to espouse the Rusyn national identity, up to the start of World War II.
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in 1349, most of the area of what is now Western Ukraine came under the control of
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Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5. (1993). Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies,
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Galician Villagers in the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century.
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Rusyn-American Almanac of the Carpatho-Rusyn Society 10th Anniversary 2004–2005
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186:
1260:
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
1123:
2431:
1673:
Terezin i Talergof : k 50-letnej godovščine tragedii galic.-rus. naroda
1671:
906:, in the hope that Galicia would become part of a democratic White Russia.
16:
19th–20th-century political movement among Ukrainians and Rusyns in Galicia
1837:
Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volume 1
1638:
War in a European borderland: occupations and occupation plans in Galicia.
959:
newspaper published in the United States, avoided any suggestion that the
357:
Polish or Hungarian control of the area. The cultural movements included:
3573:
3189:
2981:
2892:
2828:
2180:
1088:
927:
Russophilia disappeared in western Ukraine during and after Soviet rule.
812:
694:
in the 19th century were Galicians. From among the local intelligentsia,
633:
486:
2024:Прикарпатская Русь въ XIX-мъ вѣцѣ въ бiографiях и портретахъ еи дѣятелей
1547:
1229:(Hann & Magocsi, Eds.) Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 116
3583:
3578:
3483:
2986:
2823:
2818:
2229:
2098:
297:
182:
2849:
2561:
1991:Українство i москвофiльство серед українсько-руского народу в Галичинi
1897:(Revised version of author's dissertation — Universität zu Köln, 1997)
1378:
The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture
899:, appeared as a prosecutor during the trials against the Russophiles.
3598:
3234:
2103:
2088:
2076:
2067:
990:
986:
982:
960:
799:
Russophiles were punished for allegedly seeking to separate Galicia,
783:
345:
293:
246:
233:
225:
761:. A Polonised nobleman from an old Ukrainian family, he adopted the
424:, considered the most important manifesto of Galician Russophilism
1188:
The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont.
985:
autonomous region in Poland persisted at least until 1989, with a
821:
747:
515:
1956:Карпато-русскiе писатели. Изслѣдованiе по неизданнымъ источникамъ
1403:
The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe
2036:
857:
569:
437:
349:
341:
2565:
2040:
1174:
McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal and Kingston. Pg. 6.
868:. Such actions angered most of the local Ukrainian population.
381:). Initially, the most prominent ideology was Ruthenianism, or
1977:Антонiй Добрянскiй – его жизнь и дѣятельность въ Галицкой Руси
1823:. American University, Foreign Area Studies. 1989. p. 38.
27:
1203:
p 26. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
1353:
Brody: A Galician Border City in the Long Nineteenth Century
1225:
Kai Struve. (2005). Peasants and Patriotic Celebrations. In
1009:
Carpatho-Russian Labour Party of Small Peasants and Landless
807:– a Russophile counterpart to the Ukrainophile pro-Austrian
1984:Михаилъ Качковскiй и современная Галицко-русская литература
501:
after the emancipation of Austrian Galician serfs in 1848.
487:
ban on the Ukrainian language in the Russian Empire in 1876
1776:. Multicultural History Society of Ontario. p. 341.
1560:
World Academy of Carpatho-Rusyn Culture website, citing
458:
The History of the Ancient Galician-Russian Principality
173:) was a cultural and political movement largely in the
148:
1719:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 131–132
1585:
1583:
1581:
1519:
Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, pp. 147–148
1486:
Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, pg. 142–143
935:
The Russophile tradition persisted in the portions of
2018:Очерки истории Русского Движения в Галичине XIX-XX вв
1699:
Galicia: a historical survey and bibliographic guide.
493:
declared that the Russian language was derived from "
1216:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 161–162.
3561:
3475:
3430:
3299:
3292:
3167:
3007:
3000:
2939:
2787:
2606:
2599:
2503:
2470:
2449:
2391:
2366:
2303:
2275:
2237:
2228:
2191:
2133:
2075:
1963:Литературное развитие Подкарпатской (Угорской) Руси
1506:
Journal of Ukrainian Studies, vol. 35–35, pp.91–102
681:, who headed a newly established department at the
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3526:On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians
1861:Harasymowicz, Jerzy (1989). "Lemkow pod rozwage".
1430:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 138–139.
1328:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pg. 136
650:('Deed') was founded as a rival to the Russophile
1301:Yakiv Holovatsky, Encyclopedia of Ukraine on-line
1276:Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation
657:A second important factor for the success of the
523:, a prominent Russophile, as a president of the
1797:Rosalyn Unger (1982). "Subcarpathian Ruthenia".
1717:Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation
1428:Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation
1326:Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation
974:remained dominant among Rusyn parties under the
250:(Rusyns). Some Russophiles coined such terms as
1426:Ronald Grigor Suny, Michael D. Kennedy (2001).
1270:
1268:
158:
1715:Ronald Grigor Suny, Michael D. Kennedy. (2001)
1324:Ronald Grigor Suny, Michael D. Kennedy. (2001)
1124:"The Rusyn Movement among the Galician Lemkos"
1079:Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia, 1914–15
851:, was arrested and exiled to Russia. Although
568:and was stimulated in part by the presence in
2577:
2052:
316:, and that assimilation would be inevitable.
8:
3195:Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union
1701:Toronto: University of Toronto Press pg. 184
1517:Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.
1484:Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.
1201:Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine,
1172:Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine.
2005:Литературное и политическое Украинофильство
1478:
1476:
632:organized and became the first head of the
185:). This ideology emphasized that since the
3296:
3004:
2603:
2584:
2570:
2562:
2397:
2234:
2218:American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese
2081:
2059:
2045:
2037:
1970:Краткий очерк Галицко-Русской письменности
1380:. Stanford University Press. p. 287.
1147:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
703:sympathetic to the Ukrainophile movement.
542:Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia
531:Western Ukrainian Russophilia appeared in
506:Russian occupation of Galicia in 1914–1915
224:Russophilia has survived longer among the
1562:Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture
552:against the Austrians in 1848, the local
401:and Russophilism. The Ukrainian thinker
275:Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1925:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1907:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1711:
1709:
1707:
1454:New Haven: Yale University Press, pg. 78
1341:Central European University Press pg.216
1262:New Haven: Yale University Press pg. 124
477:in contrast to Ukrainophile emphasis on
1470:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1099:
895:leader and the future president of the
735:and deposed the Russophile head of the
591:During this time, the poet and scholar
1532:University of Washington Press. pg. 10
1140:
572:in 1835 and from 1839–1840 of Russian
546:Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich of Russia
2858:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
2011:Москвофільство: документи і матеріали
1965:. Москва, 1928 (репринт, 1995). 49 с.
1190:Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
970:The conflict between Russophiles and
389:with elements of the local Ukrainian
7:
3220:National Russian Liberation Movement
3205:Movement Against Illegal Immigration
1998:Житье и дѣятельность Ивана Наумовича
1943:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
943:, resulting in the formation of the
817:Blessed Emperor Charles I of Austria
56:adding citations to reliable sources
1958:. Томъ первый. Москва, 1916. 304 с.
1840:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 137.
1747:"Metodyj Trochanovskij (1885–1947)"
1670:Vavrik, Vasilij Romanowicz (2001).
1601:Под русской властью (1914–1915 гг.)
3552:What Russia Should Do with Ukraine
3512:The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
3077:Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
2774:2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
1287:Alexander Victor Prusin. (2005).
285:After the fall of the westernmost
193:were descendants of the people of
14:
3102:The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
2031:Москвофiли й Народовцi в 70-их рр
1941:The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation
1028:Russian National Autonomous Party
871:When Austria regained Galicia in
786:region of centred on the city of
671:Kiev's University of St. Vladimir
3646:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
3616:
3615:
3250:Russian National Socialist Party
3147:Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers
3092:National Socialism / White Power
2485:Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper
2358:West Ukrainian People's Republic
1773:Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples
1676:(in Russian). Moscow: Soft-izdat
897:West Ukrainian National Republic
175:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
32:
3185:Congress of Russian Communities
2206:Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church
1800:Czechoslovakia, a Country Study
1129:. In Custer, Richard D. (ed.).
842:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
677:, and especially the historian
43:needs additional citations for
3661:Russian nationalism in Ukraine
3651:History of Carpathian Ruthenia
3107:Popular Resistance Association
2691:Ukrainian language suppression
1993:. Репринт – Стрий, 1994. 93 с.
1643:University of Washington Press
1573:Ukraine on the Road to Freedom
1544:"Talerhof (German: Thalerhof)"
1452:Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation.
1227:Galicia: A Multicultured Land.
1:
3180:Combat Terrorist Organization
2921:United and Indivisible Russia
2295:Rákóczi's War of Independence
1530:War in a European Borderland.
727:. One of the prosecutors was
713:Shevchenko Scientific Society
3505:History: Fiction or Science?
3342:Aleksandr Ivanov-Sukharevsky
3210:Nation and Freedom Committee
3157:Young Guard of United Russia
3015:Atomwaffen Division Russland
2888:Russian-occupied territories
2757:2010 Manezhnaya Square riots
2490:Alexander Dukhnovych Theater
1803:. p. 38. Archived from
1040:Russian Peasant Organization
673:, economist and philosopher
460:. In a letter to his friend
3491:The Fourth Political Theory
3280:Union of the Russian People
2779:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2257:Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
1170:Himka, John Paul. (1999).
1074:Conversion of Chełm Eparchy
1030:(1935–1946, Czechoslovakia)
1015:Russian Executive Committee
1011:(1919–1939, Czechoslovakia)
1005:(1924–1939, Czechoslovakia)
976:First Czechoslovak Republic
819:, 6 months into his reign.
466:Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
149:
3699:
3498:Foundations of Geopolitics
3265:New Russian National Unity
3245:Russian All-National Union
3225:National Socialist Society
3122:Russian All-People's Union
2804:Emperor of all the Russias
2799:Collector of Russian lands
2740:1993 constitutional crisis
2267:Saints Cyril and Methodius
1199:John Paul Himka. (1999).
794:World War I and afterwards
669:, the former professor of
556:, antagonistic toward the
23:Russophilia § Ukraine
20:
3656:Modern history of Ukraine
3612:
3142:Serbian Party Oathkeepers
3127:Russian Imperial Movement
3082:Lithuanian People's Party
2544:
2400:
2318:Thalerhof internment camp
2084:
1515:John Paul Himka. (1999).
1495:AndriyZayarnyuk. (2011).
1482:John Paul Himka. (1999).
1405:. Springer. p. 401.
1337:Aleksei Miller. (2003).
1311:John-Paul Himka. (1988).
1003:Autonomous Agrarian Union
860:by the Russian statesman
159:
138:
3676:Russia–Ukraine relations
3569:Great Russian chauvinism
3562:Opposition and criticism
3215:National Bolshevik Party
2745:National Salvation Front
2457:World Congress of Rusyns
1635:Mark Von Hagen. (2007).
1600:
1528:Mark von Hagen. (2007).
1502:16 November 2018 at the
1351:Börries Kuzmany (2017).
1258:Timothy Snyder. (2003).
1214:Unmaking Imperial Russia
1135:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
611:Pre-war decline and fall
304:and Hungary controlling
3240:People's National Party
2809:Little Russian identity
1883:Wendland, Anna Veronika
1450:Andrew Wilson. (2000).
1212:Serhiy Plokhy. (2005).
1069:Little Russian identity
997:Political organizations
911:Ukrainian Galician Army
809:Ukrainian Sich Riflemen
422:Glimpse into the future
3402:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
3322:Alexander Belov-Potkin
3260:Russian National Unity
3255:Russian National Union
3137:Russkiy Mir Foundation
3025:Club of Angry Patriots
2462:Carpatho-Rusyn Society
2020:. Москва, 2001. 201 с.
1729:Stauropegion Institute
1355:. BRILL. p. 210.
1084:Stauropegion Institute
1034:Russian National Party
918:Stauropegion Institute
827:
771:Russian National Party
597:Stauropegion Institute
528:
426:
236:of south-east Poland.
67:"Galician Russophilia"
3448:Konstantin Rodzaevsky
3347:Konstantin Kasimovsky
3047:Ethnic National Union
3020:Black Hundreds (1992)
2769:2013 Biryulyovo riots
2007:. Львов, 1898. 190 с.
2000:. Львов, 1899. 112 с.
1986:. Львов, 1876. 123 с.
1979:. Львов, 1881. 126 с.
1733:University of Toronto
1401:T. Kamusella (2008).
1247:University of Toronto
963:were a branch of the
949:Metodyj Trochanovskij
922:Ukrainian nationalism
885:Metodyj Trochanovskij
825:
759:Greek Catholic Church
737:Greek Catholic Church
519:
413:
332:in the course of the
300:, with Poland ruling
254:(Common Russians) or
228:, especially that in
139:Галицьке русофільство
3641:Galician Russophilia
3417:Vladimir Zhirinovsky
3230:Northern Brotherhood
3062:Eurasian Youth Union
3001:Modern organizations
2873:Russian civilization
2720:Galician Russophilia
2673:Military occupations
2653:Partitions of Poland
2511:Alexander Dukhnovych
2437:Carpathian Mountains
2323:Galician Russophilia
2313:Alexander Dukhnovych
2033:. Львів, 1902. 63 с.
2026:. Львов, 1898. 57 с.
1989:Михайло Лозинський,
1972:. Лувен, 1973. 80 с.
1905:A History of Ukraine
1901:Magocsi, Paul Robert
1820:Area Handbook Series
1660:Magosci 1996, p 466.
1608:on 28 September 2005
1589:Magosci 1996, p 465.
1376:Larry Wolff (2012).
1161:Magocsi 1996, p 440.
945:Lemko-Rusyn Republic
512:Rise and development
334:Partitions of Poland
277:in central Ukraine.
203:Eastern Christianity
201:), and followers of
150:Halytske rusofilstvo
131:Galician Russophilia
52:improve this article
3382:Maxim Martsinkevich
3317:Alexander Barkashov
2957:National Bolshevism
2883:Russian irredentism
2868:Russia for Russians
2863:Orthodoxy or death!
2593:Russian nationalism
2521:Paul Robert Magocsi
2003:О.А. Мончаловский,
1996:О.А. Мончаловский,
1968:Василий Р. Ваврик,
1807:on 24 January 2024.
1695:Paul Robert Magocsi
1243:Ukraine: A History.
1184:Paul Robert Magocsi
1053:(1921–1939, Poland)
832:Grand Duke Nicholas
741:Joseph Sembratovych
679:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
675:Mykhailo Drahomanov
661:was the exile from
550:Hungarians revolted
533:Carpathian Ruthenia
403:Mykhailo Drahomanov
354:social mobilization
306:Carpathian Ruthenia
230:Carpathian Ruthenia
219:Carpathian Ruthenia
181:(currently western
3546:Sputnik and Pogrom
3377:Vyacheslav Maltsev
2952:Far-right politics
2834:Moscow, third Rome
2814:Ethnic nationalism
2794:All-Russian nation
2550:WikiProject Rusyns
2420:Zakarpattia Oblast
2161:Ruthenian language
2029:Остап Терлецький,
1923:Ukraine: A History
1468:Ukraine: A History
1064:All-Russian nation
828:
763:Ukrainian language
708:Ukrainophile cause
683:University of Lviv
667:Panteleimon Kulish
630:Anatole Vakhnianyn
529:
330:Austrian Habsburgs
3628:
3627:
3604:Volos Declaration
3589:Prison of peoples
3533:Rebuilding Russia
3471:
3470:
3362:Vladimir Kvachkov
3357:Konstantin Krylov
3352:Yegor Kholmogorov
3288:
3287:
2992:Soviet patriotism
2839:Nuclear Orthodoxy
2686:
2685:
2559:
2558:
2536:Gregory Žatkovich
2445:
2444:
2432:Vojvodina, Serbia
2387:
2386:
2374:Operation Vistula
2343:Komancza Republic
2290:Union of Uzhhorod
2213:Eastern Orthodoxy
2201:Greek Catholicism
2129:
2128:
2016:Нина М. Пашаева,
1982:Богдан Дедицкий,
1975:Богдан Дедицкий,
1949:978-0-300-08355-2
1931:978-0-8020-5808-9
1913:978-0-8020-0830-5
1895:978-3-7001-2938-7
1650:978-0-295-98753-8
1550:on 7 October 2007
1137:. pp. 81–91.
866:Stanisław Grabski
849:Andrey Sheptytsky
801:Northern Bukovina
751:Andrey Sheptytsky
271:Mykola Kostomarov
213:(in Galicia) and
147:
128:
127:
120:
102:
3688:
3619:
3618:
3541:
3453:Mikhail Skobelev
3422:Gennady Zyuganov
3407:Igor Shafarevich
3337:Dmitry Galkovsky
3327:Dmitry Demushkin
3297:
3052:Eurasia Movement
3037:Donetsk Republic
3005:
2933:
2854:
2851:
2765:
2705:Pochvennichestvo
2636:Khanate of Sibir
2604:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2516:Adolf Dobriansky
2425:Maramureș County
2398:
2338:Carpatho-Ukraine
2262:East–West Schism
2235:
2109:Pannonian Rusyns
2082:
2061:
2054:
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1542:Horbal, Bogdan.
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725:Austrian Emperor
621:Taras Shevchenko
593:Yakiv Holovatsky
521:Yakiv Holovatsky
479:Taras Shevchenko
436:, who stayed in
395:Russian language
340:emancipated the
338:Austrian Emperor
319:This process of
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3412:Dmitri Vasilyev
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3367:Alexander Lebed
3332:Aleksandr Dugin
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3042:Essence of Time
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2148:Pannonian Rusyn
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663:Dnieper Ukraine
613:
577:Mikhail Pogodin
538:Nestor Kukolnik
525:Lviv University
514:
462:Mikhail Pogodin
454:Denis Zubrytsky
434:Mikhail Pogodin
425:
412:
393:as well as the
387:Church Slavonic
283:
242:
179:Austria-Hungary
164:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3463:Vasily Shulgin
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3397:Dmitry Rogozin
3394:
3392:Vladimir Putin
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Eduard Limonov
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Sergey Baburin
3309:
3307:Viktor Alksnis
3303:
3301:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3030:Angry patriots
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2918:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2730:Smenovekhovtsy
2727:
2725:White movement
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Black Hundreds
2707:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2353:Lesko uprising
2350:
2348:Lemko Republic
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Union of Brest
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2143:Rusyn language
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1961:Ф.Ф. Аристов,
1959:
1954:Ф.Ф. Аристов,
1952:
1937:Wilson, Andrew
1934:
1916:
1898:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1853:
1846:
1826:
1810:
1789:
1782:
1759:
1737:
1721:
1703:
1687:
1662:
1653:
1628:
1626:Subtelny 1986.
1619:
1591:
1577:
1565:
1534:
1521:
1508:
1488:
1472:
1464:Orest Subtelny
1456:
1443:
1436:
1418:
1411:
1393:
1386:
1368:
1361:
1343:
1330:
1317:
1304:
1293:
1280:
1264:
1251:
1239:Orest Subtelny
1231:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1176:
1163:
1154:
1120:Horbal, Bogdan
1111:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1012:
1006:
998:
995:
957:Rusyn language
953:Karpatska Rus'
932:
929:
891:, a prominent
862:Pavel Milyukov
795:
792:
692:Dmitry Tolstoy
612:
609:
513:
510:
495:Little Russian
491:Ivan Naumovich
475:Ivan Naumovich
418:Ivan Naumovich
414:
411:
408:
399:Ukrainophilism
282:
279:
241:
238:
226:Rusyn minority
187:Eastern Slavic
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3694:
3693:
3682:
3681:Rusyn history
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Russification
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3623:
3622:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Pyotr Krasnov
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:Personalities
3291:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Artpodgotovka
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:United Russia
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Narodny Sobor
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Eurasia Party
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Neo-Stalinism
2970:
2968:
2967:Neo-Sovietism
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:Russian world
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:North America
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2618:Russification
2614:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:Organizations
2448:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Prešov Region
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2379:Ukrainization
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Magyarization
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1847:9781443854610
1843:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1783:9780802029386
1779:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1768:Magocsi, Paul
1763:
1760:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1437:9780472088287
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1412:9780230583474
1408:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1387:9780804774291
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1362:9789004334847
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
993:orientation.
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
972:Ukrainophiles
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
930:
928:
925:
923:
919:
914:
912:
907:
905:
904:Lavr Kornilov
900:
898:
894:
890:
889:Kost Levitsky
886:
882:
881:Dmytro Markov
878:
877:Rostov-on-Don
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
850:
847:
843:
838:
833:
824:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
793:
791:
789:
785:
779:
776:
772:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:Kost Levitsky
726:
722:
716:
714:
709:
706:Help for the
704:
700:
697:
693:
688:
687:Ukrainophiles
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Ukrainophiles
655:
653:
649:
644:
643:Credit unions
640:
639:co-operatives
635:
631:
625:
622:
618:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
582:Russian state
578:
575:
571:
567:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
526:
522:
518:
511:
509:
507:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
482:
480:
476:
472:
471:Nikolai Gogol
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
447:
446:Great Russian
443:
440:(called then
439:
435:
432:
423:
419:
409:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
370:
368:
364:
363:Ukrainophilia
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
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3275:Slavic Union
3072:Great Russia
2900:Russian soul
2878:Russian Idea
2719:
2678:Crimea, 2014
2658:Crimea, 1783
2643:Central Asia
2608:Expansionism
2480:Prostopinije
2367:Contemporary
2333:Polonization
2322:
2277:Early Modern
2247:White Croats
2030:
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989:rather than
981:Calls for a
980:
969:
939:west of the
934:
931:Rusynophilia
926:
915:
908:
901:
893:Ukrainophile
870:
846:Metropolitan
837:Ukrainophile
829:
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108:October 2022
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50:Please help
45:verification
42:
18:
3594:Pobedobesie
3536: [
3431:Before 1991
3067:Free Donbas
2977:Pan-Slavism
2947:Eurasianism
2924: [
2916:Russophobia
2912:Russophilia
2847: [
2844:Of all Rus'
2760: [
2735:Solidarists
2696:Slavophilia
2613:imperialism
2531:Steve Ditko
2526:Andy Warhol
2305:Late Modern
2252:Rus' people
2239:Middle Ages
2157:Precursors
1241:. (2009).
1186:. (2002).
1107:Russophiles
1043: [
1036:(1900–1939)
1018: [
853:Nicholas II
753:became new
696:Ivan Franko
574:pan-Slavist
431:pan-Slavist
359:Russophilia
325:East Slavic
287:East Slavic
256:Starorusyny
240:Terminology
207:Pan-Slavism
195:Kievan Rus'
155:Moscophilia
3635:Categories
3438:Ivan Ilyin
3300:After 1991
3270:The Savior
3200:Male State
3112:Right Bloc
3097:Obnovlenie
2962:Neo-Nazism
2940:Ideologies
2715:Mladorossy
2700:westernism
1869:(19 July).
1752:19 January
1697:. (1983).
1554:20 January
1095:References
965:Ukrainians
941:Dukla Pass
617:Narodovtsi
605:Ruska Rada
558:Hungarians
554:East Slavs
391:vernacular
375:Ruthenians
367:Ukrainians
281:Background
267:Ukrainians
263:Ruthenians
199:Ruthenians
189:people of
171:Moskvofily
160:Москвофіли
78:newspapers
3519:Nash Put'
2626:1500–1800
2410:Lemkovyna
2393:Geography
2177:Literary
2094:Dolinyans
1641:Seattle:
1245:Toronto:
1143:cite book
873:June 1915
746:In 1899,
580:powerful
383:Rutenstvo
166:romanized
144:romanized
135:Ukrainian
3621:Category
3574:Iazychie
3190:Format18
3132:Russians
2982:Putinism
2893:Krymnash
2850:Wikidata
2829:Holy Rus
2788:Concepts
2668:Caucasus
2193:Religion
2181:Iazychie
2135:Language
2114:Diaspora
1939:(2000).
1921:(1988).
1903:(1996).
1770:(1999).
1612:22 April
1500:Archived
1122:(2005).
1089:Talerhof
1058:See also
1024:(Poland)
813:Talerhof
788:Przemyśl
634:Prosvita
566:Przemyśl
410:Ideology
314:Mazovian
273:and the
232:and the
3584:Ruscism
3579:Nashism
3484:Fashist
3168:Defunct
2987:Ruscism
2824:Gayrope
2819:Eurasia
2631:Siberia
2600:History
2495:Pysanky
2471:Culture
2230:History
2099:Hutsuls
2077:Peoples
1885:(2001)
1877:Sources
1680:21 June
991:Russian
937:Galicia
757:of the
586:Moskal.
442:Lemberg
302:Galicia
298:Hungary
191:Galicia
183:Ukraine
146::
92:scholar
3599:Vatnik
3235:Pamyat
3117:Rodina
3008:Active
2104:Lemkos
2089:Boykos
2070:topics
2068:Rusyns
1947:
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1911:
1893:
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1780:
1735:Press.
1648:
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1409:
1384:
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961:Lemkos
527:, 1864
379:Rusyny
346:Vienna
336:. The
310:Polish
294:Poland
247:Rusyny
234:Lemkos
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1249:Press
1127:(PDF)
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987:Rusyn
983:Lemko
784:Lemko
748:Count
733:Slovo
721:trial
652:Slovo
601:Slovo
342:serfs
290:state
153:) or
99:JSTOR
85:books
2914:and
2698:and
2663:Amur
1945:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1754:2008
1682:2009
1646:ISBN
1614:2007
1556:2008
1432:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1149:link
955:, a
858:Duma
755:head
648:Dilo
570:Lviv
544:and
473:and
438:Lviv
350:Lviv
348:and
296:and
217:(in
71:news
2615:and
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420:'s
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3538:ru
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