425:) The regulations covering gas carriers built before 1977 are contained in the Code for Existing Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. Its content is similar to the GC Code, though less extensive. The Existing Ship Code was completed in 1976 after the GC Code had been written. It therefore summarises current shipbuilding practice at that time. It remains as an IMO recommendation for all gas carriers in this older fleet of ships. The Code is not mandatory but is applied by some countries for ship registration and in other countries as a necessary fulfilment prior to port entry. Accordingly, many ships of this age are required by charterers to meet with Code standards and to have on board a Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk.
199:
was the m/t Rasmus
Tholstrup from a Swedish shipyard to a Danish design. Prismatic tanks enabled the ship's cargo carrying capacity to be maximised, thus making fully refrigerated ships highly suitable for carrying large volumes of cargo such as LPG, ammonia and vinyl chloride over long distances. Today, fully refrigerated ships range in capacity from 20,000 to 100,000 m (710,000 to 3,530,000 cu ft). LPG carriers in the 50,000–80,000 m (1,800,000–2,800,000 cu ft) size range are often referred to as VLGCs (Very Large Gas Carriers). Although LNG carriers are often larger in terms of cubic capacity, this term is normally only applied to fully refrigerated LPG carriers.
103:
1708:
188:
244:
407:(SOLAS), is mandatory for all new ships. As proof that a ship complies with the Code, an International Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk should be on board. In 1993, the IGC Code was amended and the new rules came into effect on 1 July 1994. Ships on which construction started on or after 1 October 1994 should apply the amended version of the Code but ships built earlier may comply with previous editions of the IGC Code.
730:
418:(IMO) has approved four sets of amendments to the GC Code. The latest was adopted in June 1993. All amendments are not necessarily agreed by every government. Although this Code is not mandatory, many countries have implemented it into national law. Accordingly, most charterers will expect such ships to meet with Code standards and, as proof of this, to have on board a Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk.
694:
ammonia has a high affinity for water. Anhydrous ammonia is a hygroscopic compound, this means it will seek moisture source that may be the body of the operator, which is composed of 90 percent water. When a human body is exposed to anhydrous ammonia the chemical freeze burns its way into the skin, eyes or lungs. This attraction places the eyes, lungs, and skin at greatest risk because of their high moisture content.
218:
147:
132:
576:. It is not only dangerous when inhaled but can also be absorbed by the skin. Skin irritation and watering of the eyes indicate dangerous levels of VCM may be present in the atmosphere. Caution must be exerted while dealing with such cargoes, precautions such as use of Chemical suits Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA's) and gas tight goggles must be worn at all times to prevent exposure.
744:
38:
1488:
228:
The majority of LNG carriers are between 125,000 and 135,000 m (4,400,000 and 4,800,000 cu ft) in capacity. In the modern fleet of LNG carriers, there is an interesting exception concerning ship size. This is the introduction of several smaller ships of between 18,000 and 19,000 m
202:
The main type of cargo containment system utilised on board modern fully refrigerated ships are independent tanks with rigid foam insulation. The insulation used is quite commonly polyurethane foam. Older ships can have independent tanks with loosely filled perlite insulation. In the past, there have
198:
They are built to carry liquefied gases at low temperature and atmospheric pressure between terminals equipped with fully refrigerated storage tanks. However, discharge through a booster pump and cargo heater makes it possible to discharge to pressurized tanks too. The first purpose-built, lpg tanker
693:
4. The water-absorbing nature of anhydrous ammonia that causes the greatest injury (especially to the eyes, nose, throat or lungs), and which can cause permanent damage. It is a colourless gas at atmospheric pressure and normal temperature, but under pressure readily changes into a liquid. Anhydrous
513:
Type C Independent Tanks are deck pressure vessels or cylindrical pressure tanks mounted horizontally on two or more cradle-shaped foundations. The tanks may be fitted on, below or partly below deck and be both longitudinally and transversely located. Lobe-type tanks are commonly used at the forward
594:
Almost all cargo vapours are flammable. When ignition occurs, it is not the liquid which burns but the evolved vapour that burns. Flameless explosions which result out of cold cargo liquid coming into sudden contact with water do not release much energy. Pool fires which are the result of a leaked
496:
Type B Independent Tanks are generally spherical and welded to a vertical cylindrical skirt, which is the lone connection to the ship's main hull. The hold space (void space) in this design is normally filled with dry inert gas or
Nitrogen but may be ventilated with air during a ballast or gas free
178:
Ethylene carriers are the most sophisticated of the gas tankers and have the ability to carry not only most other liquefied gas cargoes but also ethylene at its atmospheric boiling point of −104 °C (−155 °F). These ships feature cylindrical, insulated, stainless steel cargo tanks able to
473:
Type A Independent Tanks are prismatic and supported on insulation-bearing blocks typically consisting of wooden chocks and located by anti-roll chocks located at the top of the tank inside the void space and anti-flotation chocks located inside the void space usually just above the double bottom
255:
under high pressure. CNG carrier technology relies on high pressure, typically over 250 bar (2900 psi), to increase the density of the gas and maximize the possible commercial payload. CNG carriers are economical for medium distance marine transport and rely on the adoption of suitable pressure
110:
The seaborne transport of liquefied gases began in 1934 when a major international company put two combined oil/LPG tankers into operation. The ships, basically oil tankers, had been converted by fitting small, riveted, pressure vessels for the carriage of LPG into cargo tank spaces. This enabled
118:
Today, most fully pressurised oceangoing LPG carriers are fitted with two or three horizontal, cylindrical or spherical cargo tanks and have typical capacities between 20,000 and 90,000 cubic meters and Length overall ranging from 140 m to 229 m . New LPG Carrier ships are designed for dual-fuel
142:
These ships carried gases in a semi-pressurized/semi-refrigerated state. This approach provides flexibility, as these carriers are able to load or discharge at both refrigerated and pressurized storage facilities. Semi-pressurized/semi-refrigerated carriers incorporate cylindrical, spherical or
699:
temperature. It will cause burns similar to, but more severe than, those caused by dry ice. If exposed to severe cold flesh will become frozen. At first, the skin will become red (but turn subsequently white); the affected area is painless, but hard to touch, if left untreated the flesh will
698:
result when the anhydrous ammonia dissolves into body tissue. Most deaths from anhydrous ammonia are caused by severe damage to the throat and lungs from a direct blast to the face. An additional concern is the low boiling point of anhydrous ammonia. The chemical freezes on contact at room
153:
152:
149:
148:
154:
667:
2. Anhydrous ammonia is not dangerous when handled properly, but if not handled carefully it can be extremely dangerous. It is not as combustible as many other products that we use and handle every day. However, concentrations of gas burn and require precautions to avoid fires.
203:
been a few fully refrigerated ships built with semi-membrane or integral tanks and internal insulation tanks, but these systems have only maintained minimal interest. The large majority of such ships currently in service have been constructed by shipbuilders in Japan and Korea.
399:
599:
which are the result of the leak catching fire are grave hazards. Flash fires occur when there is a leak and does not ignite immediately but after the vapours travel some distance downwind and getting ignited and are extremely dangerous. Vapour cloud explosions and
151:
403:). The IGCCode which applies to new gas carriers (built after 30 June 1986) is the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. In brief, this Code is known as the IGC Code. The IGC Code, under amendments to
414:) The regulations covering gas carriers built after 1976 but before July 1986 are included in the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk. It is known as the Gas Carrier Code or GC Code in short. Since 1975,
483:
J class Ships. The hold space (void space) in this design is normally filled with dry inert gas or
Nitrogen but may be ventilated with air during a ballast or gas free passage. The Conch design has been developed for carriage of
710:
5. The human eye is a complex organ made up of about 80 percent water. Ammonia under pressure can cause extensive, almost immediate damage to the eye. The ammonia extracts the fluid and destroys eye cells and tissue in minutes.
119:
propulsion system possessing the ability to utilize LPG or diesel fuel on a selective basis. Fully pressurized ships are still being built in numbers and represent a cost-effective, simple way of moving LPG to and from smaller
474:
tanks. The tanks are normally divided by a centreline liquid-tight bulkhead; by this feature, together with the chamfered upper part of the tank, the free liquid surface effect is reduced and thus the virtual rise of the
111:
transport over long distances of substantial volumes of an oil refinery by-product that had distinct advantages as a domestic and commercial fuel. LPG is not only odourless and non-toxic, it also has a high
478:
and the stability is increased. When these cargo tanks are designed to carry LPG (at −50 °C), the tank is constructed of fine-grained low-carbon manganese steel or even stainless steel as seen in the
179:
accommodate cargoes up to a maximum specific gravity of 1.8 at temperatures ranging from a minimum of −104 °C to a maximum of +80 °C (176 °F) and at a maximum tank pressure of 4 bar.
714:
6. Draining of ammonia into sea while pre-cooling of the hard-arm or during disconnection operations is not an eco-friendly operation. As a small quantity of ammonia as low as 0.45 mg/L (1.6
457:
For cargoes carried at temperatures between −10 and −55 °C (14 and −67 °F) the ship's hull may act as the secondary barrier and in such cases it may be a boundary of the hold space.
256:
vessels to store CNG during transport and on the use of suitable loading and unloading compressors to receive the CNG at the loading terminal and to deliver the CNG at the unloading terminal.
150:
991:
404:
501:
dome covers the primary barrier above deck level, and insulation encloses the outside of the primary barrier surface. This containment system has been used for carriage of
1030:
1638:
882:
488:(at-163oC). The material for these cargo tanks has to be either 9% nickel steel or aluminium. The maximum allowable relief vapour setting (MARVS) is < 0. 7 bar.
660:
1. Exposure to more than 2,000 ppm – fatal in 30 minutes, 6,000 ppm – fatal in minutes, 10,000 ppm – fatal and intolerable to unprotected
1817:
1165:
908:
2068:
1198:
992:
http://www.eagle.org/eagleExternalPortalWEB/ShowProperty/BEA%20Repository/Rules&Guides/Current/144_LGCarrierswithIndependentTanks/Pub144_LGC_Guide
1097:
601:
794:
975:
505:. The material of construction is either 9% nickel steel or aluminium. The maximum Allowable relief vapour setting (MARVS) is < 0. 7 bar.
322:
South Korea, Japan and China are the main countries where LPG tankers are built, with small numbers built in the
Netherlands and Bangladesh.
1631:
415:
391:
1266:
143:
bi-lobe shaped tanks carrying propane at a pressure of 8.5 kg/cm (121 psi), and a temperature of −10 °C (14 °F).
2063:
1911:
298:
102:
953:
1707:
229:(640,000 and 670,000 cu ft) having been built in 1994 and later to service the needs of importers of smaller volumes.
313:
1047:
1624:
718:
10 lb/cu in)(LC50) is hazardous to Salmon as per ICSC, USA. Consumption of such fish could be dangerous to humans.
687:. When large amounts are inhaled, the throat swells shut and victims suffocate. Exposure to vapours or liquid also can cause
288:
1312:
1191:
1027:
167:
886:
2104:
1293:
303:
268:
1145:
1084:
187:
1160:
1392:
1184:
278:
614:
The cargoes are carried at extremely low temperatures, from 0 to −163 °C (32 to −261 °F), and hence
514:
end of the ship, to improve the poor utilization of the hull volume. This containment system is used for LPG,
243:
2094:
1439:
822:
341:
74:
1931:
1744:
1527:
1422:
1417:
1402:
1259:
640:. A person affected may experience headache, dizziness and inability to concentrate, followed by loss of
1916:
1427:
1412:
283:
394:
apply to all gas carriers regardless of size. There are three Gas Codes and these are described below.
791:
2089:
1921:
1112:
757:
308:
2099:
2048:
1992:
1774:
1532:
870:
810:
433:
A cargo containment system is the total arrangement for containing cargo including, where fitted:
2002:
1677:
1542:
1502:
1233:
846:
460:
The basic cargo tank types utilised on board gas carriers are in accordance with the list below:
444:
1170:
1026:
Aluminium Cargo Tank
Independent Type B, DSME Gas Tank Technology Approved By Lloyd’s Register
954:
http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/ChemicalPollution/Pages/IGCCode.aspx
264:
These vessels are designed to transport liquefied gas. Builders of
Liquefied Gas Carriers are:
1779:
1682:
1324:
1307:
1252:
1128:
971:
475:
293:
2027:
2012:
1946:
1890:
1789:
1692:
1120:
858:
735:
526:, is 5% nickel steel. The maximum Allowable relief vapour setting (MARVS) is > 0. 7 bar.
2017:
2007:
1827:
1812:
1759:
1687:
1397:
1034:
798:
762:
729:
374:
112:
1098:"The burning characteristics and flame evolution of hydrocarbon and hydrogen flash fires"
1487:
1116:
644:. In sufficient concentrations any vapour may cause asphyxiation, whether toxic or not.
1987:
1847:
1769:
1754:
1749:
1359:
1028:
http://marineinsight.com/news/new-dsme-gas-tank-technology-approved-by-lloyds-register/
565:
370:
366:
273:
217:
2083:
2058:
2053:
1936:
1804:
1697:
1648:
1558:
772:
749:
641:
1972:
1764:
1729:
1583:
1568:
1354:
1339:
1334:
1051:
695:
588:
573:
120:
86:
1146:
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/ammonia/health_ammonia.html
1085:
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/ammonia/health_ammonia.html
131:
1148:
Canadian Centre for
Occupational Health and Safety, Health Effects of Ammonia Gas
1072:
965:
1967:
1941:
1895:
1885:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1832:
1794:
1784:
1605:
1600:
1384:
1349:
1228:
1223:
1124:
767:
684:
522:
carriers. The material, if used for the construction of tanks designed to carry
252:
238:
212:
159:
115:
and a low sulphur content, making it very clean and efficient when being burnt.
550:
have been fully designed and approved but have not been commercially used yet.
1997:
1880:
1837:
1739:
1716:
1667:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1512:
725:
704:
569:
251:
Compressed natural gas (CNG) carrier ships are designed for transportation of
28:
1132:
2022:
1982:
1734:
1595:
1517:
1369:
743:
688:
615:
608:
596:
356:
331:
37:
17:
2032:
1977:
1926:
1537:
1522:
1473:
1374:
1344:
1329:
1302:
1275:
626:
577:
559:
523:
515:
378:
336:
1616:
1003:
1951:
1457:
1447:
654:
581:
362:
1452:
1364:
1319:
633:
480:
453:
Adjacent structure, if necessary, for the support of these elements.
933:"H2020 Project GASVESSEL - Compressed Natural Gas Transport System"
792:
http://www.dnv.com/industry/maritime/shiptypes/gascarrier/index.asp
1875:
1724:
1672:
700:
637:
632:
Asphyxia occurs when the blood cannot take a sufficient supply of
498:
242:
216:
186:
145:
130:
101:
36:
1662:
1407:
871:
http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/Fully-Refrigerated-Ships.html
680:
676:
661:
619:
1620:
1248:
1180:
1176:
811:
http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/fully-pressurized-ships.html
847:
http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/semi-pressurized-ships.html
672:
519:
502:
485:
351:
346:
82:
78:
932:
1244:
34:
Ship designed to transport liquefied chemical gases in bulk
1171:
648:
Health effects of specific cargoes carried on gas carriers
859:
http://www.liquefiedgascarrier.com/ethylene-carriers.html
604:
are the most grave flammability hazards on gas carriers.
967:
Code for
Existing Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk
568:
commonly carried on gas carriers is a known as a human
27:"Gas tanker" redirects here. For the road vehicle, see
405:
International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
1045:
Gaztransport and Technigaz Cargo Containment Systems
883:"Launch of Jayanti Baruna: World's First CNG Carrier"
622:
to the cold vapours or liquid is a very real hazard.
2041:
1960:
1904:
1846:
1803:
1715:
1655:
1551:
1495:
1466:
1438:
1383:
1289:
1282:
1214:
1096:Shelke, Ashish V.; Wen, Jennifer X. (2021-01-01).
1818:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
53:into port at Marcus Hook, on the Delaware River.
1166:UK P&I Club The carriage of liquefied gases
1073:http://www.pvc.org/en/p/vinyl-chloride-monomer
410:Gas carriers built between 1976 and 1986 (the
1632:
1260:
1192:
990:Liquefied Gas Carrier with Independent Tanks
8:
1639:
1625:
1617:
1286:
1267:
1253:
1245:
1199:
1185:
1177:
2069:List of merchant navy capacity by country
671:3. Mild exposure can cause irritation to
602:boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions
397:Gas carriers built after June 1986 (the
1105:Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
783:
683:tissues. Prolonged breathing can cause
595:pool of cargo liquid catching fire and
7:
421:Gas carriers built before 1977 (the
857:Ethylene and gas/chemical carriers
437:A primary barrier (the cargo tank),
416:International Maritime Organization
392:International Maritime Organization
790:Gas Carrier definition as per DNV
247:Jayanti Baruna - CNG Cargo Carrier
174:Ethylene and gas/chemical carriers
25:
2064:International Chamber of Shipping
1912:Anchor handling tug supply vessel
584:are other toxic cargoes carried.
299:Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation
85:, or liquefied chemical gases in
1706:
1486:
742:
728:
269:Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine
73:is a ship designed to transport
326:Cargoes carried on gas carriers
314:Japan Marine United Corporation
233:Compressed natural gas carriers
1048:"Gaztransport & Technigaz"
440:Secondary barrier (if fitted),
289:Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries
207:Liquefied natural gas carriers
191:Fully refrigerated ship LPG/C
162:Semi-Refrigerated LPG Carrier
1:
1313:Underground coal gasification
98:Fully pressurized gas carrier
1173:World LNG Industry Standards
1083:Health Effects of Ammonia
1004:"All Ships | Maersk Tankers"
543:Internal insulation Type '2'
540:Internal insulation Type '1'
390:The Gas Codes, developed by
1125:10.1016/j.proci.2020.05.013
909:"Marine CNG Transportation"
450:Any intervening spaces, and
304:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
2121:
1161:Gas Tanker Advanced Course
823:"LPG Propulsion Explained"
536:Some other types such as:
236:
210:
26:
1704:
1484:
869:Fully refrigerated ships
429:Cargo containment systems
1071:VCM and health effects
970:. IMO Publishing. 1976.
809:Fully Pressurised Ships
279:Hyundai Heavy Industries
183:Fully refrigerated ships
1891:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
1790:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
1008:wwww.maersk-tankers.com
845:Semi-Pressurised Ships
554:Hazards on gas carriers
361:Chemical gases such as
1932:Platform supply vessel
1745:Coastal trading vessel
1528:Natural-gas processing
497:passage. A protective
248:
225:
195:
170:
139:
135:Semi-pressurised ship
127:Semi-pressurised ships
107:
54:
1917:Diving support vessel
1290:Manufactured fuel gas
246:
220:
190:
157:
134:
105:
40:
1922:Emergency tow vessel
889:on 10 September 2017
758:List of gas carriers
509:Independent Type 'C'
492:Independent Type 'B'
469:Independent Type 'A'
309:Imabari Shipbuilding
106:Moss type LNG tanker
49:push the LPG tanker
47:McAllister Responder
2105:Petroleum transport
2049:Nautical operations
1993:Floating restaurant
1775:Lighter aboard ship
1533:Natural gas storage
1117:2021PComI..38.4699S
618:due to exposure of
2003:Merchant submarine
1678:Maritime transport
1543:Pipeline transport
1503:Compressor station
1033:2013-09-09 at the
797:2012-04-30 at the
445:thermal insulation
423:Existing Ship Code
249:
226:
196:
171:
164:Navigator Centauri
140:
108:
55:
2077:
2076:
1780:Livestock carrier
1683:Freight transport
1614:
1613:
1482:
1481:
1325:Blast furnace gas
1308:Coal gasification
1242:
1241:
977:978-92-801-1051-7
476:Centre of gravity
386:Gas carrier codes
155:
16:(Redirected from
2112:
2028:Semi-submersible
2013:Pipe-laying ship
1710:
1693:Maritime history
1641:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1490:
1287:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1246:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1111:(3): 4699–4708.
1102:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1050:. Archived from
1043:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
981:
962:
956:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
913:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
885:. Archived from
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
836:
834:
833:
819:
813:
807:
801:
788:
752:
747:
746:
738:
736:Transport portal
733:
732:
717:
518:and small scale
464:Independent Type
156:
21:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2037:
2018:Research vessel
2008:Narco-submarine
1956:
1900:
1842:
1828:Hydrogen tanker
1813:Chemical tanker
1799:
1760:Heavy-lift ship
1711:
1702:
1688:Merchant marine
1651:
1645:
1615:
1610:
1547:
1491:
1478:
1462:
1434:
1379:
1291:
1278:
1273:
1243:
1238:
1210:
1205:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:Wayback Machine
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1002:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
978:
964:
963:
959:
951:
947:
937:
935:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
911:
907:
906:
902:
892:
890:
881:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
831:
829:
821:
820:
816:
808:
804:
799:Wayback Machine
789:
785:
781:
763:List of tankers
748:
741:
734:
727:
724:
715:
703:and may become
650:
572:, particularly
556:
431:
388:
375:propylene oxide
328:
319:
262:
241:
235:
215:
209:
185:
176:
146:
129:
113:calorific value
100:
95:
43:Reid McAllister
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Merchant ships
2092:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:Fishing vessel
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
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1155:External links
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566:Vinyl chloride
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371:ethylene oxide
367:vinyl chloride
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1054:on 2012-04-18
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137:Gaschem Jümme
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121:gas terminals
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104:
97:
92:
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80:
76:
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68:
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60:
52:
48:
44:
41:The tugboats
39:
30:
19:
1973:Crane vessel
1822:
1765:Hopper barge
1730:Bulk carrier
1584:Gas lighting
1569:Gas cylinder
1507:
1355:Producer gas
1340:Landfill gas
1335:Gasification
1216:Gas carriers
1215:
1208:Gas carriers
1207:
1141:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:the original
1041:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
998:
986:
966:
960:
948:
936:. Retrieved
927:
915:. Retrieved
903:
891:. Retrieved
887:the original
877:
865:
853:
841:
830:. Retrieved
826:
817:
805:
786:
713:
709:
692:
670:
666:
659:
631:
613:
593:
589:Flammability
574:liver cancer
564:
549:
535:
530:
512:
495:
472:
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432:
422:
420:
411:
409:
398:
396:
389:
321:
318:
284:Hyundai Mipo
263:
250:
227:
222:
221:LNG-carrier
201:
197:
192:
177:
168:Porpoise Bay
163:
141:
136:
117:
109:
70:
66:
62:
58:
56:
50:
46:
42:
18:Gas carriers
2090:LNG tankers
1968:Cable layer
1961:Other types
1942:Salvage tug
1896:Train ferry
1886:Ocean liner
1871:Cruiseferry
1866:Cruise ship
1861:Cargo liner
1856:Cable ferry
1833:LNG carrier
1823:Gas carrier
1795:Train ferry
1785:Reefer ship
1606:Pilot light
1601:Gas turbine
1508:Gas carrier
1385:Natural gas
1350:Pintsch gas
1234:LEG carrier
1229:LNG carrier
1224:LPG carrier
938:16 November
768:LNG carrier
685:suffocation
653:Hazards of
443:Associated
253:natural gas
239:CNG carrier
213:LNG carrier
67:LPG carrier
59:gas carrier
2100:Ship types
2084:Categories
1998:Icebreaker
1881:Narrowboat
1838:Oil tanker
1740:Chain boat
1668:Cargo ship
1589:Gas mantle
1579:Gas heater
1574:Gas engine
1564:Gas burner
1513:Gas holder
1058:2012-04-18
1013:2024-03-04
832:2024-03-04
779:References
705:gangrenous
570:carcinogen
71:LPG tanker
63:gas tanker
29:tank truck
2023:Riverboat
1983:Drillship
1848:Passenger
1735:Car float
1717:Dry cargo
1656:Overviews
1596:Gas stove
1518:Gas meter
1370:Water gas
1133:1540-7489
952:IGC Code
893:17 August
689:blindness
616:frostbite
609:Frostbite
597:jet fires
357:Propylene
332:Butadiene
166:transits
51:BW Volans
2033:Snagboat
1927:Fireboat
1538:Odorizer
1523:Gasworks
1474:Hydrogen
1375:Wood gas
1345:Mond gas
1330:Blau gas
1303:Coal gas
1276:Fuel gas
1031:Archived
917:17 March
795:Archived
722:See also
627:Asphyxia
578:Chlorine
560:Toxicity
546:Integral
531:Membrane
524:ethylene
516:Ethylene
400:IGC Code
379:chlorine
337:Ethylene
294:Jiangnan
260:Builders
2042:Related
1978:Dredger
1952:Tugboat
1905:Support
1805:Tankers
1750:Collier
1647:Modern
1458:Propane
1448:Autogas
1428:Bio-SNG
1294:History
1113:Bibcode
655:ammonia
636:to the
582:ammonia
412:GC Code
363:ammonia
158:22,000
1947:Tender
1937:Pusher
1453:Butane
1365:Syngas
1320:Biogas
1131:
974:
827:BW LPG
634:oxygen
481:Maersk
1876:Ferry
1725:Barge
1673:Cargo
1467:Other
1283:Types
1101:(PDF)
912:(PDF)
638:brain
499:steel
223:Galea
93:Types
69:, or
1663:Ship
1552:Uses
1408:HCNG
1129:ISSN
972:ISBN
940:2019
919:2017
895:2017
681:lung
679:and
677:nose
662:skin
620:skin
580:and
377:and
87:bulk
45:and
1440:LPG
1423:SNG
1418:NGC
1413:LNG
1403:CNG
1398:CBM
1393:APG
1121:doi
701:die
673:eye
520:LNG
503:LNG
486:LNG
352:CNG
347:LNG
342:LPG
160:cbm
83:CNG
79:LNG
75:LPG
2086::
1127:.
1119:.
1109:38
1107:.
1103:.
1006:.
825:.
707:.
675:,
664:.
373:,
369:,
365:,
123:.
89:.
81:,
77:,
65:,
61:,
57:A
1640:e
1633:t
1626:v
1296:)
1292:(
1268:e
1261:t
1254:v
1200:e
1193:t
1186:v
1135:.
1123::
1115::
1061:.
1016:.
980:.
942:.
921:.
897:.
835:.
716:×
447:,
381:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
