735:, cabins that fall freely in a gravitational field. According to Einstein's thought experiment, a man in such a cabin experiences (to a good approximation) no gravity and therefore the cabin is an approximate inertial frame. However, one has to assume that the size of the cabin is sufficiently small so that the gravitational field is approximately parallel in its interior. This can greatly reduce the sizes of such approximate frames, in comparison to Newtonian frames. For example, an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth can be viewed as a cabin. However, reasonably sensitive instruments could detect "microgravity" in such a situation because the "lines of force" of the Earth's gravitational field converge.
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width and tear it apart in length. In comparison, however, such forces might only be uncomfortable for the astronauts inside (compressing their joints, making it difficult to extend their limbs in any direction perpendicular to the gravity field of the star). Reducing the scale further, the forces at that distance might have almost no effects at all on a mouse. This illustrates the idea that all freely falling frames are locally inertial (acceleration and gravity-free) if the scale is chosen correctly.
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1577:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {E^{'}} &=\mathbf {E} \\\mathbf {D^{'}} &=\mathbf {D} \\\mathbf {\rho _{f}^{'}} &=\mathbf {\rho _{f}} \\\mathbf {P^{'}} &=\mathbf {P} \\\mathbf {H^{'}} &=\mathbf {H} -v^{\mathbf {r} }\times \mathbf {D} \\\mathbf {J_{f}^{'}} &=\mathbf {J_{f}} -\rho _{\mathbf {f} }v^{\mathbf {r} }\\\end{aligned}}}
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is magnetization density. The electric field is transformed under this transformation when changing frames of reference, but the magnetic field and related quantities are unchanged. An example of this situation is a wire is moving in a magnetic field such as would occur in an ordinary generator or
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are velocities. A consistent transformation will produce the same results when transforming to a new velocity in one step or multiple steps. It is not possible to have a consistent
Galilean transformation that transforms both the magnetic and electric fields. There are useful consistent Galilean
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In general, the convergence of gravitational fields in the universe dictates the scale at which one might consider such (local) inertial frames. For example, a spaceship falling into a black hole or neutron star would (at a certain distance) be subjected to tidal forces strong enough to crush it in
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The existence, as well, of infinitely many non-inertial frames, each of which referenced to (and physically determined by) a unique set of spacetime coordinates. Each frame may be of infinite size, but its definition is always determined locally by contextual physical conditions. Any two frames may
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The existence of infinitely many inertial frames. Each frame is of infinite size (the entire universe may be covered by many linearly equivalent frames). Any two frames may be in relative uniform motion. (The relativistic nature of mechanics derived above shows that the absolute space assumption is
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It is this simple but crucial result that implies
Galilean relativity. Assuming that mass is invariant in all inertial frames, the above equation shows Newton's laws of mechanics, if valid in one frame, must hold for all frames. But it is assumed to hold in absolute space, therefore Galilean
1200:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {H^{'}} &=\mathbf {H} \\\mathbf {J_{f}^{'}} &=\mathbf {J_{f}} \\\mathbf {B^{'}} &=\mathbf {B} \\\mathbf {M^{'}} &=\mathbf {M} \\\mathbf {E^{'}} &=\mathbf {E} +v^{\mathbf {r} }\times \mathbf {B} \\\end{aligned}}}
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Electric field systems are those systems in which the magnetic field in the initial frame of reference is insignificant, but the electric field is strong. When the electric field is dominant and the relative velocity,
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Magnetic field systems are those systems in which the electric field in the initial frame of reference is insignificant, but the magnetic field is strong. When the magnetic field is dominant and the relative velocity,
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be in relative non-uniform motion (as long as it is assumed that this condition of relative motion implies a relativistic dynamical effect â and later, mechanical effect in general relativity â between both frames).
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is polarization density. The magnetic field and free current density are transformed under this transformation when changing frames of reference, but the electric field and related quantities are unchanged
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181:. In other words, all frames related to one another by such a transformation are inertial (meaning, Newton's equation of motion is valid in these frames). In this context it is sometimes called
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Rather than freely allowing all conditions of relative uniform motion between frames of reference, the relative velocity between two inertial frames becomes bounded above by the speed of light.
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there is a reaction force; it does work depending on the inertial frame of reference in an opposite way. The total work done is independent of the inertial frame of reference.
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Both theories assume the existence of inertial frames. In practice, the size of the frames in which they remain valid differ greatly, depending on gravitational tidal forces.
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travelling at constant velocity, without rocking, on a smooth sea; any observer below the deck would not be able to tell whether the ship was moving or stationary.
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of an object, and even the change in this energy due to a change in velocity, depends on the inertial frame of reference. The total kinetic energy of an
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the latter does not change with time, so changes with time of the total kinetic energy do not depend on the inertial frame of reference.
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There are two consistent
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motor. The transformed electric field in the moving frame of reference could induce current in the wire.
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transformations that may be applied whenever either the magnetic field or the electric field is dominant.
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also depends on the inertial frame of reference: it is the sum of the total kinetic energy in a
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In comparison, the corresponding statements from special relativity are as follows:
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and the kinetic energy the total mass would have if it were concentrated in the
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The velocity of the particle is given by the time derivative of the position:
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Galilean relativity can be shown as follows. Consider two inertial frames
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508:{\displaystyle u'(t)={\frac {d}{dt}}r'(t)={\frac {d}{dt}}r(t)-v=u(t)-v.}
637:{\displaystyle a'(t)={\frac {d}{dt}}u'(t)={\frac {d}{dt}}u(t)-0=a(t).}
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2247:
Galileo's
Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love
1878:
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Another differentiation gives the acceleration in the two frames:
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889:{\displaystyle T\{*,v_{1}+v_{2}\}\neq T\{*,v_{1}\}+T\{*,v_{2}\}}
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1857:(1 ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 251â329. Archived from
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Some of the assumptions and properties of Newton's theory are:
291:. Consider a point object whose position is given by functions
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1295:, is low, then the following transformation may be useful:
989:, is low, then the following transformation may be useful:
1829:
Exploring Black Holes - Introduction to
General Relativity
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There is a universal, or absolute, notion of elapsed time.
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A comparison can be made between
Newtonian relativity and
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In all inertial frames, Newton's laws, and gravity, hold.
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today usually refers to this principle as applied to
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27:Low-velocity approximation for special relativity
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2048:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
1848:Woodson, Herbert H.; Melcher, James R. (1968).
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177:hold in all frames related to one another by a
150:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
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188:Among the axioms from Newton's theory are:
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675:possible relative forms of uniform motion.
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2018:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
731:In special relativity, one considers
681:Two inertial frames are related by a
7:
1770:Galilei-covariant tensor formulation
1678:adding citations to reliable sources
1608:{\displaystyle \rho _{\mathbf {f} }}
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2870:TolmanâOppenheimerâVolkoff equation
2823:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker
1718:Newton's law of reciprocal actions
1642:Work, kinetic energy, and momentum
25:
2640:HamiltonâJacobiâEinstein equation
283:is in relative uniform motion to
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1954:Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment
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982:{\displaystyle v^{\mathbf {r} }}
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671:The inertial frames may move in
373:{\displaystyle r'(t)=r(t)-vt.\,}
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223:will have position coordinates
45:needs additional citations for
2447:Massâenergy equivalence (E=mc)
726:local Newtonian inertial frame
724:In the appropriate context, a
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717:laws of physics are the same.
2010:Letter to Benedetto Castelli
1630:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }
1251:{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }
201:All inertial frames share a
141:inertial frames of reference
2462:Relativistic Doppler effect
3163:
2933:In computational physics:
2457:Relativity of simultaneity
2183:Galileo National Telescope
1851:Electromechanical Dynamics
3115:
2770:LenseâThirring precession
2352:Doubly special relativity
1236:is free current density,
2630:Post-Newtonian formalism
2620:Einstein field equations
2556:Mathematical formulation
2380:Hyperbolic orthogonality
2147:Galileo's objective lens
1772:(no relation to Galileo)
1741:conservation of momentum
1733:center-of-momentum frame
1615:is free charge density,
778:{\displaystyle T\{*,v\}}
713:In all inertial frames,
2341:Galilean transformation
2332:Principle of relativity
2178:Galileo Galilei Airport
1949:Galilean transformation
1924:Observational astronomy
1801:Oxford University Press
1797:Dynamics and relativity
1760:Absolute space and time
1746:By contrast, while the
708:Lorentz transformations
683:Galilean transformation
179:Galilean transformation
175:Newton's laws of motion
165:Specifically, the term
2426:Lorentz transformation
2025:Discourse on the Tides
1795:McComb, W. D. (1999).
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219:. A physical event in
2894:WeylâLewisâPapapetrou
2635:Raychaudhuri equation
2574:Equivalence principle
1826:Taylor and Wheeler's
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1288:{\displaystyle v^{r}}
1263:Electric field system
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955:Magnetic field system
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943:{\displaystyle v_{2}}
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916:{\displaystyle v_{1}}
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785:is not consistent if
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155:the example of a ship
69:"Galilean invariance"
2935:Numerical relativity
2776:pulsar timing arrays
2189:Astronomers Monument
2142:Galileo's telescopes
2080:Michelagnolo Galilei
1934:Galileo's escapement
1782:Notes and references
1723:Correspondingly the
1674:improve this section
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183:Newtonian relativity
54:improve this article
3142:Classical mechanics
2827:Friedmann equations
2721:HulseâTaylor binary
2683:Gravitational waves
2579:Riemannian geometry
2405:Proper acceleration
2390:Maxwell's equations
2336:Galilean relativity
2159:Galileo thermometer
2032:Discourse on Comets
2002:Letters on Sunspots
1939:Galilean invariance
1776:Superluminal motion
1522:
1391:
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171:Newtonian mechanics
167:Galilean invariance
137:Galilean relativity
133:Galilean invariance
18:Galilean relativity
2876:ReissnerâNordström
2794:BransâDicke theory
2625:Linearized gravity
2452:Length contraction
2370:Frame of reference
2347:Special relativity
2199:In popular culture
2154:Tribune of Galileo
1986:De motu antiquiora
1803:. pp. 22â24.
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2510:Minkowski diagram
2467:Thomas precession
2410:Relativistic mass
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2127:Galileo's paradox
2122:Villa Il Gioiello
1917:Scientific career
1765:Faster-than-light
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2594:Mach's principle
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2482:Terrell rotation
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2239:Starry Messenger
2215:Lamp At Midnight
2116:And yet it moves
2074:Vincenzo Galilei
2056:Two New Sciences
1994:Sidereus Nuncius
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2207:Life of Galileo
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1959:Phases of Venus
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1079:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1055:
1045:
1031:
1030:
1018:
1008:
1003:
993:
992:
967:
962:
961:
957:
930:
925:
924:
903:
898:
897:
873:
845:
817:
804:
787:
786:
752:
751:
745:
668:not necessary.)
654:
588:
563:
553:
528:
523:
522:
453:
428:
418:
393:
388:
387:
325:
320:
319:
163:
145:Galileo Galilei
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3160:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3030:Choquet-Bruhat
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2882:Axisymmetric:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2821:Cosmological:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2762:frame-dragging
2759:
2754:
2749:
2746:Einstein rings
2742:Einstein cross
2735:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2645:Ernst equation
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:BSSN formalism
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Ladder paradox
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:Speed of light
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2086:Vincenzo Gamba
2083:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Galilean moons
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:Galileo affair
1926:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1835:
1816:
1809:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1737:center of mass
1725:kinetic energy
1708:
1707:
1658:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1625:
1601:
1596:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1282:
1278:
1264:
1261:
1246:
1222:
1218:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1001:
1000:
975:
970:
956:
953:
937:
933:
910:
906:
885:
880:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
852:
848:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
803:
800:
797:
794:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
744:
741:
719:
718:
711:
704:
701:
698:
690:
689:
686:
679:
676:
669:
653:
650:
645:
644:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
594:
591:
587:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
566:
559:
556:
552:
547:
544:
541:
538:
534:
531:
516:
515:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
459:
456:
452:
447:
444:
441:
438:
434:
431:
424:
421:
417:
412:
409:
406:
403:
399:
396:
381:
380:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
331:
328:
315:. We see that
287:with velocity
209:
208:
204:universal time
199:
195:absolute space
162:
159:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3159:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3124:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Chandrasekhar
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Schwarzschild
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:Schwarzschild
2858:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Shapiro delay
2755:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:collaboration
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Event horizon
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:ADM formalism
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Biquaternions
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Time dilation
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Proper length
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:Museo Galileo
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:Maria Celeste
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1864:on 2022-12-20
1860:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:0-19-850112-9
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:. Due to the
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1716:done. Due to
1715:
1704:
1701:
1693:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1659:This section
1657:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1594:
1584:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1491:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1374:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1296:
1280:
1276:
1262:
1260:
1185:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1009:
990:
968:
954:
952:
935:
931:
908:
904:
878:
874:
870:
867:
861:
858:
850:
846:
842:
839:
833:
830:
822:
818:
814:
809:
805:
801:
798:
792:
769:
766:
763:
757:
748:
742:
740:
736:
734:
729:
727:
722:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702:
699:
695:
694:
693:
687:
684:
680:
677:
674:
670:
666:
665:
664:
661:
659:
649:
631:
625:
619:
616:
613:
610:
604:
598:
592:
589:
585:
580:
574:
567:
564:
557:
554:
550:
545:
539:
532:
529:
521:
520:
519:
502:
499:
496:
490:
484:
481:
478:
475:
469:
463:
457:
454:
450:
445:
439:
432:
429:
422:
419:
415:
410:
404:
397:
394:
386:
385:
384:
366:
363:
360:
357:
351:
345:
342:
336:
329:
326:
318:
317:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
205:
200:
197:
196:
191:
190:
189:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
158:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3105:
2799:KaluzaâKlein
2551:Introduction
2477:Twin paradox
2335:
2265:(2009 novel)
2262:
2257:(2002 opera)
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2187:
2098:Marina Gamba
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1938:
1866:. Retrieved
1859:the original
1850:
1828:
1796:
1790:
1745:
1722:
1711:
1696:
1690:January 2020
1687:
1672:Please help
1660:
1585:
1297:
1266:
991:
958:
749:
746:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
720:
714:
691:
672:
662:
655:
646:
517:
382:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
210:
202:
193:
187:
182:
166:
164:
148:
136:
132:
131:
116:
110:January 2008
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2888:KerrâNewman
2859:Spherical:
2728:Other tests
2671:Singularity
2603:Formulation
2565:Fundamental
2419:Formulation
2400:Proper time
2361:Fundamental
2249:(1999 book)
2241:(1996 book)
2233:(1975 film)
2225:(1968 film)
2217:(1947 play)
2209:(1943 play)
2040:The Assayer
1989:(1589â1592)
1969:Thermoscope
1831:, Chapter 2
1799:. Oxford :
263:) and time
239:) and time
173:, that is,
161:Formulation
3136:Categories
3040:Zel'dovich
2948:Scientists
2927:Alcubierre
2734:of Mercury
2732:precession
2661:Black hole
2544:Background
2536:relativity
2505:World line
2500:Light cone
2325:Background
2317:relativity
2307:Relativity
2171:spacecraft
2100:(mistress)
2094:(daughter)
1868:2022-08-21
279:. Suppose
80:newspapers
3010:Robertson
2995:Friedmann
2990:Eddington
2980:de Sitter
2814:Solutions
2692:detectors
2687:astronomy
2654:Phenomena
2589:Geodesics
2492:Spacetime
2435:Phenomena
2082:(brother)
1661:does not
1595:ρ
1548:ρ
1544:−
1492:×
1477:−
1403:ρ
1375:ρ
1186:×
868:∗
840:∗
831:≠
799:∗
764:∗
611:−
497:−
476:−
358:−
3123:Category
3000:LemaĂźtre
2965:Einstein
2955:Poincaré
2915:Others:
2899:TaubâNUT
2865:interior
2787:theories
2785:Advanced
2752:redshift
2567:concepts
2385:Rapidity
2363:concepts
2076:(father)
2027:" (1616)
2020:" (1615)
1964:Celatone
1754:See also
1748:momentum
1518:′
1458:′
1426:′
1387:′
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