346:
323:
220:
245:
597:
352:
251:
29:
4483:
1656:
of gamma-butyrobetaine at the C-4 position. A crystal structure of mldronate in complex with gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase was published, and it suggests mildronate bind to gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase in exactly the same way as gamma-butyrobetaine (PDB id: 3MS5). To date, most
3060:
Zhu Y, Zhang G, Zhao J, Li D, Yan X, Liu J, Liu X, Zhao H, Xia J, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhang B, Guo Z, Feng L, Zhang Z, Qu F, Zhao G (Oct 2013). "Efficacy and safety of mildronate for acute ischemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled phase II multicenter trial".
55:
1687:
mimics and aromatic inhibitors such as pyridine 2,4-dicarboxylate. Other reported gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase inhibitors include cyclopropyl-substituted gamma-butyrobetaines and 3-(2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl)propanoic acid, which is a mechanism-based enzyme inhibitor.
2476:
Simkhovich BZ, Shutenko ZV, Meirena DV, Khagi KB, Mezapuķe RJ, Molodchina TN, Kalviņs IJ, Lukevics E (Jan 1988). "3-(2,2,2-Trimethylhydrazinium)propionate (THP)--a novel gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase inhibitor with cardioprotective properties".
2706:
Hayashi Y, Kirimoto T, Asaka N, Nakano M, Tajima K, Miyake H, Matsuura N (May 2000). "Beneficial effects of MET-88, a gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase inhibitor in rats with heart failure following myocardial infarction".
3529:
Rydzik AM, Leung IK, Kochan GT, Thalhammer A, Oppermann U, Claridge TD, Schofield CJ (Jul 2012). "Development and application of a fluoride-detection-based fluorescence assay for γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase".
2293:
Wehbie RS, Punekar NS, Lardy HA (Mar 1988). "Rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyzed reaction: influence of potassium, substrates, and substrate analogues on hydroxylation and decarboxylation".
3686:
Galland S, Le Borgne F, Bouchard F, Georges B, Clouet P, Grand-Jean F, Demarquoy J (Oct 1999). "Molecular cloning and characterization of the cDNA encoding the rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase".
2339:
Tars K, Rumnieks J, Zeltins A, Kazaks A, Kotelovica S, Leonciks A, Sharipo J, Viksna A, Kuka J, Liepinsh E, Dambrova M (Aug 2010). "Crystal structure of human gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase".
2791:
Pupure J, Isajevs S, Skapare E, Rumaks J, Svirskis S, Svirina D, Kalvinsh I, Klusa V (Feb 2010). "Neuroprotective properties of mildronate, a mitochondria-targeted small molecule".
1406:
2834:
Liepinsh E, Skapare E, Svalbe B, Makrecka M, Cirule H, Dambrova M (May 2011). "Anti-diabetic effects of mildronate alone or in combination with metformin in obese Zucker rats".
359:
258:
1337:
1917:
Vaz FM, van Gool S, Ofman R, Ijlst L, Wanders RJ (Sep 1998). "Carnitine biosynthesis: identification of the cDNA encoding human gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase".
1356:
2659:"Mildronate, an inhibitor of carnitine biosynthesis, induces an increase in gamma-butyrobetaine contents and cardioprotection in isolated rat heart infarction"
2254:"Vitamin C is not essential for carnitine biosynthesis in vivo: verification in vitamin C-depleted senescence marker protein-30/gluconolactonase knockout mice"
1676:
and non-hydroxylatable analogue of gamma-butyrobetaine, further studies have identified mildronate is indeed a substrate for gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase.
3175:
Galland S, Le Borgne F, Guyonnet D, Clouet P, Demarquoy J (Jan 1998). "Purification and characterization of the rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase".
1680:
1374:
2252:
Furusawa H, Sato Y, Tanaka Y, Inai Y, Amano A, Iwama M, Kondo Y, Handa S, Murata A, Nishikimi M, Goto S, Maruyama N, Takahashi R, Ishigami A (Sep 2008).
810:
791:
181:
2869:
Zvejniece L, Svalbe B, Makrecka M, Liepinsh E, Kalvinsh I, Dambrova M (Sep 2010). "Mildronate exerts acute anticonvulsant and antihypnotic effects".
3960:
2176:
Nelson PJ, Pruitt RE, Henderson LL, Jenness R, Henderson LM (Jan 1981). "Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on the in vivo synthesis of carnitine".
3853:
2913:
2987:
2954:
4028:
3767:
3261:"Cosubstrate binding site of Pseudomonas sp. AK1 gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. Interactions with structural analogs of alpha-ketoglutarate"
1896:
4503:
1878:
3716:
Rigault C, Le Borgne F, Demarquoy J (Dec 2006). "Genomic structure, alternative maturation and tissue expression of the human BBOX1 gene".
2610:"Mildronate, a novel fatty acid oxidation inhibitor and antianginal agent, reduces myocardial infarct size without affecting hemodynamics"
3928:
1706:
have been applied to monitor the catalytic activity of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase. Early methods have mainly focused on the use of
3389:
Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S, Nordin I (1977). "Purification and properties of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from
Pseudomonas species AK 1".
3021:"A dose-dependent improvement in exercise tolerance in patients with stable angina treated with mildronate: a clinical trial "MILSS I""
345:
1662:
1049:
1042:
4202:
3901:
1500:. The catalytic activity of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase can be stimulated with different metal ions, especially potassium ions.
2914:"Mildronate improves peripheral circulation in patients with chronic heart failure: results of a clinical trial (the first report)"
322:
3300:
Petter RC, Banerjee S, Englard S (1990). "Inhibition of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase by cyclopropyl-substituted γ-butyrobetaines".
1349:
3104:
1955:
1649:. However, there have been no randomized clinical trials to support the use of mildronate to treat any cardiovascular disease.
3940:
3886:
2515:
Henry L, Leung IK, Claridge TD, Schofield CJ (Aug 2012). "γ-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyses a
Stevens type rearrangement".
1865:
1844:
1779:
ions released as a result of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase catalyses can be detected by using chemosensors such as protected
1672:; mildronate is a rare example of a non-peptidyl substrate mimic inhibitor. Although initial reports suggested mildronate is a
1585:, also known as THP, MET-88, Meldonium or Quarterine). Mildronate is offered, clinically, to non-U.S. markets, in treatment of
1300:
1726:
and C-labelled acetyl-coenzyme A to give labelled acetylcarnitine for detection. Using this method, it is possible to detect
1276:
679:
oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen
244:
219:
4358:
1861:
52:
4508:
3745:
3140:
Rose NR, McDonough MA, King ON, Kawamura A, Schofield CJ (Aug 2011). "Inhibition of 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenases".
1772:
4473:
1840:
1753:
formation, and for the characterisation of unknown enzymatic products. However, these methods are often not suitable for
1151:. In humans, gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase can be found in the kidney (high), liver (moderate), and brain (very low).
161:
2550:
Stevens TS, Creighton EM, Gordon AB, MacNicol M (1928). "CCCCXXIII.—Degradation of quaternary ammonium salts. Part I".
2391:
Leung IK, Krojer TJ, Kochan GT, Henry L, von Delft F, Claridge TD, Oppermann U, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ (Dec 2010).
1469:
with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into each donor. This enzyme participates in
4169:
4018:
1723:
358:
257:
1522:
in substrate selectivity and it processes a number of modified substrates, including the natural catalytic products
4523:
3760:
4343:
2988:"Mildronate improves the exercise tolerance in patients with stable angina: results of a long term clinical trial"
2912:
Dzerve V, Matisone D, Kukulis I, Romanova J, Putane L, Grabauskiene V, Skarda I, Berzina D, Strautmanis J (2005).
351:
250:
4459:
4446:
4433:
4420:
4407:
4394:
4381:
4164:
4125:
4115:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4075:
4055:
4038:
4006:
3970:
3870:
3797:
1765:
1754:
1652:
Mildronate has a similar structure to the natural substrate gamma-butyrobetaine, with a NH group replacing the CH
1294:
4353:
4307:
4250:
3788:
1750:
1424:
1187:
855:
169:
4010:
3610:"gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity is not rate limiting for carnitine biosynthesis in the human infant"
1281:
4255:
3801:
1478:
836:
4149:
4065:
3814:
3494:
Parvin R, Pande SV (1976). "Microdetermination of (−)carnitine and carnitine acetyltransferase activity".
1971:"Carnitine biosynthesis in hepatic peroxisomes. Demonstration of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity"
1956:"Entrez Gene: BBOX1 butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase) 1"
1802:
1361:
1144:
1132:
1391:
1269:
4518:
4276:
4195:
3945:
3918:
3753:
3327:
Ziering DL, Pascal Jr RA (1990). "Mechanism-based inhibition of bacterial γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase".
1817:
1812:
1742:
have also been applied, and they are in particularly useful for the study of the coupling ratio between
1646:
1594:
1590:
1581:
Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase is an inhibition target for 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydraziniumyl)propionate (
1547:
233:
4348:
2936:
2047:"Large-scale integration of microarray data reveals genes and pathways common to multiple cancer types"
1465:
as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O
3424:
Cederblad C, Lindstedt S (1972). "A method for the determination of carnitine in the picomole range".
3002:
2969:
4060:
4023:
3784:
1606:
1204:
1297:
4513:
4312:
4046:
1622:
1439:
1221:
1199:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
941:
937:
933:
929:
148:
3354:
Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S, Tofft S (1970). "γ-Butyrobetaine
Hydroxylase from Pseudomonas sp AK 1".
2010:
Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S, Nordin I (Oct 1982). "Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase in human kidney".
4245:
3809:
3555:
3459:
Böhmer T, Rydning A, Solberg HE (1974). "Carnitine levels in human serum in health and disease".
3200:
3086:
2955:"Mildronate improves carotid baroreceptor reflex function in patients with chronic heart failure"
2894:
2816:
2688:
2639:
2076:
1531:
1519:
1470:
193:
3955:
1511:(PDB id: 3O2G) structures of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase have been solved, demonstrating an
1025:
988:
962:
925:
2657:
Liepinsh E, Vilskersts R, Loca D, Kirjanova O, Pugovichs O, Kalvinsh I, Dambrova M (Dec 2006).
2573:
Loenarz C, Schofield CJ (Mar 2008). "Expanding chemical biology of 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases".
3843:
3733:
3704:
3674:
3631:
3586:
3547:
3511:
3476:
3441:
3406:
3371:
3282:
3241:
3192:
3157:
3122:
3078:
3042:
2928:
2886:
2851:
2808:
2773:
2724:
2680:
2631:
2590:
2532:
2494:
2458:
2414:
2381:
2356:
2329:
2311:
2275:
2234:
2193:
2158:
2117:
2068:
2027:
1992:
1934:
1735:
1658:
1634:
1288:
141:
45:
4291:
4286:
4260:
4188:
3725:
3696:
3664:
3656:
3621:
3578:
3539:
3503:
3468:
3433:
3398:
3363:
3336:
3309:
3272:
3231:
3184:
3149:
3070:
3032:
2878:
2843:
2800:
2763:
2755:
2716:
2670:
2621:
2582:
2555:
2524:
2486:
2448:
2404:
2348:
2303:
2265:
2224:
2185:
2148:
2107:
2058:
2019:
1982:
1926:
1626:
1257:
438:
369:
313:
268:
1534:
and trimethylaminoacetone. Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase also catalyses the oxidation of
596:
189:
4338:
4322:
4235:
3933:
1761:
1673:
1489:
1233:
413:
3218:
Spaniol M, Brooks H, Auer L, Zimmermann A, Solioz M, Stieger B, Krähenbühl S (Mar 2001).
1192:
4487:
4376:
4317:
4159:
4139:
4134:
3776:
3669:
3644:
2768:
2759:
2743:
2675:
2658:
2626:
2609:
1987:
1970:
1807:
1743:
1711:
1684:
1618:
1551:
1515:
mechanism may contribute to the catalytic activity of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase.
1482:
1458:
1451:
1428:
1382:
1332:
1148:
28:
3700:
3277:
3260:
3105:"Tennis pro Maria Sharapova says she takes 'full responsibility' for failed drug test"
2720:
2112:
2095:
1312:
725:
709:
704:
699:
694:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
4497:
4281:
4240:
3507:
3472:
3437:
3236:
3219:
2490:
2189:
1593:. Some studies suggested that mildronate may also be beneficial for the treatment of
1566:
1558:
1539:
1307:
625:
3559:
3204:
2898:
2820:
2643:
2080:
173:
4230:
3978:
3974:
2692:
2453:
2436:
2409:
2392:
1768:
1707:
1669:
1543:
431:
210:
3090:
2212:
3729:
2882:
2847:
2804:
1546:
and (1-methylimidazolidin-4-yl)acetic acid, which is proposed to be formed via a
197:
4454:
4389:
4225:
1901:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1883:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1780:
1562:
1523:
1512:
1497:
1443:
1409:
1316:
1128:
4482:
3573:
Cametti M, Rissanen K (May 2009). "Recognition and sensing of fluoride anion".
2528:
2352:
1771:-based assay has also been proposed by using a fluorinated-gamma-butyrobetaine
514:
4110:
3188:
3074:
2229:
2153:
2136:
2023:
1797:
1665:
1582:
1554:
1535:
1485:
1163:
1140:
330:
227:
177:
3220:"Development and characterization of an animal model of carnitine deficiency"
3037:
3020:
2932:
2586:
4428:
4402:
4079:
4042:
3986:
3780:
3626:
3609:
1792:
1758:
1746:
1727:
1719:
1527:
1493:
1447:
1413:
1136:
755:
574:
452:
397:
384:
296:
283:
185:
3737:
3708:
3590:
3551:
3543:
3245:
3161:
3082:
3046:
2890:
2855:
2812:
2777:
2728:
2684:
2635:
2594:
2536:
2462:
2418:
2360:
2279:
2072:
1930:
3718:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
3689:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
3678:
3635:
3480:
3445:
3375:
3286:
3196:
2498:
2315:
2238:
2197:
2162:
2121:
2031:
1996:
1938:
1089:
1084:
3858:
3515:
3410:
2559:
2096:"Cofactor requirements of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from rat liver"
1776:
1698:
1630:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1570:
1245:
1073:
900:
881:
3402:
3367:
3340:
3313:
2307:
2270:
2253:
4154:
3153:
1550:
mechanism. Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase is unique among other human
1488:, the activity of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase can be stimulated by
1264:
867:
822:
3660:
3126:
2385:
2333:
2063:
2046:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
4441:
4211:
3996:
3991:
3950:
3582:
1715:
1703:
1642:
1638:
1614:
1586:
1432:
1344:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1156:
1117:
1057:
777:
2393:"Structural and mechanistic studies on γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase"
1710:
compounds, including C-labelled gamma-butyrobetaine and C-labelled
4415:
4143:
3878:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3645:"Multiple forms of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.1)"
1731:
1427:
of this enzyme are 4-trimethylammoniobutanoate (γ-butyrobetaine),
740:
736:
3923:
3911:
3906:
3896:
3891:
3874:
3848:
1474:
1252:
1159:
1124:
165:
152:, BBH, BBOX, G-BBH, gamma-BBH, gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1
4184:
3749:
2744:"Mildronate: an antiischemic drug for neurological indications"
1538:
to form multiple products including malonic acid semialdehyde,
605:
1739:
2012:
Scandinavian
Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation
1127:. Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase catalyses the formation of
1481:
for gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase. Similar to many other
4180:
2608:
Sesti C, Simkhovich BZ, Kalvinsh I, Kloner RA (Mar 2006).
1573:
formation (e.g.: (1-methylimidazolidin-4-yl)acetic acid).
1395:
421:
1609:. Mildronate is currently manufactured and marketed by
2178:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
1683:, gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase can be inhibited by
4471:
2986:
Dzerve V, Matisone D, Pozdnyakov Y, Oganov R (2010).
1394:
586:
1461:, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O
4367:
4331:
4300:
4269:
4218:
4124:
4096:
4074:
4037:
4005:
3969:
3869:
3796:
2341:
1919:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1355:
1343:
1331:
1326:
1306:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1018:
981:
955:
918:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1400:
1377:superfamily. It catalyses the following reaction:
1734:-molar range. Other analytical methods including
1718:-coupled method have also been applied to detect
1131:from gamma-butyrobetaine, the last step in the L-
368:
267:
1381:4-trimethylammoniobutanoate (γ-butyrobetaine) +
3259:Ng SF, Hanauske-Abel HM, Englard S (Jan 1991).
2510:
2508:
2430:
2428:
1373:Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase belongs to the
16:Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
1862:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000041660
4196:
3761:
2045:Dawany NB, Dampier WN, Tozeren A (Jun 2011).
1912:
1910:
8:
2517:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
1155:has recently been identified as a potential
1139:is essential for the transport of activated
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
1841:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000129151
1442:are 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoate (
4203:
4189:
4181:
3768:
3754:
3746:
2742:Sjakste N, Gutcaits A, Kalvinsh I (2005).
2217:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2213:"Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis"
2141:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2137:"Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis"
1375:2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent dioxygenase
1323:
751:
621:
409:
308:
205:
63:
3668:
3625:
3276:
3235:
3036:
2767:
2674:
2625:
2452:
2408:
2269:
2228:
2152:
2111:
2062:
1986:
1393:
2258:Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1950:
1948:
674:gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity
4478:
1969:Paul HS, Sekas G, Adibi SA (Feb 1992).
1828:
1408:3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoate (
2663:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
2614:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
1173:
18:
2094:Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S (Aug 1970).
1457:This enzyme belongs to the family of
373:
334:
329:
272:
231:
226:
7:
3961:24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
2953:Vitols A, Voita D, Dzerve V (2008).
1613:, a pharmaceutical company based in
525:vestibular membrane of cochlear duct
3265:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3177:Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
2100:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1637:of mildronate on the treatments of
1518:Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase is
1401:{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
3643:Lindstedt S, Nordin I (Oct 1984).
3608:Olson AL, Rebouche CJ (Jun 1987).
2760:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00267.x
2676:10.1097/01.fjc.0000250077.07702.23
2627:10.1097/01.fjc.0000211732.76668.d2
1988:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16589.x
1015:
978:
952:
915:
891:
872:
846:
827:
801:
782:
591:
509:
447:
426:
14:
2437:"A novel enzymatic rearrangement"
1120:that in humans is encoded by the
4481:
3237:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02065.x
3224:European Journal of Biochemistry
2836:European Journal of Pharmacology
2709:European Journal of Pharmacology
1975:European Journal of Biochemistry
595:
537:lumbar subsegment of spinal cord
357:
350:
344:
321:
256:
249:
243:
218:
27:
3941:Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
3887:Flavin-containing monooxygenase
2051:International Journal of Cancer
1722:formation, by using the enzyme
1177:gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase
1102:Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase
2454:10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.12.003
2410:10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.09.016
726:carnitine biosynthetic process
606:More reference expression data
575:More reference expression data
1:
3701:10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00135-3
3278:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52326-7
2721:10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00098-4
2113:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62901-1
342:
241:
4504:Genes on human chromosome 11
3730:10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.09.014
3508:10.1016/0003-2697(77)90393-1
3473:10.1016/0009-8981(74)90177-6
3438:10.1016/0009-8981(72)90438-X
2883:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833d5a59
2848:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.02.019
2805:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.055
2491:10.1016/0006-2952(88)90717-4
2190:10.1016/0304-4165(81)90286-5
1668:bind to the cosubstrate 2OG
4170:Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase
3063:Clinical Drug Investigation
1724:carnitine acetyltransferase
1114:γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase
4540:
2529:10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.024
2353:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.121
1730:concentration down to the
4359:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
4165:Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase
4116:Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
4088:Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
4056:Phenylalanine hydroxylase
3075:10.1007/s40261-013-0121-x
2024:10.3109/00365518209168117
1897:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1879:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1617:. To date, at least five
1569:(e.g.: formaldehyde) and
1322:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1056:
1050:Chr 2: 110.09 – 110.14 Mb
1037:
1022:
985:
974:
959:
922:
911:
898:
894:
879:
875:
866:
853:
849:
834:
830:
821:
808:
804:
789:
785:
776:
761:
754:
750:
734:
669:identical protein binding
624:
620:
603:
594:
585:
572:
521:
512:
459:
450:
420:
412:
408:
391:
378:
341:
320:
311:
307:
290:
277:
240:
217:
208:
204:
159:
156:
146:
139:
134:
71:
66:
49:
44:
39:
35:
26:
21:
4251:Diffusion-limited enzyme
3614:The Journal of Nutrition
3142:Chemical Society Reviews
3038:10.3390/medicina47100078
2871:Behavioural Pharmacology
2587:10.1038/nchembio0308-152
2479:Biochemical Pharmacology
2435:Fujimori DG (Dec 2010).
2223:(6 Suppl): 1147S–1152S.
2211:Rebouche CJ (Dec 1991).
2147:(6 Suppl): 1147S–1152S.
2135:Rebouche CJ (Dec 1991).
1043:Chr 11: 27.04 – 27.13 Mb
495:external globus pallidus
3649:The Biochemical Journal
3575:Chemical Communications
3189:10.1023/A:1006849713407
2575:Nature Chemical Biology
2441:Chemistry & Biology
2397:Chemistry & Biology
2230:10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1147s
2154:10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1147s
1557:that it catalyses both
1507:(PDB id: 3N6W) and the
1162:based on a large-scale
644:oxidoreductase activity
4150:Squalene monooxygenase
4066:Tryptophan hydroxylase
3815:HIF prolyl-hydroxylase
3544:10.1002/cbic.201200256
1931:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9343
1803:Carnitine biosynthesis
1757:screening and require
1627:peer-reviewed journals
1402:
1145:mitochondrial membrane
1133:carnitine biosynthesis
549:deep cerebellar nuclei
479:metanephric glomerulus
4344:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4277:Allosteric regulation
3946:Methane monooxygenase
3919:Nitric oxide synthase
3627:10.1093/jn/117.6.1024
1818:Stevens rearrangement
1813:Fatty acid metabolism
1647:chronic heart failure
1595:neurological disorder
1591:myocardial infarction
1548:Stevens rearrangement
1403:
1147:during mitochondrial
705:extracellular exosome
234:Chromosome 11 (human)
4509:Human 2OG oxygenases
4354:Lineweaver–Burk plot
4061:Tyrosine hydroxylase
3785:steroid hydroxylases
2995:Semin Cardiovasc Med
2962:Semin Cardiovasc Med
2793:Neuroscience Letters
2560:10.1039/JR9280003193
1607:alcohol intoxication
1438:, whereas its three
1392:
659:dioxygenase activity
533:skin of external ear
336:Chromosome 2 (mouse)
67:List of PDB id codes
40:Available structures
4011:iron–sulfur protein
3403:10.1021/bi00629a022
3368:10.1021/bi00824a014
3341:10.1021/ja00158a051
3314:10.1021/jo00297a025
3001:: 3. Archived from
2968:: 6. Archived from
2308:10.1021/bi00406a062
2271:10.1248/bpb.31.1673
475:gingival epithelium
4313:Enzyme superfamily
4246:Enzyme promiscuity
3810:Prolyl hydroxylase
3154:10.1039/c0cs00203h
1532:3-dehydrocarnitine
1471:lysine degradation
1398:
856:ENSMUSG00000041660
719:Biological process
688:Cellular component
632:Molecular function
529:left lobe of liver
4524:Ascorbate enzymes
4469:
4468:
4178:
4177:
3844:Lysyl hydroxylase
3661:10.1042/bj2230119
3397:(10): 2181–2188.
3362:(22): 4336–4342.
3308:(10): 3088–3097.
3019:Dzerve V (2011).
2064:10.1002/ijc.25854
1736:mass spectrometry
1679:Similar to other
1659:enzyme inhibitors
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1270:metabolic pathway
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1068:
1067:
1033:
1032:
1012:
1011:
970:
969:
949:
948:
907:
906:
888:
887:
862:
861:
843:
842:
817:
816:
798:
797:
746:
745:
664:metal ion binding
616:
615:
612:
611:
581:
580:
568:
567:
506:
505:
404:
403:
303:
302:
198:BBOX1 - orthologs
130:
129:
126:
125:
50:Ortholog search:
4531:
4486:
4485:
4477:
4349:Hanes–Woolf plot
4292:Enzyme activator
4287:Enzyme inhibitor
4261:Enzyme catalysis
4205:
4198:
4191:
4182:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3712:
3682:
3672:
3639:
3629:
3595:
3594:
3583:10.1039/B902069A
3570:
3564:
3563:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3502:(1–2): 190–201.
3491:
3485:
3484:
3461:Clin. Chim. Acta
3456:
3450:
3449:
3426:Clin. Chim. Acta
3421:
3415:
3414:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3329:J. Am. Chem. Soc
3324:
3318:
3317:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2935:. Archived from
2918:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2748:CNS Drug Reviews
2739:
2733:
2732:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2678:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2629:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2388:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2336:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2066:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1859:
1848:
1838:
1764:. A potentially
1629:documenting the
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1324:
1174:
1081:
1080:
1052:
1045:
1028:
1016:
1007:
979:
975:RefSeq (protein)
965:
953:
944:
916:
892:
873:
847:
828:
802:
783:
752:
649:zinc ion binding
639:iron ion binding
622:
608:
599:
592:
577:
557:substantia nigra
517:
515:Top expressed in
510:
455:
453:Top expressed in
448:
427:
410:
400:
387:
376:
361:
354:
348:
337:
325:
309:
299:
286:
275:
260:
253:
247:
236:
222:
206:
200:
151:
144:
121:
64:
58:
37:
36:
31:
19:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4480:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4377:Oxidoreductases
4363:
4339:Enzyme kinetics
4327:
4323:List of enzymes
4296:
4265:
4236:Catalytic triad
4214:
4209:
4179:
4174:
4128:- miscellaneous
4120:
4092:
4070:
4033:
4001:
3965:
3956:14α-demethylase
3865:
3792:
3777:Oxidoreductases
3774:
3744:
3724:(12): 1469–81.
3715:
3685:
3642:
3607:
3603:
3601:Further reading
3598:
3577:(20): 2809–29.
3572:
3571:
3567:
3538:(11): 1559–63.
3528:
3527:
3523:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3111:. 8 March 2016.
3103:
3102:
3098:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3005:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2877:(5–6): 548–55.
2868:
2867:
2863:
2842:(2–3): 277–83.
2833:
2832:
2828:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2447:(12): 1269–70.
2434:
2433:
2426:
2403:(12): 1316–24.
2390:
2380:
2379:
2368:
2338:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2106:(16): 4178–86.
2093:
2092:
2088:
2057:(12): 2881–91.
2044:
2043:
2039:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1860:
1851:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1789:
1766:high-throughput
1762:instrumentation
1755:high-throughput
1694:
1674:non-competitive
1655:
1579:
1490:reducing agents
1468:
1464:
1459:oxidoreductases
1436:
1419:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1172:
1166:data analysis.
1104:(also known as
1090:View/Edit Mouse
1085:View/Edit Human
1048:
1041:
1038:Location (UCSC)
1024:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
961:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
837:ENSG00000129151
730:
714:
683:
654:protein binding
604:
573:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
513:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
451:
395:
382:
374:
364:
363:
362:
355:
335:
312:Gene location (
294:
281:
273:
263:
262:
261:
254:
232:
209:Gene location (
160:
147:
140:
73:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4537:
4535:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4450:
4437:
4424:
4411:
4398:
4385:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4301:Classification
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4140:Heme oxygenase
4137:
4135:Cyclooxygenase
4131:
4129:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3883:
3881:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3806:
3804:
3802:2-oxoglutarate
3794:
3793:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3713:
3683:
3640:
3620:(6): 1024–31.
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3565:
3521:
3486:
3451:
3416:
3381:
3346:
3335:(2): 834–838.
3319:
3292:
3271:(3): 1526–33.
3251:
3230:(6): 1876–87.
3210:
3183:(1–2): 163–8.
3167:
3148:(8): 4364–97.
3132:
3114:
3096:
3069:(10): 755–60.
3052:
3031:(10): 544–51.
3011:
3008:on 2013-09-21.
2978:
2975:on 2013-09-21.
2945:
2942:on 2012-03-28.
2904:
2861:
2826:
2783:
2734:
2698:
2649:
2600:
2565:
2542:
2523:(15): 4975–8.
2504:
2485:(2): 195–202.
2468:
2424:
2366:
2321:
2285:
2244:
2203:
2168:
2127:
2086:
2037:
2002:
1981:(3): 599–605.
1961:
1944:
1906:
1888:
1870:
1849:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:Beta Oxidation
1805:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1693:
1690:
1681:2OG oxygenases
1653:
1619:clinical trial
1578:
1575:
1466:
1462:
1452:carbon dioxide
1434:
1429:2-oxoglutarate
1421:
1420:
1417:
1397:
1386:
1383:2-oxoglutarate
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1149:beta oxidation
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1009:
983:
982:
976:
972:
971:
968:
967:
957:
956:
950:
947:
946:
920:
919:
913:
909:
908:
905:
904:
896:
895:
889:
886:
885:
877:
876:
870:
864:
863:
860:
859:
851:
850:
844:
841:
840:
832:
831:
825:
819:
818:
815:
814:
806:
805:
799:
796:
795:
787:
786:
780:
774:
773:
768:
763:
759:
758:
748:
747:
744:
743:
732:
731:
729:
728:
722:
720:
716:
715:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
691:
689:
685:
684:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
635:
633:
629:
628:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
609:
601:
600:
589:
583:
582:
579:
578:
570:
569:
566:
565:
563:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:
518:
507:
504:
503:
501:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
456:
444:
443:
435:
424:
418:
417:
414:RNA expression
406:
405:
402:
401:
393:
389:
388:
380:
377:
372:
366:
365:
356:
349:
343:
339:
338:
333:
327:
326:
318:
317:
305:
304:
301:
300:
292:
288:
287:
279:
276:
271:
265:
264:
255:
248:
242:
238:
237:
230:
224:
223:
215:
214:
202:
201:
158:
154:
153:
145:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
69:
68:
60:
59:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4536:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Enzyme family
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Cooperativity
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:Oxyanion hole
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:BH4 dependent
4044:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:(1): 119–27.
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:Anal. Biochem
3490:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:Semin Cardiol
2915:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:(2): 151–68.
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:(3): 217–24.
2714:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2554:: 3193–3197.
2553:
2552:J. Chem. Soc.
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:(6): 2222–8.
2301:
2297:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2264:(9): 1673–9.
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:(6): 477–85.
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1925:(2): 506–10.
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:reports were
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:demethylation
1564:
1560:
1559:hydroxylation
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:dimethylamine
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1415:
1411:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Gene Ontology
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1246:NiceZyme view
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
984:
980:
977:
973:
966:
964:
958:
954:
951:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
921:
917:
914:
912:RefSeq (mRNA)
910:
903:
902:
897:
893:
890:
884:
883:
878:
874:
871:
869:
865:
858:
857:
852:
848:
845:
839:
838:
833:
829:
826:
824:
820:
813:
812:
807:
803:
800:
794:
793:
788:
784:
781:
779:
775:
772:
769:
767:
764:
760:
757:
753:
749:
742:
738:
733:
727:
724:
723:
721:
718:
717:
711:
710:mitochondrion
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
690:
687:
686:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:Gene ontology
623:
619:
607:
602:
598:
593:
590:
588:
584:
576:
571:
561:hair follicle
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
520:
516:
511:
508:
498:
494:
490:
487:renal medulla
486:
483:skin of thigh
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:kidney tubule
462:
461:
458:
454:
449:
446:
445:
442:
440:
436:
434:
433:
429:
428:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
394:
390:
386:
381:
371:
367:
360:
353:
347:
340:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
310:
306:
298:
293:
289:
285:
280:
270:
266:
259:
252:
246:
239:
235:
229:
225:
221:
216:
212:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
155:
150:
143:
138:
133:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
70:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4519:Iron enzymes
4455:Translocases
4452:
4439:
4426:
4413:
4400:
4390:Transferases
4387:
4374:
4231:Binding site
3979:flavoprotein
3783:, including
3781:dioxygenases
3721:
3717:
3695:(1): 85–92.
3692:
3688:
3652:
3648:
3617:
3613:
3574:
3568:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3467:(1): 55–61.
3464:
3460:
3454:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3394:
3391:Biochemistry
3390:
3384:
3359:
3356:Biochemistry
3355:
3349:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3305:
3302:J. Org. Chem
3301:
3295:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3003:the original
2998:
2994:
2981:
2970:the original
2965:
2961:
2948:
2937:the original
2927:(2): 56–64.
2924:
2920:
2907:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2799:(2): 100–5.
2796:
2792:
2786:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2669:(6): 314–9.
2666:
2662:
2652:
2620:(3): 493–9.
2617:
2613:
2603:
2581:(3): 152–6.
2578:
2574:
2568:
2551:
2545:
2520:
2516:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2444:
2440:
2400:
2396:
2347:(4): 634–9.
2344:
2340:
2324:
2299:
2296:Biochemistry
2295:
2288:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2184:(1): 123–7.
2181:
2177:
2171:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1922:
1918:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1769:fluorescence
1708:radiolabeled
1702:biochemical
1697:
1695:
1678:
1670:binding site
1651:
1580:
1544:formaldehyde
1517:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1456:
1422:
1372:
1234:BRENDA entry
1152:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1023:
1005:NP_001363190
1001:NP_001363189
997:NP_001363188
993:NP_001363187
986:
960:
942:NM_001376261
938:NM_001376260
934:NM_001376259
930:NM_001376258
923:
899:
880:
854:
835:
809:
790:
770:
765:
545:skin of back
471:human kidney
437:
430:
396:110,144,905
383:110,093,042
157:External IDs
72:
4226:Active site
3532:ChemBioChem
3432:: 235–243.
1781:fluorescein
1563:L-carnitine
1524:L-carnitine
1520:promiscuous
1513:induced fit
1498:glutathione
1444:L-carnitine
1410:L-carnitine
1222:IntEnz view
1182:Identifiers
1143:across the
1141:fatty acids
1129:L-carnitine
499:skin of arm
491:skin of hip
375:2|2 E3
295:27,127,809
282:27,040,725
135:Identifiers
4514:EC 1.14.11
4498:Categories
4429:Isomerases
4403:Hydrolases
4270:Regulation
4111:Tyrosinase
4078:: reduced
4041:: reduced
4009:: reduced
3973:: reduced
1868:, May 2017
1847:, May 2017
1824:References
1798:Mildronate
1666:oxygenases
1661:for human
1583:mildronate
1577:Inhibition
1555:oxygenases
1536:mildronate
1530:, forming
1486:oxygenases
1425:substrates
1423:The three
1291:structures
1258:KEGG entry
1205:9045-31-2
1164:microarray
467:glomerulus
441:(ortholog)
178:HomoloGene
4308:EC number
4080:ascorbate
4043:pteridine
2933:1648-7966
2389:;
1793:Carnitine
1759:expensive
1751:substrate
1747:oxidation
1728:carnitine
1720:carnitine
1623:published
1528:carnitine
1503:Both the
1494:ascorbate
1448:succinate
1414:succinate
1396:⇌
1211:Databases
1193:1.14.11.1
1137:Carnitine
1135:pathway.
1026:NP_569719
989:NP_003977
963:NM_130452
926:NM_003986
756:Orthologs
695:cytoplasm
553:epidermis
186:GeneCards
4332:Kinetics
4256:Cofactor
4219:Activity
3738:17110165
3709:10526231
3591:19436879
3560:13956474
3552:22730246
3246:11248709
3205:23339575
3162:21390379
3109:LA Times
3083:23949899
3047:22186118
3025:Medicina
2899:12501700
2891:20661137
2856:21371472
2821:38603504
2813:20036318
2778:16007237
2729:10812052
2685:17204911
2644:45844835
2636:16633095
2595:18277970
2537:22765904
2463:21168760
2419:21168767
2361:20599753
2337:;
2280:18758058
2081:24740881
2073:21165954
1864:–
1843:–
1787:See also
1777:fluoride
1699:in vitro
1696:Several
1631:efficacy
1611:Grindeks
1603:seizures
1599:diabetes
1571:C-C bond
1492:such as
1479:cofactor
1440:products
1362:proteins
1350:articles
1338:articles
1295:RCSB PDB
1170:Reaction
1116:) is an
1074:Wikidata
735:Sources:
4488:Biology
4442:Ligases
4212:Enzymes
4126:1.14.99
4104:: other
4098:1.14.18
4076:1.14.17
4039:1.14.16
4007:1.14.15
3971:1.14.14
3871:1.14.13
3798:1.14.11
3679:6497835
3670:1144272
3636:3110383
3481:4279150
3446:5022087
3376:5472709
3287:1988434
3197:9546596
3130:
2769:6741751
2693:1812127
2499:3342076
2316:3378057
2239:1962562
2198:6783120
2163:1962562
2122:4396068
2032:7156861
1997:1735445
1939:9753662
1866:Ensembl
1845:Ensembl
1561:(e.g.:
1317:QuickGO
1282:profile
1265:MetaCyc
1200:CAS no.
868:UniProt
823:Ensembl
762:Species
741:QuickGO
700:cytosol
416:pattern
274:11p14.2
174:1891372
142:Aliases
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3975:flavin
3854:ALKBH1
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1635:safety
1615:Latvia
1601:, and
1587:angina
1526:and D-
1450:, and
1431:, and
1345:PubMed
1327:Search
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1301:PDBsum
1241:ExPASy
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1188:EC no.
1157:cancer
1118:enzyme
1060:search
1058:PubMed
901:Q924Y0
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166:603312
4368:Types
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3556:S2CID
3201:S2CID
3087:S2CID
3006:(PDF)
2991:(PDF)
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2895:S2CID
2817:S2CID
2689:S2CID
2640:S2CID
2077:S2CID
1692:Assay
1477:is a
1277:PRIAM
1153:BBOX1
1122:BBOX1
771:Mouse
766:Human
737:Amigo
439:Mouse
432:Human
379:Start
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278:Start
211:Human
190:BBOX1
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