198:
unknown perpetrators) led to a "war of cultures" in the public life of the universities in
Budapest. If we simplify what happened, the members of the Catholic St Imre Circle, founded in 1900, repeatedly placed crucifixes in demonstrative places during their 'crucifix actions', which were taken down by secularisationists; the former were mocked as 'the clericals', the latter were often mocked simply as 'the Jews', - because of their ethnic background -, and the opposing parties often hit each other, causing grievous bodily harms. During the 'Pikler riots' in the autumn of 1907, the phenomenon of campus violence reached its zenith. The focal point of the unrest was Gyula Pikler, a distinguished professor of philosophy of law at the university and the esteemed leader of the entirely radical Social Science Society at that time. Pikler faced a vicious attack due to his intellectually stimulating theory. In direct contradiction to the prevailing notions of natural law during that era, Pikler advocated a perspective founded on an evolutionary-historical materialist framework. He argued that the origin of nations, states, and laws did not stem from a divine truth, but rather emerged as a response to human needs. Consequently, he posited that the structure of governance and legal systems ought to be molded in accordance with the economic and societal requirements and interests of the period, rather than adhering rigidly to tradition. Of all Pikler's statements, those concerning the nature of nations elicited the most vehement response. According to his views, nations, including the Hungarian nation, were not immutable entities. Instead, they arose in response to the demands of a particular era, when human needs necessitated forms of organization and association beyond those of tribes or clans. In alignment with this evolutionary logic, Pikler predicted that a time would come in the future when nations would be superseded by larger units and organizational structures, ultimately leading to the establishment of a global state—a long-awaited harbinger of enduring peace..
206:, professor of law Gyula Pikler, Bódog Somló student and Róbert Braun student. From 1904, the newspaper "Világ" was published for three years. The paper was self-described as "a popular scientific journal for freethinkers, atheists, materialists, monists, socialists, and labour movement activists". Oszkár Jászi's manifesto was published in 1907 under the title "'Towards the New Hungary'", in which he triumphantly proclaims that "The clericalized nationalism is in its final hours, and in the air cleansed by the knowledge of natural science, and the economic organization of the proletariat, the workers' democracy of the self-conscious peoples is growing and strengthening day by day". By this time, Jászi had already become the intellectual leader of Hungarian progressivism and bourgeois radicalism. From 1906 onwards, the Society for Social Sciences became more and more concerned with the topics of current actual political dialogue instead of their earlier theoretical centered questions, therefore they founded the Civic Radical Party in 1914.
364:, initially in the form of pacifist lectures, and later another hardcore group of the circle (see Revolutionary Socialists) also started illegal activities. From 1916 onwards, anti-war propaganda activities (lectures and the production of anti-war leaflets, reinforcement of defeatism) took on a new colour. After U.S. Entry into World War I on the side of the Allies, nobody had doubt that the WW1 will end with the victory of Entente. In order to prevent the human distress caused by the war and to shorten the war, they decided to continue their activities in support of the Allied forces. Thus a majority view was adopted that an end to the war would be desirable with a quicker Entente victory, ending in the complete defeat of the Central Powers. They were no longer content to talk only about the horrors and economic effects of war, but also encouraged military rebellion against the governments of the Central Powers.
591:, the organization was dissolved by the police of the new Horthy regime, all its documents were confiscated, and the door of its headquarter was sealed by the police. Many of its members emigrated and most found refuge in Vienna. Oszkár Jászi arrived in Vienna on May 1. A few weeks later he was followed by Pál Szende, Károly Polányi, and many others from the collective of the banned journal Huszadik Század ("Twentieth Century ") and the dissolved Galilei Circle, including József Rédei, Arnold Dániel, Sándor Fazekas, Ernő Lorsy, József Madzsar, László Fényes and Pál Kéri.
104:
47:, Budapest. The circle had several subgroups with four different world views: the radical liberals (they called themselves as "radical democrats"), the Marxists (they called it as "Revolutionary Socialists"), the anarcho-syndicalists and the socialists (social democrats). However they had common goals, which included the protection of free scientific research and thinking at universities, the cultivation of social sciences, the social assistance of poor students, the spread of
173:
philosophies were completely eclipsed. Referring to the autonomy of the universities, these new state-financed educational institutions also offered wide degree of freedom for the materialist and evolutionist worldviews. The churches, however, did not let go of their monopoly over the humanities, and began to organise religious students into communities to counter what they called "modern anti-Christian philosophical and moral views" in the state-financed public universities.
252:
university youth, organised in defence of the jurist professor, the
Galilei Circle grew and was founded, with the support of the Hungarian Association of Free Thinkers, on 22 November 1908. Originally, the circle was to be named after Professor Pikler, however the professor suggested the name "Galileo Galilei", the hero of the "eppur si muove" metaphor, who stood up for the truth of science. "Because Galileo is perhaps the founder of modern science".
340:. The president and leading personalities of the student association were László Rubin, Sándor Turnowsky, László Gyulai, Zsigmond Kende, Artúr Dukesz. At the association's celebrations, the famous poet Endre Ady would sometimes speak, recite and praised the "fierce but never ordinary, spiritual but militant solidarity" between the members of the circle. A member and popular lecturer of the Galilei Circle was
82:
290:
only for health reasons, but also because, they thought, they can't fight in the class struggle with alcoholic workers. In the early 1910s, the
Galilei Circle also became more closely associated with the Hungarian Social Democratic Party, and by taking part in the organized demonstration for general suffrage on 23 May 1912, thus their circle had given up its previously proclaimed apolitical position.
275:
membership grew so much that the large apartment was not big enough for them, so Ervin Szabó - the director of the main library in
Budapest - came to their help and offered several large reading rooms in the large library at certain regular times for the Galileo Circle's purposes. After that, the apartment served only as a central meeting place for the circle's organisers and leadership.
67:
20:
93:
411:, the library director, reproduced and distributed anti-war leaflets. The anti-militarist activities of the Galilei Circle culminated in the actions of the Duczyńska-Sugar group. Duczyńska with her radical youth group spread propaganda among the munitions workers and then in the armed forces. on 1918, the 6th infantry regiment of Újvidék at
117:, a social scientist who had suggested that the nation was a social phenomenon which arose through a social and historical process, rather than an eternal entity. This led to him being attacked by Hungarian Christian nationalists. It claimed to be specifically apolitical and declared itself in favour of self-education and science.
415:
refused to go to the trenches. In 1917, incited by Ervin Szabó, Ilona Duczyńska volunteered to shoot the
Hungarian prime minister István Tisza with a pistol. During a search and investigation in the Galilei Circle, the police obtained information that led to an investigation against the leadership of
167:
In
Kingdom of Hungary, the universities were church-founded institutions from the Middle Ages until the last quarter of the 19th century. Initially, in the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church, then after the Reformation, the Protestant churches also founded their own universities. The state did not have
375:
and organized a street demonstration against the war, which led many more activists to join the group. On
November 17, the group led the country's first anti-war demonstration, calling for "Peace or Revolution" before eventually being broken up by police. But despite the attempts at repression, this
289:
They also organized workers' matinees, performing excerpts from the works of Gorky and Zola to blue-collar worker audiences, who they not only wanted to raise proletarian consciousness through their performances, but also to discourage workers' alcoholism through their anti-alcoholic propaganda. Not
583:
was proclaimed in
Budapest. As soon as the Hungarian Soviet Republic was declared by the communists, many of the members of the radical leftist groups in the Galilei Circle immediately received governmental and administrative positions as public commissioners, deputy public commissioners and public
281:
had the greatest influence on the formation of the
Galilean worldview in the natural sciences, which was built on the absolutization of the concept of experience ("We cannot even think about the phenomena that cannot be proven by experience," wrote young Polanyi). They were also the first promoters
251:
The right-wing university youth tried to discredit the professor by disrupting Pikler's lectures and by protesting. Professor Pikler's harassment became a political issue for the
Christian right-wing parties that were forming at national level. From the student groups of the "progressive" left-wing
197:
The 'crucifix-fights' were about whether crucifixes could remain in state educational institutions after the separation of church and state at the end of the 19th century, and a provocative action in 1900 (a plaster crucifix was knocked down from a Holy Crown relief at the University of Budapest by
154:
In the interwar period, following the dissolution of the Circle, Hungarian conservative intellectuals criticised the Galileists for having instigated the Aster Revolution, their contribution in the disarmament of the Hungarian army when other nations started to claim large territories from Hungary,
274:
In 1910, the students bought an apartment on the second floor of the building at Anker köz 2-4 for the purpose of organising discussion clubs, reading evenings and self-study circles in European and Hungarian legal history, philosophy, sociology and political science, and psychology. But soon the
584:
security functionaries. Meanwhile, those groups in the Galilei Circle who remained steadfast in their commitment to liberal and democratic values, immediately fled to Austria, thus expressing their dissent against the existence of the communist regime based on one-party system and dictatorship.
285:
Mach's name shows that the Galivists were strongly cultivated by the strong cultivation of the natural sciences, among whom engineering and medical students were over-represented compared to the more traditional student associations usually dominated by legal students, historians and literary
259:
The Galilei Circle, the League of Electoral Rights, the Reform Club, etc., are all creations of the radical Freemasonry, which already play a significant role in our difficult work of redefining Hungarian social perception. It is time to check the power of the clerical reaction. The religious
172:
came at the last quarter of the 19th century, when one after another state-funded colleges and universities appeared. Despite the vehement protests of Catholic and Protestant church leaders of the country, these universities offered courses in the humanities, where the traditional religious
432:'s anti-militarist movement, but his gun jammed and Tisza escaped. Two weeks after Lékai's assassination attempt, however, a terrorist group was more successful and István Tisza was killed on 31 October 1918. The press of the Entente powers considered him the third most important man in the
317:, the most outstanding Hungarian expert on Marxism, who had already left the Social Democratic Party. Ervin Szabó was convinced that a profound transformation of the Hungarian social order could not be achieved through the traditional parliamentary elections due to the limited suffrage.
56:
416:
the Galilei Circle for distributing the pamphlet "Our Brothers in the Army". In January 1918, several members of the group, the leaders of the circle, were arrested on charges of editing and distributing pamphlets, and the club premises of the Galilei Circle were closed. In the
193:
The civic-radical currents that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century were a new phenomenon in both scientific and political life, as they tried to use the results of sociology and positivism, which were new at the time, to achieve their political and social goals.
525:, Béla Kőhalmi, Blanka Pikler bibliographer, Róbert Braun sociologist, József Madzsar physician and natural scientist continued his work until his downfall. The Library of the Capital of Hungary took Ervin Szabó's name in 1946, which remained after the regime change.
459:
In November 1915, the Galilei Circle launched a series of lectures entitled Social Problems after the War, to which bourgeois radical and social democratic intellectuals of the Social Science Society were invited to give lectures. In November and December,
201:
On 23 January 1901, intellectuals, mostly with lawyer / legal qualifications, founded the Hungarian Social Science Society, whose aim was sociology, social psychology and practical social policy. It was directed by social scientist
270:
By the end of the first school year, 1908/1909, membership had reached nineteen hundred. Later, the number of members fluctuated between one thousand and one thousand and one hundred. The membership fee was one crown per semester.
236:, and was joined by intellectuals, mainly of the extreme left-wing persuasion. The student circle was inspired by their ideological opponents: the national-Christian university and college associations, such as the
455:
In the period between 1914 and 1918, two series of lectures on the First World War were integrated into the lecture series of various "free education" institutions in Hungary (e.g. the Erzsébet People's Academy).
1124:
303:
The Galilei Circle, I am sorry, when it was formed, perhaps did not even suspect that it was undertaking such a grandiose task, compared to which even the Russian student youth might find consolation or sick
51:
and atheist views, the support of anti-nationalism and promoting internationalism, the propagation of anti-alcoholism, the opposition to large estates and the "reorientation of Hungarian social perception".
376:
action ignited many more demonstrations throughout the country, organized independently by a variety of different groups. On December 26, syndicalists in Budapest even established the country's first
857:
958:
835:
151:
was a senior sister organization of Galileo Circle, but its membership required at least a finished university degree. However the Sonntagskreis preferred rather the membership of scholars.
168:
any universities, with the exception of a military academy and a few engineering universities from the 18th century. A radical change that broke the monopoly of churches on the fields of
920:
387:
Pamphlets in German, Hungarian, Slovak, and Croatian languages had already reached military units fighting on the Russian and Italian fronts. The Revolutionary Socialists included
159:
and for being responsible for the decisions of the Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in the loss of 70% of the pre-war territory of Hungary and 64% of the pre-WW1 era population.
528:
In January 1919, a member of the Galileo Circle stood guard of honour next to the coffin of the poet Endre Ady, which was buried in the central hall of the National Museum.
1308:
428:
who was shot on 16 October 1918 by the fanatic and lung-cancer-stricken (and therefore even determined to die) 23-year-old Lékai, a member of the Galilei Circle and
99:
a young member of the Galilei Circle, who unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate Prime Minister István Tisza on 17 October 1918 in front of the Parliament Gate IV
309:
The organisation was still striving for apoliticalism, but it was supported by the organisations of the progressive bourgeois intelligentsia, some leaders of the
1320:
420:, which ended at the end of September 1918, the main defendants Ilona Duczyńska and Tivadar Sugár were sentenced to two and three years in prison respectively.
1076:
865:
1519:
Judit Meszaros, 'Ferenczi and Beyond. Exile of the Budapest School and Solidarity in the Psychoanalytic Movement During the Nazi Years', Routledge, 2014,
1553:
955:
1416:
827:
297:, who also edited the circle's journal, "Szabadgondolat" (Free Thought). The journal Szabadgondolat regularly published articles by the famous poet
1548:
1368:
909:
Csik Tamás: Az általános választójog prófétája Az általános választójog prófétája Méray-Horváth Károly a tudomány és a politika határán 1905–1910
1482:
1161:
Csunderlik, Péter Tibor: Variációk a „defaitizmusra" Az I. világháború és a Galilei Kör „antimilitarista” tevékenysége galileista memoárokban
1163:
885:
260:
university congregations will be counterbalanced in the future by free-spirited, modern-minded youth associations and boarding schools...
1345:
Illés László: Szépségimádat és haláltudat egy irodalmár merénylő lelkivilágában (Lékai János, a szélsőbal szellemiségű avantgarde költő)
1036:
1524:
1258:
1219:
310:
344:, who was the chairman of the National Religious Liquidation Committee during the Hungarian Soviet Republic after the World War.
1088:
1064:
956:
Tasi István: Az első Darwin-évforduló: 1909 Az élővilág eredetéről szóló nézetek versengése Magyarországon a 20. század elején
896:
858:"Death instead of life – Activities of the Galilei Circle in the first two years of the world war | Frontlines and Hinterland"
1392:
1344:
932:
436:
and the "most hated ideological enemy" in 1918. The freethinkers thus achieved their goal: the prime minister was dead.
1543:
136:
in October 1918 it was relaunched. It was finally dissolved on 21 March, shortly following the establishment of the
1356:
830:["Idiotic lunatics on the payroll of a secret society"? - 105 years since the Galileo Circle was founded].
1089:
Veres András: A Huszadik Század irodalomszemlélete A magyar baloldal emlékének, Literatura 2008 2, xxxıv. évfolyam
944:
588:
580:
337:
156:
137:
1431:
1483:
http://elsovh.hu/a-destrukcio-darazsfeszke-a-galilei-kor-antimilitarista-eloadasai-az-elso-vilaghaboru-alatt/
265:
Szalai Pál: Alkotó és romboló munka a szabadkőművességben, Budapest, 1911. György Károlyi book printing house
1380:
1309:
Aki nem dísznek, hanem fegyvernek gondolta a könyvet – Száz éve halt meg Szabó Ervin, a radikális könyvtáros
1136:
129:
1100:
103:
1469:
1009:
736:
321:
107:
1296:
1250:
1211:
372:
564:
In the tram one heard passionate outbursts against the war, the authorities and the propertied classes.
521:
trained and educated an expert librarian-guard. Although he died on 30 September 1918, his colleagues,
636:
294:
215:
1179:
933:
dr. Szmodits László: Dr. Forgács Rezső élete, munkássága és a Galilei Kör gyógyszerészi szakosztálya
1246:
War and Revolution: The Hungarian Anarchist Movement in World War I and the Budapest Commune (1919)
1207:
War and Revolution: The Hungarian Anarchist Movement in World War I and the Budapest Commune (1919)
806:
663:
630:
392:
377:
1404:
908:
721:
522:
341:
333:
329:
1481:
A „destrukció darázsfészke”? – A Galilei Kör antimilitarista előadásai az első világháború alatt
1160:
441:
404:
400:
396:
74:
741:
731:
701:
579:
The ideological tensions within the groups of Galilei Circle intensified even further when the
388:
368:
203:
122:
121:
described the galilesists as the 'young army of Fever', dedicating various poems to the Circle.
85:
440:, the mastermind of the assassination attempt on Tisza, who according to some witnesses at the
1520:
1264:
1254:
1225:
1215:
618:
437:
421:
96:
1332:
1112:
1033:
1021:
828:""Titkos társulat zsoldján kitartott bárgyú eszmezavarosok"? - 105 éve alakult a Galilei Kör"
779:
558:
openly, and the imprisonment of a few of them only increased their revolutionary enthusiasm.
424:
poet and the leftist circles saw the number one war criminal in the person of Prime Minister
1459:
1455:
1148:
675:
624:
612:
532:
512:
367:
From September 1917, Szabó arranged regular meetings with members of the Galileo Circle and
133:
55:
48:
44:
1444:
The Library Affairs of the Council Republic (1919) The Organization of the Library Affairs
1167:
1040:
962:
726:
696:
651:
600:
357:
1495:
716:
691:
425:
1052:
1369:
Nyomorúság, eufória, nyomorúság – 13 drámai epizód az őszirózsás forradalom időszakából
1065:
Daragó Dénes: Botrány a katedrán. A modern társadalomelmélet megjelenése Magyarországon
746:
706:
669:
518:
433:
429:
408:
381:
371:, during which they decided on the publication of a manifesto based on the line of the
325:
314:
125:
thought the galileists would help lead Hungary from 'the Balkans into Western Europe'.
70:
886:
Az ország kiszabadítására törekedtek, de elbuktak – A Galilei Kör története, 168ora.hu
92:
1537:
751:
711:
657:
606:
320:
At one time, (as members of revolutionary socialist branch of the circle), the young
148:
560:
Soldiers and even officers spoke aloud in public about the collapse of the front.
444:, took out his watch at around 4 p.m. on the day of the assassination and declared:
113:
The circle was founded on November 22, 1908. This was in response to the attacks on
81:
1443:
548:
and were looking fixedly into the future. ... An electrician's apprentice, come to
229:
221:
114:
59:
40:
556:
The young men of the Galileo Club pursued their anti-militarist propaganda almost
546:
in the course of September and October. Men lost all interest in everyday affairs
974:
552:
appalling events. The maid bringing in the soup told us that she had it from her
180:
My aim is to eradicate such petty notions as homeland and nation from your hearts
353:
237:
1191:
554:
relatives in the country that the old world would last very little longer now.
128:
The organisation was banned in January, 1918, a period of labour unrest in the
66:
19:
278:
241:
169:
1321:„Láznak ifjú serege” vagy „bárgyú eszmezavarosok” – kik voltak a galileisták?
1244:
1205:
550:
repair the wires, prophesied that we were on the threshold of revolution and
542:
The spirit of revolution had penetrated into every sphere of human relations
1268:
1229:
985:
498:
Reports of the lectures by Kunfi, Szende and Pál Zádor have been preserved.
298:
118:
1010:
Falusi Norbert: Az Országos Polgári Radikális Párt politikája és szervezete
1034:
A 19-20. század fordulóján alakult felekezeti jellegű egyetemi egyesületek
997:
897:
Botrány a katedrán. A modern társadalomelmélet megjelenése Magyarországon
336:
philosopher, later deputy People's Commissar for Public Education in the
36:
531:
The Galileo Circle was reopened at the end of October 1918, during the
412:
245:
225:
780:"The history and reception history of the Galilei Circle (1908-1919)"
35:) was an atheist-materialist student organization that functioned in
407:, who in the autumn of 1917, under the intellectual leadership of
188:
Lecture by Gyula Pikler, full professor of philosophy of law, 1901
102:
91:
80:
65:
54:
18:
232:
full professor of philosophy of law, in Budapest on November 22,
220:
The Galileo Circle was founded around and under the influence of
361:
233:
1405:
Litván György: Irányzatok és viták a bécsi magyar emigrációban
1077:
A Haladó egyetemi ifjúság mozgalmai Magyarországon, 1918-1945
1053:
SZÓCIKK: "Makkabea, (cionista egyetemi hallgatók egyesülete).
332:
were also secretaries of the circle. One of its founders was
495:
were held in the large hall of the Social Sciences Society.
1101:
Szalai Pál: Alkotó és romboló munka a szabadkőművességben
464:
Zoltán Rónai: National Culture and International Culture,
1456:
A Galilei Kör (1908-1919) története és recepciótörténete
360:, the Galileo Circle conducted anti-war propaganda from
1417:
Nem félt a haláltól a meggyilkolt magyar miniszterelnök
39:
between 1908 and 1919. Their center was located at the
1470:
Kende Éva: Két orvos első világháborús magántörténelme
1393:
Hogyan halt meg Tisza István kétszeres miniszterelnök.
921:
A Magyar Társadalomtudományi. Egyesület megalakulása.
482:
Zsigmond Kunfi: The Tasks of Socialism after the War,
1357:
Száz éve megölték Tiszát, Károlyi kormányt alakított
807:
The first assassination attempt against István Tisza
88:, who volunteered to shoot Pm. István Tisza in 1917.
23:Sign commemorating the Galileo Circle in Anker Köz
1243:Everett, Martyn (2006). "The Anti-War Movement".
1204:Everett, Martyn (2006). "The Anti-War Movement".
945:Heverdle László: A Martinovics páholy és a Világ
479:Ernő Garami: The Internationalism after the War,
163:Earlier history: Kulturkampf at the universities
537:
254:
175:
155:their activity led to the tragic events of the
485:Miklós Berend: Child Protection after the War,
451:Lectures of the Galileo Circle during the WW I
306:, he wrote enthusiastically in November 1913.
1427:
1425:
1381:Száz éve rejtély, kik ölték meg Tisza Istvánt
8:
826:Csunderlik, Péter Tibor (21 November 2013).
773:
771:
769:
767:
476:Ottó Bernáth: Currency Issues after the War,
467:Jenő Varga: Economic Problems after the War,
77:revolutionary, the Circle's spiritual leader
1297:Egy elmaradt politikai merénylet anatómiája
1333:Két (további) évre ítélik Duczyńska Ilonát
282:of the Works of Zigmund Freud in Hungary.
1137:Lánczi Jenő - Szabó Ervin, 1918 | Október
446:Tisza will be dead in an hour and a half.
821:
819:
817:
815:
1432:30 September 1918 | Ervin Szabó's death
1022:Magyar Katolikus Lexikon Szent Imre Kör
763:
488:Pál Zádor: Social Policy after the War,
517:At the Budapest Library, the director
293:The first president of the circle was
975:Jászi Oszkár: Az új Magyarország felé
7:
1496:"Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000-1990"
507:Contribution in the Aster Revolution
491:Pál Szende: Tax Issues after the War
248:students from the Maccabean Circle.
356:"as soon as possible". During the
1192:A Tanácsköztársaság és az egyházak
1149:László Ferenc: Gyermek Voltaire-ek
14:
1554:1919 disestablishments in Hungary
643:Book review seminars in 1916-1917
352:The Circle wanted to achieve the
311:Hungarian Social Democratic Party
470:Károly Szalay: War and Pedagogy,
838:from the original on 2022-03-24
473:Gyula J. Pikler: Customs Union,
244:Gabriel Bethlen Circle and the
1549:1908 establishments in Hungary
1502:. Hungarian Electronic Library
1180:100 éve született Fáber Oszkár
595:Speakers at the Galileo Circle
1:
403:and others, initially led by
789:. ELTE Faculty of Humanities
832:Múlt-kor történelmi magazin
687:The participants included:
16:Former student organization
1570:
510:
213:
1282:Csunderlik, Péter Tibor.
1043:, egyetemtortenet.elte.hu
998:Szalai Miklós: Jászi útja
986:Szalai Pál: Jászi utókora
935:, gyogyszeresztortenet.hu
856:Csunderlik, Péter Tibor.
778:Csunderlik, Péter Tibor.
581:Hungarian Soviet Republic
575:Hungarian Soviet Republic
569:Oszkár Jászi, 1924, p. 24
338:Hungarian Soviet Republic
240:St. Imre Circle, and the
157:Hungarian Soviet Republic
138:Hungarian Soviet Republic
923:, szociologia.btk.pte.hu
132:. However following the
1284:Variációk Defeatizmusra
1182:, misc.bibl.u-szeged.hu
1012:, acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu
130:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1485:Hozzáférés: 2021.03.11
1113:Szabadgondolat 1911 01
1024:, lexikon.katolikus.hu
587:After the fall of the
572:
268:
191:
110:
100:
89:
78:
63:
24:
1251:Kate Sharpley Library
1212:Kate Sharpley Library
1125:A GALILEI KÖR ÜNNEPÉN
1115:, mtdaportal.extra.hu
1103:, mtdaportal.extra.hu
143:The circle published
106:
95:
84:
69:
58:
22:
216:Anarchism in Hungary
1170:, kommentar.info.hu
1139:, huszadikszazad.hu
1067:, tollelege.elte.hu
899:, tollelege.elte.hu
664:George Bernard Shaw
373:Zimmerwald movement
97:János Lékai Leitner
1544:Society of Hungary
1166:2020-06-01 at the
1151:, magyarnarancs.hu
1039:2019-03-25 at the
961:2020-09-03 at the
111:
101:
90:
79:
75:anarchosyndicalist
73:library director,
64:
25:
384:against the war.
1561:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1407:, tankonyvtar.hu
1402:
1396:
1395:, magyarelet.net
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
972:
966:
953:
947:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
864:. Archived from
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
834:(in Hungarian).
823:
810:
804:
798:
797:
795:
794:
784:
775:
625:Frigyes Karinthy
570:
533:Aster Revolution
513:Aster Revolution
380:to coordinate a
378:workers' council
266:
189:
134:Aster Revolution
62:Professor of Law
49:anti-clericalist
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:, m.mult-kor.hu
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1261:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1222:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1168:Wayback Machine
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1041:Wayback Machine
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
988:, beszelo.c3.hu
984:
980:
973:
969:
963:Wayback Machine
954:
950:
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
915:
907:
903:
895:
891:
884:
880:
871:
869:
855:
854:
850:
841:
839:
825:
824:
813:
805:
801:
792:
790:
782:
777:
776:
765:
760:
727:Michael Polanyi
697:Therese Benedek
685:
683:Notable members
652:Karl Liebknecht
645:
601:Wilhelm Ostwald
597:
589:Soviet Republic
577:
571:
568:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
543:
515:
509:
504:
502:Post WW1 period
453:
389:Ilona Duczyńska
369:Ilona Duczyńska
358:First World War
350:
267:
264:
218:
212:
190:
187:
165:
86:Ilona Duczyńska
17:
12:
11:
5:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:978-1782200000
1512:
1487:
1474:
1462:
1448:
1436:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1274:
1259:
1253:. p. 12.
1235:
1220:
1214:. p. 11.
1196:
1184:
1172:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
967:
965:, edit.elte.hu
948:
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
878:
848:
811:
799:
762:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
749:
747:Zsigmond Kunfi
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
684:
681:
680:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
644:
641:
640:
639:
637:Károly Polányi
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
596:
593:
576:
573:
566:
511:Main article:
508:
505:
503:
500:
493:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
452:
449:
434:central powers
382:general strike
349:
346:
295:Károly Polányi
262:
211:
208:
185:
164:
161:
145:Szabadgondolat
29:Galileo Circle
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1566:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1446:, mek.niif.hu
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1347:, epa.oszk.hu
1346:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1323:, mult-kor.hu
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:9781873605387
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1221:9781873605387
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1194:, mek.oszk.hu
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1055:, mek.oszk.hu
1054:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1000:, buksz.c3.hu
999:
994:
991:
987:
982:
979:
976:
971:
968:
964:
960:
957:
952:
949:
946:
941:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
914:
911:, multunk.hu/
910:
905:
902:
898:
893:
890:
887:
882:
879:
868:on 2019-07-30
867:
863:
859:
852:
849:
837:
833:
829:
822:
820:
818:
816:
812:
809:, nepszava.hu
808:
803:
800:
788:
781:
774:
772:
770:
768:
764:
757:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
737:Mátyás Rákosi
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:György Lukács
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:Karl Mannheim
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
682:
677:
676:Gustave Hervé
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
658:Norman Angell
656:
653:
650:
649:
648:
642:
638:
635:
632:
631:Tivadar Sugár
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:Mihály Babits
611:
608:
607:Villem Ernits
605:
602:
599:
598:
594:
592:
590:
585:
582:
574:
565:
562:
544:
541:
536:
534:
529:
526:
524:
523:László Dienes
520:
514:
506:
501:
499:
496:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:
461:
457:
450:
448:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Galileo trial
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Tivadar Sugár
390:
385:
383:
379:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
347:
345:
343:
339:
335:
334:György Lukács
331:
330:József Pogány
327:
323:
322:Mátyás Rákosi
318:
316:
312:
307:
305:
300:
296:
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
261:
258:
253:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
217:
209:
207:
205:
199:
195:
184:
183:
179:
174:
171:
162:
160:
158:
152:
150:
149:Sonntagskreis
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
109:
108:Mátyás Rákosi
105:
98:
94:
87:
83:
76:
72:
68:
61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
1515:
1504:. Retrieved
1499:
1490:
1477:
1472:, ketezer.hu
1465:
1451:
1439:
1434:, rubicon.hu
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1245:
1238:
1206:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1127:, arcanum.hu
1120:
1108:
1096:
1091:, mandadb.hu
1084:
1079:, mandadb.hu
1072:
1060:
1048:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
970:
951:
940:
928:
916:
904:
892:
881:
870:. Retrieved
866:the original
861:
851:
840:. Retrieved
831:
802:
791:. Retrieved
786:
742:József Révai
732:György Pólya
717:Karl Polányi
702:Ștefan Foriș
692:Sándor Barta
686:
646:
586:
578:
563:
545:
539:
538:
530:
527:
516:
497:
494:
458:
454:
445:
426:István Tisza
417:
386:
366:
351:
342:Oszkár Faber
319:
308:
302:
292:
288:
284:
277:
273:
269:
256:
255:
250:
230:evolutionist
222:Gyula Pikler
219:
204:Oszkár Jászi
200:
196:
192:
181:
177:
176:
166:
153:
144:
142:
127:
123:Oszkár Jászi
115:Gyula Pikler
112:
60:Gyula Pikler
32:
28:
26:
1500:mek.oszk.hu
1335:, elsovh.hu
1299:, muzsa.sk/
707:Ottó Korvin
670:Jean Jaurès
619:Béla Balázs
519:Ervin Szabó
442:Tisza trial
430:Ottó Korvin
422:János Lékai
409:Ervin Szabó
405:Jolán Kelen
401:Árpád Haász
397:Miklós Sisa
354:world peace
326:Ottó Korvin
315:Ervin Szabó
71:Ervin Szabó
33:Galilei Kör
1538:Categories
1506:2018-11-28
1419:, origo.hu
1371:, qubit.hu
1359:, merce.hu
872:2018-11-28
842:2018-11-28
793:2018-11-28
758:References
752:Jenő Varga
286:teachers.
279:Ernst Mach
242:Protestant
214:See also:
170:humanities
45:Terézváros
862:elsovh.hu
647:Works of
299:Endre Ady
119:Endre Ady
41:Anker Köz
1311:, hvg.hu
1269:63186917
1230:63186917
1164:Archived
1037:Archived
959:Archived
836:Archived
567:—
438:Kéri Pál
263:—
238:Catholic
186:—
37:Budapest
787:elte.hu
603:(1912),
304:despair
246:Zionist
226:atheist
210:History
1523:
1267:
1257:
1228:
1218:
147:. The
1527:p.68.
783:(PDF)
1521:ISBN
1265:OCLC
1255:ISBN
1226:OCLC
1216:ISBN
413:Pécs
362:1915
348:WW I
328:and
313:and
234:1908
27:The
535:.
301:. "
43:in
1540::
1498:.
1458:,
1424:^
1263:.
1249:.
1224:.
1210:.
860:.
814:^
785:.
766:^
399:,
395:,
391:,
324:,
224:,
182:."
140:.
1509:.
1286:.
1271:.
1232:.
875:.
845:.
796:.
678:.
672:,
666:,
660:,
654:,
633:,
627:,
621:,
615:,
609:,
540:"
257:"
228:-
178:"
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
