656:
460:
41:
2082:
29:
768:
1080:
231:
788:
597:
975:
280:
1838:
885:
554:, sometimes very soon after their death. A great number of locally venerated Gallo-Roman and Merovingian saints arose from 400 to 750. The identification of the diocesan administration with the secular community, which took place during the 5th century in Italy, can best be traced in the Gallo-Roman culture of Gaul in the career of
536:. Christians experienced loyalties that were divided between the bishop and the civil prefect, who operated largely in harmony within the late-imperial administration. Some of the communities had origins that predated the 3rd-century persecutions. The personal charisma of the bishop set the tone, as 5th-century allegiances for
549:
interlopers. Other bishops drew the faithful to radical asceticism. Bishops often took on the duties of civil administrators after the contraction of the Roman imperial administration during the barbarian invasions of the 5th century by helping fund building projects and even acting as arbiters of
540:
and
Christians switched from institutions to individuals. Most Gallo-Roman bishops were drawn from the highest levels of society as appropriate non-military civil roads to advancement dwindled, and they represented themselves as bulwarks of high literary standards and Roman traditions against the
1602:
Le déclin du
Gaulois et sa disparition ne s'expliquent pas seulement par des pratiques culturelles spécifiques: Lorsque les Romains conduits par César envahirent la Gaule, au 1er siecle avant J.-C., celle-ci romanisa de manière progressive et profonde. Pendant près de 500 ans, la fameuse période
799:
Roman culture introduced a new phase of anthropomorphized sculpture to the
Gaulish community, synthesized with Celtic traditions of refined metalworking, a rich body of urbane Gallo-Roman silver developed, which the upheavals of the 3rd and the 5th centuries motivated hiding away in
804:, which have protected some pieces of Gallo-Roman silver, from villas and temple sites, from the universal destruction of precious metalwork in circulation. The exhibition of Gallo-Roman silver highlighted specifically Gallo-Roman silver from the treasures found at
906:, built round a garden courtyard surrounded by a colonnaded peristyle enriched with bold tectonic frescoing, has been handsomely protected in a modern glass-and-steel structure that is a fine example of archaeological museum-making (see external link).
254:, which preserved, broadly speaking, the boundaries of the formerly-independent Gaulish tribes, which had been organised in large part on village structures, which retained some features in the Roman civic formulas that overlaid them.
718:
languages may be seen in graffiti showing sound changes that matched changes that had occurred earlier in the indigenous languages, especially
Gaulish. The Vulgar Latin in the North of Gaul evolved into the
932:
in 48, in which he requests the right for the heads of the Gallic nations to participate in Roman magistracy. The request having been accepted, the Gauls decided to engrave the imperial speech on bronze.
675:
is thought to have survived into the 6th century in France, despite considerable
Romanization of the local material culture. The last record of spoken Gaulish deemed to be plausibly credible was when
109:
offered a double loyalty, as
Western Roman authority disintegrated at Rome. The plight of the highly-Romanized governing class is examined by R.W. Mathisen, the struggles of bishop
924:. Visitors are offered a clear picture of the daily life, economic conditions, institutions, beliefs, monuments and artistic achievements of the first four centuries of the
1981:
3491:
1755:
447:, came to play a prominent role in public religion in Gaul, most dramatically at the pan-Gaulish ceremony venerating Rome and Augustus at the Condate Altar, near
1603:
gallo-romaine, le gaulois et le latin parlé coexistèrent; au VIe siècle encore; le temoignage de Grégoire de Tours atteste la survivance de la langue gauloise.
105:
began in the late 3rd century and forced upon Gallo-Roman culture fundamental changes in politics, economic underpinning and military organization. The
2018:
948:
displays a rich collection of Gallo-Roman finds and the vestiges of Gallo-Roman baths, revealed by the extension works to the museums in the 1930s.
1689:
532:
In the 5th and the 6th centuries, Gallo-Roman
Christian communities still consisted of independent churches in urban sites, each governed by a
250:, and divided between two dioceses, Galliae and Viennensis, under the Praetorian prefecture of Galliae. On the local level, it was composed of
19:
This article is about the culture of
Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the third century, see
3246:
2047:
1701:
1696:(Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies). Postdam University Press. p. 106.
1595:
1386:
1013:
1855:
812:(Saône et Loire), Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt (Pas de Calais), Notre-Dame d'Allençon (Maine-et-Loire) and Rethel (Ardennes, found in 1980).
301:
around his neck, he also wields a Celtic-style shield although the proportions of the body and the overall realism are more in line with
162:, which formed an effective cultural barrier with the Franks to the north and the east, and in the northwest to the lower valley of the
246:
Gaul was divided by Roman administration into three provinces, which were subdivided during the later 3rd-century reorganization under
1969:
1986:
1944:
1921:
1739:
1571:
1423:
1329:
1251:
1504:
M. Heinzelmann, "The 'affair' of Hilary of Arles (445) and Gallo-Roman identity in the fifth century" in
Drinkwater and Elton 2002.
341:
although it was just one set of many usurpers who took over parts of the Roman Empire and tried to become emperor. The capital was
2081:
1902:
3496:
1551:. Later local traditions inserted locally venerated bishops into this group, to establish parity with the seven churches of Gaul.
1073:
1874:
1813:
Exhibition "Trésors d'orfevrerie Gallo-Romaine", Musée de la
Civilisation Gallo-Romaine, Lyons, reviewed by Catherine Johns in
655:
459:
1621:
And coming to Clermont he set on fire, overthrew and destroyed that shrine which they call Vasso Galatæ in the Gallic tongue.
1859:
1281:
1059:
1804:.8 (February 1934:74–84) noted the esthetic mediocrity of early Gallo-Roman sculpture in representations of Gaulish deities.
963:, a modern museum of art and sculpture shares space with Gallo-Roman Museum centered on the foundations of a Celtic temple.
710:
in the region of Gallia took on a distinctly local character, some of which is attested in graffiti, which evolved into the
1881:
74:
gives historians a model against which to compare and contrast parallel developments of Romanization in other less-studied
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2011:
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1276:
434:
191:
550:
justice in the local community. Miracles attributed to both kinds of bishops, as well as holy men and women, attracted
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318:
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772:
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40:
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Veniens vero Arvernos, delubrum illud, quod Gallica lingua Vasso Galatæ vocant, incendit, diruit, atque subvertit.
3138:
1026:
960:
645:
644:, but that is disputed. During the late empire, there was some settlement in Gaul by tribes speaking Germanic or
2738:
1870:
740:
555:
380:
211:
179:
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3158:
144:
culture instead. Roman life, centered on the public events and cultural responsibilities of urban life in the
689:
in the Gallic tongue" was destroyed and burnt to the ground. Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the
2638:
2004:
1415:
1345:
1261:
1191:
715:
601:
575:
345:, which was used as the northern capital of the Roman Empire by many emperors. The Gallic Empire ended when
262:
55:
3128:
1256:
736:
219:
175:
1140:
2658:
2058:
1216:
952:
28:
767:
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raids during a civil war. In reaction to local problems, the Gallo-Romans appointed their own emperor,
3211:
1529:
1079:
841:
158:
largely inherited the status quo in 418. The Gallo-Roman language persisted in the northeast into the
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1241:
1196:
514:
384:
362:
82:
2673:
1348:" and "resistance", especially as viewed, under the increased influence of archaeology, through the
230:
3428:
2668:
2041:
1226:
1146:
1069:
621:
583:
559:
396:
239:
141:
787:
720:
3143:
3133:
2580:
1895:
1749:
1474:
1466:
1441:
664:
641:
608:
Before the Roman incursion, most of Gaul spoke Celtic dialects that are now considered to be the
502:
117:
106:
45:
3269:
3221:
3193:
3168:
3148:
2905:
2767:
2588:
2145:
1518:
3231:
3178:
3113:
2338:
1545:
3103:
3020:
2728:
2400:
2139:
2135:
2096:
1965:
1940:
1735:
1697:
1591:
1567:
1419:
1382:
1325:
1179:
1064:
809:
805:
792:
498:
471:
258:
203:
2618:
2608:
2111:
1402:
Oaks, L. S. (1986). "The Goddess Epona: Concepts of Sovereignty in a Changing Landscape". In
3203:
3108:
3095:
2593:
2376:
2358:
2150:
1727:
1458:
1378:
1349:
1317:
1045:
929:
917:
776:
732:
728:
724:
676:
672:
660:
609:
579:
526:
506:
486:
411:
376:
207:
195:
183:
171:
159:
133:
102:
87:
2510:
2255:
1352:
of patterns of everyday consumption, as in Woolf 1998:169–205, who emphasised the finds at
383:
counterparts, many of which were of strictly local significance. Assimilation was eased by
2515:
1770:
1246:
974:
945:
928:. The "Claudius Tablet" in the Museum transcribes a speech given before the Senate by the
625:
551:
187:
110:
75:
1774:
596:
497:
sent seven missionaries to re-establish the broken and scattered Christian communities:
279:
3163:
2643:
2480:
2395:
2325:
2177:
1231:
1050:
853:
372:
235:
199:
125:
3480:
3383:
2777:
2565:
1676:
Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania
1478:
1110:
925:
845:
711:
518:
479:
330:
302:
289:
274:
116:
Into the 7th century, Gallo-Roman culture would persist particularly in the areas of
67:
20:
1493:
Roman Aristocrats in Barbarian Gaul: Strategies for Survival in an Age of Transition
703:, the word for "yes"), sound changes, and influences in conjugation and word order.
3388:
3356:
3188:
2703:
2623:
2415:
2250:
2052:
1957:
1403:
1366:
1271:
1221:
1174:
1157:
1005:
707:
690:
587:
494:
257:
Over the course of the Roman period, an ever-increasing proportion of Gauls gained
63:
897:
129:
1303:
170:
and in the person of that Gallo-Roman bishop confronted with Merovingian royals,
3294:
2628:
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2390:
2372:
2310:
2290:
2064:
1837:
1560:
1353:
1206:
837:
825:
821:
632:
with some Greek-speaking colonies on the Mediterranean coast, notably including
522:
467:
463:
151:
146:
3438:
3351:
3274:
2985:
2855:
2845:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2795:
2785:
2761:
2718:
2698:
2598:
2570:
2485:
2420:
2384:
2380:
2333:
2315:
2295:
2210:
2070:
1266:
1210:
995:
884:
820:
The two most Romanized of the three Gauls were bound together in a network of
388:
368:
350:
310:
247:
1731:
1321:
3453:
3346:
3304:
3279:
3259:
3216:
3118:
3085:
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2915:
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2757:
2713:
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2540:
2525:
2445:
2440:
2230:
2225:
2205:
2195:
2160:
1309:
991:
744:
306:
294:
166:, where Gallo-Roman culture interfaced with Frankish culture in a city like
155:
121:
1722:
Adams, J. N. (2007). "Chapter V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul".
1663:
Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii
1515:
The Linguasphere register of the world’s languages and speech communities.
978:
Cityscape of Gallo-Roman Divodurum Mediomatricum, ancestor of present-day
714:
dialects which include French and its closest relatives. The influence of
693:
dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and
367:
The pre-Christian religious practices of Roman Gaul were characterized by
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3403:
3393:
3328:
3323:
3312:
3299:
3289:
3226:
3153:
3123:
3075:
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3055:
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3015:
3005:
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2748:
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2708:
2603:
2555:
2535:
2490:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2435:
2410:
2353:
2240:
2235:
2215:
2200:
2190:
1439:
Gilliard, Frank D. (October 1979). "The Senators of Sixth-Century Gaul".
1236:
1201:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1084:
1055:
1041:
1036:
921:
889:
861:
857:
849:
833:
829:
680:
633:
537:
510:
448:
444:
400:
346:
334:
326:
322:
210:. However, other definitions are far broader, variously encompassing the
136:. The formerly-Romanized northern Gaul, once it had been occupied by the
91:
489:
recorded the tradition that after the persecution under the co-emperors
395:. Otherwise, a Roman god might be paired with a native goddess, as with
3413:
3338:
3308:
3254:
3183:
3070:
3040:
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2925:
2910:
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2678:
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2613:
2560:
2545:
2530:
2520:
2500:
2495:
2475:
2450:
2405:
2368:
2363:
2348:
2305:
2300:
2280:
2270:
2260:
2220:
2185:
2131:
2126:
2121:
1470:
1410:. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monographs. Vol. 8.
1371:
Gallo-Roman Bronzes and the Process of Romanization: The Cobannus Hoard
1135:
1100:
1017:
637:
617:
613:
419:
415:
392:
154:
system, took longer to collapse in the Gallo-Roman regions, where the
3443:
3418:
3408:
3361:
3284:
3173:
3010:
2995:
2835:
2800:
2753:
2693:
2683:
2653:
2633:
2550:
2505:
2430:
2425:
2275:
2265:
1411:
1374:
1022:
956:
780:
694:
542:
533:
490:
423:
137:
33:
1991:
1462:
750:
70:
in a uniquely Gaulish context. The well-studied meld of cultures in
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3448:
3318:
2880:
2343:
2245:
2155:
2106:
2027:
1104:
1078:
1000:
987:
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883:
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801:
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654:
649:
563:
546:
439:
404:
342:
284:
278:
229:
167:
163:
95:
59:
39:
27:
3264:
2688:
2285:
2101:
1517:
Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.
1300:
For a recent survey on the Romanization of Gaulish culture, see
1119:
1088:
1009:
979:
941:
937:
909:
873:
869:
771:
The "Endymion sarcophagus", early 3rd century, found in 1806 at
427:
298:
71:
66:. It was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of
2000:
265:
extended citizenship to all free-born men in the Roman Empire.
1831:
1344:
Modern interpretations are revising the earlier dichotomy of "
1305:
Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul
735:
tongues. Other languages held to be Gallo-Romance include the
475:
150:
and the sometimes luxurious life of the self-sufficient rural
1665:, eds., Anna Bochnakowa & Stanislan Widlak, Krakow, 1995.
916:(rue Céberg), associated with the remains of the theater and
1661:
Henri Guiter, "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania", in
98:
penetrated Romanized cultures beyond the confines of Gaul.
747:
in Gaul has peculiarities such as the occasional variant
684:
1996:
727:, and the dialects in the South evolved into the modern
1632:
Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles
679:
wrote in the 6th century (c. 560–575) that a shrine in
795:, an example of synthesis between Celtic and Roman art
791:
Model reconstructing the Pillar of the Boatmen in the
414:
penetrated Gaul early on, which included the cults of
94:, but of the Celtic deities, only the horse-patroness
1724:
The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600
337:
by Postumus and his successors is usually called the
182:
counts seven languages descended from Gallo-Romance:
32:
Wall fragment with fresco of a Gallo-Roman man, from
912:, the capital of Roman Gaul, is now the site of the
407:, a native Gallic goddess was also adopted by Rome.
3374:
3337:
3245:
3202:
3094:
2776:
2579:
2324:
2176:
2169:
2089:
2034:
1862:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
667:
created in the 2nd century with native Gaulish text
616:. The south-western region that would later become
403:. In at least one case, that of the equine goddess
1775:"Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed Half H"
1797:A. N. Newell, "Gallo-Roman Religious Sculpture"
852:, where it connected to the Via Domitia, to the
68:Roman culture, language, morals and way of life
1083:The Gallo-Roman museum in the amphitheatre of
628:, and parts of the coast near Marseille spoke
604:today, in the broadest definition of the term.
2012:
1590:. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. p. 7.
900:, France, a luxurious Roman villa called the
624:, which may have been the parent language of
8:
698:
16:Romanized culture of Gaul under Roman Empire
1962:Caesar's Footprints: Journeys to Roman Gaul
1642:
1640:
1373:. Monumenta Graeca et Romana. Vol. 9.
1074:Provincial Archaeological Museum of Velzeke
659:Overview of the re-assembled tablet of the
385:interpreting indigenous gods in Roman terms
2173:
2019:
2005:
1997:
1754:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1408:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire
371:of Graeco-Roman deities with their native
1987:Vesunna Gallo-Roman Museum by Jean Nouvel
1952:Fifth-Century Gaul: a crisis of identity?
1922:Learn how and when to remove this message
1717:
1715:
1713:
1581:
1579:
595:
458:
3492:7th-century disestablishments in Europe
1950:Drinkwater, John, and Hugh Elton, eds.
1442:Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies
1293:
640:, there may have been some presence of
321:, from 260 to 274, Gaul was subject to
1747:
493:and Gratus (250–251), the future Pope
2048:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe
1992:Gallo-Roman Museum Tongeren – Belgium
1692:. In Tristram, Hildegard L.C. (ed.).
1014:Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains
7:
1860:adding citations to reliable sources
566:from 503 to 543. (Wallace-Hadrill).
1690:"Insular Celtic as a Language Area"
1651:. Paris: La Différence. p. 26.
828:(laid out in 118 BC), reached from
1954:(Cambridge University Press) 2002.
1678:(Leuven, Belgium: Acco, 2006), 83.
297:) with a cloak over it. Wearing a
14:
1495:(University of Texas Press) 1993.
1252:Roman villas in northwestern Gaul
1160:are still visible in France (see
2080:
1836:
1847:needs additional citations for
1726:. Cambridge. pp. 279–289.
1694:The Celtic Languages in Contact
1588:Histoire de la langue française
1282:Gallo-Roman enclosure of Tours
1060:Gallo-Roman Museum of Tongeren
636:. In the northeastern zone of
1:
1649:Dictionnaire Français-Gaulois
864:. Via Scarponensis connected
44:Gallo-Roman figures found in
1935:Wallace-Hadrill, J.M. 1983.
1647:Savignac, Jean-Paul (2004).
1534:University of North Carolina
1277:Pillar of Yzeures-sur-Creuse
940:, once an important town of
892:, Switzerland, About 200 AD.
888:Bust of a Gallo-Roman, from
880:Sites, restorations, museums
1536:. Accessed 5 November 2017.
1455:Medieval Academy of America
1451:University of Chicago Press
1162:List of Roman amphitheatres
1032:Jublains archeological site
592:Ligurian language (ancient)
437:, centred primarily on the
319:Crisis of the Third Century
3518:
1939:(Oxford University Press)
1314:Cambridge University Press
914:Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon
573:
360:
272:
216:Occitano-Romance languages
132:, and to a lesser degree,
18:
3462:
2078:
1688:Matasovic, Ranko (2007).
961:Fondation Pierre Gianadda
646:Eastern Iranian languages
287:warrior dressed in Roman
54:was a consequence of the
1982:Gallo-Roman Museum, Lyon
1732:10.1017/CBO9780511482977
1513:David Dalby, 1999/2000,
1406:; King, Anthony (eds.).
1322:10.1017/CBO9780511518614
1012:) – remains include the
946:Golden Courtyard Museums
741:Rhaeto-Romance languages
451:, annually on 1 August.
212:Rhaeto-Romance languages
107:Gothic settlement of 418
86:offered Roman names for
3497:Culture of ancient Rome
1815:The Burlington Magazine
1586:Laurence Hélix (2011).
1416:Oxford University Press
1262:Romano-Germanic culture
1192:Culture of Ancient Rome
824:, which linked cities.
685:
602:Gallo-Romance languages
576:Gallo-Romance languages
263:Constitutio Antoniniana
1257:Romano-British culture
1091:
1044:– remains include the
1027:Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
990:– remains include the
983:
959:, Switzerland, at the
893:
836:, where it joined the
796:
784:
737:Gallo-Italic languages
699:
668:
605:
483:
329:. The rule over Gaul,
314:
243:
220:Gallo-Italic languages
176:mutual intelligibility
90:such as the smith-god
62:under the rule of the
48:
37:
2059:First Transalpine War
1964:(Head of Zeus) 2017.
1871:"Gallo-Roman culture"
1634:, Maynooth, 1997, 15.
1564:The History of Basque
1217:Pillar of the Boatmen
1082:
982:(second century AD.).
977:
966:Other sites include:
887:
790:
773:Saint-Médard-d'Eyrans
770:
658:
599:
478:), late 4th century.
462:
282:
233:
140:, would develop into
43:
31:
1856:improve this article
1820:(June 1989:443–445).
1530:The Celts Themselves
1302:Woolf, Greg (1998).
1242:Venantius Fortunatus
1197:Sidonius Apollinaris
363:Gallo-Roman religion
349:decisively defeated
238:", 440–450, 4240mg.
120:that developed into
83:Interpretatio romana
3487:Gallo-Roman culture
2117:Gallo-Roman culture
2042:Battle of the Allia
1937:The Frankish Church
1453:, on behalf of the
1227:Loupian Roman villa
1147:Mediolanum Santonum
1070:Velzeke-Ruddershove
622:Aquitanian language
584:Aquitanian language
240:Hotel de la Monnaie
113:by M. Heinzelmann.
103:barbarian invasions
52:Gallo-Roman culture
3502:Roman assimilation
3399:Basel-Münsterhügel
1547:Historia Francorum
1418:. pp. 77–83.
1316:(published 2003).
1092:
984:
894:
797:
785:
669:
665:lunisolar calendar
642:Germanic languages
612:with considerable
606:
484:
315:
244:
118:Gallia Narbonensis
49:
46:Ingelheim am Rhein
38:
3474:
3473:
3370:
3369:
2401:Bituriges Vivisci
1932:
1931:
1924:
1906:
1799:Greece & Rome
1773:(25 March 2019).
1703:978-3-940793-07-2
1674:Eugeen Roegiest,
1630:Peter Schrijver,
1597:978-2-7298-6470-5
1388:978-90-04-12437-0
1354:Vesontio/Besançon
1180:Barbegal aqueduct
1065:Vaison-la-Romaine
816:Gallo-Roman sites
757:⟨H⟩
683:which "is called
472:Rignieux-le-Franc
412:mystery religions
311:Celtic depictions
259:Roman citizenship
3509:
2174:
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2014:
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1771:Everson, Michael
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1566:Routledge: 1997
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1528:Ashton, Kasey. "
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1379:Brill Publishers
1363:
1357:
1350:material remains
1342:
1336:
1335:
1298:
1141:Arènes de Lutèce
1138:(modern Paris):
994:, a large Roman
930:Emperor Claudius
903:Domus of Vesunna
842:Col de Panissars
777:Gallia Aquitania
758:
754:
725:Franco-Provencal
702:
688:
677:Gregory of Tours
673:Gaulish language
661:Coligny calendar
610:Gaulish language
580:Gaulish language
487:Gregory of Tours
192:Franco-Provençal
172:Gregory of Tours
160:Silva Carbonaria
134:Gallia Aquitania
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2146:La Tène culture
2085:
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1978:
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763:Gallo-Roman art
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552:cult veneration
521:to Limoges and
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387:, such as with
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234:Northern Gaul "
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111:Hilary of Arles
88:Gaulish deities
76:Roman provinces
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1046:Maison Carrée
1043:
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926:Christian era
923:
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848:reached from
847:
846:Via Aquitania
843:
839:
835:
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827:
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782:
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752:
746:
742:
738:
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730:
726:
722:
721:langues d'oïl
717:
713:
712:Gallo-Romance
709:
704:
701:
696:
692:
687:
686:Vasso Galatae
682:
678:
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557:
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528:
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520:
516:
513:to Toulouse,
512:
509:to Narbonne,
508:
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481:
480:Louvre Museum
477:
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454:
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435:imperial cult
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339:Gallic Empire
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290:lorica hamata
286:
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269:Gallic Empire
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21:Gallic Empire
3464:
3389:Argentomagus
3357:Tolistobogii
3189:Vertamocorii
2739:Vertamocorii
2704:Segovellauni
2624:Budenicenses
2416:Coriosolites
2251:Mediomatrici
2116:
2061:(125–121 BC)
2053:Galatian War
2044:(ca. 387 BC)
1961:
1951:
1936:
1918:
1909:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1866:
1854:Please help
1849:verification
1846:
1828:Bibliography
1817:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1783:21 September
1781:. Retrieved
1764:
1723:
1693:
1683:
1675:
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1648:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1615:Hist. Franc.
1614:
1610:
1601:
1587:
1563:
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1546:
1541:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1500:
1492:
1487:
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1434:
1407:
1397:
1370:
1361:
1346:Romanization
1340:
1304:
1296:
1272:Illyro-Roman
1222:Thraco-Roman
1209:, the first
1175:Pont du Gard
1139:
1072:(Belgium) –
1058:(Belgium) –
965:
950:
935:
908:
902:
895:
819:
798:
708:Vulgar Latin
705:
691:Vulgar Latin
670:
607:
588:Vulgar Latin
560:Metropolitan
531:
485:
455:Christianity
438:
432:
409:
366:
353:at Chalons.
338:
316:
313:of soldiers.
288:
256:
251:
245:
184:Gallo-Wallon
145:
115:
100:
81:
80:
64:Roman Empire
56:Romanization
51:
50:
36:, 250–275 AD
25:
3377:settlements
3295:Hercuniates
3144:Gallianates
3134:Bromanenses
2629:Camactulici
2581:Narbonensis
2471:Nitiobroges
2391:Bodiocasses
2373:Brannovices
2311:Veliocasses
2291:Silvanectes
2065:Gallic Wars
1457:: 685–697.
1207:Via Domitia
1164:for a list)
1087:in today's
838:Via Augusta
826:Via Domitia
822:Roman roads
775:, in Roman
755:instead of
697:(including
523:Austromoine
468:sarcophagus
464:Gallo-Roman
317:During the
194:(Arpitan),
180:David Dalby
147:res publica
142:Merovingian
3481:Categories
3439:Magetobria
3352:Tectosages
3275:Cornacates
3270:Britolagai
3222:Lactorates
3194:Votodrones
3169:Montunates
3149:Gennanates
2986:Savincates
2906:Cosuanetes
2856:Bodiontici
2846:Benacenses
2826:Ausuciates
2821:Aneuniates
2816:Ambisontes
2796:Adunicates
2786:Acitavones
2768:Vulgientes
2762:Tectosages
2719:Tricastini
2699:Segobrigii
2599:Allobroges
2589:Agesinates
2571:Viducasses
2486:Petrocorii
2421:Durocasses
2385:Eburovices
2381:Diablintes
2334:Abrincatui
2316:Viromandui
2296:Suessiones
2211:Caeracates
2071:Roman Gaul
2067:(58–50 BC)
1882:newspapers
1491:Mathisen,
1267:Daco-Roman
1211:Roman road
996:necropolis
620:spoke the
574:See also:
517:to Paris,
511:Saturninus
505:to Arles,
501:to Tours,
466:Christian
389:Lenus Mars
369:syncretism
351:Tetricus I
248:Diocletian
3454:Vertillum
3429:Entremont
3375:Pre-Roman
3347:Aigosages
3305:Scordisci
3280:Costoboci
3260:Arabiates
3232:Tarusates
3217:Cocosates
3204:Aquitania
3179:Subinates
3119:Arusnates
3114:Anesiates
3096:Cisalpina
3086:Vindelici
3081:Vesubiani
3046:Vediantii
3036:Triulatti
2991:Sebaginni
2976:Rucinates
2971:Quariates
2966:Nemeturii
2956:Nantuates
2931:Graioceli
2916:Eguiturii
2901:Ceutrones
2896:Caturiges
2891:Catubrini
2886:Catenates
2876:Calucones
2871:Brixentes
2866:Brigianii
2861:Brigantii
2806:Ambidravi
2758:Arecomici
2714:Tolosates
2649:Dexivates
2541:Tricasses
2526:Segusiavi
2446:Lemovices
2441:Latobrigi
2339:Ambiliati
2231:Catalauni
2226:Catuslugi
2206:Bellovaci
2196:Atrebates
2161:Vergobret
2136:Cisalpine
1912:June 2007
1750:cite book
1561:Trask, L.
1479:162653671
1310:Cambridge
1169:Aqueducts
1006:Divodurum
992:Alyscamps
920:of Roman
898:Périgueux
808:(Aisne),
745:epigraphy
716:substrate
614:variation
556:Caesarius
503:Trophimus
331:Britannia
323:Alamannic
307:Roman art
303:Classical
295:chainmail
252:civitates
156:Visigoths
130:Orléanais
122:Occitania
3465:Part of:
3434:Gergovia
3424:Ensérune
3404:Bibracte
3394:Avaricum
3329:Varciani
3324:Taurisci
3313:Celegeri
3300:Latobici
3290:Eravisci
3227:Sotiates
3154:Insubres
3139:Cenomani
3124:Bagienni
3104:Anamares
3076:Vergunni
3066:Vennones
3061:Venostes
3056:Venisami
3051:Velaunii
3021:Suanetes
3016:Sogionti
3006:Segusini
2961:Nemaloni
2921:Gallitae
2851:Bergalei
2831:Avantici
2811:Ambilici
2791:Adanates
2749:Vocontii
2744:Verucini
2734:Tritolli
2729:Tricorii
2724:Tricores
2709:Suelteri
2639:Cenomani
2604:Anatilii
2556:Vellavii
2536:Tigurini
2491:Pictones
2466:Namnetes
2461:Mandubii
2456:Lingones
2436:Helvetii
2411:Carnutes
2377:Cenomani
2354:Andecavi
2241:Eburones
2236:Condrusi
2216:Caeroesi
2201:Atuatuci
2191:Aresaces
2151:Religion
2140:Galatian
2132:Language
2097:Ambactus
2055:(189 BC)
1237:Ausonius
1202:Syagrius
1186:See also
1149:(modern
1128:(modern
1126:Nemausus
1118:(modern
1116:Lugdunum
1103:(modern
1085:Lugdunum
1056:Tongeren
1037:Narbonne
1016:and the
1008:(modern
953:Martigny
922:Lugdunum
890:Lausanne
872:through
862:Bordeaux
858:Toulouse
856:through
850:Narbonne
834:Pyrenees
806:Chaourse
753:⟩
749:⟨
743:. Latin
739:and the
681:Auvergne
634:Massilia
630:Ligurian
570:Language
527:Clermont
449:Lugdunum
445:Augustus
410:Eastern
401:Rosmerta
381:Germanic
357:Religion
347:Aurelian
335:Hispania
327:Postumus
226:Politics
204:Friulian
92:Gobannus
3414:Cenabum
3339:Galatia
3309:Dindari
3255:Anartes
3237:Vasates
3184:Taurini
3159:Libicii
3071:Veragri
3041:Ucennii
3031:Tebavii
3026:Suetrii
3001:Segovii
2981:Salassi
2951:Medulli
2946:Licates
2941:Ingauni
2936:Iemerii
2926:Genauni
2911:Ecdinii
2841:Belouni
2679:Nearchi
2664:Ligauni
2659:Libicii
2619:Bormani
2614:Avatici
2609:Atacini
2561:Venelli
2546:Tulingi
2531:Sequani
2521:Senones
2516:Santoni
2501:Redones
2496:Rauraci
2481:Parisii
2476:Osismii
2451:Lexovii
2406:Cadurci
2369:Aulerci
2364:Arverni
2349:Ambarri
2326:Celtica
2306:Triboci
2301:Treveri
2281:Paemani
2271:Nemetes
2261:Menapii
2221:Caletes
2186:Ambiani
2178:Belgica
2170:Peoples
2127:Oppidum
2122:Nemeton
2112:Eubages
2090:Culture
2035:History
1896:scholar
1471:2850323
1151:Saintes
1136:Lutetia
1101:Arelate
1025:, near
1018:thermae
840:at the
832:to the
733:Catalan
729:Occitan
695:calques
638:Belgica
618:Gascony
519:Martial
495:Felix I
420:Mithras
416:Orpheus
397:Mercury
208:Lombard
196:Romansh
3444:Noreia
3419:Cularo
3409:Bibrax
3384:Alesia
3362:Trocmi
3285:Gotini
3174:Orobii
3164:Marici
3109:Anauni
3011:Sentii
2996:Seduni
2836:Belaci
2801:Alauni
2778:Alpina
2754:Volcae
2694:Salyes
2684:Oxybii
2674:Memini
2654:Helvii
2644:Comani
2634:Cavari
2594:Albici
2566:Veneti
2551:Turoni
2506:Ruteni
2431:Gabali
2426:Esuvii
2359:Arouii
2276:Nervii
2266:Morini
1968:
1947:, 1983
1943:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1738:
1700:
1594:
1570:
1549:, i.30
1477:
1469:
1422:
1412:Oxford
1385:
1375:Leiden
1328:
1051:Orange
1023:Glanum
957:Valais
944:, the
802:hoards
781:Louvre
626:Basque
590:, and
547:Gothic
543:Vandal
538:pagans
534:bishop
499:Gatien
491:Decius
424:Cybele
377:Basque
373:Celtic
285:Gallic
206:, and
188:French
138:Franks
34:Evreux
3468:Celts
3449:Tylis
3319:Serdi
2881:Carni
2511:Sagii
2344:Aedui
2256:Meldi
2246:Leuci
2156:Vātes
2107:Druid
2028:Gauls
1903:JSTOR
1889:books
1778:(PDF)
1475:S2CID
1467:JSTOR
1449:(4).
1288:Notes
1130:Nîmes
1111:Grand
1105:Arles
1042:Nîmes
1001:Autun
988:Arles
970:Towns
918:odeon
866:Trier
830:Nîmes
810:Mâcon
650:Alans
564:Arles
515:Denis
440:numen
405:Epona
343:Trier
200:Ladin
168:Tours
164:Loire
152:villa
96:Epona
60:Gauls
3311:and
3265:Boii
3212:Boii
3129:Boii
2760:and
2689:Reii
2286:Remi
2102:Bard
1966:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1875:news
1785:2022
1756:link
1736:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1120:Lyon
1089:Lyon
1010:Metz
980:Metz
942:Gaul
938:Metz
910:Lyon
874:Metz
870:Lyon
731:and
723:and
706:The
671:The
663:, a
600:The
545:and
507:Paul
433:The
428:Isis
426:and
399:and
333:and
305:and
299:torc
218:and
101:The
72:Gaul
1858:by
1818:131
1728:doi
1532:."
1459:doi
1318:doi
951:In
936:In
896:At
868:to
860:to
700:oui
562:of
525:to
476:Ain
443:of
391:or
379:or
236:sou
58:of
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2138:,
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1324:.
1312::
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2387:)
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2142:)
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1919:(
1914:)
1910:(
1900:·
1893:·
1886:·
1879:·
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