724:, cabins that fall freely in a gravitational field. According to Einstein's thought experiment, a man in such a cabin experiences (to a good approximation) no gravity and therefore the cabin is an approximate inertial frame. However, one has to assume that the size of the cabin is sufficiently small so that the gravitational field is approximately parallel in its interior. This can greatly reduce the sizes of such approximate frames, in comparison to Newtonian frames. For example, an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth can be viewed as a cabin. However, reasonably sensitive instruments could detect "microgravity" in such a situation because the "lines of force" of the Earth's gravitational field converge.
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width and tear it apart in length. In comparison, however, such forces might only be uncomfortable for the astronauts inside (compressing their joints, making it difficult to extend their limbs in any direction perpendicular to the gravity field of the star). Reducing the scale further, the forces at that distance might have almost no effects at all on a mouse. This illustrates the idea that all freely falling frames are locally inertial (acceleration and gravity-free) if the scale is chosen correctly.
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1566:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {E^{'}} &=\mathbf {E} \\\mathbf {D^{'}} &=\mathbf {D} \\\mathbf {\rho _{f}^{'}} &=\mathbf {\rho _{f}} \\\mathbf {P^{'}} &=\mathbf {P} \\\mathbf {H^{'}} &=\mathbf {H} -v^{\mathbf {r} }\times \mathbf {D} \\\mathbf {J_{f}^{'}} &=\mathbf {J_{f}} -\rho _{\mathbf {f} }v^{\mathbf {r} }\\\end{aligned}}}
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is magnetization density. The electric field is transformed under this transformation when changing frames of reference, but the magnetic field and related quantities are unchanged. An example of this situation is a wire is moving in a magnetic field such as would occur in an ordinary generator or
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are velocities. A consistent transformation will produce the same results when transforming to a new velocity in one step or multiple steps. It is not possible to have a consistent
Galilean transformation that transforms both the magnetic and electric fields. There are useful consistent Galilean
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In general, the convergence of gravitational fields in the universe dictates the scale at which one might consider such (local) inertial frames. For example, a spaceship falling into a black hole or neutron star would (at a certain distance) be subjected to tidal forces strong enough to crush it in
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The existence, as well, of infinitely many non-inertial frames, each of which referenced to (and physically determined by) a unique set of spacetime coordinates. Each frame may be of infinite size, but its definition is always determined locally by contextual physical conditions. Any two frames may
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The existence of infinitely many inertial frames. Each frame is of infinite size (the entire universe may be covered by many linearly equivalent frames). Any two frames may be in relative uniform motion. (The relativistic nature of mechanics derived above shows that the absolute space assumption is
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It is this simple but crucial result that implies
Galilean relativity. Assuming that mass is invariant in all inertial frames, the above equation shows Newton's laws of mechanics, if valid in one frame, must hold for all frames. But it is assumed to hold in absolute space, therefore Galilean
1189:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {H^{'}} &=\mathbf {H} \\\mathbf {J_{f}^{'}} &=\mathbf {J_{f}} \\\mathbf {B^{'}} &=\mathbf {B} \\\mathbf {M^{'}} &=\mathbf {M} \\\mathbf {E^{'}} &=\mathbf {E} +v^{\mathbf {r} }\times \mathbf {B} \\\end{aligned}}}
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Electric field systems are those systems in which the magnetic field in the initial frame of reference is insignificant, but the electric field is strong. When the electric field is dominant and the relative velocity,
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Magnetic field systems are those systems in which the electric field in the initial frame of reference is insignificant, but the magnetic field is strong. When the magnetic field is dominant and the relative velocity,
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be in relative non-uniform motion (as long as it is assumed that this condition of relative motion implies a relativistic dynamical effect â and later, mechanical effect in general relativity â between both frames).
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is polarization density. The magnetic field and free current density are transformed under this transformation when changing frames of reference, but the electric field and related quantities are unchanged
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170:. In other words, all frames related to one another by such a transformation are inertial (meaning, Newton's equation of motion is valid in these frames). In this context it is sometimes called
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Rather than freely allowing all conditions of relative uniform motion between frames of reference, the relative velocity between two inertial frames becomes bounded above by the speed of light.
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there is a reaction force; it does work depending on the inertial frame of reference in an opposite way. The total work done is independent of the inertial frame of reference.
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Both theories assume the existence of inertial frames. In practice, the size of the frames in which they remain valid differ greatly, depending on gravitational tidal forces.
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travelling at constant velocity, without rocking, on a smooth sea; any observer below the deck would not be able to tell whether the ship was moving or stationary.
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of an object, and even the change in this energy due to a change in velocity, depends on the inertial frame of reference. The total kinetic energy of an
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the latter does not change with time, so changes with time of the total kinetic energy do not depend on the inertial frame of reference.
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There are two consistent
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motor. The transformed electric field in the moving frame of reference could induce current in the wire.
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transformations that may be applied whenever either the magnetic field or the electric field is dominant.
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also depends on the inertial frame of reference: it is the sum of the total kinetic energy in a
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In comparison, the corresponding statements from special relativity are as follows:
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and the kinetic energy the total mass would have if it were concentrated in the
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The velocity of the particle is given by the time derivative of the position:
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Galilean relativity can be shown as follows. Consider two inertial frames
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497:{\displaystyle u'(t)={\frac {d}{dt}}r'(t)={\frac {d}{dt}}r(t)-v=u(t)-v.}
626:{\displaystyle a'(t)={\frac {d}{dt}}u'(t)={\frac {d}{dt}}u(t)-0=a(t).}
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2236:
Galileo's
Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love
1867:
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Another differentiation gives the acceleration in the two frames:
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878:{\displaystyle T\{*,v_{1}+v_{2}\}\neq T\{*,v_{1}\}+T\{*,v_{2}\}}
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1846:(1 ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 251â329. Archived from
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Some of the assumptions and properties of Newton's theory are:
280:. Consider a point object whose position is given by functions
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1284:, is low, then the following transformation may be useful:
978:, is low, then the following transformation may be useful:
1818:
Exploring Black Holes - Introduction to
General Relativity
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There is a universal, or absolute, notion of elapsed time.
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A comparison can be made between
Newtonian relativity and
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In all inertial frames, Newton's laws, and gravity, hold.
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today usually refers to this principle as applied to
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128:states that the laws of motion are the same in all
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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16:Low-velocity approximation for special relativity
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2037:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
1837:Woodson, Herbert H.; Melcher, James R. (1968).
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166:hold in all frames related to one another by a
139:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
136:first described this principle in 1632 in his
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695:The Galilean transformations are replaced by
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177:Among the axioms from Newton's theory are:
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664:possible relative forms of uniform motion.
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2007:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
720:In special relativity, one considers
670:Two inertial frames are related by a
7:
1759:Galilei-covariant tensor formulation
1667:adding citations to reliable sources
1597:{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathbf {f} }}
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2859:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff equation
2812:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker
1707:Newton's law of reciprocal actions
1631:Work, kinetic energy, and momentum
14:
2629:HamiltonâJacobiâEinstein equation
272:is in relative uniform motion to
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1943:Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment
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971:{\displaystyle v^{\mathbf {r} }}
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660:The inertial frames may move in
362:{\displaystyle r'(t)=r(t)-vt.\,}
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212:will have position coordinates
34:needs additional citations for
2436:Massâenergy equivalence (E=mc)
715:local Newtonian inertial frame
713:In the appropriate context, a
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706:laws of physics are the same.
1999:Letter to Benedetto Castelli
1619:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }
1240:{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }
190:All inertial frames share a
130:inertial frames of reference
2451:Relativistic Doppler effect
3152:
2922:In computational physics:
2446:Relativity of simultaneity
2172:Galileo National Telescope
1840:Electromechanical Dynamics
3104:
2759:LenseâThirring precession
2341:Doubly special relativity
1225:is free current density,
2619:Post-Newtonian formalism
2609:Einstein field equations
2545:Mathematical formulation
2369:Hyperbolic orthogonality
2136:Galileo's objective lens
1761:(no relation to Galileo)
1730:conservation of momentum
1722:center-of-momentum frame
1604:is free charge density,
767:{\displaystyle T\{*,v\}}
702:In all inertial frames,
2330:Galilean transformation
2321:Principle of relativity
2167:Galileo Galilei Airport
1938:Galilean transformation
1913:Observational astronomy
1790:Oxford University Press
1786:Dynamics and relativity
1749:Absolute space and time
1735:By contrast, while the
697:Lorentz transformations
672:Galilean transformation
168:Galilean transformation
164:Newton's laws of motion
154:Specifically, the term
2415:Lorentz transformation
2014:Discourse on the Tides
1784:McComb, W. D. (1999).
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208:. A physical event in
2883:WeylâLewisâPapapetrou
2624:Raychaudhuri equation
2563:Equivalence principle
1815:Taylor and Wheeler's
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1277:{\displaystyle v^{r}}
1252:Electric field system
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944:Magnetic field system
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932:{\displaystyle v_{2}}
907:
905:{\displaystyle v_{1}}
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774:is not consistent if
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144:the example of a ship
58:"Galilean invariance"
2924:Numerical relativity
2765:pulsar timing arrays
2178:Astronomers Monument
2131:Galileo's telescopes
2069:Michelagnolo Galilei
1923:Galileo's escapement
1771:Notes and references
1712:Correspondingly the
1663:improve this section
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172:Newtonian relativity
43:improve this article
3131:Classical mechanics
2816:Friedmann equations
2710:HulseâTaylor binary
2672:Gravitational waves
2568:Riemannian geometry
2394:Proper acceleration
2379:Maxwell's equations
2325:Galilean relativity
2148:Galileo thermometer
2021:Discourse on Comets
1991:Letters on Sunspots
1928:Galilean invariance
1765:Superluminal motion
1511:
1380:
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160:Newtonian mechanics
156:Galilean invariance
126:Galilean relativity
122:Galilean invariance
2865:ReissnerâNordström
2783:BransâDicke theory
2614:Linearized gravity
2441:Length contraction
2359:Frame of reference
2336:Special relativity
2188:In popular culture
2143:Tribune of Galileo
1975:De motu antiquiora
1792:. pp. 22â24.
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647:special relativity
637:relativity holds.
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2499:Minkowski diagram
2456:Thomas precession
2399:Relativistic mass
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2116:Galileo's paradox
2111:Villa Il Gioiello
1906:Scientific career
1754:Faster-than-light
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722:Einstein's cabins
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2665:Two-body problem
2583:Mach's principle
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2471:Terrell rotation
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2228:Starry Messenger
2204:Lamp At Midnight
2105:And yet it moves
2063:Vincenzo Galilei
2045:Two New Sciences
1983:Sidereus Nuncius
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2755:geodetic effect
2729:(together with
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2573:Penrose diagram
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2196:Life of Galileo
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1948:Phases of Venus
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1899:Galileo Galilei
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1019:
1007:
997:
992:
982:
981:
956:
951:
950:
946:
919:
914:
913:
892:
887:
886:
862:
834:
806:
793:
776:
775:
741:
740:
734:
657:not necessary.)
643:
577:
552:
542:
517:
512:
511:
442:
417:
407:
382:
377:
376:
314:
309:
308:
152:
134:Galileo Galilei
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Choquet-Bruhat
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2871:Axisymmetric:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2810:Cosmological:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2751:frame-dragging
2748:
2743:
2738:
2735:Einstein rings
2731:Einstein cross
2724:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2634:Ernst equation
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:BSSN formalism
2601:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2461:Ladder paradox
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Speed of light
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2075:Vincenzo Gamba
2072:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:Galilean moons
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:Galileo affair
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1824:
1805:
1798:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1726:center of mass
1714:kinetic energy
1697:
1696:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1614:
1590:
1585:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1271:
1267:
1253:
1250:
1235:
1211:
1207:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
989:
964:
959:
945:
942:
926:
922:
899:
895:
874:
869:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
841:
837:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
813:
809:
805:
800:
796:
792:
789:
786:
783:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
733:
730:
708:
707:
700:
693:
690:
687:
679:
678:
675:
668:
665:
658:
642:
639:
634:
633:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
583:
580:
576:
571:
568:
565:
562:
558:
555:
548:
545:
541:
536:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
505:
504:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
448:
445:
441:
436:
433:
430:
427:
423:
420:
413:
410:
406:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
370:
369:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
320:
317:
304:. We see that
276:with velocity
198:
197:
193:universal time
188:
184:absolute space
151:
148:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3148:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Chandrasekhar
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Schwarzschild
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:Schwarzschild
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Shapiro delay
2744:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:collaboration
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Event horizon
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:ADM formalism
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Biquaternions
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Time dilation
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Proper length
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:Museo Galileo
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:Maria Celeste
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1853:on 2022-12-20
1849:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:0-19-850112-9
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1728:. Due to the
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1705:done. Due to
1704:
1693:
1690:
1682:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1648:This section
1646:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1583:
1573:
1548:
1536:
1532:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1444:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1251:
1249:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1011:
1009:
1000:
998:
979:
957:
943:
941:
924:
920:
897:
893:
867:
863:
859:
856:
850:
847:
839:
835:
831:
828:
822:
819:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
787:
781:
758:
755:
752:
746:
737:
731:
729:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
688:
684:
683:
682:
676:
673:
669:
666:
663:
659:
655:
654:
653:
650:
648:
638:
620:
614:
608:
605:
602:
599:
593:
587:
581:
578:
574:
569:
563:
556:
553:
546:
543:
539:
534:
528:
521:
518:
510:
509:
508:
491:
488:
485:
479:
473:
470:
467:
464:
458:
452:
446:
443:
439:
434:
428:
421:
418:
411:
408:
404:
399:
393:
386:
383:
375:
374:
373:
355:
352:
349:
346:
340:
334:
331:
325:
318:
315:
307:
306:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
194:
189:
186:
185:
180:
179:
178:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
147:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3094:
2788:KaluzaâKlein
2540:Introduction
2466:Twin paradox
2324:
2254:(2009 novel)
2251:
2246:(2002 opera)
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2176:
2087:Marina Gamba
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1927:
1855:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1839:
1817:
1785:
1779:
1734:
1711:
1700:
1685:
1679:January 2020
1676:
1661:Please help
1649:
1574:
1286:
1255:
980:
947:
738:
735:
726:
721:
719:
714:
712:
709:
703:
680:
661:
651:
644:
635:
506:
371:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
199:
191:
182:
176:
171:
155:
153:
137:
125:
121:
120:
105:
99:January 2008
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2877:KerrâNewman
2848:Spherical:
2717:Other tests
2660:Singularity
2592:Formulation
2554:Fundamental
2408:Formulation
2389:Proper time
2350:Fundamental
2238:(1999 book)
2230:(1996 book)
2222:(1975 film)
2214:(1968 film)
2206:(1947 play)
2198:(1943 play)
2029:The Assayer
1978:(1589â1592)
1958:Thermoscope
1820:, Chapter 2
1788:. Oxford :
252:) and time
228:) and time
162:, that is,
150:Formulation
3125:Categories
3029:Zel'dovich
2937:Scientists
2916:Alcubierre
2723:of Mercury
2721:precession
2650:Black hole
2533:Background
2525:relativity
2494:World line
2489:Light cone
2314:Background
2306:relativity
2296:Relativity
2160:spacecraft
2089:(mistress)
2083:(daughter)
1857:2022-08-21
268:. Suppose
69:newspapers
2999:Robertson
2984:Friedmann
2979:Eddington
2969:de Sitter
2803:Solutions
2681:detectors
2676:astronomy
2643:Phenomena
2578:Geodesics
2481:Spacetime
2424:Phenomena
2071:(brother)
1650:does not
1584:ρ
1537:ρ
1533:−
1481:×
1466:−
1392:ρ
1364:ρ
1175:×
857:∗
829:∗
820:≠
788:∗
753:∗
600:−
486:−
465:−
347:−
3112:Category
2989:LemaĂźtre
2954:Einstein
2944:Poincaré
2904:Others:
2888:TaubâNUT
2854:interior
2776:theories
2774:Advanced
2741:redshift
2556:concepts
2374:Rapidity
2352:concepts
2065:(father)
2016:" (1616)
2009:" (1615)
1953:Celatone
1743:See also
1737:momentum
1507:′
1447:′
1415:′
1376:′
1339:′
1307:′
1141:′
1109:′
1077:′
1038:′
1001:′
557:′
522:′
422:′
387:′
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