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character engraved on the stele to represent the first syllable in the name of the Tumen River. They argued that Qing officials had failed to distinguish between two different rivers, both called something like Tumen but written with a different character signifying the first syllable. One, the character on the stele, indicated earth; the second, a character not on the stele, signified what today is considered the tu for Tumen River, meaning diagram. The river behind which the Qing officials demanded the farmers withdraw was the latter. As argued by the farmers, though the pronunciation was nearly identical, the different characters signified two distinct rivers. The first Tumen River delineated the northernmost extreme of Choson jurisdiction, while a second Tumen River flowed within Choson territory. Qing authorities mistakenly believed the two rivers were one and the same, the petition suggested, only because
Chinese settlers had falsely accused the Korean farmers of crossing the border. In fact their homes were between the two rivers, meaning that they lived inside Choson boundaries. The way to substantiate their claims, they urged, was to conduct a survey of the Mt. Paektu stele, for in their opinion the stele alone could determine the boundary."
307:), often at least nominally included concessions for all parties signing such agreements. Japan agreed to recognize Gando as Chinese territory and to withdraw its forces from there back into Korea within two months of the date of the agreement. In return, China conceded exclusive railroad rights in Manchuria to Japan, among other things. The convention also contained provisions for the protection and rights of ethnic Koreans under Chinese rule.
203:) were on the books and Koreans apprehended in Gando were repatriated to Korea by Qing authorities, it is evident that these regulations did not deter people fleeing poor conditions, and they were able to make the claim in an attempt to escape relocation and punishment. The ambiguity in the original 1712 treaty gradually became official
271:
In 1907, Japanese forces infiltrated the rather porous border between Korea and China. A few months later, the
Japanese called the border issue "unsettled" because the majority of the population there was still ethnically Korean; as effective overlords of Korea, they claimed that Japan's jurisdiction
486:
Schmid, pg. 227. "Their position centered on an interpretation of the stele erected by
Mukedeng more than two centuries earlier. The farmers contended that they had never crossed any boundary and were in fact within Choson territory. Their argument skillfully played off the ambiguity surrounding the
433:
South Korea did not recognize these agreements, but did not made a serious attempt to assert Korean sovereignty on Gando either. South Korea did not officially renounce its claim on Gando, but the Sino-Korean boundary on South Korean national map loosely follows the 1961 line except for Mt. Baekdu,
417:
took place in the Mt. Baekdu region. PR China wanted to restore the Gando
Convention boundary. Chinese demands for the rest of Mt. Baekdu were eventually dropped in 1970 in order to repair relations between North Korea and China. China has recognized North Korea's sovereignty over some 80% of the
374:
In 1961, PR China claimed a boundary dozens of kilometers south of Mt. Paekdu. North Korea protested by publishing a national map with the claim on Gando included. However, the North Korean claim on Gando and the
Chinese claim on the area south of Gando Convention line were not serious. Seriously
187:
By the middle and the end of the 19th century, Koreans formed a majority of the population living in Gando, and when the Qing opened up
Manchuria to Han Chinese migration in the 1870s and Gando in 1881, the large number of Korean already living there raised a boundary dispute issue that had been
346:) dealing with Korean territory/governance or claims made by Imperial Japan, should thus be revoked and the boundary dispute rectified between Korea (though there is no stated consensus on which of the two current Koreas should be party to this) and the
218:, more Koreans fled to Gando, where they were sometimes welcomed by local Qing authorities, as a source of labor and agricultural knowhow. Additionally, as a result of this consolidation of Japanese control over Korea (which would culminate with the
330:
The other major part of the claim relies on the fact that by the time the Gando
Convention was signed in 1909, the Korean Empire was not consulted and had no way of disputing the legitimacy of the treaty, as it was already a protectorate of the
362:
ended in August 1945, the Soviet administration in the north of Korea and the
American administration in the south of Korea hampered any unified Korean attempt to recover Gando. However, Gando Convention was
441:
government issued the following statement: "Our government takes the position that the 1909 Gando
Convention, signed by Japan illegally without Korea's consent, is null and void, to the extent that the
405:
However, the boundary between North Korea and the People's
Republic of China continued to be contested, in spite of the 1963 agreement. In response to North Korea's perceived lack of support in the
89:
nullified. While China (then still divided between the Nationalist and Communist factions) took control of Manchuria and the northwestern half of Mt. Paektu, the Korean government north of the
323:(which ruled Korea at the time); that actually did not become an issue again until about 150 years after the agreement was approved by both parties, when Manchuria and Gando was opened to
430:
River. While not openly discussed anymore, it would appear that the 1963 agreement is only something of a framework and not exactly a binding contract for either North Korea or China.
188:
negotiated in 1712. An ambiguity in the characters used, was subject to some speculation, which was used by the Koreans living in Gando to claim that they were still on Korean soil.
207:
policy, but the issue itself did not come to a head until this time, when the Joseon Dynasty itself was in much turmoil and in no position to re-negotiate the boundary.
446:, which deprived Korea of its diplomatic rights in 1905, is a null-and-void treaty obtained through duress." On October 22, 2004, South Korean foreign affairs minister
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fleeing unrest, famine, or other sociopolitical conditions in their home countries. Eventually, it and much of the rest of Manchuria came under the control of the
409:, China demanded that North Korea cede its portion of the peak of Mt. Baekdu to China, and between March 1968 and March 1969, a number of border clashes between
767:
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that ended in 1945), Korea was not able to renegotiate the renewed boundary issues with the Qing, which was having its own problems with Japanese and Western
757:
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or North Korea) took control of the southeastern half of Mt. Paektu in addition to taking control of the Korean Peninsula north of the 38th Parallel.
276:, and invaded Gando in force in August 1907, which resulted in the Qing administration of China issuing a 13-point refutation asserting its claim to
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maintain a claim on Gando for they regard the Gando Convention treaty null and void, and because the area is still largely inhabited by Koreans.
497:
500:
777:
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Fravel, M. Taylor (2005-10-01). "Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's Compromises in Territorial Disputes".
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also remarked on the voiding of the Gando Convention. Ban also stated that "nullity of the Gando Convention does not automatically resolve
468:
383:
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The Korean claim is partly based on what is perceived (on the Korean side) to be an ambiguity in the 1712 boundary agreement between the
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268:] interests" and with the Russian concessions to Japan effectively ensured a Japanese sphere of influence in northeast Asia.
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134:. Many different states and tribes succeeded one another in ruling the area during ancient times, including Korean states
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As the Korean boundary dispute with China and the large population of ethnic Koreans in Gando was no secret to anyone in
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http://www.worldvil.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=China_Korea_History&wr_id=103&page=%7Ctitle=Information
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and was essentially prevented from resolving or renegotiating the boundary dispute as an independent state.
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Traditionally, the area was inhabited by nomadic tribes from the north and west, as well as
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Rivers, and also accepted North Korea's control of some 90% of the mouth of the
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if the concessions by China to Japan listed in the Convention were not granted.
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and international politics harden our attempt to resolve Gando dispute"
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Gando/Jiandao is a historical border region along the north bank of the
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https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/10/17/101829875.pdf
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While punishments for cross-border movement into northeast China by
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and largely accepts this boundary on the map as de facto boundary.
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Text of the Portsmouth Treaty. New York Times, 1905 October 17.
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nullified and North Korea started to control the area south of
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The Gando Convention, like other unequal treaties (such as the
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Treaties and agreements, while often lopsided in that era (see
264:
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disputed area was the area between Gando Convention line and
386:, which settled the boundary between the two at the
394:Rivers, and stipulated that around three-fifths of
402:would go to North Korea, and two-fifths to China.
258:. The negotiations to end the war resulted in the
195:and Koreans by their respective governments (the
674:"Border Disputes between China and North Korea"
633:"Border Disputes between China and North Korea"
549:"Border Disputes between China and North Korea"
222:, with which Japan annexed Korea and began the
112:that has a high population of ethnic Koreans.
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61:in which Japan recognized China's claims to
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210:By the early 20th century, with increasing
176:. Gando itself, as it shared a border with
382:Between 1962 and 1963, North Korea signed
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319:(which ruled China at the time) and the
272:over Korean subjects should extend into
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130:, or Gando in Korean, is today part of
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768:Japanese imperialism and colonialism
672:Gomà Pinilla, Daniel (2004-03-01).
631:Gomà Pinilla, Daniel (2004-03-01).
547:Gomà Pinilla, Daniel (2004-03-01).
93:(the present-day government of the
16:1909 treaty between Japan and China
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758:Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea
783:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
753:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea
528:金得榥,「백두산과 북방강계」, 사사연, 1987, 27쪽
469:Sino–North Korean Border Treaty
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31:: 間島協約; ;
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360:Japanese occupation of Korea
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716:반기문 외교, “간도협약, 법리적 측면에서 무효”
390:(Chinese/Korean names) and
291:for Korea as a part of the
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773:Treaties concluded in 1909
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348:People's Republic of China
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146:, followed later by the
537:북한연구소, 북한총람 (1982) 85쪽.
384:two treaties with China
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184:after the early 1800s.
85:, Gando Convention was
590:International Security
250:). As a result of the
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733:History of Manchuria
763:Chinese imperialism
411:North Korean forces
25:traditional Chinese
678:China Perspectives
637:China Perspectives
553:China Perspectives
503:2008-05-04 at the
252:Russo-Japanese War
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713:(in Korean)
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396:Heaven Lake
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228:imperialism
193:Han Chinese
155:Jin Dynasty
102:Tumen River
727:Categories
507:on Jiandao
475:References
428:Yalu/Amnok
420:Yalu/Amnok
400:Mt. Baekdu
388:Yalu/Amnok
123:Background
59:Qing China
700:2070-3449
659:2070-3449
610:0162-2889
575:2070-3449
358:When the
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46:간도협약/間島協約
19:The 1909
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501:Archived
458:See also
342:and the
244:Japanese
212:Japanese
150:and the
140:Goguryeo
71:railroad
49:) was a
29:Japanese
365:de jure
278:Jiandao
170:Manchus
166:Chinese
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148:Khitans
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117:Koreans
87:de jure
63:Jiandao
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201:Joseon
144:Balhae
142:, and
51:treaty
41:Korean
33:pinyin
684:(2).
643:(2).
614:S2CID
559:(2).
424:Tumen
392:Tumen
299:Terms
289:Gando
274:Gando
216:Korea
178:Korea
136:Buyeo
115:Many
696:ISSN
682:2004
655:ISSN
641:2004
606:ISSN
571:ISSN
557:2004
422:and
413:and
199:and
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164:and
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