Gang - Knowledge (XXG)

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signs of gang membership are actually involved in criminal activities. An individual's age, physical structure, ability to fight, willingness to commit violence, and arrest record are often principal factors in determining where an individual stands in the gang hierarchy; how money derived from criminal activity and ability to provide for the gang also impacts the individual's status within the gang. The structure of gangs varies depending primarily on size, which can range from five or ten to thousands. Many of the larger gangs break up into smaller groups, cliques or sub-sets (these smaller groups can be called "sets" in gang slang.) The cliques typically bring more territory to a gang as they expand and recruit new members. Most gangs operate informally with leadership falling to whoever takes control; others have distinct leadership and are highly structured, which resembles more or less a business or corporation.

1168: 940:" are seen as being promiscuous and heavy drug and alcohol users. Gang members may engage in casual sex with these girls, but they are not viewed as potential long-term partners and are severely stigmatized by both men and women in gang culture. "Good girls" are long-term friends of members, often from childhood, and relatives are typically sisters or cousins. These are fluid categories, and women often change status as they move between them. Valdez found that women with ties to gang members are often used to hold illegal weapons and drugs, typically, because members believe the girls are less likely to be searched by police for such items. 2216:"The mafia's principal activities are settling disputes among other criminals, protecting them against each other's cheating, and organizing and overseeing illicit agreements, often involving many agents, such as illicit cartel agreements in otherwise legal industries. Mafia-like groups offer a solution of sorts to the trust problem by playing the role of a government for the underworld and supplying protection to people involved in illegal markets ordeals. They may play that role poorly, sometimes veering toward extortion rather than genuine protection, but they do play it." 5011: 535: 1390: 927:. Once a person is validated as a gang member, the person is subject to increased sentences, harsher punishments (such as solitary confinement) and more restrictive parole rules. To validate a person as a gang member, the officials generally must provide evidence of several factors, such as tattoos, photographs, admissions, clothing, etc. The legal requirements for validating a person are much lower than the requirements for convicting of a crime. 920:; accordingly, the criminality of members is greater when they belong to the gang than when they are not in the gang—either before or after being in the gang. In addition, when together, the gang criminality as a whole is greater than that of its members when they are alone. The gang operates as a whole greater than its parts and influences the behavior of its members in the direction of greater extend and stronger degree of criminality. 60: 228: 1418:. Tattoos help a gang member gain respect within their group, and mark them as members for life. Tattoos can also represent the level they are in the gang, being that certain tattoos can mean they are a more accomplished member. The accomplishments can be related to doing a dangerous act that showed your loyalty to the gang. They can be burned on as well as inked. Some gangs make use of more than one identifier, like the 1037:), most gangsters have no formal instructions in firearms usage and safety. The late 90s and early 2000s saw many gang members in the US being sent by judges to the military to “set them on the right path”, which only led to these street gangs gaining military training and experience. Many street gangs, most notably African-American gangs like the Folk Nation and Bloods, continue to have a presence in the 900:. These desires are very influential in attracting individuals to join gangs, and their influence is particularly strong on at-risk youth. Such individuals are often experiencing low levels of these various factors in their own lives, feeling ostracized from their community and lacking social support. Joining a gang may appear to them to be the only way to obtain status and material success or escape a 5418: 1050: 2709: 715:. Differing ideologies are one of the causes of conflicts between rival punk gangs, compared to other street gangs and criminal groups who wage gang war solely for illegal profit, vendetta, and territory. Most of them can be seen in political and social protests and demonstrations and are sometimes in violent confrontation with law-enforcement. Examples of punk gangs are 3637: 5408: 5036: 825: 1157: 768: 2721: 847:, is the one who has control over the movement, plans, and actions of a gang. Gang leaders are the upper echelons of the gang's command. Often, they distance themselves from the gang activities and make attempts to appear legitimate, possibly operating a business that they run as a front for the gang's drug dealing or other illegal operations. 1572:, which found that "most within- and between-gang disputes ... emanated from interpersonal disputes regarding friends, family and romantic relationships", as opposed to territorial rivalries, and that criminal enterprises were "rarely gang-coordinated ... most involved gang members operating as individuals or in small groups." 1556:, law enforcement agencies are increasingly focusing enforcement efforts on gangs and gang membership. Debate persists over the extent and nature of gang activity in the UK, with some academics and policy-makers arguing that the current focus is inadvisable, given a lack of consensus over the relationship between gangs and crime. 953:, have a ritual where they would beat up (also known as "beat-in" or "jump-in") aspiring applicants for several seconds to show their toughness, willingness, and loyalty. Some of these gangs allow women to become members either through being jumped-in or having sex with male members (known as "sexed-in"). 1622:

The FBI's 2007 report on gang membership in the military states that the military's recruit screening process is ineffective, allows gang members/extremists to enter the military, and lists at least eight instances in the last three years in which gang members have obtained military weapons for their

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journal, argues that gangs have been constructed as a "suitable enemy" by politicians and the media, obscuring the wider, structural roots of youth violence. At the level of enforcement, a focus on gang membership may be counterproductive; creating confusion and resulting in a drag-net approach which

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podcast claiming that the perceived increase in gang violence was in fact an overblown moral panic. There have been repeated complaints of bias around the enforcement of gang-related laws asking why Frats and Gangs are treated differently "They're both blamed for predisposing their members to violent

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Modern gangs introduced new acts of violence, which may also function as a rite of passage for new gang members. In 2006, 58 percent of L.A.'s murders were gang-related. Reports of gang-related homicides are concentrated mostly in the largest cities in the United States, where there are long-standing

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through profits from illegal activity. They may feel that "if you can't beat 'em, join 'em". Upon joining a gang, they instantly gain a feeling of belonging and identity; they are surrounded with individuals whom they can relate to. They have generally grown up in the same area as one another and can

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Many types of gangs make up the general structure of an organized group. Understanding the structure of gangs is a critical skill to defining the types of strategies that are most effective with dealing with them, from the at-risk youth to the gang leaders. Not all individuals who display the outward

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The numerous push factors experienced by at-risk individuals vary situationally, but follow a common theme of the desire for power, respect, money, and protection. In neighborhoods with high levels of violence, adolescents typically experience pressure to join a street gang for protection from other

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suggests, despite the well-rehearsed public discourse around youth gangs and gang culture, "We actually know very little about 'gangs' in the UK: about how 'a gang' might be defined or understood, about what being in 'a gang' means ... We know still less about how 'the gang' links to levels of

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for countries that are particularly affected by gang violence suggests that the links may be limited. In El Salvador and Guatemala, for example, where gang violence is a serious problem, GSHS data show that the prevalence of bullying, physical fights and physical attacks reported by school students

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Gang violence refers mostly to the illegal and non-political acts of violence perpetrated by gangs against civilians, other gangs, law enforcement officers, firefighters, or military personnel. A gang war is a type of small war that occurs when two gangs end up in a feud over territory or vendetta.

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Gangsterism is likely to crop up wherever the forces of law and order are weak. European feudalism was mainly gangsterism that had become society itself and acquired respectability through the notions of chivalry. As the rise of feudalism out of the decay of the Roman administrative system shows,

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communicated with the intent to terrorize another, to cause evacuation of a building, or to cause serious public inconvenience, in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror or inconvenience … an offense against property or involving danger to another person that may include but is not

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Women in gang culture are often in environments where sexual assault is common and considered to be a norm. Women who attend social gatherings and parties with heavy drug and alcohol use are particularly likely to be assaulted. A girl who becomes intoxicated and flirts with men is often seen as

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Women associated with gangs but who lack membership are typically categorized based on their relation to gang members. A survey of Mexican American gang members and associates defined these categories as girlfriends, hoodrats, good girls, and relatives. Girlfriends are long-term partners of male

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Training and expertise in various forms of illicit activities, including combat, exist variously throughout different gangs. Specific members of American mafia groups, like police infiltrators, double agents, and sometimes also enforcers and hitmen, have had backgrounds in law enforcement or the

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and gang warfare. The term "street gang" is commonly used interchangeably with "youth gang", referring to neighborhood or street-based youth groups that meet "gang" criteria. Miller (1992) defines a street gang as "a self-formed association of peers, united by mutual interests, with identifiable

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The Internet is one of the most significant media used by gangs to communicate in terms of the size of the audience they can reach with minimal effort and reduced risk. Social media provides a forum for recruitment activities, typically provoking rival gangs through derogatory postings, and to

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Law enforcement gangs are criminal organizations that form and operate within law enforcement agencies. Members have been accused of significant department abuses of policy and constitutional rights, terrifying the general population, intimidating their colleagues, and retaliating against

1259:, including in school. A study of 10-to-19-year-olds in the UK found that 44% of those who reported belonging to a delinquent youth group had committed violence and 13% had carried a knife in the previous 12 months versus 17% and 4% respectively among those who were not in such a group. 261:

The 17th century saw London "terrorized by a series of organized gangs", some of them known as the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, and Dead Boys. These gangs often came into conflict with each other. Members dressed "with colored ribbons to distinguish the different factions." During the

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Gang membership is generally maintained by gangs as a lifetime commitment, reinforced through identification such as tattoos, and ensured through intimidation and coercion. Gang defectors are often subject to retaliation from the deserted gang. Many gangs, including foreign and

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leadership and internal organization, who act collectively or as individuals to achieve specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activity and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise." Some of the well-known ones are the Black gangs like the

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In 2006, Scott Barfield, a Defense Department investigator, said there is an online network of gangs and extremists: "They're communicating with each other about weapons, about recruiting, about keeping their identities secret, about organizing within the military."

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in response to unemployment and other services. Social disorganization, and the disintegration of societal institutions such as family, school, and the public safety net, enable groups of peers to form gangs. According to surveys conducted internationally by the

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by the middle of the nineteenth century and were a concern for city leaders from the time they appeared. The emergence of the gangs was largely attributed to the vast rural population immigration to the urban areas. The first street-gang in the United States, the

1291:"asking for it" and is written off as a "hoe" by men and women. "Hoodrats" and girls associated with rival gangs have lower status at these social events, and are victimized when members view them as fair game and other women rationalize assault against them. 1188:

and persistent gang problems and a greater number of documented gang members—most of whom are identified by law enforcement. Gang-related activity and violence has increased along the U.S. Southwest border region, as US-based gangs act as enforcers for Mexican

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Global data on the prevalence of these different forms of gang violence in and around schools is limited. Some evidence suggests that gang violence is more common in schools where students are exposed to other forms of community violence and where they

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whistleblowers. Leaders called "shot-callers" control many aspects of local policing, including promotions, scheduling, and enforcement. They operate in the gray areas of law enforcement, perpetuate a culture of silence, and promote a mentality of

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from the Philippines require gang members to tattoo (or "tatak") the name of the gang or their leader into their body. Triads have a more unique way of initiating associates into full members. Triad ceremonies take place at an altar dedicated to

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Professor Simon Hallsworth argues that, where they exist, gangs in the UK are "far more fluid, volatile and amorphous than the myth of the organized group with a corporate structure". This assertion is supported by a field study conducted by

656:(OMG) as "organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises". Some clubs are considered "outlaw" not necessarily because they engage in criminal activity, but because they are not sanctioned by the 1346:

Ethnic solidarity is a common factor in gangs. Black and Hispanic gangs formed during the 1960s in the USA often adapted nationalist rhetoric. Both majority and minority races in society have established gangs in the name of identity: the

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Statement of Michael A. Braun, Chief of Operations, Drug Enforcement Administration, Before the House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, November 9, 2005 – "The Illicit Drug Transit Zone in Central

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Different gangs from around the world have their way of recruiting and introducing new members. Most criminal gangs require an interested candidate to commit a crime to be inducted into a gang. Many street gangs, like the Bloods and

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Valdebenito Munoz, S.; Ttofi, M.; Eisner, M.; Gaffney, H. "Weapon carrying in and out of school among pure bullies, pure victims and bully-victims: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies".

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blue, allowing these gangs to "represent" their affiliation. Any disrespect of a gang member's color by an unaffiliated individual is regarded as grounds for violent retaliation, often by multiple members of the offended gang.

266:, criminals and gangs started to form organizations which would collectively become London's criminal underworld. Criminal societies in the underworld started to develop their own ranks and groups which were sometimes called 4534: 1499:, alarm, influence, or exact specific responses including obedience, submission, fear, or terror. One study focused on terrorism and symbols states that "ymbolism is important because it plays a part in impelling the 1262:

According to a meta-analysis of 14 countries in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific also showed that carrying a weapon at school is associated with

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In the case of street gangs, most do not train their members in shooting and combat. Although a few would train their youths how to shoot using empty cans and bottles as targets (with some cases using underground

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of Rio. Often, gangs hire "lookouts" to warn members of upcoming law enforcement. The dense environments of favelas in Rio and public housing projects in Chicago have helped gang members hide from police easily.

871:, are people who are not full members of the gang, but either support and participate in the activities of a gang, or have livelihoods tied to gang activities. Included here are specialized roles like enforcers ( 694:

originated the Conservative Vice Lords and Blackstone Rangers. Although the majority of gang leaders from Chicago are now incarcerated, most of those leaders continue to manage their gangs from within prison.

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Miller, W.B. 1992 (Revised from 1982). Crime by Youth Gangs and Groups in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of JusticePrograms, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency

4053: 686:. Prison gangs often have several "affiliates" or "chapters" in different state prison systems that branch out due to the movement or transfer of their members. According to criminal justice professor 1540:

Activists have also made the link between a perceived increase in gang activity and the sharp rise in US police budgets while pointing out rampant corruption in police gang units, such as the

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require a candidate, known as a "hang-around", to be observed and mentored by veteran gang members (which can last a year or more) in order to assess their personalities and commitment. The

4646:", Authors: J. Dingley; M. Kirk-Smith, Source: Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume 13, Number 1, Spring 2002, pp. 102-128(27, Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group 4485: 3474: 4679: 994:

became notorious for creating "schools" in the countryside to train children as young as eleven in weapons and illegal activities. Giovanni Tinebra, the chief public prosecutor of

215:. While the term often refers specifically to criminal groups, it also has a broader meaning of any close or organized group of people, and may have neutral, positive or negative 4007: 853:

Captain: is the one who issue the command from the boss/underboss to the gangsters. Captain is responsible for the activities in the field and of the recruitment of new members.

1712: 3358: 2754: 2638:"We spoke to hundreds of prison gang members – here's what they said about life behind bars | Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine | University of Colorado Boulder" 5086: 2474: 1359:

defend the majority Igbo group violently and through terror, and in the United States, whites who feel threatened by minorities have formed their own gangs, such as the

70: 4550: 2637: 998:, once stated, "Instead of going to school, many boys go into the countryside where there are people who teach them to shoot and turn them into killing machines." 1611:

article reported that gangs encourage members to enter the military to learn urban warfare techniques to teach other gang members. A January 2007 article in the

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to act and then in defining the targets of their actions." Displaying a gang sign, such as the noose, as a symbolic act can be construed as "a threat to commit

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has argued that this is one of three concepts that shed light on patterns of organization in oppressed racial, religious and ethnic groups (the other two are

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Gang members from the same school can commit violence against other students in the same school who belong to a different gang or who do not belong to a gang;

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Collins, Angela M., Scott Menard and David Pyrooz. 2018. "Collective Behavior and the Generality of Integrated Theory: A National Study of Gang Fighting".

2569: 1589: 739:, who are groups who profess to be fighting against gang influence, but share characteristics and acts similarly to a gang. These include groups like the 2975: 4082: 1615:

reported that gang members in the military are involved in the theft and sale of military weapons, ammunition, and equipment, including body armor. The

4456: 3188: 2832: 1430:(by going through a process of initiation), or have to prove their loyalty and right to belong by committing certain acts, usually theft or violence. 4305: 1225:

Gangs may commit violence against other schools and students in the community where they are active, even if these students do not belong to a gang.

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began recruiting street gang members from outside and helped increase associations between prison and street gangs. In the US, the prison gang the

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Researchers and activists in the United States have debated the true impact of US gangs on crime in the United States, with a 2019 episode of the

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Gang members in uniform use their military knowledge, skills and weapons to commit and facilitate various crimes. As of April 2011, the

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are cited as the prime example of an American gang that is neither black nor Hispanic. Some researchers have focused on ethnic factors.

1131:", often a thin cover for extortion, as the "protection" is usually from the gang itself, or in other criminal activity. Many gangs use 1081: 649: 4018: 3311: 5320: 4983: 4963: 3823: 3240: 3105: 2594: 2120: 2100: 2045: 1938: 1909: 1434: 1151: 691: 394: 4882: 2779: 1244:

has been identified as a risk factor for youth violence, including gang violence. According to studies, children who knew many adult

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suggests that gangsterism as a "form of self-help which victimizes others" may appear in societies which lack strong "forces of

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is relatively low, and is similar to prevalence in other countries in Central America where gang violence is less prevalent.

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Gambetta, Diego (2009). Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691119373:

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estimates there are approximately 30,000 gangs, with 760,000 members, impacting 2,500 communities across the United States.

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and argots used by Victorian criminal societies to distinguish each other, like those propagated by street gangs like the

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this form of self-help which victimizes others is in principle opposed to the workings of a sound bureaucratic system.

1697: 1553: 795: 499: 4643: 4547: 2344: 913:, hold that the only way to leave the gang is through death. This is sometimes informally called the "morgue rule". 660:

and do not adhere to its rules. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture.

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Gangs, syndicates, and other criminal groups, come in many forms, each with their own specialties and gang culture.

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who work for criminal organizations), falcons ("eyes and ears" of the streets), and mules (smugglers who transport

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began investigating the gang activity in the military after receiving photos of gang graffiti showing up in Iraq.

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has identified members of at least 53 gangs whose members have served in or are affiliated with US military.

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Delinquent Youth Groups and Offending Behaviour: Findings From the 2004 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey

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The Executioner's Men: Los Zetas, Rogue Soldiers, Criminal Entrepreneurs, and the Shadow State They Created

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National Gang Task Force to combat gang activity in the United States. A year later, the FBI helped create

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and historians such as Brian J. Robb and Erin H. Turner traced the first organized crime syndicates to the

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United Nations (UN) Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children. (2016).

3504: 2493: 1734: 664: 653: 475: 339: 3573: 2082:, 2009, pp. 100–101; Gutheim and Lee, p. 73; Lowry, pp. 61–65; Evelyn, Dickson, and Ackerman, pp. 63–864. 1315:, who was a pioneer of gang research, identified "demoralization" as a standard characteristic of gangs. 1029:, who trained their members for three months in ambushes, codes of silence and discipline, inside camps. 835:

Different gangs and criminal syndicates have various roles and members. Most are typically divided into:

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as "mainly gangsterism that had become society itself and acquired respectability through the notions of

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bond over similar needs. In some areas, joining a gang is an integrated part of the growing-up process.

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gang member showing his gang tattoo, a lion with a crown, and signifying the 5 point star with his hands

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Winston-Salem Police Department web site "TGOD Mofo" is a common statement being passed around the hood

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Gang Investigator's Handbook: A Law-Enforcement Guide to Identifying and Combating Violent Street Gangs

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United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Crime, Crime in America--youth Gang Warfare (1970)

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are formed inside prisons and correctional facilities for mutual protection and entrancement like the

423:, whose activities include racketeering and overseeing illicit agreements. These include the Sicilian 357:

Outside of the US and the UK, gangs exist in both urban and rural forms, like the French gangs of the

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Hugh Orgel (3 December 1990). "Israeli Reserve Colonel Convicted of Illegal Sale of Arms, Know-how".

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The everything motorcycle book: the one book you must have to buy, ride, and maintain your motorcycle

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Gang warfare mostly consists of sanctioned and unsanctioned hits, street fighting, and gun violence.

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Valdez, A. (2007). Mexican American Girls and Gang Violence. New York, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

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Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape

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Contemporary organized crime has also led to the creation of anti-gang groups, vigilante gangs, and

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Raz, Jacob. "Insider Outsider: The Way of the Yakuza." Kyoto Journal. Last modified 17 April 2011.

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The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI)

1005:. The earliest and most famous example was the time when the Medellin Cartel hired Israeli soldier 910: 683: 306: 3033: 1992: 5266: 5231: 5195: 4813: 4602: 4584: 3520: 3516: 3014: 2620: 2277: 2180: 1677: 1636: 1632: 1415: 1160: 1132: 1077: 828: 771: 592: 564: 440: 4989: 3431: 2893: 1879:

Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world

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can criminalise innocent young people rather than focusing resources on serious violent crime.

37:"Street gang", "Crime gang", and "Gang culture" redirect here. For the Sesame Street book, see 4979: 4959: 4309: 4284: 4256: 4231: 4203: 4139: 3731: 3627: 3278: 3236: 3101: 3006: 2998: 2949: 2590: 2544: 2517: 2412: 2325: 2162: 2154: 2116: 2096: 2041: 1934: 1905: 1754: 1607: 1517: 1343:, by far the most common reason people suggest as a motive for joining gangs is unemployment. 1312: 1176: 1128: 897: 807: 756: 712: 604: 3678: 1009:

to train militiamen and assassins. Los Zetas became infamous for being founded by US-trained

5290: 5246: 4937: 4805: 4576: 4537:", Cantrell, Mary Lynn, Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, v1 n1 pp13-14 Spr 1992 4125: 4121: 3315: 3266: 2990: 2717: 2564: 2315: 2197: 1874: 1707: 1472:, or code words and other group-specific symbols associated with the gang's common beliefs, 1364: 1308: 1304: 1249: 1119:

to transport drugs internationally. Brazilian urbanization has driven the drug trade to the

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are also common identifiers, such as an '18' above the eyebrow to identify a member of the

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Street gangs take over territory or "turf" in a particular city and are often involved in "

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Some states have a formal process to establish that a person is a member of a gang, called

5352: 5241: 5205: 5107: 5102: 4905: 4886: 4879: 4686:, Author: Matthew O'Deane, April 2011, pp. 1-7, Publisher: Federal Bureau of Investigation 4683: 4609: 4554: 4521: 4083:"May 17, 2021: 'The Holly' Explores Gang Warfare, Anti-Gang Efforts And Police Informants" 3438: 2769: 2713: 2497: 2478: 1744: 1722: 1682: 1672: 1662: 1628: 1560: 1541: 1320: 1274: 889: 819: 783: 704: 547: 511: 487: 483: 323: 170: 154: 3595: 3574:"Some Recent Inquiries into the Structure-Function of Conflict Gangs in Manila City Jail" 3098:

The First Family: Terror, Extortion, Revenge, Murder, and the Birth of the American Mafia

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In the United States, the history of gangs began on the East Coast in 1783 following the

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Ronel, N. (2011). "Criminal behavior, criminal mind: Being caught in a criminal spin."

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Ovalle Marroquin, Lilian P. "Las Fronteras de la 'narcocultura.' " 2007. Digital file.

486:) who primarily deal with the illegal drug trade. These include drug cartels like the 5436: 5357: 5019: 4817: 4588: 4567:

Cerulo, Karen A. (1993). "Symbols and the world system: National anthems and flags".

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is the primary drug of distribution by gangs in America, which have used the cities

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Street gangs are gangs formed by youths in urban areas, and are known primarily for

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Cottrell-Boyce, Joe (December 2013). "Ending Gang and Youth Violence: A Critique".

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Gang Injunctions and Abatement: Using Civil Remedies to Curb Gang-Related Crimes

1667: 1640: 1627:, dated January 12, 2007, states that street gangs including the Bloods, Crips, 1477: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1442: 1384: 1348: 1189: 964:

requires people wanting to be full members or become made men to take part in a

961: 791: 596: 519: 479: 399: 370: 366: 347: 283: 216: 174: 38: 4156: 3451: 2810: 2320: 2303: 1464:-type hoodies), jewelry, hair styles, fingernails, slogans, signs (such as the 5138: 5122: 3216:, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), November 9, 2005, archived from 3002: 2774: 2672: 1644: 1509: 1496: 1469: 1427: 1336: 1100: 1006: 880: 716: 580: 572: 568: 560: 331: 130: 126: 4809: 3748: 2416: 2329: 2235: 2017:

Larner, Tony (1 August 2010). "When Peaky Blinders Ruled Streets with Fear".

1330:

Usually, gangs have gained the most control in poorer, urban communities and

5165: 3144: 2260: 1500: 1245: 1208:, gang violence can potentially affect schools in different ways including: 1201: 1112: 1088: 1018: 876: 799: 740: 708: 588: 495: 448: 251: 197: 138: 82: 3533: 3010: 1468:

and the burning cross as the symbols of the Klan), flags secret greetings,

1433: 782:

Criminal gangs may function both inside and outside of prison, such as the

690:, many of the biggest gangs from Chicago originated from prisons. From the 17: 5035: 4557:", by Darryl Fears, Washington Post, Published: October 21, 2007 6:00 a.m. 1025:

and soldatos. Other Mexican cartels who trained their members include the

937: 5185: 5160: 5155: 5150: 3537: 2436: 1513: 1504: 1484: 1449: 1419: 1278: 1264: 1216: 617: 584: 335: 287: 255: 239: 150: 1819: 1537:

acts, but they’ve sparked radically different public-policy responses."

1483:

As an alternative language, hand-signals, symbols, and slurs in speech,

1448:

Gangs often establish distinctive, characteristic identifiers including

1001:

Some drug cartels in Colombia and Mexico have established themselves as

968:

involving oaths, agreement, and bloodletting to show their loyalty. The

824: 334:. Organized crime in the United States first came to prominence in the 4612:", United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation 4580: 3779:"The School of Terror: Inside a Jalisco Cartel Training Camp in Mexico" 2690:"How L.A. Punks of the '80s and '90s Kept Neo-Nazis Out of Their Scene" 1367:. Some gang members are motivated by religion, as is the case with the 1356: 1273:

Comparison of Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) data on

1108: 1104: 1096: 974: 767: 703:

Punk gangs are a unique type of gang made up of members who follow the

432: 351: 279: 193: 2870: 2833:"The politics of mobilization for security in South African townships" 133:

and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over

5393: 3940:"U.S. Department of Justice National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC)" 3299:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

1492: 1473: 1411: 1402: 1256: 1205: 1120: 1014: 864:, are the typical gang members who commit the activities of the gang. 552: 503: 464: 452: 420: 378: 374: 5421: 2745:"'Mayans M.C.' Showrunner Elgin James Was A Nazi-Fighting Vigilante" 1480:

to define and differentiate themselves from other groups and gangs.

5200: 4251:

Krug, E.; Dahlberg, L.; Mercy, J.; Zwi, A. B.; Lozano, R. (2002).

3168:"The enforcer: the myth and reality of organised crime's hard man" 2710:"Crimes of Fashion Lure Affluent Kids for the Fun of It (preview)" 2668:"Unearthing the Secret History of 'LA's Deadliest Punk Rock Gang'" 2460:

FBI Safe Street Violent Crime Initiative – Report Fiscal Year 2000

2366:. Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth. pp. 18, 29. 1488: 1465: 1438: 1432: 1406: 1388: 1241: 1237: 1166: 1155: 1092: 1061: 1048: 950: 823: 766: 556: 533: 444: 398: 295: 226: 146: 1639:, The 18th Street Gang, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Mexican Mafia, 2770:"El cártel Jalisco Nueva generación entregó armas a Los Viagras" 2276:

Britannica Academic, s.v. "Yakuza," accessed 30 September 2018,

2095:. Running Press (2015). Chapter 1: Lawlessness in the Old West. 1231: 1135:

to demonstrate influence and gain revenue in a particular area.

1087:

Gangs are involved in all areas of street-crime activities like

177: 5050: 5021:

Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying

4515:

Crimes of style: Urban graffiti and the politics of criminality

4228:

Protecting Children Affected by Armed Violence in the Community

2490: 1091:, drug trafficking, both in and outside the prison system, and 4112:

Vigil, James Diego (2003). "Urban Violence and Street Gangs".

2278:

https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/yakuza/77739

1057: 53: 3481:. GateHouse Media, Inc. The Columbia Dispatch. Archived from 2113:

Badasses of the Old West: True Stories of Outlaws on the Edge

916:

Gang membership represents the phenomenon of a chronic group

4178:

FBI — 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment – Emerging Trends

4036:"Gang Violence Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc" 3890:"Drug money saved banks in global crisis, claims UN advisor" 2176:"Fortune 5: The Biggest Organized Crime Groups in the World" 514:. Many narcos are known for their use of paramilitaries and 153:, behavior, with such behavior often constituting a form of 1299:

Most modern research on gangs has focused on the thesis of

1143:"Gang war" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see 1080:, which is thought to be worth $ 352 billion in total. The 4864:"Hate Groups Are Infiltrating the Military, Group Asserts" 2345:"In Mexico "there is no pandemic for paramilitary groups"" 1076:

estimates that gangs make most of their money through the

270:, and were often made up of lower-classes and operated on 4920:- Gang-Related Activity in the US Armed Forces Increasing 3845:"Gang-Related Activity in the US Armed Forces Increasing" 1959:"Menace, Mayhem, and Morality! Crime in Victorian London" 1056:

suspect bearing gang tattoos is handcuffed. In 2004, the

542:

announced the arrest of 101 gang members on June 8, 2011.

5046: 5018:

work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from

4199:

Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying

3058:"Gang Structures, Crime Patterns, and Police Responses" 1401:

which are unique to their specific clique or gang. The

350:

would also cause a new boom in the emergence of gangs;

78: 4281:

Preventing youth violence: an overview of the evidence

3679:"Mafia sets up crime academy to train child assassins" 3515:

Burris-Kitchen, D. (1997). Female Gang Participation.

490:

and other Colombian cartels, Mexican cartels like the

4951:

A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture

3269:

Homies and Hermanos: God and Gangs in Central America

407:

gang member with a tattoo showing his gang membership

4524:", Publisher: New York: Garland. (235pp), Year: 1993 648:, known as the "Big Four" in the United States. The 5381: 5224: 5178: 5131: 5093: 4774:

Youth in Crisis? Gangs, Territoriality and Violence

3916:"Highlights of the 2004 National Youth gang Survey" 2839:. African Affairs. pp. 607–627. Archived from 2610:"Societal and Correctional Context of Prison Gangs" 1713:

List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates

1625:"Gang Activity in the U.S. Armed Forces Increasing" 369:. Many criminal organizations, such as the Italian 67:The examples and perspective in this United States 5087:List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4724:"What's the Difference Between a Frat and a Gang?" 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3359:"Roseville police explain gang validation process" 3079:https://kyotojournal.org/society/insider-outsider/ 2803:"RIGHTS-EL SALVADOR: Death Squads Still Operating" 2481:- Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, cisc.gc.ca 2033: 1926: 1897: 1508:limited to recklessly endangering another person, 1240:who grow up in neighbourhoods with high levels of 839:Boss: known in some groups as leader, elder, don, 810:is involved in organized crime outside of prison. 4978:, San Clemente, CA: Lawtechcustompublishing.com, 482:are slang terms used for criminal groups (mainly 3100:. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 384–386. 1255:Gang violence is often associated with carrying 1215:Gang members from the same school can engage in 990:military. Sicilian mafia and Calabrian Mafia in 936:gang members, and may have children with them. " 85:, or create a new United States, as appropriate. 4657:"Terroristic Threat Law & Legal Definition" 3189:"Va Marina por 'halcones del crimen organizado" 2364:Youth Gangs, Violence and Anti-Social Behaviour 2302:Taylor, Matthew M.; Bailey, John (2009-07-20). 1252:by the age of 18 years than those who did not. 354:for example had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s. 200: 2649: 2647: 2565:"A Brief History of "Outlaw" Motorcycle Clubs" 2405:"The L.A. County Sheriff's Deputy-Gang Crisis" 1219:on the school premises or around their school; 5062: 4255:(Report). Geneva: World Health Organization. 3273:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 867:Associates: known also as gang affiliates or 850:Underboss: the second in command of the gang. 8: 5014: This article incorporates text from a 3797: 3795: 3758:. Congressional Research Service. p. 10 3672: 3670: 3649: 3647: 2500:- Connecticut Gang Investigators Association 1993:"The Peaky Blinders are a romanticised myth" 1952: 1950: 419:One of the most infamous criminal gangs are 4548:Noose: 'Shameful' sign makes ominous return 3730:(1st ed.), page 46, Transaction Publishers. 3426: 3424: 3255:O'Grady. 2007. Crime in a Canadian context. 2570:International Journal of Motorcycle Studies 2543:, Adams Media Corp, pp. 193–203, 277, 1590:Gang presence in the United States military 5128: 5069: 5055: 5047: 4889:- Chicago Gang Graffiti Showing Up In Iraq 3505:Exclusive: Gangs Spreading In The Military 3091: 3089: 3087: 2768:García, Gustavo Castillo (17 April 2016). 2589:, University of Toronto Press, p. 4, 2586:The Rebels: a brotherhood of outlaw bikers 3747:Cook, Colleen W., ed. (16 October 2007). 3475:"Man, 18, gets life in prison for murder" 2319: 1307:and Irving Spergel. In this body of work 567:. Other racial gangs also exist like the 101:Learn how and when to remove this message 4908:- Army defends recruit screening process 4404: 4392: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4279:World Health Organization (WHO) (2015). 4157:"Frequently Asked Questions About Gangs" 3994: 3982: 3051: 3049: 3047: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2931: 2653: 632:who conduct illegal activities like the 129:, or members of a family with a defined 4172: 4170: 4126:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093426 3804:"WHY GANG MEMBERS CAN'T SHOOT STRAIGHT" 3265:Brenneman, Robert (November 23, 2011). 2297: 2295: 1776: 1405:, for instance, wear red bandanas, the 502:in Brazil. Other examples are Jamaican 447:organized gangs. Outside of Italy, the 4274: 4272: 4221: 4219: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 3473:Coolidge, Sharon (November 26, 2008). 1544:in the Los Angeles Police Department. 1327:'s work on the permanence of racism). 1323:' theory of "resistance identity" and 1095:. Gangs also victimize individuals by 4486:"Graffiti and Other Gang Identifiers" 2563:Dulaney, William L. (November 2005), 1881:. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 214. 1212:Gangs can recruit members in schools; 294:schemes. Unique also were the use of 7: 5407: 4975:Gangs: Theory, Practice and Research 4644:Symbolism and Sacrifice in Terrorism 4304:Sharp, C.; Aldridge, J.; Medina, J. 4054:"U.S. Gangs: Their Changing History" 3870:"Gang Activity in the U.S. Military" 2890:Gangs: Theory, Practice and Research 2308:Journal of Politics in Latin America 2151:The Vertigo Years: Europe, 1900–1914 1200:Despite gangs usually formed in the 1021:, they set up camps to train future 888:violent actors (sometimes including 798:. During the 1970s, prison gangs in 753:People Against Gangsterism and Drugs 506:and the various opium barons in the 141:and engages, either individually or 4416:Shaer, Matthew (September 2, 2014) 4253:World Report on Violence and Health 3166:Rahman, Mohammed (18 August 2020). 2782:from the original on 6 January 2019 2757:from the original on July 29, 2020. 2743:Shorey, Eric (September 11, 2018). 2688:Pursell, Robert (31 January 2018). 1524:glorify their gang and themselves. 1082:United States Department of Justice 856:Gangsters: also known as soldiers, 234:gangsters fight police. Paris, 1904 4747:"Gang & police funding thread" 4722:Kendi, Ibram X. (March 20, 2018). 3888:Syal, Rajeev (December 13, 2009). 3337:Wood, Graeme (17 September 2014). 2708:Anderson, Dennis (June 14, 1985). 2666:Lyons, Patrick (17 January 2016). 2343:Varzi, Changiz M. (9 April 2021). 2250:"Organised Crime Around the World" 2202:Carmichael Ellis & Brock, PLLC 1152:Category:Organized crime conflicts 981:(usually a chicken, pig or goat). 977:(關羽, GuānYǔ), with incense and an 883:, and other contraband materials). 395:List of gangs in the United States 25: 4008:"Gang influence and gain revenue" 3677:Willan, Philip (16 August 1999). 1855:Caspar Walsh (10 November 2011). 1179:housing project, pictured in 2019 1066:National Gang Intelligence Center 692:St. Charles Illinois Youth Center 658:American Motorcyclist Association 318:, began around the late 1820s in 5416: 5406: 5034: 5009: 4535:Gang Identifiers and Terminology 4230:. New York: UN: United Nations. 3700:Colombia Seeks Israeli terrorist 3640:from the original on 2018-04-27. 3312:"Membership Validation Criteria" 58: 4776:. London: Routledge. p. 9. 4332:Aggression and Violent Behavior 4081:Dukakis, Andrea (17 May 2021). 3802:Leap, Jorga (29 October 2013). 3620:Wynne, Mervyn Llewelyn (1941). 3602:from the original on 2010-10-15 3432:Associated Gangs in this county 3195:. 21 April 2011. Archived from 2052:gangs in america's communities. 1838:"Hi, gang! (used with friends)" 1804:An Icelandic-English Dictionary 1575:Cottrell-Boyce, writing in the 4424:. Retrieved February 19, 2019. 2801:Gutiérrez, Raúl (2007-09-04). 2036:Gangs in America's Communities 1929:Gangs in America's Communities 1900:Gangs in America's Communities 1248:were more likely to engage in 385:, have existed for centuries. 1: 4956:University of Minnesota Press 4942:10.1080/01639625.2017.1395664 4513:Author: Ferrell, J., Title: " 4381:2011 World Development Report 4283:. World Health Organization. 4114:Annual Review of Anthropology 3339:"How Gangs Took Over Prisons" 3314:. 15 May 2014. Archived from 2995:10.1080/00332747.2016.1256144 2948:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2907:Engber, Daniel (2005-12-13). 2403:Goodyear, Dana (2022-05-30). 1460:, clothing (for example, the 1341:World Development Report 2011 309:. Gangs arose further in the 250:"; he characterizes European 4972:O'Deane, Matthew D. (2010), 4927:General and cited references 4697:"Gangs - You're Wrong About" 4418:"Epstein Orthodox Hit Squad" 3702:", BBC Online 29 August 2007 3137:"Levels of Club Affiliation" 2720:. p. 28. Archived from 2093:A Brief History of Gangsters 1857:"Gangs are good for society" 538:California Attorney General 330:, in a region then known as 3777:Mencho, El (13 June 2019). 3726:Grayson, George W. (2012). 2228:"Introduction to the Mafia" 2198:"Organized Crime and Gangs" 1790:Online Etymology Dictionary 1698:Gangs in the United Kingdom 1516:, ethnic intimidation, and 1399:identifying characteristics 500:Primeiro Comando da Capital 326:had control of what is now 81:, discuss the issue on the 45:. For the Ice-T album, see 5499: 4948:Hagedorn, John M. (2008), 4677:Combating Gangsters Online 4603:The Seven-Stage Hate Model 4383:See Figure F2.2 on page 35 2909:"How do you start a gang?" 2477:December 22, 2009, at the 2321:10.1177/1866802X0900100201 1974:"The Victotian Underworld" 1718:List of known gang members 1703:Gangs in the United States 1587: 1382: 1149: 1142: 817: 650:U.S. Department of Justice 392: 79:improve this United States 36: 29: 27:Associative criminal group 5402: 5084: 4659:. Definitions.uslegal.com 4625:. Definitions.uslegal.com 4439:Everett Police Department 4308:(Report). : Home Office. 3714:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 3623:Triad Societies, Volume 5 3141:Wolfpack Motorocycle Club 2944:O'Deane, Matthew (2012). 2115:. TwoDot (2009). p. 132. 2068:. Routledge. p. 279. 2032:Howell, James C. (2012). 1925:Howell, James C. (2012). 1896:Howell, James C. (2012). 1145:Gang war (disambiguation) 5389:Cryptocurrency and crime 4810:10.1177/1473225413505382 4490:© 2002 Michael K. Carlie 3656:"Q&A Mafia Training" 3626:. Taylor & Francis. 3233:Cuz: An American Tragedy 2867:The Nawojczyk Group, Inc 2583:Wolf, Daniel R. (1992), 2136:Encyclopædia Britannica. 2066:Encyclopedia of the City 1728:Organized crime in Italy 1171:A mural referencing the 663:Biker gangs such as the 41:. For similar term, see 5041:Gangs (organized crime) 4918:Intelligence Assessment 4772:Goldson, Barry (2011). 4040:definitions.uslegal.com 3756:CRS Report for Congress 3749:"Mexico's Drug Cartels" 3479:The Cincinnati Enquirer 3231:Danielle Allen (2018). 2510:U.S. Dept. of Justice, 2496:August 4, 2015, at the 1760:Violent non-state actor 1750:Triad (organized crime) 1397:Most gang members have 654:outlaw motorcycle gangs 201: 178: 5211:Outlaw motorcycle club 4553:July 17, 2008, at the 4318:. Online Report 14/06. 3596:"Feature Articles 378" 3034:"Gangs and gang crime" 2974:Wood, Jane L. (2017). 2863:"Street Gang Dynamics" 2831:Fourchard, L. (2011). 1735:Outlaw motorcycle club 1623:illegal enterprises. 1584:United States military 1445: 1394: 1303:following the work of 1204:, not specifically in 1180: 1164: 1069: 892:and the waging of the 832: 775: 665:Rebels Motorcycle Club 543: 429:Italian–American Mafia 408: 235: 5463:Types of organization 4087:Colorado Public Radio 3598:. AmericanMafia.com. 3572:Ashburn, Franklin G. 3065:Department of Justice 2837:volume 110, issue 441 2377:"Public Safety: Gang" 2064:Caves, R. W. (2004). 1693:Gangs in South Africa 1658:Collective narcissism 1570:Manchester University 1436: 1392: 1173:Crips–Bloods gang war 1170: 1159: 1052: 956:Biker gangs like the 827: 770: 537: 402: 244:Barrington Moore, Jr. 242:in American history, 230: 32:Gang (disambiguation) 5478:Criminal subcultures 5382:Financial regulation 5043:at Wikimedia Commons 4833:"(Re)thinking Gangs" 4703:. You're Wrong About 4161:National Gang Center 3950:on January 22, 2012. 3534:"Born to raise Hell" 3485:on September 9, 2019 3220:on December 10, 2005 2537:Drew, A. J. (2002), 1808:GÖNGUDRYKKJA – GARÐR 1688:Gangs in New Zealand 1393:A Sureño gang tattoo 1373:Epstein-Wolmark gang 1332:developing countries 1234:violence at school. 1129:providing protection 794:, and the Brazilian 749:Friends Stand United 721:Friends Stand United 667:exist in Australia. 340:Coschise Cowboy Gang 219:depending on usage. 69:may not represent a 47:Gang Culture (album) 30:For other uses, see 5483:Underground culture 4140:L.A.'S New Gang War 3874:The Balance Careers 3808:Zocal Public Square 3096:Dash, Mike (2010). 2807:Inter Press Service 2724:on October 22, 2012 2362:White, Rob (2007). 1957:Barton, William A. 970:Sigue-Sigue Sputnik 911:transnational gangs 684:United Blood Nation 467:are also examples. 307:American Revolution 5196:Front organization 4904:2009-02-12 at the 4885:2007-10-14 at the 4868:The New York Times 4682:2014-05-08 at the 4608:2010-04-10 at the 4581:10.1007/BF01115492 4569:Sociological Forum 4520:2007-11-10 at the 4457:"Gang Identifiers" 4146:. January 25, 2007 3857:on August 5, 2009. 3660:How To Fight Write 3654:Schwarz, Michael. 3560:The Sicilian Mafia 3521:Edwin Mellen Press 3517:Lewiston, New York 3437:2007-10-16 at the 3318:on 6 November 2020 3301:, 55(8), 1208–1233 3199:on 27 August 2011. 3056:Klein, Malcolm W. 2472:2004 Annual Report 1802:Cleasby/Vigfusson 1678:Gangs in Australia 1633:Gangster Disciples 1534:You're Wrong About 1446: 1395: 1181: 1165: 1070: 1045:Typical activities 896:), perpetuating a 833: 829:Black Mafia Family 776: 705:punk rock ideology 605:Blood & Honour 565:Gangster Disciples 544: 441:Sacra Corona Unita 409: 238:In discussing the 236: 5430: 5429: 5174: 5173: 5039:Media related to 4899:Stars and Stripes 4831:Runnymede Trust. 4745:Bronsdon, Conor. 4290:978-92-4-150925-1 4237:978-92-1-101345-0 4209:978-92-3-100306-6 3962:"Organized_crime" 3540:. August 14, 2000 3503:James M Klatell. 3121:Matthew O'Deane. 2884:Matthew O'Deane. 1875:Moore, Barrington 1844:. 18 August 2015. 1842:wordreference.com 1755:Violent extremism 1613:Chicago Sun-Times 1608:Chicago Sun-Times 1564:youth violence." 1518:criminal mischief 1313:Frederic Thrasher 1250:violent behaviour 1177:Nickerson Gardens 1011:Mexican commandos 898:cycle of violence 845:original gangster 808:Aryan Brotherhood 717:Fight For Freedom 431:. The Neapolitan 169:derives from the 111: 110: 103: 16:(Redirected from 5490: 5420: 5410: 5409: 5368:Papua New Guinea 5129: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5048: 5038: 5024:, 70, . UNESCO. 5013: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4988:, archived from 4968: 4936:39(8):992–1005. 4934:Deviant Behavior 4921: 4915: 4909: 4896: 4890: 4877: 4871: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4844: 4838:. Archived from 4837: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4793: 4778: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4753:. Conor Bronsdon 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4619: 4613: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4564: 4558: 4544: 4538: 4531: 4525: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4492:. Archived from 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4463:. Archived from 4453: 4447: 4446: 4441:. Archived from 4435:"Gang Awareness" 4431: 4425: 4414: 4408: 4407:, pp. 53–54 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4202:. UNESCO. 2019. 4194: 4181: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4153: 4147: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4063:. Archived from 4058: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4017:. Archived from 4012: 4004: 3998: 3997:, pp. 14–15 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3968:. Archived from 3958: 3952: 3951: 3946:. Archived from 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3920: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3850:. Archived from 3849: 3841: 3835: 3834:February 9, 2019 3833: 3819: 3813: 3812:October 29, 2013 3811: 3799: 3790: 3788: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3753: 3744: 3738: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3688: 3674: 3665: 3664:November 1, 2017 3663: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3530: 3524: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3448: 3442: 3428: 3419: 3416: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3390:. Archived from 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3361:. Archived from 3355: 3349: 3348: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3272: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3173:The Conversation 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3143:. Archived from 3133: 3127: 3126: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3093: 3082: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3053: 3042: 3041: 3030: 3024: 3022: 2980: 2971: 2960: 2959: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2892:. Archived from 2881: 2875: 2874: 2869:. Archived from 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2843:on 15 April 2013 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2809:. Archived from 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2718:Associated Press 2705: 2699: 2698:January 31, 2018 2697: 2685: 2679: 2678:January 17, 2016 2677: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2619:. Archived from 2614: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2516:, archived from 2513:Motorcycle Gangs 2507: 2501: 2491:Motorcycle Gangs 2488: 2482: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2373: 2367: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2323: 2299: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2259:. Archived from 2254: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2234:. Archived from 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2193: 2187: 2185: 2171: 2165: 2144: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2111:Turner, Erin H. 2109: 2103: 2089: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2039: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1991:Halls, Eleanor. 1988: 1982: 1981: 1972:Thomas, Donald. 1969: 1963: 1962: 1961:. Surrey Shores. 1954: 1945: 1944: 1932: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1903: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1816: 1810: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1784:Douglas Harper. 1781: 1708:Malcolm W. Klein 1635:, Hells Angels, 1548:UK impact debate 1528:US impact debate 1437:A member of the 1416:18th Street gang 1365:Chicago Gaylords 1305:Walter B. Miller 1054:Mara Salvatrucha 1013:. Together with 979:animal sacrifice 931:Non-member women 902:cycle of poverty 630:motorcycle clubs 628:Biker gangs are 577:Tiny Rascal Gang 439:and the Apulian 435:, the Calabrian 405:Mara Salvatrucha 328:Federal Triangle 292:money laundering 214: 211: 208: 204: 191: 188: 185: 181: 106: 99: 95: 92: 86: 62: 61: 54: 21: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5473:Organized crime 5468:Group processes 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5398: 5377: 5220: 5206:Organized crime 5170: 5127: 5095: 5089: 5080: 5075: 5031: 4995: 4993: 4986: 4971: 4966: 4954:, Minneapolis: 4947: 4929: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4906:Wayback Machine 4897: 4893: 4887:Wayback Machine 4878: 4874: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4795: 4794: 4781: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4684:Wayback Machine 4675: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4628: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4610:Wayback Machine 4600: 4596: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4555:Wayback Machine 4545: 4541: 4532: 4528: 4522:Wayback Machine 4512: 4508: 4499: 4497: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4278: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4225: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4196: 4195: 4184: 4175: 4168: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4137: 4133: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3944:www.justice.gov 3938: 3937: 3933: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3822:Osborne, Mark. 3821: 3820: 3816: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3693: 3689:August 16, 1999 3676: 3675: 3668: 3653: 3652: 3645: 3634: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3439:Wayback Machine 3430:Maryland gangs. 3429: 3422: 3417: 3406: 3397: 3395: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3178:August 19, 2020 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3147:on 12 July 2020 3135: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3095: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3027: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2963: 2956: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2814: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2714:Chicago Tribune 2707: 2706: 2702: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2645: 2640:. 3 April 2020. 2636: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2521: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2498:Wayback Machine 2489: 2485: 2479:Wayback Machine 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2419: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2357: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2145: 2141: 2130: 2126: 2110: 2106: 2091:Robb, Brian J. 2090: 2086: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1955: 1948: 1941: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1877:(March 1967) . 1873: 1872: 1868: 1861:theguardian.com 1854: 1853: 1849: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1801: 1797: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1745:School violence 1723:Organized crime 1683:Gangs in Canada 1673:Gang population 1663:Criminal tattoo 1653: 1629:Black Disciples 1592: 1586: 1561:Runnymede Trust 1550: 1542:Rampart scandal 1530: 1387: 1381: 1321:Manuel Castells 1297: 1288: 1286:Sexual violence 1275:school violence 1198: 1154: 1148: 1141: 1047: 1035:shooting ranges 987: 946: 933: 890:police violence 831:leaders in 2004 822: 820:Gang population 816: 784:Nuestra Familia 765: 733: 701: 673: 626: 613: 611:Law enforcement 597:The Hammerskins 593:The Latin Kings 548:street fighting 532: 512:Golden Crescent 508:Golden Triangle 488:Medellin Cartel 484:Latin Americans 473: 417: 397: 391: 324:Washington D.C. 322:. The gangs in 225: 212: 209: 206: 189: 186: 183: 171:past participle 163: 155:organized crime 149:, and possibly 125:of associates, 107: 96: 90: 87: 76: 63: 59: 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5257:United Kingdom 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5135: 5133: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5030: 5029:External links 5027: 5026: 5025: 5006: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4985:978-1933778198 4984: 4969: 4965:978-0816650668 4964: 4945: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4910: 4891: 4872: 4856: 4823: 4804:(3): 193–206. 4779: 4764: 4737: 4726:. The Atlantic 4714: 4701:Apple Podcasts 4688: 4669: 4648: 4635: 4614: 4594: 4575:(2): 243–271. 4559: 4539: 4526: 4506: 4477: 4448: 4445:on 2015-04-23. 4426: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4321: 4314: 4296: 4289: 4268: 4261: 4243: 4236: 4215: 4208: 4182: 4166: 4148: 4131: 4104: 4092: 4073: 4070:on 2013-07-24. 4045: 4027: 4024:on 2014-05-24. 3999: 3987: 3975: 3972:on 2016-12-30. 3953: 3931: 3907: 3880: 3860: 3836: 3814: 3791: 3769: 3739: 3719: 3704: 3691: 3666: 3643: 3632: 3612: 3587: 3564: 3551: 3525: 3508: 3496: 3465: 3443: 3420: 3404: 3375: 3350: 3329: 3303: 3290: 3283: 3257: 3248: 3242:978-1631494949 3241: 3223: 3202: 3193:Blog del Narco 3180: 3158: 3128: 3113: 3107:978-0345523570 3106: 3083: 3070: 3043: 3025: 2989:(3): 221–235. 2961: 2954: 2936: 2924: 2913:Slate Magazine 2899: 2896:on 2016-03-05. 2876: 2873:on 2014-08-18. 2854: 2823: 2793: 2760: 2735: 2700: 2680: 2658: 2643: 2629: 2626:on 2011-10-15. 2601: 2596:978-0802073631 2595: 2575: 2555: 2549: 2529: 2502: 2483: 2464: 2452: 2428: 2409:The New Yorker 2395: 2385: 2368: 2355: 2335: 2291: 2282: 2269: 2266:on 2013-10-16. 2241: 2238:on 2016-01-02. 2219: 2207: 2188: 2166: 2139: 2124: 2121:978-0762754663 2104: 2101:978-0762454761 2084: 2071: 2056: 2047:978-1412979535 2046: 2024: 2019:Sunday Mercury 2009: 1983: 1964: 1946: 1940:978-1412979535 1939: 1917: 1911:978-1412979535 1910: 1888: 1866: 1847: 1829: 1824:dictionary.com 1811: 1795: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1588:Main article: 1585: 1582: 1549: 1546: 1529: 1526: 1424:criminal gangs 1383:Main article: 1380: 1379:Identification 1377: 1301:class struggle 1296: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1213: 1197: 1194: 1140: 1137: 1117:Rio de Janeiro 1074:United Nations 1046: 1043: 1027:Jalisco Cartel 1003:paramilitaries 992:Southern Italy 986: 983: 945: 942: 932: 929: 885: 884: 865: 854: 851: 848: 815: 812: 764: 761: 732: 729: 700: 697: 672: 669: 625: 622: 618:punisher-style 612: 609: 601:Nazi Lowriders 531: 528: 516:narcoterrorism 492:Sinaloa Cartel 472: 469: 463:, and Russian 416: 413: 390: 387: 381:, and Chinese 300:Peaky Blinders 284:counterfeiting 224: 221: 162: 159: 109: 108: 73:of the subject 71:worldwide view 66: 64: 57: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5495: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5316:U.S. military 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5274:United States 5272: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5212: 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4563: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4496:on 2009-12-06 4495: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4467:on 2011-07-17 4466: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4405:Hagedorn 2008 4401: 4398: 4394: 4393:Hagedorn 2008 4389: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4369:Hagedorn 2008 4365: 4362: 4358: 4357:Hagedorn 2008 4353: 4350: 4346: 4345:Hagedorn 2008 4341: 4338: 4333: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4315:1-84473-924-4 4311: 4307: 4300: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4262:92-4-154561-5 4258: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3995:Hagedorn 2008 3991: 3988: 3984: 3983:Hagedorn 2008 3979: 3976: 3971: 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Vlad Sokhin 3453: 3452:"Crying Meri" 3447: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3394:on 2018-02-15 3393: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3365:on 2018-09-04 3364: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3330: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3284:9780199753901 3280: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3235:. 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