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roost during the day in mango trees and bamboo reeds or other trees. The
Gambian epauletted fruit bats hang upside down alone or in groups up to twenty. The species' droppings support whole ecosystems of unique organisms, including bacteria useful in detoxifying wastes, and producing gasohol. This species feeds on
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The species also tend to roost in small groups or as individuals. They can also roost low in trees during the day, undisturbed by the presence of people and even within areas that receive considerable light. These bats have been known to have a presence in agricultural areas with orchards of bananas,
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At birth the species are equipped with distinctive milk teeth that appear to be useless as tools for eating solid food, but help them attach to their mother's teats. The shedding of milk teeth and the emergence of permanent teeth occurs at about the same time as the bats learn to fly and begin to eat
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These bats primarily eat small fruits, often found flying from tree to tree, feeding on their primary food source, the fig. However, the fig is not a nutritious food source, due to its low amounts of protein and high amounts of sugar, but it is abundant, so the bats must cover a large number of trees
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The
Gambian epauletted fruit bats are frugivorous and will appear wherever fig, mango, guava or banana trees are in fruit. The social behavior within fruit-bat camps does not stop at individual family groups. The whole colony is organized, with separate peripheral groups of immatures and non-breeding
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Newborns grow rapidly, with various parts of their bodies growing at different rates. At birth, the thumbs and hind feet are almost adult size, and grow very little. However, the forearm and other bones supporting the wing enlarge quickly, producing a wing area in adults that is 10 times the size at
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Males fly at night to different locations to mate. There, they begin courting calls which attract the females. While making their mating calls, males will flash snowy white patches of fur on their shoulders, called epaulets, which are usually concealed. Because they do this at night, the large white
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It is very important that these bats spend so much time getting food because if they don't, then they will not have enough nutrients to give to their young and their babies will not survive. The young do stay in the nest while the parents retrieve the food, but instead, hang on to its mother's teats
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Their head and body length are usually 125–250 mm (5–10 in) and their wing span is about 508 mm (20 in) for the males. Mass ranges from 40 to 120 g (1.4 to 4.2 oz) and forearms are about 60–100 mm (2–4 in). This creature also has a tail that is hard to detect
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The pack moves during sunset in large flocks from resting areas to feeding areas. To avoid predators, the bats will carry fruit away from the tree before eating. Over several nights bats may carry more than a ton of seeds from a single wild fig tree, dramatically increasing the number of seedlings
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Fruit bats are tropical animals, but some species live in areas with only a limited fruiting season, as in east Africa where the
Gambian epauletted fruit bat might feed on figs during the rainy season but in the semi-arid conditions of the rest of the year may have to fly several hundred miles to
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They frequently sniff at each other's scent glands to establish personal recognition. Which represents high levels of social organization. When one is shot down, they show great concern and gather round swooping low to inspect it; a sign of affinity rather than totally independent behaviour. They
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Mostly found in Africa, these creatures have grayish-brown color fur with a white patch at the base of their ear in both males and females. These fruit bats are also very noisy creatures. In the context of mating behavior (see "Reproduction" below), adult males may hang from perches and perform a
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Although fertilization ensues immediately after mating, there is little development of the embryo. The delay in embryonic development ensures that birth coincides with a season when food is abundant enough to maintain lactating females, which have a high demand for energy. The delay in embryonic
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It is very easy to tell the male fruit bat from the female fruit bat. In comparison, males are usually larger than females. The males also have gland-like pouches in the skin of their shoulder, that is surrounded by light colored patches and/or tufts of fur. Thus, one of the reasons why they are
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As a fairly adaptable species to many types of environments, they can be found in a variety of habitats ranging from the dry savanna, moist savanna, mosaic, bushland, tropical dry forests, and subtropical dry forests habitats. They have also been reported to inhabit areas of partially degraded
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flowers. Despite this, figs are the primary food source because they are in bloom longer than the rest. The epauletted fruit bat has been known to spend eight to ten hours flying around from tree to tree eating because they burn more energy flying than they receive from the figs.
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The lifespan of this bat is long for being such a small mammal. Most epauletted fruit bats can live up to 28 years, and average about 21 years. The mechanism for such a long life in bats is not known with certainty. Some suggest the longevity in bats is related to the
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forest, mangrove, and swamp forest habitats. This species of bats prefer to live on the edge of forests and they tend to roost in places ranging from thick foliage, accumulated roots along stream banks, below the thatch of open sheds, and large tree hollows. (Fenton)
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On the outskirts of the camp, non-territorial males act as guards. They are alert to the slightest disturbance. They perform a visual inspection and either give a loud alarm signal, or remain still, keeping an eye open.
746:(Wilson). They are typically a lowland species occurring below 500 meters above sea level, however the Ethiopian populations have been found to occur up to 2,000 meters above sea level. It is native to the countries of
664:. The males of these species are usually larger than the females and in addition possess glandular pouches in the skin of the shoulder which are surrounded by light colored tufts of hair. These produce the effect of
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to receive the nutrition necessary to sustain flight and feed their young. However, these bats are not limited to eating just figs. They have also been known to feed on bananas, mangoes, guavas, and the nectar from
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birth. They rapidly gain weight until they are weaned. But once they begin to eat fruit instead of their mother's milk, their body weight decrease and they use up the fat reserve they have built up during nursing.
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The species is known to hang off of evergreen trees during the day alone or spread out from one another and travel in packs of hundreds during the late hours of the night in the forest of Africa.
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Populations of epauletted fruit bats are threatened by pesticides on fruit, human disturbance and over-collecting in the past. However, the number one reason it may be threatened is
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The species have more than one mate at a time. The males emit mating calls during the breeding season; which is around April to May and
October to November.
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development also permits mating to take place when both males and females are in prime physical condition and have access to good supplies of food.
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are in flight, they remain together in long processions. The leaders often change, yet they retain the same direction of flight. (Mickleburgh)
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figs, mangoes, guavas, and other fruits. They have made the move to human areas due to encroachment by humans into their natural habitats.
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period usually lasts about six months, and pregnant females will roost apart from the males. There is usually one young per birth.
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to find food. They also rely heavily on their smell because they use it to locate food and establish bonds with one another.
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in flight. This is only until about five weeks, when the bat begins to learn to fly and sheds its milk teeth. (Fenton)
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that will survive in new locations. The fruit bats spend over half their lives roosting in various places. (Wilson)
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calling-display during which they utter a moderately loud bell like 'ping' at intervals of 1–3 seconds.
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The
Gambian epauletted fruit bats are unlike other bats because they use sight rather than
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adults. The epauletted fruit bats travel in small groups of six to twenty bats. When the
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552:. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and savanna.
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Mammal
Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference
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find a different climate where other trees are still in fruit.
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named
Gambian epauletted fruit bats, it produces the effect of
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furs are more visible under the lighting conditions. (Wilson)
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The epauletted fruit bat's geographic range is from southern
911:
Mammals of Africa, Volume IV: "Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats"
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Findley, James (1993). "Bats: a
Community Perspective".
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disperser. Some flowering trees depend on the bats for
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607:of many West African trees, presumably acting as
1173:A Clinical Guide to Inherited Metabolic Diseases
1118:. Quadrangle/The New York Times Books Company.
1176:(3 ed.). New York: Cambridge University.
1145:(3 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
1330:
1297:Bats in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book
887:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7903A22122670.en
8:
1112:Yalden, Derek W; Morris, Patrick A (1975).
468:in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
4007:East African little collared fruit bat (
1139:Wilson, Don E; Reeder, DeeAnn M (2005).
1107:
1105:
73:This article includes a list of general
3896:Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (
1075:
1073:
851:
660:The Gambian epauletted fruit bats show
3863:Hayman's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (
3721:Lesser Angolan epauletted fruit bat (
989:Hill, John E; Smith, James D (1984).
439:
7:
3872:Peters' dwarf epauletted fruit bat (
3789:Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat (
2291:New Britain naked-backed fruit bat (
1799:Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat (
1435:Broad-striped tube-nosed fruit bat (
776:The Democratic Republic of the Congo
579:beneath the inter femoral membrane.
150:adding citations to reliable sources
4370:IUCN Red List least concern species
3739:East African epauletted fruit bat (
2210:Philippine naked-backed fruit bat (
2201:Beaufort's naked-backed fruit bat (
2192:Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat (
873:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
427:Gambian epauletted fruit bat range
3227:Little golden-mantled flying fox (
2246:Solomon's naked-backed fruit bat (
2219:Halmahera naked-backed fruit bat (
1817:Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat (
1471:Round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat (
1088:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1018:Kunz, Thomas; Racey, Paul (1998).
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3807:Franquet's epauletted fruit bat (
3757:Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (
3404:Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat (
2601:Giant golden-crowned flying fox (
2300:Greenish naked-backed fruit bat (
2264:Moluccan naked-backed fruit bat (
2237:Sulawesi naked-backed fruit bat (
1534:Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat (
1022:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
34:This article has multiple issues.
3730:Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat (
3395:Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat (
2282:Western naked-backed fruit bat (
2273:Panniet naked-backed fruit bat (
1585:Steadfast tube-nosed fruit bat (
490:Democratic Republic of the Congo
296:
126:
64:
23:
3703:Peters's epauletted fruit bat (
3694:Ansell's epauletted fruit bat (
2950:New Ireland masked flying fox (
2801:New Georgian monkey-faced Bat (
2765:Bougainville monkey-faced Bat (
2652:Small white-winged flying fox (
2255:Lesser naked-backed fruit bat (
1808:Greater short-nosed fruit bat (
1462:Mountain tube-nosed fruit bat (
1300:. The Smithsonian Institution.
1199:. University of Toronto Press.
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
3712:Gambian epauletted fruit bat (
3685:Angolan epauletted fruit bat (
2774:Guadalcanal monkey-faced Bat (
1763:Lesser short-nosed fruit bat (
1516:Demonic tube-nosed fruit bat (
1507:Malaita tube-nosed fruit bat (
1489:Keast's tube-nosed fruit bat (
1218:. Cambridge University Press.
161:"Gambian epauletted fruit bat"
1:
3998:São Tomé collared fruit bat (
2228:Biak naked-backed fruit bat (
1576:Lesser tube-nosed fruit bat (
1498:Island tube-nosed fruit bat (
1480:Dragon tube-nosed fruit bat (
1444:Common tube-nosed fruit bat (
997:. University of Texas Press.
862:Tanshi, I.; Fahr, J. (2016).
247:Gambian epauletted fruit bat
3988:(Little collared fruit bats)
3748:Minor epauletted fruit bat (
3299:Philippine gray flying fox (
2896:Bismarck masked flying fox (
1957:Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat (
1552:Umboi tube-nosed fruit bat (
1216:Cambridge Studies in Ecology
1020:Bat Biology and Conservation
456:Gambian epauletted fruit bat
4016:Little collared fruit bat (
2674:(Straw-coloured fruit bats)
2483:New Caledonia blossom bat (
1891:Fischer's pygmy fruit bat (
1050:Wimsatt, William A (1970).
941:. Oxford University Press.
935:Neuweiler, Gerhard (2000).
4401:
3353:New Caledonia flying fox (
3103:Black-bearded flying fox (
2792:Montane monkey-faced Bat (
2783:Greater monkey-faced Bat (
2693:Straw-coloured fruit bat (
2324:Sulawesi harpy fruit bat (
1966:White-collared fruit bat (
1948:Javan tailless fruit bat (
1858:Rickart's dyak fruit bat (
1700:Spotted-winged fruit bat (
1676:Mindanao pygmy fruit bat (
1273:Schober, Wilfried (1984).
1084:Walker's BATS of the World
908:Kingdon, Jonathan (2013).
4385:Mammals described in 1835
4090:Short-palated fruit bat (
3652:
3638:
3438:
3424:
3200:Geelvink Bay flying fox (
3031:Livingstone's fruit bat (
2932:Large Samoan flying fox (
2860:Small Samoan flying fox (
2741:Small-toothed fruit bat (
2717:Fijian monkey-faced Bat (
2643:White-winged flying fox (
2567:
2553:
2533:Moss-forest blossom bat (
2433:Black-bellied fruit bat (
2424:Fardoulis's blossom bat (
2391:Long-tongued nectar bat (
2381:(Long-tongued fruit bats)
2367:
2353:
2144:
2130:
2046:Greater musky fruit bat (
1849:Brooks's dyak fruit bat (
1619:
1605:
1453:Pallas's tube-nosed bat (
1411:
1397:
1353:
1345:Extant species of family
1170:Clarke, Joe T.R. (2005).
438:
431:
426:
417:
398:
391:
293:Scientific classification
291:
269:
260:
251:
246:
4053:D'Anchieta's fruit bat (
3564:Leschenault's rousette (
3209:Grey-headed flying fox (
3112:Black-eared flying fox (
2995:Ontong Java flying fox (
2887:Ashy-headed flying fox (
2464:(Long-tailed fruit bats)
2400:Long-tongued fruit bat (
2182:(Bare-backed fruit bats)
2055:Lesser musky fruit bat (
1731:Black-capped fruit bat (
1543:Eastern tube-nosed Bat (
1191:Fenton, M Brock (1983).
1080:Nowak, Ronald M (1994).
962:Fenton, M Brock (1992).
768:Central African Republic
482:Central African Republic
4099:Campo-Ma’an fruit bat (
3308:Temminck's flying fox (
3281:Little red flying fox (
3263:Madagascan flying fox (
3013:Andersen's flying fox (
2977:Gilliard's flying fox (
2923:Spectacled flying fox (
2524:Halmahera blossom bat (
2474:Long-tailed fruit bat (
1915:Salim Ali's fruit bat (
1772:Horsfield's fruit bat (
1525:Lesser tube-nosed bat (
1425:(tube-nosed fruit bats)
1231:Graham, Gary L (1994).
993:Bats, A Natural History
94:more precise citations.
3853:(Dwarf epauleted bats)
3675:(Epauleted fruit bats)
3609:Long-haired rousette (
3591:Bare-backed rousette (
3290:Seychelles fruit bat (
3254:Rodrigues flying fox (
3139:Mauritian flying fox (
3067:Big-eared flying fox (
2833:Admiralty flying fox (
2684:Madagascan fruit bat (
2442:Woodford's fruit bat (
2079:Blanford's fruit bat (
1753:(Dog-faced fruit bats)
1710:Balionycteris seimundi
1294:Wilson, Don E (2015).
1235:. St. Martin's Press.
4203:Epomophorus gambianus
4173:Epomophorus gambianus
3618:Madagascan rousette (
3537:Geoffroy's rousette (
3502:(rousette fruit bats)
3480:Philippine dawn bat (
3326:Vanikoro flying fox (
3236:Solomons flying fox (
3121:Caroline flying fox (
2905:Moluccan flying fox (
2583:Sulawesi flying fox (
1250:Hutson, Tony (2003).
866:Epomophorus gambianus
461:Epomophorus gambianus
402:Epomophorus gambianus
4132:Zenker's fruit bat (
3798:Dobson's fruit bat (
3462:Greater nectar bat (
3317:Insular flying fox (
3245:Rennell flying fox (
3049:Okinawa flying fox (
2959:Nicobar flying fox (
2869:Vanuatu flying fox (
2842:Aldabra flying fox (
2515:Common blossom bat (
2160:Bulmer's fruit bat (
1939:Tailless fruit bat (
1781:Peters's fruit bat (
880:: e.T7903A22122670.
146:improve this article
4108:Pohle's fruit bat (
3957:Azagnyi fruit bat (
3831:Hammer-headed Bat (
3620:R. madagascariensis
3555:Egyptian rousette (
3546:Sulawesi rousette (
3335:Kosrae flying fox (
3191:Masked flying fox (
3166:Ornate flying fox (
3148:Temotu flying fox (
3094:Indian flying fox (
3085:Mariana fruit bat (
3076:Lesser flying fox (
3058:Lyle's flying fox (
3040:Lombok flying fox (
2941:Ryukyu flying fox (
2914:Makira flying fox (
2654:D. microleucopterus
2610:Palawan fruit bat (
2592:Talaud flying fox (
1279:. Arco Publishing.
938:The Biology of Bats
573:sexually stimulated
557:habitat destruction
263:Conservation status
3933:Angolan rousette (
3573:Linduan Rousette (
3539:R. amplexicaudatus
3519:Manado fruit bat (
3371:Dwarf flying fox (
3362:Pemba flying fox (
3344:Large flying fox (
3272:Samoa flying fox (
3218:Bonin flying fox (
3182:Pelew flying fox (
3130:Great flying fox (
3004:Small flying fox (
2968:Banks flying fox (
2851:Black flying fox (
2619:Sunda flying fox (
2036:(Musky fruit bats)
1839:(Dayak fruit bats)
1790:Minute fruit bat (
1643:Borneo fruit bat (
1633:(Pygmy fruit bats)
1258:. Voyageur Press.
1056:. Academic Press.
464:) is a species of
442:Pteropus gambianus
4357:
4356:
4165:Taxon identifiers
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4101:C. campomaanensis
4065:
4064:
4028:
4027:
3991:
3908:
3907:
3856:
3782:
3678:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3582:Comoro rousette (
3505:
3471:Cave nectar bat (
3455:
3452:(Dawn fruit bats)
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3157:Ceram fruit bat (
2986:Gray flying fox (
2925:P. conspicillatus
2826:
2677:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2508:
2467:
2384:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2333:Harpy fruit bat (
2185:
2138:Harpyionycterinae
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2103:Swift fruit bat (
2039:
2014:Dusky fruit bat (
1992:O. cartilagonodus
1990:Luzon fruit bat (
1867:Dayak fruit bat (
1842:
1819:C. titthaecheilus
1756:
1733:C. melanocephalus
1652:Pygmy fruit bat (
1636:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1428:
1276:The Lives of Bats
1233:Bats of the World
1183:978-0-511-13324-4
1115:The Lives of Bats
968:. Facts on File.
914:. A&C Black.
662:sexual dimorphism
452:
451:
446:
384:E. gambianus
286:
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
112:
57:
4392:
4350:
4349:
4337:
4336:
4324:
4323:
4311:
4310:
4298:
4297:
4285:
4284:
4272:
4271:
4259:
4258:
4246:
4245:
4233:
4232:
4220:
4219:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4160:
4076:
4039:
4000:M. brachycephala
3990:
3989:
3985:
3966:Woermann's bat (
3919:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3781:
3780:
3779:(Epauleted bats)
3776:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3640:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3440:
3426:
3292:P. seychellensis
3211:P. poliocephalus
3132:P. neohibernicus
3022:Kei flying fox (
2907:P. chrysoproctus
2878:Aru flying fox (
2835:P. admiralitatum
2825:
2824:
2820:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2569:
2555:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2485:N. neocaledonica
2466:
2465:
2461:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2355:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2146:
2132:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1607:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1399:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1311:
1290:
1269:
1257:
1246:
1227:
1210:
1198:
1187:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1015:
1009:
1008:
996:
986:
980:
979:
959:
953:
952:
932:
926:
925:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
889:
859:
694:fruit. (Fenton)
645:Parkia biglobosa
444:
422:
404:
301:
300:
280:
275:
274:
256:
244:
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
195:
154:
130:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
90:this article by
81:inline citations
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4345:
4342:Observation.org
4340:
4332:
4327:
4319:
4314:
4306:
4301:
4293:
4288:
4280:
4275:
4267:
4262:
4254:
4249:
4241:
4236:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4167:
4157:
4140:
4116:
4061:
4024:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3974:
3941:
3904:
3880:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3839:
3815:
3791:E. buettikoferi
3778:
3777:
3775:
3765:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3648:
3626:
3566:R. leschenaulti
3501:
3500:
3498:
3488:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3434:
3412:
3379:
3328:P. tuberculatus
3150:P. nitendiensis
3033:P. livingstonii
2979:P. gilliardorum
2822:
2821:
2819:
2809:
2749:
2725:
2701:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2627:
2563:
2541:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2408:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2363:
2341:
2315:Harpyionycteris
2308:
2275:D. pannietensis
2181:
2180:
2178:
2168:
2140:
2118:
2087:
2063:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2022:
1998:
1974:
1923:
1899:
1875:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1825:
1801:C. nusatenggara
1752:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1715:
1684:
1678:A. paucidentata
1660:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1615:
1593:
1560:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1407:
1393:
1349:
1343:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1249:
1243:
1230:
1213:
1207:
1190:
1184:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1053:Biology of Bats
1049:
1048:
1037:
1030:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1005:
988:
987:
983:
976:
961:
960:
956:
949:
934:
933:
929:
922:
907:
906:
902:
892:
890:
861:
860:
853:
848:
730:, and southern
712:
658:
640:
588:
413:
406:
400:
387:
295:
287:
276:
272:
265:
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
155:
153:
143:
131:
116:
105:
99:
96:
86:Please help to
85:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4398:
4396:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4375:Bats of Africa
4372:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4338:
4325:
4312:
4299:
4286:
4273:
4260:
4247:
4234:
4221:
4208:
4193:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4073:
4071:Scotonycterini
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3869:
3865:M. intermedius
3859:
3857:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3804:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3615:
3598:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3557:R. aegyptiacus
3552:
3543:
3526:
3525:
3508:
3506:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3436:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3401:
3397:S. mindorensis
3391:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3256:P. rodricensis
3251:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3105:P. melanopogon
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3051:P. loochoensis
3046:
3042:P. lombocensis
3037:
3028:
3019:
3015:P. intermedius
3010:
3006:P. hypomelanus
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2898:P. capistratus
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2844:P. aldabrensis
2839:
2829:
2827:
2823:(flying foxes)
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2645:D. leucopterus
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2505:(blossom bats)
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2365:
2364:
2361:Macroglossinae
2358:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2266:D. moluccensis
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1783:C. luzoniensis
1778:
1774:C. horsfieldii
1769:
1759:
1757:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1509:N. malaitensis
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1383:Laurasiatheria
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1247:
1241:
1228:
1211:
1205:
1188:
1182:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1131:
1124:
1101:
1094:
1069:
1062:
1035:
1028:
1010:
1003:
981:
974:
954:
947:
927:
920:
900:
850:
849:
847:
844:
711:
708:
657:
654:
639:
636:
587:
584:
450:
449:
448:
447:
436:
435:
429:
428:
424:
423:
415:
414:
407:
396:
395:
389:
388:
381:
379:
375:
374:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
352:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
289:
288:
270:
267:
266:
261:
258:
257:
249:
248:
238:
237:
220:
219:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
16:Species of bat
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4397:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4137:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:Scotonycteris
4119:
4113:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3948:Megaloglossus
3944:
3938:
3936:
3935:L. angolensis
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:Lissonycteris
3920:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3898:N. veldkampii
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3846:Micropteropus
3842:
3836:
3834:
3833:H. monstrosus
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3687:E. angolensis
3683:
3682:
3680:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:Epomophorinae
3641:
3637:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3604:Stenonycteris
3600:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:R. spinalatus
3589:
3587:
3585:
3584:R. obliviosus
3580:
3578:
3576:
3575:R. linduensis
3571:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3548:R. celebensis
3544:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3364:P. voeltzkowi
3360:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3310:P. temminckii
3306:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3283:P. scapulatus
3279:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3193:P. personatus
3189:
3187:
3185:
3184:P. pelewensis
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3123:P. molossinus
3119:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2943:P. dasymallus
2939:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2585:A. celebensis
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2476:N. macdonaldi
2472:
2471:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2426:M. fardoulisi
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2338:
2336:
2335:H. whiteheadi
2331:
2329:
2327:
2326:H. celebensis
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2293:D. praedatrix
2289:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2115:
2114:
2113:T. suhaniahae
2110:
2108:
2106:
2105:T. nigrescens
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:Haplonycteris
1878:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1765:C. brachyotis
1761:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:Balionycteris
1687:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1567:Paranyctimene
1563:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1482:N. draconilla
1478:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1455:N. cephalotes
1451:
1449:
1447:
1446:N. albiventer
1442:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1309:
1307:9781588345110
1303:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1286:9780668059930
1282:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1265:9780896585003
1261:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1152:9780801882210
1148:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1125:9780812906004
1121:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:9780801849862
1091:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:9780127580012
1059:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1000:
995:
994:
985:
982:
977:
971:
967:
966:
958:
955:
950:
948:9780195099508
944:
940:
939:
931:
928:
923:
921:9781408189962
917:
913:
912:
904:
901:
888:
883:
879:
875:
874:
869:
867:
858:
856:
852:
845:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:Guinea-Bissau
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:Côte d'Ivoire
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:and southern
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
695:
691:
687:
683:
681:
676:
672:
669:
667:
663:
655:
653:
649:
646:
637:
635:
633:
628:
624:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
594:
585:
583:
580:
576:
574:
570:
564:
560:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:Guinea-Bissau
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
425:
421:
416:
411:
405:
403:
397:
394:
393:Binomial name
390:
386:
385:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
364:
361:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
324:
321:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
299:
294:
290:
284:
279:
278:Least Concern
268:
264:
259:
255:
250:
245:
242:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
93:
89:
83:
82:
76:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4172:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4100:
4091:
4081:Casinycteris
4079:
4055:P. anchietae
4054:
4042:
4017:
4008:
3999:
3979:
3968:M. woermanni
3967:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3914:Myonycterini
3897:
3887:Nanonycteris
3885:
3873:
3864:
3844:
3832:
3822:Hypsignathus
3820:
3809:E. franqueti
3808:
3799:
3790:
3770:
3759:E. wahlbergi
3758:
3749:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3714:E. gambianus
3713:
3711:
3705:E. crypturus
3704:
3695:
3686:
3666:
3658:Epomophorini
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3493:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3443:
3405:
3396:
3386:Styloctenium
3384:
3373:P. woodfordi
3372:
3363:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3301:P. speciosus
3300:
3291:
3282:
3274:P. samoensis
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3220:P. pselaphon
3219:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3176:P. pelagicus
3174:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3114:P. melanotus
3113:
3104:
3095:
3087:P. mariannus
3086:
3078:P. mahaganus
3077:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2871:P. anetianus
2870:
2862:P. allenorum
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2814:
2802:
2793:
2785:P. flanneryi
2784:
2775:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2719:M. acrodonta
2718:
2706:
2694:
2686:E. dupreanum
2685:
2665:
2653:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2572:
2561:Pteropodinae
2534:
2526:S. carolinae
2525:
2517:S. australis
2516:
2498:Syconycteris
2496:
2484:
2475:
2455:
2444:M. woodfordi
2443:
2434:
2425:
2415:Melonycteris
2413:
2401:
2392:
2374:Macroglossus
2372:
2334:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2221:D. crenulata
2220:
2211:
2203:D. beauforti
2202:
2194:D. anderseni
2193:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2111:
2104:
2092:
2081:S. blanfordi
2080:
2068:
2056:
2047:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1941:M. ecaudatus
1940:
1928:
1917:L. salimalii
1916:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1869:D. spadiceus
1868:
1859:
1850:
1830:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1667:Alionycteris
1665:
1653:
1644:
1624:
1613:Cynopterinae
1586:
1577:
1565:
1554:N. vizcaccia
1553:
1545:N. robinsoni
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1416:
1405:Nyctimeninae
1381:Superorder:
1375:Infraclass:
1347:Pteropodidae
1296:
1275:
1253:
1232:
1215:
1194:
1172:
1141:
1134:
1114:
1083:
1052:
1019:
1013:
992:
984:
964:
957:
937:
930:
910:
903:
891:. Retrieved
877:
871:
865:
840:
836:
816:Sierra Leone
782:, Ethiopia,
760:Burkina Faso
728:South Africa
717:
713:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
673:
670:
659:
656:Reproduction
650:
644:
641:
632:echolocation
629:
625:
621:
597:
589:
581:
577:
565:
561:
554:
538:Sierra Leone
474:Burkina Faso
460:
459:
455:
453:
445:Ogilby, 1835
441:
401:
399:
383:
382:
370:
360:Pteropodidae
241:
226:
208:
202:January 2011
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
78:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
4380:Epomophorus
4251:iNaturalist
4197:Wikispecies
4110:C. ophiodon
4092:C. argynnis
4018:M. torquata
3981:Myonycteris
3874:M. pusillus
3732:E. labiatus
3668:Epomophorus
3432:Rousettinae
3406:S. wallacei
3346:P. vampyrus
3319:P. tonganus
3247:P. rennelli
3159:P. ocularis
3069:P. macrotis
3024:P. keyensis
2997:P. howensis
2970:P. fundatus
2961:P. faunulus
2916:P. cognatus
2889:P. caniceps
2880:P. aruensis
2634:Desmalopex
2621:A. mackloti
2612:A. leucotis
2435:M. melanops
2402:M. sobrinus
2212:D. chapmani
2162:A. bulmerae
2029:Ptenochirus
1981:Otopteropus
1968:M. wetmorei
1959:M. niphanae
1950:M. kusnotoi
1893:H. fischeri
1860:D. rickarti
1832:Dyacopterus
1702:B. maculata
1645:A. aequalis
1473:N. cyclotis
893:17 November
814:, Senegal,
726:to eastern
706:. (Fenton)
702:content of
619:. (Fenton)
617:pollination
542:South Sudan
494:Ivory Coast
371:Epomophorus
92:introducing
4364:Categories
4134:S. zenkeri
4009:M. relicta
3959:M. azagnyi
3800:E. dobsoni
3741:E. minimus
3723:E. grandis
3696:E. anselli
3644:Subfamily
3611:R. lanosus
3482:E. robusta
3473:E. spelaea
3445:Eonycteris
3430:Subfamily
3355:P. vetulus
3337:P. ualanus
3238:P. rayneri
3229:P. pumilus
3168:P. ornatus
2988:P. griseus
2952:P. ennisae
2794:P. pulchra
2756:Pteralopex
2603:A. jubatus
2594:A. humilis
2559:Subfamily
2457:Notopteris
2393:M. minimus
2359:Subfamily
2302:D. viridis
2284:D. peronii
2248:D. inermis
2239:D. exoleta
2136:Subfamily
2094:Thoopterus
1851:D. brooksi
1792:C. minutus
1746:Cynopterus
1611:Subfamily
1527:N. minutus
1518:N. masalai
1464:N. certans
1403:Subfamily
1389:Chiroptera
1242:0307240800
1206:1442655380
1029:1560988258
1004:0292707525
975:0816026793
846:References
609:pollinator
593:fruit bats
569:epaulettes
350:Chiroptera
172:newspapers
75:references
39:improve it
4034:Plerotini
3602:Subgenus
3532:Rousettus
3530:Subgenus
3521:R. bidens
3512:Subgenus
3495:Rousettus
3202:P. pohlei
3096:P. medius
2853:P. alecto
2776:P. atrata
2767:P. anceps
2743:N. frosti
2732:Neopteryx
2695:E. helvum
2535:S. hobbit
2230:D. emersa
2151:Aproteles
2070:Sphaerias
2048:P. jagori
2016:P. lucasi
2005:Penthetor
1930:Megaerops
1810:C. sphinx
1654:A. alecto
1626:Aethalops
1578:P. raptor
1536:N. rabori
1491:N. keasti
1418:Nyctimene
1357:Kingdom:
1224:0957-0764
1195:Just Bats
680:gestation
378:Species:
316:Kingdom:
310:Eukaryota
100:June 2013
45:talk page
4321:13800112
4269:11039700
4182:Wikidata
4044:Plerotes
3750:E. minor
3464:E. major
3265:P. rufus
3141:P. niger
3060:P. lylei
2816:Pteropus
2708:Mirimiri
2574:Acerodon
2257:D. minor
2175:Dobsonia
2057:P. minor
1906:Latidens
1722:Chironax
1587:P. tenax
1500:N. major
1437:N. aello
1377:Eutheria
1371:Mammalia
1365:Chordata
1363:Phylum:
1359:Animalia
832:Zimbabwe
802:, Mali,
764:Cameroon
756:Botswana
736:Ethiopia
724:Tanzania
666:epaulets
586:Behavior
498:Ethiopia
478:Cameroon
433:Synonyms
356:Family:
340:Mammalia
330:Chordata
326:Phylum:
320:Animalia
306:Domain:
283:IUCN 3.1
4308:1004520
4243:2432790
4188:Q304118
3772:Epomops
2934:P. coxi
2803:P. taki
2667:Eidolon
1387:Order:
1369:Class:
1164:Sources
812:Nigeria
804:Namibia
800:Liberia
740:Senegal
710:Habitat
704:neurons
700:calpain
611:and/or
534:Senegal
530:Nigeria
518:Liberia
466:megabat
412:, 1835)
366:Genus:
346:Order:
336:Class:
281: (
186:scholar
88:improve
4334:372077
4282:631571
4230:327338
3514:Boneia
1304:
1283:
1262:
1239:
1222:
1203:
1180:
1149:
1122:
1092:
1060:
1026:
1001:
972:
945:
918:
830:, and
828:Zambia
792:Guinea
784:Gambia
748:Angola
605:fruits
601:nectar
548:, and
510:Guinea
502:Gambia
410:Ogilby
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
77:, but
4347:80158
4264:IRMNG
4256:40812
4217:6G8XZ
820:Sudan
808:Niger
788:Ghana
752:Benin
732:Sudan
720:Zaire
546:Sudan
526:Niger
506:Ghana
470:Benin
193:JSTOR
179:books
4329:NCBI
4295:7903
4290:IUCN
4277:ITIS
4238:GBIF
1302:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1254:Bats
1237:ISBN
1220:ISSN
1201:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1024:ISBN
999:ISBN
970:ISBN
965:Bats
943:ISBN
916:ISBN
895:2021
878:2016
824:Togo
772:Chad
744:Mali
734:and
722:and
678:The
638:Diet
613:seed
603:and
550:Togo
522:Mali
486:Chad
454:The
165:news
4316:MSW
4303:MDD
4225:EoL
4212:CoL
882:doi
738:to
148:by
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