87:, also known as ironstone, is a type of sandstone that is commonly used for galleting. In sandstone buildings, the spalls are usually shaped into small cubes about half an inch in diameter and are flush with the stone. In flint buildings, the edges of thin slivers of flint are commonly pushed into the mortar, so that the surface of the wall is uneven and the edges of the flint spalls jut out from the wall. In some cases, these techniques are combined such that flint walls are galleted with sandstone spalls or vice versa, however it is uncommon. Although it is also uncommon, galleting has been used in brick masonry construction, where sandstone spalls are generally used over flint ones. More eclectic materials used as gallets include brick, tile, beach pebbles, glass, and oyster shells. In higher status buildings, galleting was superseded by
98:, which means that the stone is more irregular and therefore requires thick mortar joints. In this case, gallets would serve as wedges to provide structural support to the stone and would shield the mortar from weather. It is also possible that galleting does not reinforce the mortar and was used purely for aesthetic reasons. Scholarship has also suggested that galleting was neither a structural nor an aesthetic practice, but rather a superstitious one in an attempt to protect a building from witches and other evil influences. However, Historic Scotland Technical Advice Note 1, regarding use of lime mortars, 1995, CLEARLY states "...numerous small pinning stones which contributed to the overall stability of the masonry, reduced the quantity of expensive lime required and minimised the effects of drying shrinkage in the mortar".
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Historical records indicate that parts of
Windsor Castle (n.d.), Eton College (c. 1441), and the Tower of London (c. 1514) were galleted with flint or oyster shells. This suggests that galleting may have been first used in more prestigious buildings and was later adopted in less prestigious buildings once timber framing was supplanted by masonry construction.
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There is some debate about when galleting was most commonly practiced. Some sources associate the technique with late medieval building construction, while others suggest that galleting was used mostly in the 17th and 18th centuries before declining in popularity over the course of the 19th century.
126:, where sandstone is common, and in the county of Norfolk, where flint is common. Given that these locations are not contiguous, much has been debated about the origin and spread of the practice, with some attributing its geographical prevalence to the particularities of the stonemason trade.
83:. The technique varies depending on which of these materials is used. In sandstone buildings, the spalls are often a different type of sandstone than the one used in the wall, though sometimes they are pieces of the same stone. For example,
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Most scholarship focuses on the use of galleting in
England. However, there is evidence that it was used in rural Pennsylvania and Maryland as well as in Philadelphia, Vienna, Austria, the Azores, Paris, and Barcelona.
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It is unclear whether galleting performs a practical, structural function or is an aesthetic application. It is possible that galleting is used when the local stone is not an easily worked
51:, which means "pebble." In general, the word "galleting" refers to the practice while the word "gallet" refers to the spall. Galleting was mostly used in England, where it was common in
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St James' Episcopal Church in the
Kingsessing neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (U.S.) is a rare example of galleting outside of England.
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English: Galleting (stones embedded in mortar) in an outbuilding at
Hancock's Resolution, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, USA.
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The main building of West Dean
College in Sussex, England is an example of using flint galleting in flint walls.
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This detail from St. James
Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, PA (U.S.) shows a typical use of galleting.
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the flints to produce flat, squared stones that produced a surface with little exposed mortar.
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Library of
Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey
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Library of
Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey
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In
England, galleting can be found almost exclusively in the South East between the
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166:
525:
Barraud, Ronald (January 28, 1971). "Correspondence: The
Technique of Garreting".
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Historic English Churches: A Guide to Their Construction, Design and Features
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Historic English Churches: A Guide to Their Construction, Design and Features
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Galleting is mainly used in stone masonry buildings constructed out of
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Traditional Buildings of the English Countryside: An Illustrated Guide
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technique in which spalls (small pieces of stone) are pushed into wet
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in Norfolk boasts examples of a wide variety of types of galleting.
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The Buildings Of England Norfolk I: Norwich and North-East Norfolk
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15:
561:
Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720-1920
563:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 95.
486:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 22.
289:. George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd. pp. 68, 144.
681:"FEEDBACK - Everything you should know about galleting"
413:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
578:"Bradford Friends Meeting House (HABS PA,15-MARSH,3-)"
220:, West Bradford Township, Chester County, PA (U.S.)
226:, Sully Historic Site, Chantilly, Virginia (U.S.)
378:The Oxford Companion to Family and Local History
317:Trotter, W.R. (1991). "Galleting: An Addendum".
416:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2006.
381:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2008.
47:building. The term comes from the French word
462:Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society
319:Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society
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606:"John Bartram House and Garden (HALS PA-1)"
545:"Repair and maintenance of stone buildings"
559:McMurry, Sally; Van Dolsen, Nancy (2011).
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482:Pevsner, Nikolaus; Wilson, Bill (2002).
658:Rahway, Elizabeth Linden (2015-06-22),
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43:joints during the construction of a
514:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 252.
460:Trotter, W.R. (1989). "Galleting".
361:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 151.
266:. Domestic Buildings Research Group
661:English: Galleting at north facade
14:
207:, Anne Arundel County, MD (U.S.)
218:Bradford Friends Meeting House
1:
434:– via Oxford Reference.
399:– via Oxford Reference.
510:Sharpe, Geoffrey R. (2011).
357:Sharpe, Geoffrey R. (2011).
339:Sharpe, Geoffrey R. (2011).
197:St James' Episcopal Church,
533:: 194 – via ProQuest.
732:
261:"Brief guide to Galleting"
633:Acroterion (2012-05-20),
214:, Philadelphia, PA (U.S.)
549:Retrieved 23 March 2012
285:Gillian Darley (1983).
711:Architectural elements
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547:. Spelthorne Council.
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55:and the county of
53:South East England
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685:www.galleting.com
431:978-0-19-860678-9
396:978-0-19-953298-8
259:Arnott, Colin J.
224:Sully Stone Dairy
177:Norwich Guildhall
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268:. Retrieved
199:Philadelphia
167:Ightham Mote
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201:, PA (U.S.)
162:Knole House
124:South Downs
110:A house in
63:Description
705:Categories
690:2017-11-13
667:2017-12-04
642:2017-12-04
615:4 December
587:4 December
493:0300096070
468:: 153–168.
410:"Gallet".
325:: 161–162.
231:References
96:freestone
77:sandstone
33:garneting
29:garreting
25:Galleting
270:23 March
143:Examples
102:Location
85:carstone
35:, is an
716:Masonry
192:Heacham
186:Norwich
57:Norfolk
45:masonry
490:
428:
393:
293:
41:mortar
264:(PDF)
120:North
81:flint
49:galet
617:2017
589:2017
488:ISBN
426:ISBN
391:ISBN
291:ISBN
272:2012
122:and
531:149
418:doi
383:doi
184:in
79:or
31:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
