1151:
525:
628:
413:
74:
866:
86:
840:) increases subsequent cancer risk. For instance, a systematic review and meta analysis of eighteen studies concluded that cholecystecomy has a harmful effect on the risk of right-sided colon cancer. Another recent study reported a significantly increased total cancer risk, including increased risk of several different types of cancer, after cholecystectomy.
1468:
1046:. The risk of biliary injury is more during laparoscopic cholecystectomy than during open cholecystectomy. Biliary injury may lead to several complications and may even cause death if not diagnosed in time and managed properly. Ideally biliary injury should be managed at a center with facilities and expertise in
602:
During the fourth week of embryological development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the
543:
The location of the gallbladder in relation to the liver may also vary, with documented variants including gallbladders found within, above, on the left side of, behind, and detached or suspended from the liver. Such variants are very rare: from 1886 to 1998, only 110 cases of left-lying liver, or
535:
The gallbladder varies in size, shape, and position among different people. Rarely, two or even three gallbladders may coexist, either as separate bladders draining into the cystic duct, or sharing a common branch that drains into the cystic duct. Additionally, the gallbladder may fail to form at
1383:
The debate whether surgical removal of the gallbladder or simply gallstones was preferred was settled in the 1920s, with the consensus that removal of the gallbladder was preferred. It was only in the mid and late parts of the twentieth century that medical imaging techniques such as use of
1334:
may have been associated with an acute episode of cholecystitis. The existence of the gallbladder has been noted since the 5th century, but it is only relatively recently that the function and the diseases of the gallbladder has been documented, particularly in the last two centuries.
820:
The bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is secreted by the gallbladder. During gallbladder storage of bile, it is concentrated 3–10 fold by removal of some water and electrolytes. This is through the
1255:
have gallbladders, but the form and arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably. In many species, for example, there are several separate ducts running to the intestine, rather than the single common bile duct found in humans. Several species of
334:. In adults, the gallbladder measures approximately 7 to 10 centimetres (2.8 to 3.9 inches) in length and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in diameter when fully distended. The gallbladder has a capacity of about 50 millilitres (1.8 imperial fluid ounces).
1342:, perhaps because of the low incidence of gallstones in earlier times owing to a diet with more cereals and vegetables and less meat. Anthonius Benevinius in 1506 was the first to draw a connection between symptoms and the presence of gallstones.
489:, with fibres that lie in longitudinal, oblique and transverse directions, and are not arranged in separate layers. The muscle fibres here contract to expel bile from the gallbladder. A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of
920:. When a symptomatic gallstone occurs, it is often managed by waiting for it to be passed naturally. Given the likelihood of recurrent gallstones, surgery to remove the gallbladder is often considered. Some medication, such as
1866:
Naganuma, S.; Ishida, H.; Konno, K.; Hamashima, Y.; Hoshino, T.; Naganuma, H.; Komatsuda, T.; Ohyama, Y.; Yamada, N.; Ishida, J.; Masamune, O. (March 6, 2014). "Sonographic findings of anomalous position of the gallbladder".
1133:
are mostly benign growths or lesions resembling growths that form in the gallbladder wall, and are only associated with cancer when they are larger in size (>1 cm). Cholesterol polyps, often associated with
954:. There is also the risk of bacterial infection. An inflamed gallbladder is likely to cause sharp and localised pain, fever, and tenderness in the upper, right corner of the abdomen, and may have a positive
396:
Lymphatic drainage of the gallbladder follows the cystic node, which is located between the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. Lymphatics from the lower part of the organ drain into lower
2081:
Meyer, G.; Guizzardi, F.; Rodighiero, S.; Manfredi, R.; Saino, S.; Sironi, C.; Garavaglia, M. L.; Bazzini, C.; Bottà, G. (June 2005). "Ion transport across the gallbladder epithelium".
1739:
Leeuw, Th.G.; Verbeek, P.C.M.; Rauws, E.A.J.; Gouma, D.J. (September 1995). "A double or bilobar gallbladder as a cause of severe complications after (laparoscopic) cholecystectomy".
2950:
583:, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sections of this
1783:
310:
breakdown. These may cause significant pain, particularly in the upper-right corner of the abdomen, and are often treated with removal of the gallbladder (called a
1228:
774:) into the gallbladder, where it is stored. At any one time, 30 to 60 millilitres (1.0 to 2.0 US fl oz) of bile is stored within the gallbladder.
2221:
223:
2622:
1091:
Cancer of the gallbladder is uncommon and mostly occurs in later life. When cancer occurs, it is mostly of the glands lining the surface of the gallbladder (
1224:
1360:
The first surgical removal of a gallstone (cholecystolithotomy) was in 1676 by physician
Joenisius, who removed the stones from a spontaneously occurring
1400:
of
Germany in 1985, although French surgeons Phillipe Mouret and Francois Dubois are often credited for their operations in 1987 and 1988 respectively.
389:. At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct, there is an out-pouching of the gallbladder wall forming a mucosal fold known as "
1425:
element of wood, in excess its emotion is belligerence and in deficiency cowardice and judgement, in the
Chinese language it is related to a myriad of
275:, although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives bile, produced by the liver, via the
1506:
318:, inflammation of the gallbladder, has a wide range of causes, including result from the impaction of gallstones, infection, and autoimmune disease.
2943:
2488:
1188:
may reveal if there is inflammation linked to the biliary tree or gallbladder, and whether this is associated with inflammation of the liver, and a
1380:
for drainage of gallstones. Langenbuch reasoned that given several other species of mammal have no gallbladder, humans could survive without one.
2653:
1129:
Cancer of the gallbladder may also be found incidentally after surgical removal of the gallbladder, with 1–3% of cancers identified in this way.
2906:
2840:
2774:
2742:
2708:
2554:
2404:
2288:
2118:"The association between cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies"
2018:
1988:
1963:
1723:
1690:
1590:
1126:
investigations of choice. Cancer of the gallbladder is managed by removing the gallbladder, however, as of 2010, the prognosis remains poor.
199:
1326:
Diseases of the gallbladder are known to have existed in humans since antiquity, with gallstones found in the mummy of
Princess Amenen of
2936:
950:. Blocked bile accumulates, and pressure on the gallbladder wall may lead to the release of substances that cause inflammation, such as
793:
of the duodenum and jejunum. In response to cholecystokinin, the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the
1135:
762:, also called gall, needed for the digestion of fats in food. Produced by the liver, bile flows through small vessels into the larger
996:
one. In the surgery, the gallbladder is removed from the neck to the fundus, and so bile will drain directly from the liver into the
3073:
1004:
following the procedure, although severe complications are much rarer. About 10 percent of surgeries lead to a chronic condition of
427:
The gallbladder wall is composed of a number of layers. The innermost surface of the gallbladder wall is lined by a single layer of
1223:
is another form of imaging that may be used to examine the gallbladder and surrounding organs. Other imaging options include MRCP (
1456:
organ, as it holds bile. The gallbladder not only has a digestive role, but is seen as the seat of decision-making and judgement.
1803:
1150:
1376:
performed the first cholecystectomy in 1882 for a sufferer of cholelithiasis. Before this, surgery had focused on creating a
984:
is a procedure in which the gallbladder is removed. It may be removed because of recurrent gallstones and is considered an
218:
3223:
2392:
1412:
1296:
1066:
1005:
38:
1422:
504:
The outer layer of the fundus of gallbladder, and the surfaces not in contact with the liver, are covered by a thick
1095:). Gallstones are thought to be linked to the formation of cancer. Other risk factors include large (>1 cm)
607:. By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side, the
377:. The gallbladder fossa, against which the fundus and body of the gallbladder lie, is found beneath the junction of
3018:
2630:
1516:
1408:
To have "gall" is associated with bold, belligerent behaviour, whereas to have "bile" is associated with sourness.
946:, inflammation of the gallbladder is commonly caused by obstruction of the duct with gallstones, which is known as
524:
467:
3302:
3297:
3239:
2859:
Yu, Ning (January 1, 2003). "Metaphor, Body, and
Culture: The Chinese Understanding of Gallbladder and Courage".
1481:
1154:
1115:
720:
528:
2345:
3259:
2169:"Increased Risk of Cancer after Cholecystectomy: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea including 123,295 Patients"
1343:
182:
888:. Most gallstones do not cause symptoms, with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the
3292:
3117:
3102:
2996:
966:. Additionally the gallbladder may need to be removed surgically if inflammation has progressed far enough.
642:
1524:
1520:
1510:
3011:
2976:
2960:
2457:
778:
672:
552:
512:. The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics. The surfaces in contact with the liver are covered in
230:
206:
194:
2482:
3063:
3006:
1320:
1100:
1086:
390:
805:
fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption. Bile consists primarily of water and
2506:"Anatomy of the Murine Hepatobiliary System: A Whole-Organ-Level Analysis Using a Transparency Method"
540:
may also exist. These abnormalities are not likely to affect function and are generally asymptomatic.
3282:
3023:
1911:
1350:
1185:
1119:
921:
889:
612:
608:
548:
3134:
1715:
1331:
1111:
849:
682:
652:
580:
397:
382:
276:
2928:
1983:. Brown JL, Moore LA (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 1163, 1177, 1185–6.
3129:
2986:
2876:
2504:
Higashiyama, H; Sumitomo, H; Ozawa, A; Igarashi, H; Tsunekawa, N; Kurohmaru, M; Kanai, Y (2016).
2063:
1892:
1764:
893:
877:
686:
493:, deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer, and which indicate
452:
428:
401:
2444:
1180:
may reveal an increased white cell count suggestive of inflammation or infection. Tests such as
1065:. It happens when there is a bile leak, for example after surgery for removing the gallbladder (
2035:
1682:
3254:
3249:
3167:
3124:
2902:
2836:
2813:
2770:
2738:
2732:
2704:
2603:
2550:
2527:
2420:
2400:
2374:
2327:
2284:
2198:
2149:
2098:
2055:
2014:
1984:
1959:
1931:
1884:
1848:
1795:
1756:
1719:
1686:
1639:
1586:
1486:
1236:
1130:
1096:
627:
513:
2397:
Greenberger's CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment
Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Endoscopy
3287:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3162:
3157:
3112:
3107:
3045:
3033:
2868:
2803:
2764:
2698:
2593:
2583:
2517:
2366:
2317:
2188:
2180:
2139:
2129:
2090:
2047:
1923:
1876:
1838:
1830:
1748:
1707:
1674:
1629:
1619:
1449:
1369:
1177:
1074:
1062:
985:
955:
826:
822:
794:
667:
662:
412:
386:
378:
280:
2734:
Blumgart's
Surgery of the Liver, Pancreas and Biliary Tract E-Book: Expert Consult - Online
1303:
are kept alive in captivity while their bile is extracted, in an industry characterized by
3234:
2492:
1473:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1240:
1232:
1216:
1212:
1173:
1123:
1035:
981:
975:
909:
837:
786:
732:
725:
494:
459:
439:, very similar to intestinal absorptive cells. Underneath the epithelium is an underlying
327:
311:
268:
260:
1782:
Segura-Sampedro, JJ; Navarro-Sánchez, A; Ashrafian, H; Martínez-Isla, A (February 2015).
1708:
2144:
2117:
571:
outpouching of the embryonic gut tube. Early in development, the human embryo has three
3177:
3028:
3001:
2808:
2791:
2598:
2571:
2322:
2305:
2193:
2168:
1843:
1818:
1634:
1607:
1365:
1304:
1158:
1092:
1017:
947:
928:, a non-invasive mechanical procedure used to break down the stones, may also be used.
897:
833:
825:
of sodium and chloride ions across the epithelium of the gallbladder, which creates an
498:
475:
444:
440:
358:
154:
2051:
1954:
Schoenwolf, Gary C.; et al. (2009). "Development of the
Gastrointestinal Tract".
3276:
3085:
3050:
2991:
2880:
1675:
1397:
1327:
963:
959:
951:
943:
937:
901:
647:
486:
315:
130:
2067:
2036:"Biliary Sludge Is Formed by Modification of Hepatic Bile by the Gallbladder Mucosa"
1896:
1106:
Cancer of the gallbladder can cause attacks of biliary pain, yellowing of the skin (
3068:
3040:
2981:
1768:
1453:
1289:
1197:
1070:
1043:
1039:
997:
993:
989:
913:
771:
763:
556:
432:
374:
113:
73:
2222:"Cholelithiasis - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition"
865:
587:
begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the
420:
17:
187:
3152:
1393:
1339:
1169:
1139:
1001:
925:
881:
767:
657:
370:
338:
299:
158:
142:
1834:
1110:), and weight loss. A large gallbladder may be able to be felt in the abdomen.
555:, which is an innocuous fold in the fundus, named after its resemblance to the
85:
3058:
2872:
2833:
Chinese
Medicine Psychology: A Clinical Guide to Mental and Emotional Wellness
2370:
2283:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 977–984.
1927:
1463:
1417:
1281:
1252:
1208:
1031:
1027:
917:
860:
814:
572:
509:
471:
463:
436:
416:
307:
248:
101:
2922:
2094:
1368:, although such an operation was in fact described earlier by French surgeon
1215:
test performed when gallbladder disease such as gallstones are suspected. An
211:
3094:
1624:
1347:
1300:
1181:
1162:
1051:
1047:
885:
873:
810:
806:
782:
700:
634:
596:
588:
451:. Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract, the gallbladder does not have a
303:
295:
118:
2817:
2607:
2588:
2531:
2378:
2331:
2202:
2153:
2102:
2059:
1852:
1799:
1643:
1441:) to describe a lone hero, or "they have a lot of gall to talk like that".
1935:
1888:
1880:
1760:
1138:("strawberry gallbladder", a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess
3193:
2134:
1354:
1107:
958:. Cholecystitis is often managed with rest and antibiotics, particularly
905:
802:
798:
740:
712:
604:
576:
568:
284:
1564:
1562:
1752:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1389:
1377:
1316:
1285:
1220:
1201:
1193:
745:
705:
592:
584:
106:
2184:
1784:"Laparoscopic approach to the intrahepatic gallbladder. A case report"
1435:) to describe a forward person, and "single, alone gallbladder hero" (
1200:. Bilirubin may rise when there is obstruction of the flow of bile. A
2901:. Brown JL, Moore LA (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone.
2522:
2505:
1445:
1273:
1257:
1189:
1021:
790:
750:
695:
537:
505:
448:
337:
The gallbladder is shaped like a pear, with its tip opening into the
125:
2393:"Endoscopic management of acute biliary & pancreatic conditions"
2279:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
1142:), often cause no symptoms and are thus often detected in this way.
236:
2167:
Choi YJ, Jin EH, Lim JH, Shin CM, Kim N, Han K, Lee DH (May 2022).
1515:. Essentials of Human Physiology. Augusta, Georgia, United States:
758:
The main functions of the gallbladder are to store and concentrate
478:. The mucosa is curved and collected into tiny outpouchings called
2968:
2570:
Hagey, L. R.; Vidal, N.; Hofmann, A. F.; Krasowski, M. D. (2010).
1426:
1353:, stated that in an enlarged, nontender gallbladder, the cause of
1346:, after examining a number of cases in 1890 that gave rise to the
1261:
1149:
1069:), with an incidence of 0.3–2%. Other causes are biliary surgery,
864:
690:
523:
411:
331:
272:
170:
149:
1026:
Biliary injury (bile duct injury) is the traumatic damage of the
2304:
Neri V; Ambrosi A; Fersini A; Tartaglia N; Valentino TP (2007).
1338:
The first descriptions of gallstones appear to have been in the
1323:
model from 200 BCE, with models associated with divine worship.
1277:
1265:
1058:
892:. When symptoms occur, severe "colicky" pain in the upper right
829:
that also causes water and other electrolytes to be reabsorbed.
759:
754:
The front border of the liver has been lifted up (brown arrow).
544:
less than one per year, were reported in scientific literature.
497:. The muscular layer is surrounded by a layer of connective and
470:
cells, with cells possessing small hair-like attachments called
264:
137:
2932:
2899:
Gray's
Anatomy : The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice
2654:"Is the end of 'house of horror' bear bile factories in sight?"
2357:
VK Kapoor (2007), "Bile duct injury repair: when? what? who?",
2083:
Current Drug Targets. Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
1981:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
836:
as indicated by observations that removal of the gallbladder (
832:
A function of the gallbladder appears to be protection against
455:, and the muscular fibres are not arranged in distinct layers.
2549:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 355.
2013:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 802–4.
1958:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
1819:"Aberrant gallbladder situated beneath the left lobe of liver"
1817:
Dhulkotia, A; Kumar, S; Kabra, V; Shukla, HS (March 1, 2002).
1269:
330:
that sits in a shallow depression below the right lobe of the
288:
1000:. About 30 percent of patients may experience some degree of
1315:
Depictions of the gallbladder and biliary tree are found in
485:
A muscular layer sits beneath the mucosa. This is formed by
365:
lies in a depression in the surface of the lower liver. The
1714:(6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
1429:, including using terms such as "a body completely gall" (
1243:
procedure used to assess the condition of the gallbladder.
462:, the inner portion of the gallbladder wall, consists of a
2395:. In Friedman, S.; Blumberg, R.S.; Saltzman, J.R. (eds.).
1681:(5th ed.). : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.
1204:
level may be taken to investigate for cholangiocarcinoma.
1168:
Tests used to investigate for gallbladder disease include
271:. In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the
267:
is stored and concentrated before it is released into the
1330:
dating to 1500 BCE. Some historians believe the death of
1583:
Imaging Atlas of the Normal Gallbladder and Its Variants
615:. Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the
298:, formed by material that cannot be dissolved – usually
1677:
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas
904:
may result. If the stone lodges in the biliary system,
42:
2697:
Eachempati, Soumitra R.; II, R. Lawrence Reed (2015).
2306:"Antegrade dissection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy"
474:. This sits on a thin layer of connective tissue, the
341:. The gallbladder is divided into three sections: the
619:, that will eventually develop into the gallbladder.
1910:
Meilstrup JW; Hopper KD; Thieme GA (December 1991).
1656:
Shakelford's Surgery of Alimentary Tract, ed.7. 2013
1364:. Stough Hobbs in 1867 performed the first recorded
3192:
3143:
3093:
3084:
2967:
2796:
Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
2545:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
2310:
Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
1042:, but can also be caused by other operations or by
279:, and stores it. The bile is then released via the
217:
205:
193:
181:
169:
164:
148:
136:
124:
112:
100:
95:
66:
2925: – Human Anatomy Online dd, MyHealthScore.com
2623:"Inside the Disturbing World of Bear-Bile Farming"
1568:
1295:The bile from several species of bears is used in
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2391:Dolan, R.D.; Storm, A.C.; Thompson, C.C. (2022).
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2004:
2002:
2000:
357:is the rounded base, angled so that it faces the
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2216:
2214:
2212:
1122:, with ultrasound and CT scans being considered
536:all. Gallbladders with two lobes separated by a
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2281:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1372:in the mid eighteenth century. German surgeon
2944:
2116:Mu L, Li W, Ren W, Hu D, Song Y (June 2023).
1949:
1947:
1945:
1436:
1430:
1392:were used to view the gallbladder. The first
8:
2359:Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
326:The human gallbladder is a hollow grey-blue
1788:Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas
1319:models found from 2000 BCE, and in ancient
1225:magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
381:IVB and V. The cystic duct unites with the
287:, where the bile helps in the digestion of
26:
3090:
2951:
2937:
2929:
2572:"Complex Evolution of Bile Salts in Birds"
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
916:may occur. Gallstones are diagnosed using
809:, and also acts as a means of eliminating
84:
72:
2854:
2852:
2807:
2737:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 511.
2597:
2587:
2521:
2321:
2192:
2143:
2133:
2009:Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2005).
1842:
1633:
1623:
1505:Ginsburg, Ph.D., J.N. (August 22, 2005).
2923:Diagram of Human Stomach and Gallbladder
2792:"The First Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy"
2040:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1114:may be elevated, particularly involving
1077:, and, rarely, spontaneous perforation.
626:
531:showing gallbladder and common bile duct
32:This is an accepted version of this page
2790:Reynolds, Walker (January–March 2001).
1497:
28:
2486:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg
2399:(4e ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
2346:Complications of a gallbladder removal
1507:"Control of Gastrointestinal Function"
234:
90:The gallbladder sits beneath the liver
63:
2897:Standring S, Borley NR, eds. (2008).
1979:Standring S, Borley NR, eds. (2008).
1608:"Anatomy relevant to cholecystectomy"
896:of the abdomen is often felt. If the
59:Organ in humans and other vertebrates
7:
2766:Gallstone Disease and its Management
1673:Young, Barbara; et al. (2006).
1585:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 4.
777:When food containing fat enters the
400:. All the lymph finally drains into
1509:. In Thomas M. Nosek, Ph.D. (ed.).
1231:and percutaneous or intraoperative
908:may occur; if the stone blocks the
744: 20.
739: 19.
724: 17.
719: 16.
294:The gallbladder can be affected by
671: 8.
666: 7.
661: 6.
656: 5.
651: 4.
646: 3.
641: 2.
447:, an outer perimuscular layer and
369:tapers and is continuous with the
57:
3074:Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
1912:"Imaging of gallbladder variants"
1612:Journal of Minimal Access Surgery
611:, which will go on to become the
567:The gallbladder develops from an
2961:liver, pancreas and biliary tree
1466:
2835:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
2652:Hance, Jeremy (April 9, 2015).
2226:MSD Manual Professional Edition
797:, eventually draining into the
2011:Textbook of medical physiology
1706:Ross, M.; Pawlina, W. (2011).
1437:
1431:
1357:is unlikely to be gallstones.
1099:and having a highly calcified
988:. A cholecystectomy may be an
419:of a normal gallbladder wall.
176:vesica biliaris, vesica fellea
1:
2731:Jarnagin, William R. (2012).
2052:10.1016/s1542-3565(05)00369-1
1452:it is an extraordinary Fu or
1396:cholecystectomy performed by
2621:Actman, Jani (May 5, 2016).
1297:traditional Chinese medicine
1196:may be elevated if there is
1067:laparoscopic cholecystectomy
1006:postcholecystectomy syndrome
898:stone blocks the gallbladder
648:Left and right hepatic ducts
579:. During the second week of
78:Diagram of human gallbladder
2703:. Springer. pp. 1–16.
1710:Histology: A Text and Atlas
1512:Gastrointestinal Physiology
1292:do not have a gallbladder.
869:3D still showing gallstones
817:metabolism, from the body.
766:and ultimately through the
3319:
3019:Fibrous capsule of Glisson
2769:. Springer. pp. 1–2.
1835:10.1080/136518202753598726
1517:Medical College of Georgia
1280:(such as pigeons and some
1084:
1015:
973:
935:
858:
847:
508:, which is exposed to the
491:Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses
2873:10.1207/S15327868MS1801_2
2371:10.1007/s00534-007-1220-y
1956:Larsen's human embryology
1928:10.2214/ajr.157.6.1950867
1581:Jon W. Meilstrup (1994).
1482:Enterohepatic circulation
1421:) is associated with the
1416:
1155:Abdominal ultrasonography
1030:. It is most commonly an
721:Accessory pancreatic duct
529:Abdominal ultrasonography
229:
83:
71:
2481:C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
2095:10.2174/1568008054064805
1344:Ludwig Georg Courvoisier
1057:Biloma is collection of
900:, inflammation known as
468:single layer of columnar
39:latest accepted revision
3103:Intrahepatic bile ducts
2763:Bateson, M. C. (2012).
1625:10.4103/0972-9941.16527
1606:Nagral, Sanjay (2005).
1101:"porcelain" gallbladder
643:Intrahepatic bile ducts
575:and abuts an embryonic
2589:10.1525/auk.2010.09155
2491:March 4, 2011, at the
2484:Guanaco: Lama guanicoe
2458:"HIDA scan - Overview"
2447:– cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk.
2445:Strawberry gallbladder
1276:), several species of
1165:
1038:— surgical removal of
962:and, in severe cases,
880:, usually with either
876:form when the bile is
870:
755:
749:21–22. Right and left
673:Major duodenal papilla
551:can occur, known as a
532:
424:
231:Anatomical terminology
3064:Hepatic stellate cell
2510:The Anatomical Record
1881:10.1007/s002619900287
1153:
1087:Gallbladder carcinoma
868:
844:Clinical significance
630:
527:
415:
3024:Perisinusoidal space
2421:"Gallbladder Polyps"
2135:10.21037/tcr-22-2049
2034:KO, CYNTHIA (2005).
1186:liver function tests
1112:Liver function tests
922:ursodeoxycholic acid
781:, it stimulates the
609:hepatic diverticulum
549:anatomical variation
259:, is a small hollow
255:, also known as the
3135:Common hepatic duct
2861:Metaphor and Symbol
2831:Lifang, Qu (2020).
2700:Acute Cholecystitis
2627:National Geographic
2547:The Vertebrate Body
1916:AJR Am J Roentgenol
1569:Gray's Anatomy 2008
1415:, the gallbladder (
1404:Society and culture
1332:Alexander the Great
1211:is often the first
970:Gallbladder removal
850:Gallbladder disease
653:Common hepatic duct
617:cystic diverticulum
398:hepatic lymph nodes
383:common hepatic duct
277:common hepatic duct
29:Page version status
3130:Right hepatic duct
2987:Ligamentum venosum
1753:10.1007/BF00188459
1741:Surgical Endoscopy
1571:, p. 1187-81.
1166:
1131:Gallbladder polyps
1097:gallbladder polyps
986:elective procedure
871:
756:
533:
453:muscularis mucosae
425:
402:celiac lymph nodes
35:
18:Gallbladder fundus
3270:
3269:
3255:Centroacinar cell
3250:Pancreatic islets
3188:
3187:
3168:Sphincter of Oddi
3125:Left hepatic duct
2908:978-0-8089-2371-8
2842:978-1-78775-276-4
2776:978-94-009-4173-1
2744:978-1-4557-4606-4
2710:978-3-319-14824-3
2556:978-0-03-910284-5
2406:978-1-260-47343-8
2290:978-0-7020-3085-7
2185:10.5009/gnl210009
2122:Transl Cancer Res
2020:978-0-7216-0240-0
1990:978-0-8089-2371-8
1965:978-0-443-06811-9
1869:Abdominal Imaging
1806:on March 4, 2016.
1725:978-0-7817-7200-6
1692:978-0-443-06850-8
1592:978-0-8493-4788-7
1487:Gallbladder flush
1351:Courvoisier's law
1237:cholescintigraphy
514:connective tissue
245:
244:
240:
47:15 September 2024
16:(Redirected from
3310:
3303:Digestive system
3298:Organs (anatomy)
3224:Uncinate process
3163:Ampulla of Vater
3158:Common bile duct
3113:Canals of Hering
3108:Bile canaliculus
3091:
3046:Lobules of liver
3034:Periportal space
2953:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2912:
2885:
2884:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2760:
2749:
2748:
2728:
2715:
2714:
2694:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2629:. Archived from
2618:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2523:10.1002/ar.23287
2501:
2495:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2276:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2128:(6): 1452–1465.
2113:
2107:
2106:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1802:. Archived from
1779:
1773:
1772:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1680:
1670:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1527:on April 1, 2008
1523:. Archived from
1502:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1450:Chinese medicine
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1420:
1413:Chinese medicine
1370:Jean Louis Petit
1178:full blood count
1075:abdominal trauma
1063:abdominal cavity
1034:complication of
992:procedure, or a
827:osmotic pressure
823:active transport
795:common bile duct
668:Ampulla of Vater
663:Common bile duct
387:common bile duct
379:hepatic segments
281:common bile duct
237:edit on Wikidata
119:Digestive system
88:
76:
64:
21:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3184:
3139:
3080:
2963:
2959:Anatomy of the
2957:
2919:
2909:
2896:
2888:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2745:
2730:
2729:
2718:
2711:
2696:
2695:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2493:Wayback Machine
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2210:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1991:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1747:(9): 998–1000.
1738:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1474:Medicine portal
1472:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1406:
1386:contrast medium
1374:Carl Langenbuch
1362:biliary fistula
1313:
1249:
1241:nuclear imaging
1233:cholangiography
1217:abdominal X-ray
1213:medical imaging
1174:medical imaging
1148:
1136:cholesterolosis
1124:medical imaging
1089:
1083:
1036:cholecystectomy
1024:
1016:Main articles:
1014:
982:cholecystectomy
978:
976:Cholecystectomy
972:
940:
934:
924:, may be used;
910:pancreatic duct
863:
857:
852:
846:
838:cholecystectomy
813:, a product of
787:cholecystokinin
779:digestive tract
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:Small intestine
728:
726:Pancreatic duct
723:
718:
708:
703:
698:
693:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
625:
565:
522:
495:adenomyomatosis
410:
324:
312:cholecystectomy
306:, a product of
269:small intestine
241:
91:
79:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Animal anatomy
3290:
3285:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3178:Cholecystocyte
3172:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3029:Liver sinusoid
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3002:Lobes of liver
2999:
2997:Round ligament
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2917:External links
2915:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2848:
2841:
2823:
2782:
2775:
2750:
2743:
2716:
2709:
2670:
2644:
2633:on May 5, 2016
2613:
2582:(4): 820–831.
2562:
2555:
2537:
2516:(2): 161–172.
2496:
2474:
2449:
2437:
2412:
2405:
2383:
2365:(5): 476–479,
2349:
2337:
2296:
2289:
2238:
2208:
2179:(3): 465–473.
2159:
2108:
2089:(2): 143–151.
2073:
2026:
2019:
1996:
1989:
1971:
1964:
1941:
1902:
1858:
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1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1461:
1458:
1405:
1402:
1366:cholecystotomy
1312:
1309:
1305:animal cruelty
1248:
1245:
1159:biliary sludge
1147:
1144:
1093:adenocarcinoma
1085:Main article:
1082:
1079:
1018:Biliary injury
1013:
1010:
974:Main article:
971:
968:
960:cephalosporins
948:cholelithiasis
936:Main article:
933:
930:
890:biliary system
859:Main article:
856:
853:
848:Main article:
845:
842:
834:carcinogenesis
770:(parts of the
624:
621:
564:
561:
521:
518:
476:lamina propria
445:muscular layer
441:lamina propria
429:columnar cells
409:
406:
385:to become the
373:, part of the
359:abdominal wall
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3281:
3280:
3278:
3261:
3260:Stellate cell
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:Microanatomy
3245:
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3086:Biliary tract
3083:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:Microanatomy
3054:
3052:
3051:Liver segment
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Porta hepatis
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2954:
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2844:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2648:
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2632:
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2617:
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2609:
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2595:
2590:
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2577:
2573:
2566:
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2558:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2463:
2459:
2453:
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2446:
2441:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2402:
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2387:
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2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
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2100:
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2092:
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2027:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:(6): 1205–8.
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
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1854:
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1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1702:
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1290:invertebrates
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1247:Other animals
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1054:and surgery.
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1007:
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983:
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967:
965:
964:metronidazole
961:
957:
956:Murphy's sign
953:
952:phospholipase
949:
945:
944:cholecystitis
939:
938:Cholecystitis
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
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902:cholecystitis
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764:hepatic ducts
761:
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581:embryogenesis
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131:Cystic artery
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62:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3144:
3118:Interlobular
3069:Kupffer cell
3041:Portal triad
2982:Cantlie line
2898:
2867:(1): 13–31.
2864:
2860:
2832:
2826:
2802:(1): 89–94.
2799:
2795:
2785:
2765:
2733:
2699:
2661:. Retrieved
2658:The Guardian
2657:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2631:the original
2626:
2616:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2546:
2540:
2513:
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2499:
2483:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:
2452:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2396:
2386:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2340:
2316:(2): 225–8.
2313:
2309:
2299:
2280:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2046:(7): 672–8.
2043:
2039:
2029:
2010:
1980:
1974:
1955:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1875:(1): 67–72.
1872:
1868:
1861:
1829:(1): 39–42.
1826:
1822:
1812:
1804:the original
1794:(2): 122–3.
1791:
1787:
1777:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1709:
1701:
1676:
1652:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1582:
1576:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1511:
1500:
1443:
1410:
1407:
1394:laparoscopic
1382:
1359:
1337:
1325:
1314:
1294:
1250:
1206:
1198:pancreatitis
1167:
1128:
1105:
1090:
1071:liver biopsy
1056:
1044:major trauma
1040:gall bladder
1025:
1012:Complication
998:biliary tree
994:laparoscopic
979:
941:
932:Inflammation
914:pancreatitis
872:
831:
819:
776:
772:biliary tree
757:
731:
730:
711:
710:
677:
633:
632:
616:
613:biliary tree
601:
566:
557:Phrygian cap
553:Phrygian cap
546:
542:
534:
503:
490:
484:
479:
457:
433:brush border
426:
408:Microanatomy
395:
375:biliary tree
366:
362:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336:
325:
293:
256:
252:
246:
200:A05.8.02.001
175:
61:
46:
37:This is the
31:
3283:Gallbladder
3153:Cystic duct
3145:Gallbladder
2663:October 23,
2637:October 23,
2467:October 18,
2462:Mayo Clinic
2231:October 18,
1618:(2): 53–8.
1519:. pp.
1340:Renaissance
1260:(including
1253:vertebrates
1170:blood tests
1140:cholesterol
1061:within the
1002:indigestion
926:lithotripsy
882:cholesterol
801:. The bile
789:(CCK) from
768:cystic duct
678:Gallbladder
658:Cystic duct
573:germ layers
563:Development
393:'s pouch".
371:cystic duct
339:cystic duct
300:cholesterol
253:gallbladder
249:vertebrates
165:Identifiers
159:vagus nerve
143:Cystic vein
67:Gallbladder
3277:Categories
3095:Bile ducts
3059:Hepatocyte
2425:MayoClinic
1493:References
1448:theory of
1398:Erich Mühe
1317:Babylonian
1301:bile bears
1284:species),
1282:psittacine
1239:scan is a
1209:ultrasound
1163:gallstones
1032:iatrogenic
1028:bile ducts
918:ultrasound
874:Gallstones
861:Gallstones
855:Gallstones
815:hemoglobin
807:bile salts
803:emulsifies
635:Bile ducts
597:intestines
569:endodermal
510:peritoneum
472:microvilli
437:microvilli
417:Micrograph
308:hemoglobin
296:gallstones
3240:accessory
2977:Bare area
2881:143595915
2430:March 19,
2173:Gut Liver
1348:eponymous
1274:laminoids
1182:bilirubin
1052:radiology
1048:endoscopy
942:Known as
886:bilirubin
878:saturated
811:bilirubin
783:secretion
701:Esophagus
689:lobes of
589:esophagus
520:Variation
322:Structure
304:bilirubin
283:into the
257:cholecyst
102:Precursor
3194:Pancreas
3012:Quadrate
2818:11304004
2608:21113274
2532:26559382
2489:Archived
2379:17909716
2344:nhs.uk,
2332:17761085
2203:35502586
2154:37434692
2145:10331452
2103:16089346
2068:27488720
2060:16206500
1897:30176379
1853:18333151
1800:25659400
1644:21206646
1531:June 29,
1460:See also
1390:CT scans
1355:jaundice
1321:Etruscan
1288:and all
1286:lampreys
1157:showing
1108:jaundice
906:jaundice
894:quadrant
799:duodenum
741:Duodenum
713:Pancreas
623:Function
605:duodenum
577:yolk sac
501:tissue.
391:Hartmann
285:duodenum
43:reviewed
3288:Abdomen
3007:Caudate
2809:3015420
2599:2990222
2576:The Auk
2323:3015719
2194:9099388
1936:1950867
1889:9437066
1844:2023911
1769:2581053
1761:7482221
1635:3004105
1444:In the
1411:In the
1378:fistula
1311:History
1258:mammals
1221:CT scan
1202:CA 19-9
1194:amylase
791:I cells
751:kidneys
746:Jejunum
706:Stomach
681:10–11.
593:stomach
585:foregut
431:with a
188:D005704
107:Foregut
96:Details
3231:Ducts
3201:Gross
3174:Cells
2905:
2879:
2839:
2816:
2806:
2773:
2741:
2707:
2606:
2596:
2553:
2530:
2403:
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2330:
2320:
2287:
2201:
2191:
2152:
2142:
2101:
2066:
2058:
2017:
1987:
1962:
1934:
1895:
1887:
1851:
1841:
1798:
1767:
1759:
1722:
1689:
1642:
1632:
1589:
1446:Zangfu
1427:idioms
1423:Wuxing
1328:Thebes
1272:, and
1262:horses
1190:lipase
1081:Cancer
1022:Biloma
696:Spleen
595:, and
538:septum
506:serosa
464:lining
460:mucosa
449:serosa
361:. The
355:fundus
353:. The
349:, and
343:fundus
263:where
251:, the
126:Artery
114:System
2969:Liver
2891:Books
2877:S2CID
2064:S2CID
1893:S2CID
1765:S2CID
1521:p. 30
1278:birds
1251:Most
1146:Tests
691:liver
683:Right
480:rugae
466:of a
332:liver
328:organ
273:liver
261:organ
235:[
171:Latin
150:Nerve
3235:main
3220:Head
3215:Neck
3210:Body
3205:Tail
2903:ISBN
2837:ISBN
2814:PMID
2771:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2665:2017
2639:2017
2604:PMID
2551:ISBN
2528:PMID
2469:2017
2432:2015
2401:ISBN
2375:PMID
2328:PMID
2285:ISBN
2233:2017
2199:PMID
2150:PMID
2099:PMID
2056:PMID
2015:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1932:PMID
1885:PMID
1849:PMID
1796:PMID
1757:PMID
1720:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1640:PMID
1587:ISBN
1533:2007
1454:yang
1438:孤膽英雄
1432:渾身是膽
1388:and
1270:rats
1266:deer
1235:. A
1229:ERCP
1184:and
1176:. A
1172:and
1161:and
1118:and
1059:bile
1020:and
990:open
760:bile
729:18.
709:15.
704:14.
699:13.
694:12.
687:left
685:and
458:The
443:, a
367:neck
363:body
351:neck
347:body
289:fats
265:bile
224:7202
212:3081
195:TA98
183:MeSH
138:Vein
2869:doi
2804:PMC
2594:PMC
2584:doi
2580:127
2518:doi
2514:299
2367:doi
2318:PMC
2189:PMC
2181:doi
2140:PMC
2130:doi
2091:doi
2048:doi
1924:doi
1920:157
1877:doi
1839:PMC
1831:doi
1823:HPB
1792:107
1749:doi
1716:646
1683:298
1630:PMC
1620:doi
1227:),
1219:or
1207:An
1192:or
1120:ALP
1116:GGT
884:or
785:of
676:9.
631:1.
547:An
499:fat
435:of
314:).
302:or
247:In
219:FMA
207:TA2
45:on
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1418:膽
423:.
239:]
49:.
20:)
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