232:
31:
303:
293:
and other conventions are the same as in xiangqi, except that after a checkmate occurs, the mated general is removed from the game, and the player who delivered the checkmate appropriates the mated player's remaining pieces for his own use. The last surviving kingdom (general) is the winner.
345:
results in the same army appropriation as described for checkmate. If two players' pieces cooperate in stalemating the third player, the player making the move that completed the stalemate condition is the player who appropriates the stalemated player's
181:
Subsequent to Game of the Three
Kingdoms, similar three-player xiangqi variants emerged utilizing half-boards but with different center-connecting geometries and corresponding rules. One of these is
339:
After a checkmate, removal of the mated general and army appropriation is done in a separate turn. The piece delivering mate replaces the enemy general on its square.
235:
The diagram shows colored kingdoms for clarity (Wei/Blue, Shu/Red, and Wu/Green). This play setup is without the bannermen pieces, which are optional.
631:
178:
intersection points each). The board displays the traditional xiangqi "river", but with three arms separating the three opponent confrontations.
283:
for Wu/Green. The use of bannermen is optional—Game of the Three
Kingdoms is also played without them. A bannerman moves like extended xiangqi
600:
1677:
1068:
166:
O. von Möllendorff reported on the game in "Schachspiel der
Chinesen" (English: "The Game of Chess of the Chinese") in the publication
578:
556:
170:(English: "Journal of the German Society for Natural and Cultural Science of East Asia"), Leipzig, 1876. Möllendorff depicts a
1682:
588:
566:
624:
231:
1236:
1117:
30:
1574:
1062:
1022:
1687:
1569:
1271:
1047:
356:
182:
54:(吳) representing the three rival emperors. The Green player has additionally its own distinctive symbols for its
1198:
361:
255:, with each general represented by the letter of its respective kingdom. In addition, each player controls two
1127:
1655:
1495:
1323:
1266:
782:
617:
548:
511:
489:
1295:
1137:
1112:
927:
644:
1414:
1142:
1057:
1037:
251:(吳) are represented by colors blue, red, and green, respectively. Each player controls all the standard
1632:
1027:
676:
666:
1549:
897:
757:
507:
1648:
1373:
1213:
994:
877:
671:
366:
336:, may cross the river in either of two directions and continue along the file of another kingdom.
692:
485:
1642:
1616:
1348:
1132:
963:
953:
922:
917:
596:
574:
552:
528:
524:
1276:
1208:
1178:
1173:
1168:
989:
867:
787:
766:
697:
186:
90:
1579:
1474:
1368:
1303:
943:
837:
822:
777:
738:
540:
481:
210:
192:
96:
17:
713:
1358:
1338:
1328:
1313:
1308:
1042:
752:
723:
718:
307:
128:
78:). The bannermen pieces (if used) start on the upper corner points of the players' 3×3
1671:
1532:
1459:
1454:
1404:
1241:
1107:
1102:
958:
948:
892:
872:
772:
746:
640:
1559:
1469:
1203:
1163:
1122:
912:
907:
902:
887:
862:
832:
827:
728:
317:
It may be necessary or desirable to add further play conventions for completeness:
220:
160:
156:
207:; also called Sanyou Qi or Three Friends Chess) invented by Zheng Jinde (Chinese:
1637:
1439:
1409:
1363:
1343:
1256:
1246:
1231:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1017:
882:
857:
847:
742:
144:
163:(1644–1911). The two original Chinese texts which described the game are lost.
1449:
1281:
984:
979:
852:
733:
140:
51:
386:
Mittheilungen der deutschen
Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens
287:: two steps orthogonally, then one step diagonally outward, with no jumping.
168:
Mittheilungen der deutschen
Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens
155:
The period of origination of Sanguo Qi is disputed and either belongs to the
1606:
1527:
1522:
1444:
1378:
1261:
1052:
1032:
999:
842:
762:
498:
408:
321:
Shu/Red moves first. Then turns alternate counterclockwise around the board.
1539:
1507:
1464:
1333:
1147:
609:
499:"Sanguo Qi (Three Kingdoms Chess) & Sanyou Qi (Three Friends Chess)"
388:, XI, ii, Leipzig, 1876. Published by Buchdruckerei des "Echo du Japon".
1544:
1353:
342:
329:
325:
311:
290:
284:
252:
171:
136:
132:
124:
79:
71:
63:
55:
47:
43:
39:
35:
1611:
1601:
1512:
1502:
1490:
1394:
1318:
199:
103:
484:; Leary, Steven; Cazaux, Jean-Louis; Ren Dong, Yu (18 March 2009).
302:
1554:
1517:
1399:
301:
230:
29:
1251:
532:
613:
332:
that reaches a central triangle point when traveling along a
143:, each vying for control of China after the fall of the
521:
1625:
1594:
1483:
1432:
1423:
1387:
1294:
1222:
1156:
1095:
1082:
1008:
972:
936:
813:
800:
706:
685:
659:
652:
506:Dong, Yu Ren; Cazaux, Jean-Louis (23 March 2009).
409:"Sanguo Qi (Three Kingdoms Chess) • History"
174:gameboard comprising three xiangqi half-boards (
625:
593:The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
208:
190:
94:
8:
127:("Chinese chess"). The game symbolizes the
1429:
1092:
810:
656:
632:
618:
610:
453:
123:) is a three-player variant of the game
400:
378:
131:war (221–264) between the rival states
465:
441:
429:
310:in 262, on the eve of the conquest of
7:
1069:5D Chess with Multiverse Time Travel
573:. Games & Puzzles Publications.
497:Cazaux, Jean-Louis (4 April 2009).
42:are replaced by the kingdom names
571:The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
27:Three-player Chinese chess variant
25:
411:. Jean-Louis Cazaux. 4 April 2009
34:The diagram shows all the usual
1:
591:(2007). Beasley, John (ed.).
525:Charles E. Tuttle Company Inc
486:"Game of the Three Kingdoms"
1678:Games related to chaturanga
1237:Chess on a really big board
1118:Chess with different armies
660:Different starting position
508:"Game of the Three Friends"
1704:
1575:Game of the Seven Kingdoms
1565:Game of the Three Kingdoms
686:Different number of pieces
87:Game of the Three Kingdoms
18:Game of the three kingdoms
1570:Game of the Three Friends
357:Game of the Three Friends
209:
191:
183:Game of the Three Friends
95:
1267:Dekle's triangular chess
1199:Maharajah and the Sepoys
501:. History.chess.free.fr.
362:List of Xiangqi variants
275:for Shu/Red, and "wind"
1656:The Chess Variant Pages
1174:Capablanca random chess
783:Three-dimensional chess
549:Oxford University Press
512:The Chess Variant Pages
490:The Chess Variant Pages
314:
236:
83:
1683:Chinese ancient games
1143:Pocket mutation chess
1058:Parallel worlds chess
547:(Reissued ed.).
519:Gollon, John (1968).
305:
267:for Wei/Blue, "fire"
234:
157:Southern Song dynasty
129:Three Kingdoms period
33:
1633:Correspondence chess
677:Transcendental chess
667:Fischer random chess
239:The three kingdoms
121:Three-Handed Xiangqi
117:Three Kingdoms Chess
1128:Falcon–hunter chess
1011:an unorthodox board
1009:Unorthodox rules on
898:Monochromatic chess
758:Millennium 3D chess
159:(1127–1279) or the
1649:Fairy Chess Review
1374:Three-player chess
1214:Tutti-frutti chess
1096:Standard 8×8 board
973:Elements of chance
937:Multimove variants
878:Knight relay chess
672:Displacement chess
545:A History of Chess
367:Three-player chess
315:
237:
84:
1665:
1664:
1643:Fairy chess piece
1617:Zillions of Games
1590:
1589:
1349:Four-player chess
1290:
1289:
1225:boards and pieces
1133:Grasshopper chess
1078:
1077:
964:Progressive chess
954:Marseillais chess
928:Way of the Knight
923:Three-check chess
918:Progressive chess
796:
795:
602:978-0-9555168-0-1
444:, pp. 133–34
203:
107:
16:(Redirected from
1695:
1688:Xiangqi variants
1430:
1277:Wildebeest chess
1179:Chancellor chess
1169:Capablanca chess
1093:
990:Knightmare Chess
868:Extinction chess
811:
788:Triangular chess
767:Los Alamos chess
707:Unorthodox board
657:
634:
627:
620:
611:
606:
595:. John Beasley.
589:Pritchard, D. B.
584:
567:Pritchard, D. B.
562:
541:Murray, H. J. R.
536:
515:
502:
493:
482:Bodlaender, Hans
469:
463:
457:
454:Pritchard (1994)
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
420:
418:
416:
405:
389:
383:
298:Play conventions
282:
274:
266:
214:
213:
198:
196:
195:
177:
102:
100:
99:
21:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1621:
1586:
1479:
1475:Tamerlane chess
1425:
1419:
1383:
1369:Three-man chess
1286:
1224:
1218:
1157:Compound pieces
1152:
1138:Musketeer chess
1088:
1087:non-traditional
1086:
1084:
1074:
1010:
1004:
968:
944:Avalanche chess
932:
838:Checkless chess
823:Andernach chess
815:
806:
804:
802:
792:
778:Spherical chess
739:Hexagonal chess
702:
693:Dunsany's chess
681:
648:
638:
603:
587:
581:
565:
559:
539:
518:
505:
496:
480:
477:
472:
464:
460:
452:
448:
440:
436:
428:
424:
414:
412:
407:
406:
402:
398:
393:
392:
384:
380:
375:
353:
300:
276:
268:
260:
259:pieces: "flag"
229:
175:
153:
38:pieces, except
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1580:Other variants
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1533:Other variants
1530:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1388:Inspired games
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Hand and brain
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1339:Fortress chess
1336:
1331:
1329:Enochian chess
1326:
1321:
1316:
1314:Business chess
1311:
1309:Bughouse chess
1306:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1209:Seirawan chess
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1043:Diplomat chess
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
976:
974:
970:
969:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
938:
934:
933:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
819:
817:
808:
798:
797:
794:
793:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
760:
755:
753:Infinite chess
750:
736:
731:
726:
724:Cylinder chess
721:
719:Circular chess
716:
710:
708:
704:
703:
701:
700:
695:
689:
687:
683:
682:
680:
679:
674:
669:
663:
661:
654:
653:Orthodox rules
650:
649:
641:Chess variants
639:
637:
636:
629:
622:
614:
608:
607:
601:
585:
579:
563:
557:
537:
516:
503:
494:
476:
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471:
470:
458:
446:
434:
422:
399:
397:
394:
391:
390:
377:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
364:
359:
352:
349:
348:
347:
340:
337:
335:
322:
308:Three Kingdoms
299:
296:
253:xiangqi pieces
228:
225:
152:
149:
111:; also called
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1700:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Grant Acedrex
1458:
1456:
1455:Courier chess
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:Chess-related
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Martian chess
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:Courier-Spiel
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:Embassy chess
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
975:
971:
965:
962:
960:
959:Monster chess
957:
955:
952:
950:
949:Kung-Fu Chess
947:
945:
942:
941:
939:
935:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
893:Madrasi chess
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
873:Hostage chess
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
812:
809:
799:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:Rhombic chess
771:
768:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
748:
747:Masonic chess
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
709:
705:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
684:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
662:
658:
655:
651:
646:
642:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
615:
612:
604:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
580:0-9524142-0-1
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
558:0-19-827403-3
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
513:
509:
504:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:
474:
468:, p. 152
467:
466:Gollon (1968)
462:
459:
456:, p. 113
455:
450:
447:
443:
442:Murray (1913)
438:
435:
431:
430:Murray (1913)
426:
423:
410:
404:
401:
395:
387:
382:
379:
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
344:
341:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
320:
319:
318:
313:
309:
304:
297:
295:
292:
288:
286:
280:
272:
264:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
227:Game overview
226:
224:
223:(1661–1722).
222:
219:) during the
218:
212:
206:
201:
194:
188:
184:
179:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
98:
92:
88:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1654:
1647:
1564:
1560:Manchu chess
1470:Short assize
1204:Modern chess
1164:Almost chess
1067:
913:Portal chess
908:PlunderChess
903:Patrol chess
888:Losing chess
863:Dynamo chess
833:Beirut chess
828:Atomic chess
729:Double chess
714:Balbo's game
592:
570:
544:
520:
475:Bibliography
461:
449:
437:
432:, p. 23
425:
413:. Retrieved
403:
385:
381:
316:
289:
278:
270:
262:
256:
248:
244:
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221:Qing dynasty
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180:
167:
165:
161:Qing dynasty
154:
120:
116:
112:
108:
86:
85:
75:
67:
59:
1638:Fairy chess
1440:Chadarangam
1410:Navia Dratp
1364:Quatrochess
1344:Four Fronts
1296:Multiplayer
1257:Omega Chess
1247:Dragonchess
1232:Chesquerque
1194:Janus Chess
1189:Grand Chess
1085:rules using
1018:Alice chess
883:Legan chess
858:Cubic chess
848:Circe chess
805:traditional
743:Cross chess
415:15 February
217:Zhèng Jìndé
145:Han dynasty
1672:Categories
1450:Chaturanga
1433:Historical
1282:Wolf chess
1223:Unorthodox
1083:Unorthodox
1063:Rollerball
1023:Apocalypse
995:Kriegspiel
985:Dice chess
980:Dark chess
853:Crazyhouse
803:rules with
801:Unorthodox
734:Grid chess
396:References
205:Sān-yǒu-qí
176:9 × 5 = 45
109:Sān-guó-qí
1607:Fairy-Max
1528:Dai shogi
1523:Chu shogi
1445:Chaturaji
1379:Tri-chess
1272:2000 A.D.
1262:Stratomic
1053:Jeson Mor
1048:Dragonfly
1033:Chessence
1000:Penultima
843:Chessplus
816:8×8 board
763:Minichess
343:Stalemate
291:Checkmate
257:bannermen
247:(蜀), and
172:hexagonal
113:Sanguo Qi
56:elephants
50:(蜀), and
1595:Software
1540:Sittuyin
1508:Senterej
1496:variants
1484:Regional
1465:Shatranj
1415:The Duke
1334:Forchess
1304:Bosworth
1148:Cheskers
1108:Berolina
814:Standard
698:Handicap
569:(1994).
543:(1913).
533:06811975
351:See also
72:soldiers
40:generals
1626:Related
1545:Xiangqi
1324:Duchess
1103:Baroque
326:chariot
187:Chinese
151:History
125:xiangqi
91:Chinese
80:palaces
70:), and
64:cannons
36:xiangqi
1612:XBoard
1602:ChessV
1550:Jungle
1513:Shatar
1503:Makruk
1491:Janggi
1395:Arimaa
1319:Djambi
1113:Chakra
1089:pieces
807:pieces
599:
577:
555:
531:
330:cannon
200:Pinyin
139:, and
104:Pinyin
1555:Banqi
1518:Shogi
1426:games
1400:Jetan
1123:Duell
1038:Congo
373:Notes
346:army.
285:horse
243:(魏),
119:, or
60:xiang
46:(魏),
1354:Gala
1252:Gess
1028:Chad
645:list
597:ISBN
575:ISBN
553:ISBN
529:LCCN
417:2013
334:file
306:The
279:fēng
76:yong
328:or
312:Shu
277:(風
271:huǒ
269:(火
261:(旗
245:Shǔ
241:Wèi
211:鄭晉德
193:三友棋
137:Shu
133:Wei
97:三國棋
74:(勇
68:pao
66:(礮
62:),
58:(向
48:Shu
44:Wei
1674::
745:,
551:.
527:.
523:.
510:.
488:.
324:A
263:qí
249:Wú
215:,
197:,
189::
147:.
141:Wu
135:,
115:,
101:,
93::
52:Wu
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765:(
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