312:
meaning "hill > hill-fort" or similar: Aviliobris, Letiobri, Talabriga, Nemetobriga, Louciocelo, Tarbucelo, Caladunum, etc. Others are superlative formations (from proto-Celtic *-isamo-, -(s)amo-): Berisamo (from *Bergisamo-), Sesmaca (from *Segisamo-). Many
Galician modern day toponyms derive from these old settlements' names: Canzobre < Caranzovre < *Carantiobrixs, Trove < Talobre < *Talobrixs, Ombre < Anobre < *Anobrixs, Biobra < *Vidobriga, Bendollo < *Vindocelo, Andamollo < *Andamocelo, Osmo < Osamo < *Uxsamo, Sésamo < *Segisamo, Ledesma < *φletisama...
919:
775:
Oviedo and Mérida. Just like it is the case for
Illyrian or Ligurian languages, its corpus is composed by isolated words and short sentences contained in local Latin inscriptions, or glossed by classic authors, together with a considerable number of names – anthroponyms, ethnonyms, theonyms, toponyms – contained in inscriptions, or surviving up to date as place, river or mountain names. Besides, many of the isolated words of Celtic origin preserved in the local Romance languages could have been inherited from these Q-Celtic dialects.
323:
1510:' In the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, and more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north–south and linking Oviedo and Mérida, there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions with particular characteristics of its own. This corpus contains some linguistic features that are clearly Celtic and others that in our opinion are not Celtic. The former we shall group, for the moment, under the label northwestern Hispano-Celtic.'
174:
296:
790:
20:
867:, or Lucubo, linked to prosperity, trade and craft occupations. His figure is associated with the spear. It is one of gods most common among the Celts and many, many place names derived from it throughout Europe Celtic Galicia (Galicia Lucus Latinized form) to Loudoun (Scotland), and even the naming of people as Gallaecia Louguei .
356:). So each Gallaecian considered themselves a member of his or her populus and of the hillfort where they lived, as deduced by their usual onomastic phormula: first Name + patronymic (genitive) + (optionally) populus or nation (nominative) + (optionally) origin of the person = name of their hill-fort (ablative):
1038:
constrains the study of their earlier history. However, early allusions to this people are present in ancient Greek and Latin authors prior to the conquest, which allows the reconstruction of a few historical events of this people since the second century BC. The oldest known inscription referring to
1113:
Rich
Gallaecia sent its youths, wise in the knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts, by feathers and flames, now howling barbarian songs in the tongues of their homelands, now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang, and accompanying the playing with
307:
These fortified villages tended to be located in the hills, and occasionally rocky promontories and peninsulas near the seashore, as it improved visibility and control over territory. These settlements were strategically located for a better control of natural resources, including mineral ores such
311:
The names of such hill-forts, as preserved in Latin inscriptions and other literary sources, were frequently composite nouns with a second element such as -bris (from proto-Celtic *brixs), -briga (from proto-Celtic *brigā), -ocelum (from proto-Celtic *okelo-), -dunum (from proto-Celtic *dūno-) all
813:
Through the
Gallaecian-Roman inscriptions, is known part of the great pantheon of Gallaecian deities, sharing part not only by other Celtic or Celticized peoples in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Astur — especially the more Western — or Lusitanian, but also by Gauls and Britons among others. This
774:
was a Q-Celtic language or group of languages or dialects, closely related to
Celtiberian, spoken at the beginning of our era in the north-western quarter of the Iberian Peninsula, more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north–south and linking
185:
The
Gallaecian way of life was based in land occupation especially by fortified settlements that are known in Latin language as "castra" (hillforts) or "oppida" (citadels); they varied in size from small villages of less than one hectare (more common in the northern territory) to great walled
845:: goddess of waters, of fountains and rivers. In Galicia and Portugal still nowadays, numerous rivers that still persist with his name, as the river Navia, ships and in northern Portugal there is the Idol Fountain, dedicated to the goddess ship.
1105:
Fibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem flammarum misit dives
Gallaecia pubem, barbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis, nunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra ad numerum resonas gaudentem plauder caetras
851:, warrior god, who attained great popularity among the Southern Gallaeci, was one of the most revered gods in ancient Gallaecia. Several authors suggest that Cosso and Bandua are the same God under different names.
829:: god of the Otherworld and beyond. The largest shrine dedicated to Berobreo documented until now, stood in the fort of the Torch of Donón (Cangas), in the Morrazo's Peninsula, front of the Cíes Islands.
308:
as iron. The
Gallaecian hillforts and oppidas maintained a great homogeneity and presented clear commonalities. The citadels, however, functioned as city-states and could have specific cultural traits.
292:
culture) or "hillfort's culture", which alludes to this type of settlement prior to the Roman conquest. However, several
Gallaecian hillforts continued to be inhabited until the 5th century AD.
2104:
2095:
1249:
In the later part of the 1st century BC military colonies were established and the pacified
Gallaeci tribes were re-organized by Augustus into the new province of Gallaecia (
288:
This livelihood in hillforts was common throughout Europe during the Bronze and Iron Ages, getting in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, the name of 'Castro culture" (
338:
The Gallaecian political organization is not known with certainty but it is very probable that they were divided into small independent chiefdoms who the Romans called
1969:
Martín Almagro-Gorbea, José María Blázquez Martínez, Michel Reddé, Joaquín González Echegaray, José Luis Ramírez Sádaba, and Eduardo José Peralta Labrador (coord.),
1162:) from the Turduli Veteres, he crushed an allegedly 60,000-strong Gallaeci relief army sent to support the Lusitani at a desperate and difficult battle near the
31:
Galician-Roman Stele from Crecente (Galicia). Held at the end of the century, was dedicated to a deceased aristocrat called Apana, from the Gallaecian tribe of
918:
28:
1021:
1445:'If, as is the first criterion of this Encyclopedia, one bases the concept of ‘Celticity’ on language, one can apply the term ‘Celtic’ to ancient Galicia',
1397:
1070:(not to be confused with the later Lusitani general bearing the same name that battled the Romans in Hispania in the mid-2nd century BC) is mentioned in
2088:
1150:
875:, goddess of abundance and fertility. Strongly associated with the water nymphs, their cult record for most Western Europe, from England to Gallaecia.
1120:
The Gallaeci came into direct contact with Rome relatively late, in the wake of the Roman punitive campaigns against their southern neighbours, the
1513:
1481:
2041:
2027:
1995:
1950:
1923:
1560:
1387:
2839:
2081:
1234:
2824:
1211:
901:
363:
Apana Ambolli f Celtica Supertam(arica)> obri: Apana daughter of Ambollus, a Supertamaric Celtic, from (the hill-fort known as) obri.
1218:
fought a difficult campaign to subdue the Gallaeci tribes of the more remote forested and mountainous parts of Gallaecia bordering the
2834:
2013:
1978:
1964:
1875:
1641:
1464:
360:
Nicer Clvtosi > Cavriaca principis Albionum: Nicer son of Clutosius, from (the hill-fort known as) Cauria, prince of the Albions.
2063:
1014:
1195:
forced upon them the recognition of Roman suzerainty after defeating the northern Gallaeci in a combined sea-and-land battle at
1166:, in which 50,000 Gallaicans were slain, 6,000 were taken prisoner and only a few managed to escape, before withdrawing south.
138:
they received additional influences, including from Southern Iberian and Celtiberian cultures, and from central-western Europe (
1576:
1137:
995:
1899:
197:
Due to the dispersed nature of their settlements, large towns were rare in pre-Roman Gallaecia although some medium-sized
1880:
André Pena Granha, "A CULTURA CASTREXA INEXISTENTE. CONSTITUIÇÃO POLÍTICA DAS GALAICAS TREBA". Cátedra, Pontedeume (2014)
2829:
2819:
1067:
985:
1222:, defeating them only after a series of severe battles, though no exact details are given. After conquering Gallaecia,
1007:
366:
Anceitvs Vacci f Limicvs > Talabric(a): Ancetos son of Vaccios, a Limic, from (the hill-fort known as) Talabriga.
1550:
1382:
326:
316:
688:, who described the Galician seashore and their dwellers around 40 AD, divided the coastal Gallaeci in non-Celtic
636:
1314:
991:
736:, in northern Portugal. When the Romans first conquered the Callaeci they ruled them as part of the province of
2050:, The Journal of Roman Studies (JRS), Vol. 66, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies (1976), pp. 45-66. –
1079:
1265:) as its provincial capital. Gallaecia during the Empire became a recruiting district of auxiliary troops (
1181:
784:
27:
641:
226:
68:
52:
369:
Bassvs Medami f Grovvs > Verio: Bassos son of Medamos, a Grovian, from (the hill-fort known as) Verio.
2352:
2347:
2120:
1594:
564:
559:
1524:
1489:
250:
1631:
1227:
214:
190:, being these latter more common in the Southern half of their traditional settlement and around the
96:
1155:
322:
2760:
2289:
1456:
1419:"PUEBLOS CELTAS Y NO CELTAS DE LA GALICIA ANTIGUA: FUENTES LITERARIAS FRENTE A FUENTES EPIGRÁFICAS"
1377:
1215:
928:
823:: Gallaecian God of War, similar to the Roman god, Mars. Great success among the Gallaeci of Braga.
798:
771:
372:
Ladronu Dovai Brarus Castell Durbede: Ladronos son of Dovaios, a Bracaran, from the castle Durbeds.
131:
104:
100:
84:
1058:
Protected by their mountainous country and its isolation, the Gallaican tribes did not fall under
2706:
1392:
973:
958:
953:
910:
242:
802:
143:
2795:
2586:
2167:
2108:
2037:
2023:
2009:
1991:
1987:
The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland
1974:
1960:
1946:
1919:
1895:
1871:
1637:
1556:
1460:
1321:
1189:
760:
420:
139:
2073:
1985:
352:), as in other parts of Europe. Each populus comprised a sizeable number of small hillforts (
2724:
2591:
2377:
1448:
1329:
1083:
1075:
1059:
92:
1868:
Historia de España 2 - colonizaciones y formación de los pueblos prerromanos (1200-218 a.C)
789:
2596:
1697:
1681:
1607:
1200:
1125:
1096:
258:
112:
108:
76:
1449:
319:- slightly larger than life size statues of warriors, assumed to be deified local heroes.
1136:, and in 138-136 BC they faced the first Roman incursion into their territory by consul
763:, Galicia, and the "Gal" root in "Portugal", among many other placenames in the region.
67:, the north-western corner of Iberia, a region roughly corresponding to what is now the
2787:
2559:
1841:
1793:
1219:
1204:
1133:
1035:
745:
721:
697:
693:
685:
167:
173:
2813:
1250:
1192:
1170:
1145:
1091:
1055:
mentions them among other fifteen nations allegedly conquered by this Roman emperor.
943:
300:
155:
147:
60:
1583:
2791:
2765:
2241:
1657:
1325:
1320:
The region remained one of the last redoubts of Celtic culture and language in the
1231:
963:
729:
295:
88:
2542:
1913:
170:", a hill-fort culture (usually, but not always) with round or elongated houses.
2637:
2571:
2284:
2197:
1825:
1121:
1063:
968:
879:
855:
724:
existed, in honour of the castro people that settled in the area of Calle — the
282:
230:
166:), and the archaeological culture they developed is known by archaeologists as "
151:
1128:. Regarded as hardy fighters, Gallaeci warriors fought for the Lusitani during
2659:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2397:
2392:
2294:
2182:
2162:
1185:
1044:
649:
442:
159:
19:
728:. The Romans established a port in the south of the region which they called
115:, a war which initiated the assimilation of the Gallaeci into Latin culture.
2755:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2603:
2576:
2532:
2452:
2259:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2177:
2157:
1372:
1129:
938:
871:
753:
737:
484:
480:
476:
191:
64:
1159:
1099:
gives a short description of these mercenaries and their military tactics:
1943:
The Roman Wars in Spain: The Military Confrontation with Guerrilla Warfare
2799:
2729:
2654:
2547:
2527:
2522:
2467:
2437:
2427:
2367:
2317:
2264:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2172:
2152:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2116:
1362:
1352:
1337:
1310:
1223:
1071:
1052:
948:
833:
526:
494:
471:
424:
410:
348:
278:
135:
80:
1892:
War and castros: new approaches to the north-western Portuguese Iron Age
1418:
1034:
The fact that the Gallaeci did not adopt writing until contact with the
2779:
2739:
2734:
2671:
2642:
2613:
2608:
2581:
2537:
2517:
2495:
2447:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2372:
2357:
2337:
2327:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2249:
2187:
1809:
1367:
1357:
1340:
1238:
1208:
1178:
1174:
884:
705:
704:
who dwelled all along the northern coast in between the latter and the
701:
665:
654:
569:
540:
536:
466:
453:
415:
399:
198:
2783:
2716:
2681:
2647:
2564:
2505:
2472:
2462:
2457:
2412:
2402:
2387:
2382:
2362:
2342:
2322:
1777:
1745:
1729:
1713:
1048:
819:
689:
601:
587:
579:
575:
554:
550:
531:
521:
517:
503:
499:
489:
461:
434:
430:
238:
1887:, Museu Arqueológico da Citãnia de Sanfins, Paços de Ferreira (1986)
859:, associated with the supreme God hierarchy, justice and also death.
2628:
2552:
2442:
2407:
2332:
2299:
2254:
2232:
1333:
1324:
well into the Roman imperial period, at least until the spread of
1262:
1184:
capturing the town of Cale in around 74 BC. Later in 61-60 BC the
1163:
863:
841:
806:
733:
717:
596:
592:
545:
448:
321:
294:
218:
172:
72:
26:
18:
2051:
692:
along the southern areas; the Celtic peoples who lived along the
1761:
1488:. 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula: 689–714. Archived from
1169:
It remains unclear if the Gallaeci participated actively in the
266:
2077:
2064:
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
887:), god of prophecy and healing, showing the faithful in dreams.
315:
Associated archaeologically with the hill forts are the famous
1912:
Francisco Javier González García (coord.) (1 February 2007).
2068:
1523:. 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula: 750. Archived from
382:
2794:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
1955:
Mário Varela Gomes & Armando Coelho Ferreira da Silva,
1906:
Aproximação à identidade etno-cultural dos Callaici Bracari
1199:, but it remained mostly nominal until the outbreak of the
759:
The names "Callaici" and "Calle" are the origin of today's
329:
are one of the most famous cultural outputs of the Gallaeci
2020:
Viriathus and the Lusitanian resistance to Rome 155-139 BC
837:: god of hot springs similar to the Gaulish god, Bormanus.
186:
citadels with more than 10 hectares sometimes denominated
2006:
Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica
1330:
Germanic invasions of the late 4th/early 5th centuries AD
1894:, BAR International Series, Archaeopress, Oxford (2003)
1226:
promptly used its territory – now part of his envisaged
1269:) for the Roman Army and Gallaican auxiliary cavalry (
130:
Archaeologically, the Gallaeci evolved from the local
107:. The region was annexed by the Romans in the time of
1237:– as a springboard to his rear offensive against the
1043:, "people of the Gallaeci") was found in 1981 in the
16:
Historical Celtic tribal complex in Northwest Iberia
2748:
2715:
2699:
2626:
2481:
2308:
2240:
2231:
2143:
2115:
35:, as can be read at the bottom of the stele itself.
2048:The Roman Military Occupation of North-West Spain
1658:"9.17. Title for image of people of the Callaeci"
700:regions in northern Galicia; and the also Celtic
346:, each one ruled by a local petty king or chief (
122:, derives directly from the name of this people.
716:The Romans named the entire region north of the
1101:
1973:, Fundación Marcelino Botín, Santander (1999)
1066:mercenary contingent led by a chieftain named
2798:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
2089:
1426:Xxii seminario de lenguas y epigrafía antigua
1140:, whose campaign reached as far as the river
1074:'s army during his march to Italy during the
1015:
8:
2802:occupied the territory until the Castilians.
2036:, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2013)
2022:, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2013)
1945:, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2015)
23:The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC.
1103:
2237:
2096:
2082:
2074:
1885:A Cultura Castreja no Noroeste de Portugal
1398:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
1309:) distinguished themselves during Emperor
1022:
1008:
895:
1890:Francisco Manuel Veleda Reimão Queiroga,
1633:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1480:Luján Martínez, Eugenio R. (3 May 2006).
1451:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
1295:Cohors III Callaecorum Bracaraugustanorum
201:have been identified, namely the obscure
788:
2008:, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992)
1512:Jordán Cólera, Carlos (16 March 2007).
1409:
909:
898:
1603:
1592:
1230:, whose organization was entrusted to
1959:, Universidade Aberta, Lisboa (1995)
1388:Galician Institute for Celtic Studies
181:, an oppidum from the 2nd century BC.
118:The endonym of modern-day Galicians,
7:
2034:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1235:Lucius Sestius Albanianus Quirinalis
740:but later created a new province of
1207:briefly mentions that the Augustan
1201:first Astur-Cantabrian War in 29 BC
269:) and the Atlantic trading port of
1883:Armando Coelho Ferreira da Silva,
1870:, Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
334:Political-territorial organization
134:culture (1300–700 BC). During the
14:
1915:Los pueblos de la Galicia céltica
1482:"The Language(s) of the Callaeci"
1984:Leonard A Curchin (5 May 2004).
1582:. Eixo Atlântico. Archived from
1051:, where a triumphal monument to
917:
1555:. Santiago de Compostela: USC.
1332:, when it was conquered by the
1315:conquest of Britain in AD 43-60
1307:Cohors I Asturum et Callaecorum
584:Egi / Egovarri / Varri Namarini
396:Aquaflavienses / Aquiflavienses
1552:Toponimia prelatina de Galicia
1299:Cohors V Callaecorum Lucensium
814:will highlight the following:
71:in northern Portugal, and the
1:
1291:Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum
1148:). After seizing the town of
1062:, though a combined Gallaeci-
63:tribal complex who inhabited
637:Brigantes (Gallaecian tribe)
299:Aerial view of Castromaior,
2840:Ancient peoples of Portugal
1990:. Routledge. pp. 37–.
1688:, III, 344-377; V, 219-233.
1447:Koch, John T., ed. (2006).
1287:Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum
105:Northwestern Hispano-Celtic
97:Northeastern Hispano-Celtic
2856:
2825:History of Galicia (Spain)
1957:Proto-História de Portugal
1846:Historiae Adversus Paganos
1798:Historiae Adversus Paganos
1782:Epitomae Historiae Romanae
1383:Gallaecian warrior statues
782:
317:Gallaecian warrior statues
56:
2790:were not occupied by the
2776:
2069:http://www.celtiberia.net
1636:. ABC-CLIO. p. 481.
1173:, although a fragment of
1080:battles of Lake Trasimene
749:
158:). The Gallaeci dwelt in
142:and, to a lesser extent,
2835:Ancient peoples of Spain
1904:José Manuel Coutinhas,
1620:Jordán Colera 2007: 750
1182:Marcus Perperna Veiento
1078:, participating in the
934:Gallaeci (Celtic tribe)
785:Ancient Celtic religion
327:Granite Warrior statues
2004:Luis Berrocal-Rangel,
1814:Excerptae de Historiis
1630:Koch, John T. (2006).
1602:Cite journal requires
1577:"Roteiro Arqueológico"
1257:), with the colony of
1177:records the sertorian
1134:campaigns in the south
1118:
1104:
1039:the Gallaeci (reading
810:
330:
304:
182:
87:before and during the
36:
24:
2353:Celtici Supertamarici
2348:Celtici Praestamarici
1971:Las Guerras Cántabras
1455:. ABC-CLIO. pp.
1417:Luján, E. R. (2006).
1303:Cohors VI Braecarorum
1228:Transduriana Province
1212:Gaius Antistius Vetus
1138:Decimus Junius Brutus
792:
565:Celtici Supertamarici
560:Celtici Praestamarici
325:
298:
179:Castro de Santa Tegra
176:
33:Celtici Supertamarici
30:
22:
1549:Búa, Carlos (2018).
1283:Cohors III Lucensium
659:Naebisoci / Aebisoci
227:Castro de Alvarelhos
177:Partial view of the
2830:History of Asturias
2820:Tribes of Gallaecia
1378:Gallaecian language
1279:Cohors II Lucensium
929:Prehistoric Galicia
767:Gallaecian language
132:Atlantic Bronze Age
2707:Germani (Oretania)
1918:. Ediciones AKAL.
1393:Prehistoric Iberia
974:Galicia at Present
954:Kingdom of Galicia
949:Brythonic Galicia
911:History of Galicia
811:
779:Gallaecian deities
712:Origin of the name
610:Other minor groups
331:
305:
243:Marco de Canaveses
183:
37:
25:
2807:
2806:
2700:Germanic peoples?
2622:
2621:
2109:Iberian Peninsula
2105:Pre-Roman peoples
2042:978-1-84884-787-3
2032:Philip Matyszak,
2028:978-1-78159-128-4
1997:978-1-134-45112-8
1951:978-1-47382-781-3
1925:978-84-460-3621-0
1862:Ángel Montenegro
1562:978-84-17595-07-4
1322:Iberian Peninsula
1190:Hispania Ulterior
1089:On his epic poem
1060:Carthaginian rule
1032:
1031:
682:
681:
273:(also designated
93:Q-Celtic language
2847:
2687:Turdetani Proper
2238:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2046:R. F. J. Jones,
2001:
1929:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1823:
1817:
1807:
1801:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1759:
1753:
1743:
1737:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1518:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1492:on 10 April 2018
1477:
1471:
1470:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1273:) and infantry (
1114:sonorous shields
1108:
1076:Second Punic War
1047:of Aphrodisias,
1024:
1017:
1010:
921:
896:
751:
383:
162:(locally called
146:), and from the
58:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2772:
2749:Semitic peoples
2744:
2711:
2695:
2618:
2483:
2477:
2304:
2227:
2139:
2111:
2102:
2060:
2055:
1998:
1983:
1937:
1935:Further reading
1932:
1926:
1911:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1836:
1832:, 27: 52-53, 4.
1830:Romaïké istoría
1824:
1820:
1808:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1772:
1760:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1728:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1704:, III, 344-347.
1698:Silius Italicus
1696:
1692:
1682:Silius Italicus
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1530:on 24 June 2011
1527:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1349:
1259:Bracara Augusta
1247:
1126:Turduli Veteres
1110:
1097:Silius Italicus
1028:
959:Compostelan Era
939:Roman Gallaecia
905:
894:
803:Idol's Fountain
787:
781:
769:
714:
683:
379:
377:Gallaeci tribes
336:
215:Castelo de Gaia
205:(also known as
144:La Tène culture
128:
113:Cantabrian Wars
109:Caesar Augustus
91:. They spoke a
17:
12:
11:
5:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2788:Canary Islands
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2058:External links
2056:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2030:
2016:
2002:
1996:
1981:
1967:
1953:
1941:Daniel Varga,
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1909:
1908:, Porto (2006)
1902:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1842:Paulus Orosius
1834:
1818:
1802:
1794:Paulus Orosius
1786:
1770:
1754:
1738:
1722:
1706:
1690:
1674:
1649:
1642:
1622:
1613:
1604:|journal=
1589:on 2006-02-15.
1568:
1561:
1541:
1503:
1472:
1465:
1438:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1246:
1243:
1232:suffect consul
1220:Atlantic Ocean
1205:Paulus Orosius
1171:Sertorian Wars
1156:Lamas do Vouga
1144:(possibly the
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
989:
979:
978:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
923:
922:
914:
913:
907:
906:
899:
893:
890:
889:
888:
876:
868:
860:
852:
846:
838:
830:
824:
795:Fonte do Ídolo
780:
777:
768:
765:
722:Castro culture
713:
710:
698:Costa da Morte
686:Pomponius Mela
680:
679:
675:
674:
673:Tongobrigenses
671:
668:
663:
660:
657:
652:
647:
644:
639:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
606:
605:
604:
599:
590:
585:
582:
573:
567:
562:
557:
548:
543:
534:
529:
524:
508:
507:
506:
497:
492:
487:
474:
469:
464:
459:
456:
451:
446:
440:
437:
428:
418:
413:
408:
405:
402:
397:
394:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
335:
332:
168:Castro culture
127:
124:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2852:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:Carthaginians
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:Eastern Celts
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Mirobrigenses
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:Proto-Basques
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2014:84-7491-447-7
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1979:84-87678-81-5
1976:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:972-674-087-8
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:84-249-1386-8
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1643:9781851094400
1639:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1596:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1514:"Celtiberian"
1507:
1504:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1466:1-85109-440-7
1462:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Gaius Firmius
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:Julius Caesar
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:Minho or Miño
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Ἔθνο Καλλαϊκῶ
1037:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
990:
988:
987:
983:
982:
981:
980:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:Suebi Kingdom
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
924:
920:
916:
915:
912:
908:
903:
897:
891:
886:
882:
881:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
865:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
816:
815:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
786:
778:
776:
773:
766:
764:
762:
757:
755:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
678:
672:
669:
667:
664:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
612:
611:
607:
603:
600:
598:
594:
591:
589:
586:
583:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
482:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:/ Interamnici
444:
441:
438:
436:
432:
429:
426:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
406:
403:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
390:
389:
385:
384:
376:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
358:
357:
355:
351:
350:
345:
341:
333:
328:
324:
320:
318:
313:
309:
302:
297:
293:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
180:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:Carthaginians
153:
149:
148:Mediterranean
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
123:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
54:
53:Ancient Greek
50:
46:
42:
34:
29:
21:
2482:Other Celtic
2309:
2242:Celtiberians
2047:
2033:
2019:
2018:Luis Silva,
2005:
1986:
1970:
1956:
1942:
1914:
1905:
1891:
1884:
1867:
1863:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1784:, I, 33, 12.
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1720:, III, 3, 2.
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
1652:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1595:cite journal
1584:the original
1571:
1551:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1520:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:the original
1485:
1475:
1450:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1412:
1326:Christianity
1319:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:Romanization
1196:
1168:
1164:Durius river
1149:
1141:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1090:
1088:
1057:
1040:
1033:
984:
964:Rexurdimento
933:
878:
870:
862:
854:
848:
840:
832:
826:
818:
812:
794:
770:
758:
741:
730:Portus Calle
725:
720:, where the
715:
684:
676:
609:
608:
511:
510:
393:Abobrigenses
387:
386:
353:
347:
343:
339:
337:
314:
310:
306:
289:
287:
274:
270:
262:
254:
246:
234:
222:
210:
206:
203:Portus Calle
202:
196:
187:
184:
178:
163:
129:
119:
117:
89:Roman period
83:and western
69:Norte Region
48:
44:
40:
38:
32:
2756:Phoenicians
2638:Lusitanians
2572:Oestriminis
2285:Pellendones
2198:Ilercavones
1848:, 6: 21, 2.
1826:Cassius Dio
1718:Geographica
1667:14 February
1534:21 December
1496:21 December
969:Galicianism
880:Endovelicus
694:Rías Baixas
388:Bracarenses
231:Santo Tirso
152:Phoenicians
126:Archaeology
111:during the
95:related to
75:regions of
2814:Categories
2796:Portuguese
2660:Bletonesii
2511:Suessetani
2501:Autrigones
2491:Allotriges
2398:Lapatianci
2393:Interamici
2295:Turboletae
2183:Contestani
2168:Castellani
2163:Bergistani
1900:1841715638
1856:References
1800:, 5: 5, 4.
1343:' allies.
1336:and their
1197:Brigantium
1186:Propraetor
1045:Sebasteion
834:Bormanicus
799:Portuguese
783:See also:
772:Gallaecian
732:, today's
650:Lapatianci
624:Aunonenses
618:Amphilochi
537:Arrotrebae
485:Querquerni
481:Quarquerni
443:Interamici
301:Portomarín
271:Brigantium
235:Tongobriga
160:hill forts
101:Gallaecian
79:, western
2677:Turdetani
2667:Tartessos
2604:Turmodigi
2577:Plentauri
2533:Carpetani
2453:Quaquerni
2260:Cratistii
2208:Indigetes
2203:Ilergetes
2193:Indigetes
2178:Cessetani
2158:Bastetani
1766:Periochae
1373:Gallaecia
1277:) units (
1275:peditatae
1271:equitatae
1255:Kallaikia
1154:(Marnel,
1151:Talabriga
1130:Viriathus
1068:Viriathus
872:Coventina
827:Berobreus
754:Gallaecia
750:Καλλαικία
742:Callaecia
738:Lusitania
630:Barhantes
627:Banienses
572:/ Cabarci
477:Quaquerni
423:Proper /
354:castellum
277:; either
255:Tyde/Tude
247:Brigantia
192:Ave river
140:Hallstatt
99:, called
65:Gallaecia
59:) were a
57:Καλλαϊκοί
2800:Guanches
2730:Aeolians
2725:Achaeans
2682:Mastieni
2655:Vettones
2631:peoples?
2592:Oppidani
2528:Caristii
2523:Cantabri
2468:Tamagani
2438:Nemetati
2428:Namarini
2378:Gallaeci
2368:Coelerni
2318:Albiones
2310:Gallaeci
2265:Lobetani
2223:Sedetani
2218:Laietani
2213:Lacetani
2173:Ceretani
2153:Ausetani
2145:Iberians
2135:Vascones
2130:Iacetani
2117:Aquitani
1816:, 3, 30.
1752:, 71-73.
1521:E-keltoi
1486:E-keltoi
1363:Cantabri
1353:Albiones
1347:See also
1338:Hasdingi
1328:and the
1311:Claudius
1224:Augustus
1124:and the
1122:Lusitani
1072:Hannibal
1064:Lusitani
1053:Augustus
996:Consorts
992:Monarchs
986:Timeline
902:a series
900:Part of
726:Callaeci
615:Aebocosi
527:Albiones
512:Lucenses
495:Tamagani
472:Nemetati
425:Callaeci
421:Gallaeci
411:Coelerni
407:Caladuni
349:princeps
283:A Coruña
279:Betanzos
275:Carunium
251:Bragança
223:Avobriga
136:Iron Age
81:Asturias
49:Callaici
45:Callaeci
41:Gallaeci
2780:Madeira
2740:Ionians
2735:Dorians
2672:Cynetes
2643:Paesuri
2614:Varduli
2609:Vaccaei
2597:Veteres
2587:Bardili
2582:Turduli
2538:Celtici
2518:Berones
2496:Astures
2484:peoples
2448:Poemani
2433:Narbasi
2423:Luanqui
2418:Louguei
2373:Equaesi
2358:Cibarci
2338:Bracari
2328:Artabri
2280:Oretani
2275:Olcades
2270:Lusones
2250:Arevaci
2188:Edetani
2107:of the
1864:et alii
1810:Sallust
1750:Iberiké
1734:Iberiké
1431:16 July
1368:Celtici
1358:Astures
1341:Vandals
1267:auxilia
1239:Astures
1209:legates
1175:Sallust
892:History
885:Belenus
706:Astures
702:Artabri
670:Segodii
666:Poemani
662:Namarii
655:Louguei
646:Iadones
633:Brassii
621:Artodii
570:Cibarci
541:Artabri
504:Turodes
467:Narbasi
458:Lubaeni
454:Luanqui
439:Helleni
416:Equaesi
400:Bracari
344:civitas
340:populus
290:Castrum
217:, near
164:castros
120:galegos
77:Galicia
73:Spanish
2792:Romans
2786:, and
2784:Azores
2766:Punics
2717:Greeks
2648:Tapoli
2629:Celtic
2565:Volcae
2506:Belgae
2473:Turodi
2463:Seurri
2458:Seurbi
2413:Limici
2403:Lemavi
2388:Iadovi
2383:Grovii
2363:Cileni
2343:Capori
2323:Arroni
2040:
2026:
2012:
1994:
1977:
1963:
1949:
1922:
1898:
1874:
1778:Florus
1746:Appian
1730:Appian
1714:Strabo
1702:Punica
1686:Punica
1640:
1559:
1463:
1179:legate
1160:Águeda
1092:Punica
1084:Cannae
1049:Turkey
1036:Romans
904:on the
849:Cossus
820:Bandua
805:), in
690:Grovii
677:
602:Seurri
588:Lemavi
580:Celeni
576:Cileni
555:Copori
551:Capori
532:Arroni
522:Iadovi
500:Turodi
490:Seurbi
462:Limici
431:Grovii
427:Proper
404:Bibali
303:, 1950
239:Freixo
199:oppida
188:oppida
61:Celtic
43:(also
2627:Para-
2553:Sefes
2443:Nerii
2408:Leuni
2333:Baedi
2300:Uraci
2290:Titii
2255:Belli
2233:Celts
1736:, 70.
1587:(PDF)
1580:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
1517:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1404:Notes
1334:Suevi
1263:Braga
1251:Greek
1142:Nimis
864:Lugus
842:Nabia
807:Braga
752:) or
746:Greek
734:Porto
718:Douro
593:Nerii
546:Baedi
518:Adovi
449:Leuni
435:Grovi
263:Lugus
219:Porto
207:Cales
2778:The
2548:Ophi
2038:ISBN
2024:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1762:Livy
1669:2021
1662:IAph
1638:ISBN
1608:help
1557:ISBN
1536:2010
1498:2010
1461:ISBN
1433:2021
1317:.
1241:.
1214:and
1086:.
1082:and
856:Reue
801:for
793:The
761:Gaia
696:and
642:Cuci
597:Neri
285:).
267:Lugo
253:?),
233:?),
211:Cale
154:and
85:León
39:The
1768:55.
1457:790
1188:of
381:us
342:or
281:or
261:),
259:Tui
245:),
221:),
209:or
194:.
103:or
47:or
2816::
2782:,
1866:,
1844:,
1828:,
1812:,
1796:,
1780:,
1764:,
1748:,
1732:,
1716:,
1700:,
1684:,
1660:.
1599::
1597:}}
1593:{{
1519:.
1484:.
1459:.
1424:.
1313:'
1305:,
1301:,
1297:,
1293:,
1289:,
1285:,
1281:,
1253::
1203:.
1158:–
1132:'
1095:,
994:/
756:.
748::
708:.
595:/
578:/
553:/
539:/
520:/
502:/
483:/
479:/
433:/
241:–
229:–
213:;
55::
51:;
2123:)
2119:(
2097:e
2090:t
2083:v
2000:.
1928:.
1671:.
1646:.
1610:)
1606:(
1565:.
1538:.
1500:.
1469:.
1435:.
1261:(
1116:.
1023:e
1016:t
1009:v
883:(
809:.
797:(
744:(
265:(
257:(
249:(
237:(
225:(
150:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
