1424:
1435:. Exploration risk is a difficult concept and is usually defined by assigning confidence to the presence of the imperative geological factors, as discussed above. This confidence is based on data and/or models and is usually mapped on Common Risk Segment Maps (CRS Maps). High confidence in the presence of imperative geological factors is usually coloured green and low confidence coloured red. Therefore, these maps are also called Traffic Light Maps, while the full procedure is often referred to as Play Fairway Analysis (PFA). The aim of such procedures is to force the geologist to objectively assess all different geological factors. Furthermore, it results in simple maps that can be understood by non-geologists and managers to base exploration decisions on.
1096:
1658:
Sometimes this is not the same person who owns the land surface. In most nations the government issues licences to explore, develop and produce its oil and gas resources, which are typically administered by the oil ministry. There are several different types of licence. Oil companies often operate in joint ventures to spread the risk; one of the companies in the partnership is designated the operator who actually supervises the work.
1723:
and government regulations—prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain, regardless of whether deterministic or probabilistic methods are used for the estimation. The project to extract the hydrocarbons must have commenced or the operator must be reasonably certain that it will commence the project within a reasonable time.
3771:
155:
1757:
1597:
1271:
36:
1108:
1255:
1742:
The term 1P is frequently used to denote proved reserves; 2P is the sum of proved and probable reserves; and 3P the sum of proved, probable, and possible reserves. The best estimate of recovery from committed projects is generally considered to be the 2P sum of proved and probable reserves. Note that
1722:
Proved oil and gas reserves are those quantities of oil and gas, which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible—from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under existing economic conditions, operating methods,
1688:
Resources are hydrocarbons which may or may not be produced in the future. A resource number may be assigned to an undrilled prospect or an unappraised discovery. Appraisal by drilling additional delineation wells or acquiring extra seismic data will confirm the size of the field and lead to project
1672:
A PSA is more complex than a Tax/Royalty system - The companies bid on the percentage of the production that the host government receives (this may be variable with the oil price), There is often also participation by the
Government owned National Oil Company (NOC). There are also various bonuses to
1665:
Companies would pay a royalty on any oil produced, together with a profits tax (which can have expenditure offset against it). In some cases there are also various bonuses and ground rents (license fees) payable to the government - for example a signature bonus payable at the start of the licence.
1705:
Oil and gas reserves are defined as volumes that will be commercially recovered in the future. Reserves are separated into three categories: proved, probable, and possible. To be included in any reserves category, all commercial aspects must have been addressed, which includes government consent.
1657:
Petroleum resources are typically owned by the government of the host country. In the United States, most onshore (land) oil and gas rights (OGM) are owned by private individuals, in which case oil companies must negotiate terms for a lease of these rights with the individual who owns the OGM.
1367:
mechanisms: the newly matured hydrocarbons are less dense than their precursors, which causes over-pressure; the hydrocarbons are lighter, and so migrate upwards due to buoyancy, and the fluids expand as further burial causes increased heating. Most hydrocarbons migrate to the surface as oil
1206:(underwater craters caused by escaping gas) provide basic evidence of hydrocarbon generation (be it shallow or deep in the Earth). However, most exploration depends on highly sophisticated technology to detect and determine the extent of these deposits using
1717:
have a "reasonable certainty" of being recovered, which means a high degree of confidence that the volumes will be recovered. Some industry specialists refer to this as P90, i.e., having a 90% certainty of being produced. The SEC provides a more detailed
1423:
1992:
1246:) cost US$ 10 – 30 million, while deep water wells can cost up to US$ 100 million plus. Hundreds of smaller companies search for onshore hydrocarbon deposits worldwide, with some wells costing as little as US$ 100,000.
1737:
are reserves which analysis of geological and engineering data suggests are less likely to be recoverable than probable reserves. Some industry specialists refer to this as P10, i.e., having a 10% certainty of being
1241:
Oil exploration is an expensive, high-risk operation. Offshore and remote area exploration is generally only undertaken by very large corporations or national governments. Typical shallow shelf oil wells (e.g.
1730:
are volumes defined as "less likely to be recovered than proved, but more certain to be recovered than
Possible Reserves". Some industry specialists refer to this as P50, i.e., having a 50% certainty of being
876:
1335:
which geologists believe may contain hydrocarbons. A significant amount of geological, structural and seismic investigation must first be completed to redefine the potential hydrocarbon drill location from a
1055:
1050:
2996:
1230:) are subjected to more detailed seismic surveys which work on the principle of the time it takes for reflected sound waves to travel through matter (rock) of varying densities and using the process of
1981:
2248:
2892:
2121:
3737:
1530:
Oil shrinks and gas expands when brought to the surface. The FVF converts volumes at reservoir conditions (high pressure and high temperature) to storage and sale conditions
1689:
sanction. At this point the relevant government body gives the oil company a production licence which enables the field to be developed. This is also the point at which
3117:
2415:
2083:
1666:
Licences are awarded in competitive bid rounds on the basis of either the size of the work programme (number of wells, seismic etc.) or size of the signature bonus.
1967:
2010:
1060:
2405:
2279:
2104:
1238:
is drilled in an attempt to conclusively determine the presence or absence of oil or gas. Offshore the risk can be reduced by using electromagnetic methods
2887:
2882:
2867:
2862:
2410:
1138:
826:
2832:
2223:
2177:
1234:
to create a profile of the substructure. Finally, when a prospect has been identified and evaluated and passes the oil company's selection criteria, an
2456:
2425:
2420:
1880:
1778:
1618:
1292:
53:
3199:
1829:
159:
1540:
Potential accumulation is currently poorly defined and requires more data acquisition and/or evaluation in order to be classified as a prospect.
3073:
2897:
1340:
to a prospect. Four geological factors have to be present for a prospect to work and if any of them fail neither oil nor gas will be present.
2481:
1546:
An area in which hydrocarbon accumulations or prospects of a given type occur. For example, the shale gas plays in North
America include the
1045:
3204:
2872:
2446:
319:
2451:
1890:
446:
366:
3585:
3264:
2980:
2199:
2125:
1040:
954:
396:
100:
3732:
3036:
2789:
1804:
1644:
1392:) may also store hydrocarbons. The reservoir must also be permeable so that the hydrocarbons will flow to surface during production.
1318:
896:
801:
119:
72:
1582:
Amount of hydrocarbon likely to be recovered during production. This is typically 10-50% in an oil field and 50-80% in a gas field.
2069:
3621:
3274:
2769:
2466:
2461:
2272:
2044:
1817:
Oil and gas reserves are the main asset of an oil company. Booking is the process by which they are added to the balance sheet.
3279:
2837:
2722:
1131:
841:
604:
186:
79:
2153:
3747:
3518:
3184:
2737:
2655:
2582:
1821:
1782:
1622:
1296:
57:
1706:
Technical issues alone separate proved from unproved categories. All reserve estimates involve some degree of uncertainty.
2955:
2852:
2842:
2764:
1076:
526:
86:
3727:
3722:
3259:
3244:
2693:
1959:
1432:
614:
466:
441:
236:
3774:
3742:
2265:
1476:
A supercomputer technique recently use in conjunction with seismic sensors to explore for petroleum deposits offshore.
725:
476:
1767:
1607:
1281:
68:
3800:
3329:
2930:
2915:
2877:
2638:
2515:
1845:
1124:
481:
331:
2097:
1786:
1771:
1626:
1611:
1300:
1285:
46:
3701:
3234:
2975:
2779:
1865:
1679:
This is when an oil company acts as a contractor for the host government, being paid to produce the hydrocarbons.
856:
821:
781:
434:
401:
251:
1455:
An estimate of the chance of all the elements (see above) within a prospect working, described as a probability.
1388:. The oil collects in the pores within the rock although open fractures within non-porous rocks (e.g. fractured
3810:
1870:
851:
471:
406:
343:
3752:
3626:
2683:
2675:
2626:
2577:
2382:
2377:
1925:
1825:
881:
836:
456:
1498:
Part of GRV that has the lithological capacity for being a productive zone; i.e. less shale contaminations.
3229:
2970:
2660:
2510:
2347:
2322:
1850:
1207:
1019:
506:
1504:
Part of net sand that has the minimum reservoir qualities; i.e. minimum porosity and permeability values.
1483:
3815:
3795:
3606:
3048:
3031:
2965:
2727:
2594:
2547:
2520:
2362:
2314:
2077:
1354:
1223:
989:
831:
697:
609:
306:
2648:
1199:
3805:
3503:
3173:
2935:
2817:
2643:
2616:
2599:
2525:
2357:
531:
264:
93:
1832:. Reported reserves may be audited by outside geologists, although this is not a legal requirement.
3651:
3596:
3523:
3412:
3224:
3142:
2822:
2688:
1915:
1895:
1743:
these volumes only refer to currently justified projects or those projects already in development.
1375:
1159:
866:
811:
776:
702:
629:
579:
574:
559:
216:
1431:
Hydrocarbon exploration is a high risk investment and risk assessment is paramount for successful
3498:
2920:
2530:
2430:
2288:
1960:"Assigning exploration risks : Risk and Play Mapping - Exploration & Production Geology"
1860:
1555:
1407:
1203:
1100:
861:
737:
499:
281:
221:
191:
136:
1449:
On a seismic section, coda that have high amplitudes due to a formation containing hydrocarbons.
3646:
2774:
2749:
2552:
2537:
2217:
2171:
2061:
1835:
In Russia, companies report their reserves to the State
Commission on Mineral Reserves (GKZ).
1559:
1470:
Possibly an oil-water, gas-water or gas-oil contact on a seismic section; flat due to gravity.
1183:
749:
672:
665:
619:
486:
276:
271:
181:
3473:
3194:
2797:
2715:
2633:
2471:
2352:
2053:
1900:
1855:
1551:
1231:
1179:
1095:
1009:
906:
846:
732:
685:
634:
594:
569:
554:
536:
511:
451:
336:
286:
2192:
1482:
Amount of hydrocarbon likely to be contained in the prospect. This is calculated using the
3706:
3696:
3438:
3189:
3078:
3004:
2807:
2802:
2732:
2700:
2611:
2327:
2252:
1714:
1563:
1462:
1332:
1226:
to detect large-scale features of the sub-surface geology. Features of interest (known as
1219:
794:
754:
624:
589:
521:
461:
389:
326:
226:
3543:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3384:
3359:
3068:
3009:
2940:
2827:
2812:
2621:
2559:
2304:
2039:
1905:
1567:
1337:
1112:
916:
816:
771:
764:
759:
516:
211:
3789:
3611:
3568:
3533:
3162:
3043:
3016:
2950:
2342:
1547:
1163:
931:
421:
416:
411:
169:
3671:
3601:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3468:
3458:
3344:
3324:
3269:
3053:
3021:
2960:
2857:
2759:
2665:
2542:
2476:
2146:
1875:
1820:
In the United States, booking is done according to a set of rules developed by the
1694:
1690:
1410:. The hydrocarbon trap has to be covered by an impermeable rock known as a seal or
1215:
964:
926:
911:
742:
707:
652:
371:
231:
154:
3563:
3641:
3513:
3334:
3304:
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2945:
2925:
2604:
2587:
2505:
2367:
2337:
2332:
2040:"Net Pay--What Is It? What Does It Do? How Do We Quantify It? How Do We Use It?"
1910:
1756:
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201:
35:
17:
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3314:
3152:
3058:
1920:
1398:
The hydrocarbons are buoyant and have to be trapped within a structural (e.g.
1380:
The hydrocarbons are contained in a reservoir rock. This is commonly a porous
1211:
936:
692:
196:
2065:
1982:"Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia"
3686:
3417:
3364:
3309:
3299:
3209:
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3083:
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2299:
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1399:
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1350:
1243:
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712:
176:
144:
2190:"SPE Petroleum Resources Management System Guide for Non-Technical Users";
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3026:
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2705:
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1513:
1261:
in process, a common way to study the rock types when drilling oil wells.
1235:
1195:
376:
2240:
1518:
Percentage of the net reservoir rock occupied by pores (typically 5-35%)
1427:
Oil exploration expenditures are greatest when crude oil prices are high
3349:
3339:
3219:
3214:
3129:
1411:
1389:
1364:
1258:
1254:
2057:
1673:
be paid. Development expenditure is offset against production revenue.
3666:
3553:
3538:
3528:
3488:
3402:
2257:
1524:
Some of the pore space is filled with water - this must be discounted
1210:. Areas thought to contain hydrocarbons are initially subjected to a
1014:
994:
901:
891:
599:
1510:
Proportion of the GRV formed by the reservoir rock (range is 0 to 1)
2098:"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Petroleum Reserves and Resources"
3448:
3422:
3392:
3354:
3294:
3289:
3284:
1422:
1253:
1024:
969:
361:
1461:
A boring that does not contain commercial hydrocarbons. See also
3676:
3616:
3369:
2847:
2011:"After billion-barrel bonanza, BP goes global with seismic tech"
1369:
999:
246:
241:
206:
2261:
3508:
3374:
3147:
1750:
1590:
1492:
Amount of rock in the trap above the hydrocarbon water contact
1264:
29:
2245:
1947:
Electromagnetic seabed logging, A new tool for geoscientists
3137:
1414:
in order to prevent hydrocarbons escaping to the surface.
1363:
The hydrocarbons are expelled from source rock by three
3738:
3715:
3581:
3431:
3383:
3171:
3128:
3113:
3104:
2989:
2906:
2788:
2674:
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2496:
2439:
2398:
2391:
2313:
1357:
over an extended period of time, hydrocarbons form.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1824:(SPE). The reserves of any company listed on the
2273:
1132:
8:
2082:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1785:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1625:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1576:A lead which has been more fully evaluated.
1299:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3125:
3110:
2395:
2280:
2266:
2258:
2045:SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering
1139:
1125:
1029:
131:
1805:Learn how and when to remove this message
1645:Learn how and when to remove this message
1319:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3200:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1938:
1830:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
1068:
1032:
143:
3074:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
2833:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
2222:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2215:
2176:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2169:
2075:
7:
3205:China National Petroleum Corporation
2038:F., Worthington, Paul (2010-10-01).
2033:
2031:
1783:adding citations to reliable sources
1623:adding citations to reliable sources
1297:adding citations to reliable sources
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1891:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic
367:Radium and radon in the environment
3265:National Iranian South Oil Company
2981:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
2103:. SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS.
1486:- GRV x N/G x Porosity x Sh / FVF
1439:Terms used in petroleum evaluation
25:
3733:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
3622:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
3275:Oil & Gas Development Company
1713:are the highest valued category.
1669:Production Sharing contract (PSA)
1194:Visible surface features such as
3770:
3769:
2110:from the original on 2013-01-26.
2072:from the original on 2017-03-12.
2009:Bousso, Ron (January 18, 2019).
1998:from the original on 2016-03-12.
1970:from the original on 2011-07-10.
1755:
1595:
1269:
1250:Elements of a petroleum prospect
1106:
1094:
153:
34:
3280:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
2205:from the original on 2015-09-06
2159:from the original on 2017-08-30
1349:When organic-rich rock such as
187:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
45:needs additional citations for
3748:Society of Petroleum Engineers
3519:Port Harcourt Refining Company
3185:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
2124:. Schlumberger. Archived from
1822:Society of Petroleum Engineers
1056:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
27:Attempts to locate oil and gas
1:
2694:Production sharing agreements
1527:Formation volume factor (FVF)
1355:high pressure and temperature
527:Electrical resistance heating
3728:Canadian petroleum companies
3723:American Petroleum Institute
3260:National Iranian Oil Company
3245:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
1433:project portfolio management
1372:, but some will get trapped.
237:Persistent organic pollutant
3743:International Energy Agency
2728:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
1521:Hydrocarbon saturation (Sh)
3832:
3330:PTT Public Company Limited
2931:East Midlands Oil Province
2916:List of natural gas fields
2516:Integrated asset modelling
2246:Exploration Geology Forums
1846:Abiogenic petroleum origin
1331:A prospect is a potential
1224:seismic reflection surveys
3765:
3702:Weatherford International
3235:Iraq National Oil Company
2295:
1866:Future energy development
1828:have to be stated to the
782:War and environmental law
402:Health effects from noise
252:Volatile organic compound
69:"Hydrocarbon exploration"
1871:Giant oil and gas fields
1697:can be formally booked.
1579:Recoverable hydrocarbons
1353:or coal is subjected to
407:Marine mammals and sonar
3753:World Petroleum Council
3627:China Oilfield Services
2684:Petroleum fiscal regime
2383:Western Canadian Select
2378:West Texas Intermediate
1926:Extraction of petroleum
1826:New York Stock Exchange
1489:Gross rock volume (GRV)
1473:Full Waveform Inversion
1156:oil and gas exploration
1152:Hydrocarbon exploration
882:Freshwater salinization
802:Agricultural wastewater
3230:Indian Oil Corporation
2716:Submersible pump (ESP)
2661:Underbalanced drilling
2482:of gasoline and diesel
1851:Decline curve analysis
1684:Reserves and resources
1428:
1262:
1208:exploration geophysics
1101:Environment portal
3607:Cameron International
3049:Petrodollar recycling
3032:fossil fuel phase-out
2595:Differential sticking
2548:Reflection seismology
2521:Petroleum engineering
2363:OPEC Reference Basket
1507:Net/gross ratio (N/G)
1426:
1257:
842:Industrial wastewater
610:Municipal solid waste
532:Soil guideline values
3504:Occidental Petroleum
2818:1990 oil price shock
2644:Shale oil extraction
2617:Drilling engineering
2600:Directional drilling
2526:Reservoir simulation
1949:. Ed. Springer, 2017
1779:improve this section
1701:Oil and gas reserves
1619:improve this section
1570:, among many others.
1479:Hydrocarbon in place
1293:improve this section
1160:petroleum geologists
1051:Most polluted cities
703:Overhead power lines
160:Onshore drilling rig
54:improve this article
3652:Naftiran Intertrade
3597:Amec Foster Wheeler
3524:Reliance Industries
3413:Naftiran Intertrade
3225:Hindustan Petroleum
2823:2000s energy crisis
2122:"Oilfield Glossary"
1916:Upward continuation
1896:Petroleum licensing
1484:volumetric equation
1190:Exploration methods
1158:) is the search by
867:Ocean acidification
777:Unexploded ordnance
698:Advertising clutter
630:Post-consumer waste
575:Foam food container
560:Biodegradable waste
217:Global distillation
3499:Marathon Petroleum
2921:List of oil fields
2531:Reservoir modeling
2289:Petroleum industry
2251:2012-03-13 at the
1945:Stéphane Sainson,
1861:Energy development
1429:
1408:stratigraphic trap
1263:
1113:Ecology portal
738:Herbicidal warfare
282:Introduced species
222:Indoor air quality
192:Chlorofluorocarbon
3801:Petroleum geology
3783:
3782:
3761:
3760:
3647:Nabors Industries
3577:
3576:
2775:Well intervention
2750:Petroleum product
2649:Ljungström method
2553:Seismic inversion
2538:Petroleum geology
2492:
2491:
2241:Oilfield Glossary
2058:10.2118/123561-PA
1964:www.epgeology.com
1815:
1814:
1807:
1735:Possible reserves
1728:Probable reserves
1655:
1654:
1647:
1452:Chance of success
1329:
1328:
1321:
1200:natural gas seeps
1184:petroleum geology
1149:
1148:
1084:
1083:
750:Nuclear holocaust
673:Urban heat island
487:Radioactive waste
272:Biological hazard
182:Air quality index
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3823:
3773:
3772:
3474:Hess Corporation
3195:Bharat Petroleum
3126:
3111:
2798:1967 Oil Embargo
2634:Lost circulation
2472:Posted oil price
2396:
2353:Isthmus-34 Light
2282:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2210:
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2021:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1978:
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1971:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1901:Renewable energy
1856:Drill baby drill
1810:
1803:
1799:
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1790:
1759:
1751:
1676:Service contract
1650:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1599:
1591:
1419:Exploration risk
1324:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1273:
1265:
1236:exploration well
1232:depth conversion
1166:for deposits of
1141:
1134:
1127:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1030:
733:Chemical warfare
635:Waste management
595:Industrial waste
570:Electronic waste
555:Advertising mail
537:Phytoremediation
512:Land degradation
452:Depleted uranium
337:Overillumination
287:Invasive species
157:
147:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3811:Oil exploration
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3757:
3711:
3707:John Wood Group
3697:Valaris Limited
3590:
3587:
3584:
3573:
3439:APA Corporation
3427:
3379:
3178:
3175:
3167:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3001:Classification
2985:
2908:
2902:
2838:Nationalization
2808:1979 oil crisis
2803:1973 oil crisis
2784:
2770:Water injection
2738:Steam injection
2733:Gas reinjection
2701:Artificial lift
2670:
2612:Drill stem test
2564:
2488:
2435:
2387:
2309:
2291:
2286:
2253:Wayback Machine
2237:
2232:
2231:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2193:"Archived copy"
2191:
2189:
2185:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:"Archived copy"
2145:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2074:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2015:www.reuters.com
2008:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1841:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1776:
1760:
1749:
1747:Reserve booking
1715:Proved reserves
1711:Proved reserves
1703:
1686:
1662:Tax and Royalty
1651:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1616:
1600:
1589:
1463:Dry-hole clause
1441:
1421:
1365:density-related
1325:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1290:
1274:
1252:
1220:passive seismic
1216:magnetic survey
1192:
1170:, particularly
1145:
1107:
1105:
1093:
1086:
1085:
985:
977:
976:
950:
942:
941:
877:Pharmaceuticals
857:Nonpoint source
797:
787:
786:
755:Nuclear fallout
728:
718:
717:
688:
678:
677:
668:
658:
657:
648:
640:
639:
625:Packaging waste
590:Hazardous waste
550:
542:
541:
502:
492:
491:
462:Nuclear fallout
457:Nuclear fission
437:
427:
426:
392:
382:
381:
357:
349:
348:
322:
320:Electromagnetic
312:
311:
302:
294:
293:
267:
257:
256:
227:Ozone depletion
172:
162:
145:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Gas exploration
15:
12:
11:
5:
3829:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3544:Surgutneftegas
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:Eneos Holdings
3461:
3456:
3454:ConocoPhillips
3451:
3446:
3444:Cenovus Energy
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3385:Energy trading
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3069:Swing producer
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Gulf of Mexico
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:2010s oil glut
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:1980s oil glut
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2622:Drilling fluid
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2560:Seismic source
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Japan Cocktail
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2305:Primary energy
2302:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2236:
2235:External links
2233:
2230:
2229:
2183:
2138:
2113:
2089:
2052:(5): 812–822.
2027:
2001:
1989:www.ccop.or.th
1973:
1951:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:Seismic source
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1813:
1812:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1720:
1719:
1702:
1699:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1396:
1393:
1378:
1373:
1361:
1358:
1347:
1327:
1326:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1251:
1248:
1212:gravity survey
1191:
1188:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1103:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1046:Law by country
1043:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
973:
972:
967:
957:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
917:Surface runoff
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:Eutrophication
814:
809:
804:
798:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
779:
774:
772:Scorched earth
769:
768:
767:
765:Nuclear winter
762:
760:Nuclear famine
757:
747:
746:
745:
735:
729:
724:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
669:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Bioremediation
514:
509:
503:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
447:Bioremediation
444:
438:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
397:Transportation
393:
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
374:
369:
364:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
344:Radio spectrum
341:
340:
339:
334:
323:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
290:
289:
279:
274:
268:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
212:Global dimming
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
168:
167:
164:
163:
158:
150:
149:
141:
140:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3828:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3580:
3570:
3569:Valero Energy
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Suncor Energy
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3163:TotalEnergies
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3112:
3109:
3107:organisations
3105:Companies and
3103:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Petrocurrency
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Oil shale gas
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2997:Abbreviations
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Permian Basin
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:United States
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Seven Sisters
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Core sampling
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:Indian Basket
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2128:on 2020-08-15
2127:
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1278:This section
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1180:Earth's crust
1177:
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1164:geophysicists
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932:Water quality
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708:Traffic signs
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615:Nanomaterials
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477:Radioactivity
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422:Soundproofing
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417:Noise control
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412:Noise barrier
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110:February 2008
102:
99:
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3816:Fossil fuels
3796:Hydrocarbons
3672:Schlumberger
3602:Baker Hughes
3494:Marathon Oil
3484:Imperial Oil
3479:Husky Energy
3469:Galp Energia
3459:Devon Energy
3345:Saudi Aramco
3325:Petrovietnam
3270:NNPC Limited
3174:National oil
3054:Petrofiction
3022:Orphan wells
2990:Other topics
2961:Persian Gulf
2888:Saudi Arabia
2858:Standard Oil
2666:Well logging
2543:Petrophysics
2497:
2207:. Retrieved
2186:
2161:. Retrieved
2141:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2116:
2092:
2078:cite journal
2049:
2043:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:
2004:
1988:
1976:
1963:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1876:Hubbert peak
1834:
1819:
1816:
1801:
1792:
1777:Please help
1765:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1710:
1704:
1695:gas reserves
1691:oil reserves
1687:
1656:
1641:
1632:
1617:Please help
1605:
1556:Fayetteville
1430:
1330:
1315:
1306:
1291:Please help
1279:
1240:
1227:
1222:or regional
1193:
1168:hydrocarbons
1155:
1151:
1150:
1020:Point source
965:Heavy metals
927:Urban runoff
912:Sulfur water
887:Septic tanks
743:Agent Orange
653:Space debris
507:Agricultural
372:Volcanic ash
232:Particulates
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3806:Natural gas
3642:Halliburton
3514:Phillips 66
3335:QatarEnergy
3305:Petrobangla
3240:KazMunayGas
3130:Supermajors
3079:heavy crude
2966:Prudhoe Bay
2946:Niger Delta
2926:Caspian Sea
2689:Concessions
2639:Measurement
2605:Geosteering
2588:Squeeze job
2498:Exploration
2447:Consumption
2406:Consumption
2399:Natural gas
2328:Bonny Light
2020:January 18,
1911:Site survey
1718:definition:
1560:Haynesville
1501:Net reserve
1445:Bright spot
1404:fault block
1345:Source rock
1176:natural gas
990:Area source
832:Groundwater
585:Green waste
565:Brown waste
549:Solid waste
307:Information
202:Exhaust gas
3790:Categories
3692:Transocean
3559:Tullow Oil
3549:TechnipFMC
3315:PetroChina
3153:ExxonMobil
3059:Shale band
2936:East Texas
2909:and fields
2723:Downstream
2676:Production
2583:Completion
2511:Geophysics
2452:Production
2411:Production
2348:Indonesian
2323:Argus Sour
2315:Benchmarks
2209:2014-06-15
2163:2017-08-31
2132:2013-05-29
1933:References
1921:Wildcatter
1795:March 2023
1635:March 2023
1552:Eagle Ford
1309:March 2023
1077:By country
1069:Categories
960:Pollutants
937:Wastewater
907:Stagnation
852:Monitoring
827:Freshwater
693:Air travel
580:Food waste
522:Defecation
332:Ecological
265:Biological
197:Combustion
135:Part of a
80:newspapers
3687:TC Energy
3588:companies
3418:Trafigura
3365:Sonatrach
3310:Petrobras
3300:Pertamina
3210:Ecopetrol
3176:companies
3120:companies
3118:petroleum
3094:tight oil
3089:oil shale
3084:oil sands
3064:Shale gas
3005:sweet oil
2976:Venezuela
2951:North Sea
2907:Provinces
2898:Venezuela
2745:Midstream
2440:Petroleum
2300:Petroleum
2066:1094-6470
1886:Petroleum
1766:does not
1738:produced.
1731:produced.
1606:does not
1587:Licensing
1564:Marcellus
1467:Flat spot
1400:Anticline
1386:limestone
1382:sandstone
1376:Reservoir
1360:Migration
1351:oil shale
1280:does not
1244:North Sea
1204:pockmarks
1196:oil seeps
1178:, in the
1172:petroleum
1005:Garbology
922:Turbidity
872:Oil spill
822:Firewater
807:Biosolids
713:Vandalism
472:Poisoning
467:Plutonium
442:Actinides
435:Radiation
177:Acid rain
146:Pollution
3775:Category
3682:Subsea 7
3662:Petrofac
3657:NOV Inc.
3637:GE Power
3632:Enbridge
3586:services
3408:Mercuria
3398:Glencore
3360:Sonangol
3320:Petronas
3255:Naftogaz
3027:Peak oil
3010:sour oil
2765:Upstream
2760:Refining
2755:Pipeline
2711:Pumpjack
2706:Gas lift
2627:invasion
2570:Drilling
2457:Reserves
2416:Reserves
2249:Archived
2218:cite web
2200:Archived
2172:cite web
2154:Archived
2105:Archived
2070:Archived
1993:Archived
1968:Archived
1839:See also
1573:Prospect
1568:Woodford
1514:Porosity
1495:Net sand
1458:Dry hole
1412:cap-rock
1061:Treaties
1041:Diseases
897:Shipping
862:Nutrient
812:Diseases
377:Wildfire
3350:Sinopec
3340:Rosneft
3220:Gazprom
3215:Equinor
3143:Chevron
2790:History
2656:Tracers
2578:Blowout
2467:Exports
2462:Imports
2426:Exports
2421:Imports
1787:removed
1772:sources
1627:removed
1612:sources
1548:Barnett
1390:granite
1301:removed
1286:sources
1259:Mud log
955:History
837:Hypoxia
666:Thermal
620:Plastic
482:Uranium
356:Natural
301:Digital
277:Genetic
94:scholar
3716:Others
3667:Saipem
3564:TĂĽpraĹź
3554:TNK-BP
3539:Sunoco
3529:Repsol
3489:Lukoil
3432:Others
3403:Gunvor
3037:timing
2971:Russia
2883:Norway
2868:France
2863:Canada
2064:
1566:, and
1182:using
1015:Midden
1010:Legacy
995:Debris
949:Topics
902:Sludge
892:Sewage
847:Marine
686:Visual
605:Mining
600:Litter
137:series
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3583:Major
3449:Cepsa
3423:Vitol
3393:Enron
3355:SOCAR
3295:Pemex
3290:PDVSA
3285:Orlen
3250:Lotos
3190:ANCAP
3158:Shell
3115:Major
2873:India
2477:Price
2431:Price
2373:Urals
2368:Tapis
2338:Dubai
2333:Brent
2203:(PDF)
2196:(PDF)
2157:(PDF)
2150:(PDF)
2108:(PDF)
2101:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1985:(PDF)
1406:) or
1370:seeps
1228:leads
1033:Lists
1025:Waste
970:Paint
795:Water
647:Space
390:Noise
362:Ozone
327:Light
101:JSTOR
87:books
3677:Snam
3617:CH2M
3370:TPAO
2878:Iraq
2848:OPEC
2843:GECF
2392:Data
2224:link
2178:link
2084:link
2062:ISSN
2022:2019
1881:NORM
1770:any
1768:cite
1693:and
1610:any
1608:cite
1543:Play
1537:Lead
1395:Trap
1338:lead
1333:trap
1284:any
1282:cite
1174:and
1162:and
1154:(or
1000:Dust
984:Misc
500:Soil
247:Soot
242:Smog
207:Haze
73:news
3612:CGG
3509:OMV
3375:YPF
3148:Eni
2054:doi
1781:by
1621:by
1384:or
1295:by
726:War
170:Air
56:by
3792::
3138:BP
2780:XT
2220:}}
2216:{{
2198:.
2174:}}
2170:{{
2152:.
2080:}}
2076:{{
2068:.
2060:.
2050:13
2048:.
2042:.
2030:^
2013:.
1991:.
1987:.
1966:.
1962:.
1562:,
1558:,
1554:,
1550:,
1402:,
1218:,
1214:,
1202:,
1198:,
1186:.
139:on
2281:e
2274:t
2267:v
2226:)
2212:.
2180:)
2166:.
2135:.
2086:)
2056::
2024:.
1808:)
1802:(
1797:)
1793:(
1789:.
1775:.
1648:)
1642:(
1637:)
1633:(
1629:.
1615:.
1322:)
1316:(
1311:)
1307:(
1303:.
1289:.
1140:e
1133:t
1126:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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