Gas lighting - Knowledge (XXG)

595:(sometimes spelled "Murdock") stated: "the gas obtained by distillation from coal, peat, wood and other inflammable substances burnt with great brilliancy upon being set fire to … by conducting it through tubes, it might be employed as an economical substitute for lamps and candles." Murdoch's first invention was a lantern with a gas-filled bladder attached to a jet. He would use this to walk home at night. After seeing how well this worked he decided to light his home with gas. In 1797, Murdoch installed gas lighting in his new home as well as the workshop in which he worked. “This work was of a large scale, and he next experimented to find better ways of producing, purifying, and burning the gas.” The foundation had been laid for companies to start producing gas and other inventors to start playing with ways of using the new technology. 262: 1720: 1374: 1756: 778: 564: 1622: 1386: 1768: 1744: 572: 1271: 1128:, and Covent Garden theatres were all lit by gas. Gas was brought into the building by "miles of rubber tubing from outlets in the floor called 'water joints'" which "carried the gas to border-lights and wing lights". But before it was distributed, the gas came through a central distribution point called a "gas table", which varied the brightness by regulating the gas supply, and the gas table, which allowed control of separate parts of the stage. Thus it became the first stage 'switchboard'. 1780: 762: 1732: 1641:, and can be deadly. Historically, the use of lamps of all types was of shorter duration than we are accustomed to with electric lights, and in the far more draughty buildings, it was of less concern and danger. There are suppliers of new mantle gas lamps set up for use with natural gas; and, some old homes still have fixtures installed, and some period restorations have salvaged fixtures installed, more for decoration than use. 1108: 588:

afterwards pressed gently through a small pipe into the flame of a candle, will take fire, and burn at the end of the pipe as long as the bladder is gently pressed to feed the flame, and when taken from the candle after it is so lighted, it will continue burning till there is no more air left in the bladder to supply the flame." Lowther had basically discovered the principle behind gas lighting.

1561: 790: 89: 1362: 48: 4591: 675:, an inventor, had for some time been experimenting on the nature of gas. A resident of Birmingham, his attention may have been roused by the exhibition at Soho. About 1806, he exhibited gas lights in a variety of forms and with great brilliance at the front of his factory in Birmingham. In 1808 he constructed an apparatus, applicable for several uses, for 1011:. Illuminating gas was much less toxic than other forms of coal gas, but less could be produced from a given quantity of coal. The experiments with distilling coal were described by John Clayton in 1684. George Dixon's pilot plant exploded in 1760, setting back the production of illuminating gas a few years. The first commercial application was in a 191: 399: 754: 816:, a Gas Light Company was founded on 15 December 1815. Under the supervision of the engineer, John Brelliat, extensive works were conducted in 1816-17 to build a gasholder, mains and street lights. Many of the principal streets in the centre of the city, as well as nearby houses, had switched to gas lighting by the end of 1817. 662:, in which he showed the mode of producing gas from coal, and the facility and advantage of its use. Dr Henry analysed the composition and investigated the properties of carburetted hydrogen gas (i.e. methane). His experiments were numerous and accurate and made upon a variety of substances; having obtained the gas from wood, 466:." Paris was first illuminated by an order issued in 1524, and, in the beginning of the 16th century, the inhabitants were ordered to keep lights burning in the windows of all houses that faced streets. In 1668, when some regulations were made for improving the streets of London, the residents were reminded to hang out their 1249:

Gas lighting did have some disadvantages. "Several hundred theatres are said to have burned down in America and Europe between 1800 and the introduction of electricity in the late 1800s. The increased heat was objectionable, and the border lights and wing lights had to be lighted by a long stick with

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Theatres switched to gas lighting because it was more economical than using candles and also required less labour to operate. With gas lighting, theatres would no longer need to have people tending to candles during a performance, or having to light each candle individually. "It was easier to light a

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to incorporate a company in order to accelerate the process, but the bill failed to pass. In 1810, however, the application was renewed by the same parties, and though some opposition was encountered and considerable expense incurred, the bill passed, but not without great alterations; and the London

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In the 20th century, most cities with gas streetlights replaced them with new electric streetlights. For example, Baltimore, the first US city to install gas streetlights, removed nearly all of them. A sole, token gas lamp is located at N. Holliday Street and E. Baltimore Street as a monument to the

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had some of his miners working on a water pit for his mine. While digging the pit they hit a pocket of gas. Lowther took a sample of the gas and took it home to do some experiments. He noted, "The said air being put into a bladder … and tied close, may be carried away, and kept some days, and being

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The best result was the improved respect from the audience. There was no more shouting or riots. The light pushed the actors more up stage behind the proscenium, helping the audience concentrate more on the action that was taking place on stage rather than what was going on in the house. Management

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in 1816 was a great success. Baltimore was the first American city with gas street lights; Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore on 7 February 1817 lit its first street lamp at Market and Lemon Streets (currently Baltimore and Holliday Streets). The first private residence in the US illuminated by

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Gas lighting also had an effect on the actors. As the stage was brighter, they could now use less make-up and their motions did not have to be as exaggerated. Half-lit stages had become fully lit stages. Production companies were so impressed with the new technology that one said, "This light is

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Before electricity became sufficiently widespread and economical to allow for general public use, gas lighting was prevalent for outdoor and indoor use in cities and suburbs where the infrastructure for distribution of gas was practical. At that time, the most common fuels for gas lighting were

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a flaming wad of cotton at the end. For many years, an attendant or gas boy moved along the long row of jets, lighting them individually while gas was escaping from the whole row. Both actors and audiences complained of the escaping gas, and explosions sometimes resulted from its accumulation."

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was constructed. "Its lighting system contained more than twenty-eight miles of gas piping, and its gas table had no fewer than eighty-eight stopcocks, which controlled nine hundred and sixty gas jets." The theatre that used the most gas lighting was Astley's Equestrian Amphitheatre in London.

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Among the economic impacts of gas lighting was much longer work hours in factories. This was particularly important in Great Britain during the winter months when nights are significantly longer. Factories could even work continuously over 24 hours, resulting in increased production. Following

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referred to coal gas as the "spirit" of coal. He discovered its flammability by an accident. The "spirit" he isolated from coal caught fire by coming in contact with a candle as it escaped from a fracture in one of his distillation vessels. He stored the coal gas in bladders, and at times he

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The first burner used was the single-jet burner, which produced a small flame. The tip of the burner was made out of lead, which absorbed heat, causing the flame to be smaller in size. It was discovered that the flame would burn brighter if the metal was mixed with other components, such as

1061:, who had seen the gas lighting of Vienna, Paris and other European cities, initiated experimental work on gas lighting for the capital, using British apparatus for obtaining gas from pit coal, and by the autumn of 1819, Russia's first gas street light was lit on one of the streets on 1214:

caused the actors' costumes to catch fire if they got too close. These lights also caused bothersome heat that affected both audience members and actors. Again, the actors had to adapt to these changes. They started fireproofing their costumes and placing wire mesh in front of the

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of Newcastle coal, he stated that he obtained 180 cubic inches of gas, which weighed 51 grains , being nearly one third of the whole." Hales's results garnered attention decades later as the unique chemical properties of various gases became understood through the work of

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It took many years of development and testing before gas lighting for the stage was commercially available. Gas technology was then installed in just about every major theatre in the world. But gas lighting was short-lived because the electric light bulb soon followed.

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In the early 20th century, most cities in North America and Europe had gaslit streets, and most railway station platforms had gas lights too. However, around 1880 gas lighting for streets and train stations began giving way to high voltage (3,000–6,000 volt)

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problem made DC distribution relatively expensive and gas lighting retained widespread usage with new buildings sometimes constructed with dual systems of gas piping and electrical wiring connected to each room, to diversify the power sources for lighting.

432:, nut oil, or other similar substances, which were all liquid fuels. These were the most commonly used fuels until the late 18th century. Whale oil was especially widely used for lighting in European cities such as London through the early 19th century. 1542:

etc.) were also converted back to gas lamps, and five new gas lamps were installed in the Michle Gasworks as a promotion. In 2018, there were 417 points (about 650 lanterns) of street gas lighting in Prague. During Advent and Christmas, lanterns on the

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a paper entitled "Account of the Application of Gas from Coal to Economical Purposes" in which he described his successful application of coal gas to light the extensive establishment of Messrs. Phillips and Lea. For this paper he was awarded

629:, Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. One of the employees at the Soho Foundry, 1400:

However, gas lighting of streets has not disappeared completely from some cities, and the few municipalities that retained gas lighting now find that it provides a pleasing nostalgic effect. Gas lighting is also seeing a resurgence in the

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had more authority on what went on during the show because they could see. Gaslight was the leading cause of behaviour change in theatres. They were no longer places for mingling and orange selling, but places of respected entertainment.

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Vegetable Staticks: Or, an Account of Some Statical Experiments on the Sap in Vegetables: Being an Essay Towards a Natural History of Vegetation. Also, a Specimen of an Attempt to Analyse the Air, by a Great Variety of Chymio-statical

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In the 19th century, gas stage lighting went from a crude experiment to the most popular way of lighting theatrical stages. In 1804, Frederick Albert Winsor first demonstrated the way to use gas to light the stage in London at the

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in the 19th century fell; these included footlights, border lights, groundrows, lengths, bunch lights, conical reflector floods, and limelight spots. These mechanisms sat directly on the stage, blinding the eyes of the audience.

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The Gas-consumer's Guide: A Hand-book of Instruction on the Proper Management and Economical Use of Gas; with a Full Description of Gas-meters, and Directions for Ascertaining the Consumption by Meter; on Ventilation,

2312:(1735). "VI. A Chemical Experiment by Mr. John Maud, Serving to Illustrate the Phœnomenon of the Inflammable Air Shewn to the Royal Society by Sir James Lowther, Bart. as Described in Philosoph. Transact. Numb. 429". 928:

had sprung up to meet the demand for the new fuel. The brighter lighting which gas provided allowed people to read more easily and for longer. This helped to stimulate literacy and learning, speeding up the second

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These problems with gas lighting led to the rapid adoption of electric lighting. By 1881, the Savoy Theatre in London was using incandescent lighting. While electric lighting was introduced to theatre stages, the

1530:, where gas lighting was introduced on 15 September 1847, had about 10,000 gas streetlamps in the 1940s. The last historic gas candelabras become electrified in 1985. However, in 2002–2014, streetlamps along the 498:. In 1667, a paper detailing the effects of these gases was entitled, "A Description of a Well and Earth in Lancashire taking Fire, by a Candle approaching to it. Imparted by Thomas Shirley, Esq an eye-witness." 1144:, "Everywhere white and gold meets the eye, and about 200,000 gas jets add to the glittering effect of the auditorium … such a blaze of light and splendour has scarcely ever been witnessed, even in dreams." 863:, three chaldrons of coal were carbonized each day, providing the gas equivalent of 9,000 Argand lamps. So 28 chaldrons of coal were carbonized daily, and 84,000 lights supplied by those two companies only. 1124:. Although the demonstration and all the lead research were being done in London, "in 1816 at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia was the earliest gas lit theatre in world". In 1817 the Lyceum, 478:

in 1716, all housekeepers, whose houses faced any street, lane, or passage, were required to hang out, every dark night, one or more lights, to burn from six to eleven o'clock, under the penalty of one

1262:." Electric lighting slowly took over in theatres. In the 20th century, it enabled better and safer theatre productions, with no smell, relatively very little heat, and more freedom for designers. 486:

Accumulating and escaping gases were known originally among coal miners for their adverse effects rather than their useful characteristics. Coal miners described two types of gases, one called the

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of coal. Later in the 19th century, natural gas began to replace coal gas, first in the US, and then in other parts of the world. In the United Kingdom, coal gas was used until the early 1970s.

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made the first practical use of natural gas for lighting purposes around 500 B.C. in which they used bamboo pipelines to transport both brine and natural gas for many miles, such as the ones in

583:, was the first person to formally recognize gas as a state of matter. He would go on to identify several types of gases, including carbon dioxide. Over one hundred years later in 1733, Sir 1547:

are managed manually by a lamplighter in historic uniform. The plan to reintroduce gas lights in Old Prague was proposed in 2002, and adopted by the Municipality of Prague in January 2004.

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to drop the voltage for distribution for indoor lighting. Alternating current technology overcame many of the limitations of direct current, enabling the rapid growth of reliable, low-cost

1755: 2827:"City's gaslight glow dimmed in 1957 Progress: The American gas industry was born in Baltimore in 1816, when an artist wanted a clean, smoke-free way to illuminate a roomful of paintings" 1131:

By the 1850s, gas lighting in theatres had spread practically all over the United States and Europe. Some of the largest installations of gas lighting were in large auditoriums, like the

699:'s gold medal. Murdoch's statements threw great light on the comparative advantage of gas and candles, and contained much useful information on the expenses of production and management. 651:

In 1801, Phillipe Lebon of Paris had also used gas lights to illuminate his house and gardens, and was considering how to light all of Paris. In 1820, Paris adopted gas street lighting.

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was developed in 1885 for gas-lit theatres. "This was a beehive-shaped mesh of knitted thread impregnated with lime that, in miniature, converted the naked gas flame into in effect, a

371:, and the modular canisters on which camping lights are built, brings bright and long lasting light without complex equipment. In addition, some urban historical districts retain gas 866:

At this period the principal difficulty in gas manufacture was purification. Mr. D. Wilson, of Dublin, patented a method for purifying coal gas by means of the chemical action of

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Over the next 10 years, their numbers almost quadrupled, to reach 800. By the middle of the 19th century, the central streets and buildings of the capital were illuminated: the

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In February 1835, the Company for Gas Lighting St. Petersburg was founded; towards the end of that year, a factory for the production of lighting gas was constructed near the

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In 1806 The Philips and Lee factory and a portion of Chapel Street in Salford, Lancashire were lit by gas, thought to be the first use of gas street lighting in the world.

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patented an apparatus for the decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at

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lights. Small portable gas lamps, connected to a portable gas cylinder, are a common item on camping trips. Mantle lamps powered by vaporized petrol, such as the

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row of gas jets than a greater quantity of candles high in the air." Theatres also no longer needed to worry about wax dripping on the actors during a show.

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detailed some properties of coal gas, including its flammability. Lowther demonstrated the principal properties of coal gas to different members of the

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Domestic Life in England, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time: With Notices of Origins, Inventions, and Modern Improvements in the Social Arts

878:. G. Holworthy, in 1818, patented a method of purifying it by passing the gas, in a highly condensed state, through iron retorts heated to a dark red. 435:

Chinese records dating back 1,700 years indicate the use of natural gas in homes for lighting and heating. The natural gas was transported by means of

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The introduction of a scheme for proper street lighting in the city is generally attributed to Barton, although there is no direct evidence for this.

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In some cities, gas lighting is preserved or restored as a vintage nostalgic feature to support the historic atmosphere of their historic centres.

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or candles, which helped to accelerate its development and deployment. By 1859, gas lighting was to be found all over Britain and about a thousand

809:, who found the most improved way of brighter gas lighting. The parish church there was the first religious building to be lit by gas lighting. 1534:

and some other streets in the centre were rebuilt to use gas (using replicas of the historic poles and lanterns), several historic candelabras (

1373: 3322: 3060: 543:. He showed that the gas retained its flammability after storage for some time. The demonstration did not result in identification of utility. 1186:

was in use along with some forms of electricity. The Welsbach was based on the idea of the Bunsen burner, still using gas. A cotton mesh with

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experimented with the actual distillation of coal, thereby obtaining a flammable liquid. He reported his results in the first volume of his

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systems. This time period also saw the development of the first electric power utility designed for indoor use. The new system by inventor

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Commemoration of the first U.S. street gas light, at the intersection of North Holliday Street and East Baltimore Street in Baltimore

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lighting is nearly extinct. Besides producing a lot of heat, the combustion of methane tends to release significant amounts of

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In London there were about 1,500 working gas street lamps as of 2018, although there were plans to replace 299 of those in

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Perforated tubes bent into the shape of letters were used to form gas lit advertising signs, prior to the introduction of

1621: 1582: 106: 61: 324:. The light is produced either directly by the flame, generally by using special mixes (typically propane or butane) of 125: 4759: 4226: 3387: 1949: 1323: 1245:

spots are similar to today's current spotlighting system. This instrument was used in scene shops, as well as the stage.

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Shirley, Thomas (1667). "A Description of a Well and Earth in Lancashire taking Fire, by a Candle approaching to it".

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in 1811; in January 1812, Sobolevsky was instructed to draw up a plan for gas street-lighting for St. Petersburg. The

806: 388: 3072: 2142: 1571: 1472:, has adopted the gaslight as the symbol of the town, and uses them on nearly all streets. Dozens of other towns in 1412:. With about 23,000 lamps (2022), it holds more than half of all working gas street lamps in the world, followed by 940:, a sizeable business producing gas for several cities in mainland, Europe, including Berlin, was established, with 132: 3169: 2972: 1088: 914: 882: 719: 634: 3086: 2633: 2048: 1590: 1575: 1385: 633:, saw the potential of this new form of lighting. Clegg left his job to set up his own gas lighting business, the 598:

Murdoch was the first to exploit the flammability of gas for the practical application of lighting. He worked for

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at the usual time, and, in 1690, an order was issued to hang out a light, or lamp, every night at nightfall, from

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The history of the Russian gas industry began with retired Lieutenant Pyotr Sobolevsky (1782–1841), who improved

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Lengths were constructed the same way as border lights, but mounted vertically in the rear where the wings were.

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Public illumination preceded by centuries the development and widespread adoption of gas lighting. In 1417, Sir

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Bunch lights were a cluster of burners that sat on a vertical base that was fuelled directly from the gas line.

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The fishtail burner was similar to the flat burner, but it produced a brighter flame and conducted less heat.

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Transactions of the Society, Instituted at London, for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce

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has been credited with the first house and street lighting in the United States, in either 1805 or 1806 in

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By 1823, numerous towns and cities throughout Britain were lit by gas. Gas light cost up to 75% less than

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operate in areas that have been named historic districts. Gas lights also operate in parts of the famed

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entertained his friends by demonstrating the flammability of the gas. Clayton published his findings in

475: 2485: 1975: 966: 672: 666:, different kinds of coal, oil, wax, etc., he quantified the intensity of the light from each source. 4041: 3544: 1681: 1493: 1485: 1423:(the first city in the world lit by gas) with LED lighting by 2023, which sparked public opposition. 1319: 1179: 1058: 1007:

Illuminating gas was used for gas lighting, as it produces a much brighter light than natural gas or

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used today. This adjustable box of light reflected a beam whose size could be altered by a barndoor.

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Throughout the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th, the gas was manufactured by the

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lamps are still used, although the increased availability of alternative energy sources, such as

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Historic candelabrum in Prague from 1865, electrified in 1985, rebuilt back to gas light in 2012

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was designed to function similar to gas lighting. For reasons of safety and simplicity it used

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It took nearly 200 years for gas to become accessible for commercial use. A Flemish alchemist,

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daily, producing 300,000 cubic feet (8,500 m) of gas. This supplied gas lamps equal to 75,000

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Pro Gaslicht e.V. : Association for the Preservation of the European Gas-light Culture

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Theatre, Performance and Technology: The Development of Scenography in the Twentieth Century

2804:"A bit of Engineering History: The story of the fuel gas and electrical engineering company" 2323: 2282: 2184:

A New and Accurate History and Survey of London, Westminster, Southwark, and Places Adjacent

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https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/rheinland/duesseldorf-gaslaternen-bleiben-erhalten-100.html

4500: 4304: 4263: 4221: 4216: 4051: 3871: 3648: 3377: 3352: 3044: 2881: 1705: 1634: 1084: 1046: 993: 875: 824: 617:, England. In the early 1790s, while overseeing the use of his company's steam engines in 599: 592: 519: 372: 313: 146: 2235: 4590: 621:

in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, finally settling on

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perfect for the stage. One can obtain gradation of brightness that is really magical."

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This article is about the production of artificial light. For the human behaviour, see

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This hospital lavatory was lit by a dual gas and electric fixture. (New Orleans, 1906)

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Flat burners were invented mainly to distribute gas and light evenly to the systems.

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Outdoor installation of gaslamps compared with new electric lighting (London, 1878)

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lit his factory with gas illumination from 1812 to 1813. The use of gas lights in

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Prior to use of gaseous fuels for lighting, the early lighting fuels consisted of

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Clark, Walton (1916). "Progress of Gas Lighting Appliances During Past Century".

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The Scot Who Lit The World, The Story of William Murdoch Inventor of Gas Lighting

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There were six types of burners, but four burners were really experimented with:

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each yielding the light of six candles. At the City Gas Works, in Dorset Street,

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Roskell, J.S.; Clark, L.; Rawcliffe, C., eds. (1993). "Barton, Henry (d.1435)".

1849: 1669: 1560: 1463: 1420: 1335: 1136: 1107: 1015: 985: 980:. This eliminated the need for special illuminating gas (a synthetic mixture of 910: 856: 837: 789: 353: 321: 88: 22: 4691: 4681: 4676: 4666: 4615: 4268: 4134: 4129: 4018: 3981: 3964: 3896: 3891: 3866: 3561: 2947:"Plan to Change Westminster's Historic Gas Street Lights to LEDs Sparks Anger" 2619: 1665: 1657: 1521: 1513: 1473: 1451: 1315: 1255: 1223: 1219: 1195: 1012: 973: 948: 886: 867: 852: 820: 659: 618: 614: 603: 488: 471: 429: 329: 281: 266: 3226:(2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. 14–17. 3061:

Technologie hlavního města Prahy správcem plynového osvětlení Královské cesty

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networks which finally spelled the end of widespread usage of gas lighting.

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In 1817, at the three stations of the Chartered Gas Company in London, 25

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with 14,000 lamps (2020), of which at least 10,000 are to be retained

328:

to increase brightness, or indirectly with other components such as the

4560: 4550: 3998: 3943: 3643: 3621: 2644: 1852: – Pressurized kerosene lamps made by the Tilley company in the UK 1701: 1645: 1191: 1073: 954: 898: 813: 684: 626: 467: 417: 375:, and gas lighting is used indoors or outdoors to create or preserve a 360: 336:, with the gas primarily functioning to heat the mantle or the lime to 293: 289: 2509:"Light brigade: carrying the torch for London's last gas street lamps" 798:

successful commercialization, gas lighting spread to other countries.

729:

By 1816, Samuel Clegg obtained the patent for his horizontal rotative

398: 4555: 4467: 4422: 3626: 3584: 2548: 2533:

History (from A.D. 705 to 1883) of Preston in the County of Lancaster

1638: 1527: 1427: 1409: 1366: 1314:

power transmission systems in the 1880s and 90s by companies such as

1187: 871: 730: 575:

Satirical cartoon showing dangers of early gaslighting (London, 1813)

444: 436: 297: 270: 1827: – Type of stage lighting once used in theatres and music halls 1676:, combined with increasing efficiency of lighting products, such as 801:

In England, the first place outside London to have gas lighting was

1194:

was imbedded into the Welsbach. This source of light was named the

1004:

was also used from about 1898 for gas lighting on a smaller scale.

4309: 3673: 3599: 3047:, prahasviti.cz, 26. October 2018, according to: Ladislav Monzer: 2240:. MPRL – Studies. Max Planck Research Library. 27 September 2016. 1620: 1384: 1372: 1360: 1269: 1106: 894: 788: 776: 760: 752: 680: 570: 562: 397: 260: 3115:. Grand Rapids Historical Commission. 30 May 2007. Archived from 722:

was established. Less than two years later, on 31 December 1813,

4510: 1773:

Poster showing benefits of gaslighting and heating (Italy, 1902)

1330:

in the US solved the voltage and distance problem by using high

997: 663: 4351: 3311: 2436:. New York: A. M. Callender & Co. 2 March 1876. p. 92. 1516:

has authentic 19th century gas lamps from Baltimore along the "

1554: 1226:. Color was added later by dying cotton, wool, and silk cloth. 1057:

delayed implementation, but St. Petersburg's Governor General

890: 874:, who patented the purification of coal gas by the use of dry 644:

was patented in 1799, while German inventor Friedrich Winzer (

184: 82: 41: 3295: 2895:"Meet the campaigners who saved London's historic gas lamps" 2672:. No. 2. Archived from the original on 22 December 2005 2587:

Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society

2047:(1908) . "Temporall government". In Kingsford, C. L. (ed.). 1737:

Reproduction of an early European exterior gaslamp (Germany)

648:) was the first person to patent coal-gas lighting in 1804. 4347: 3307: 3026:

Rozhovor: Plynové lampy mají v Praze své místo, říká lampář

3205:(1st ed.). New York: Design Press. pp. 172–176. 2920:"Campaign fighting to save hundreds of London's gas lamps" 1652:, which under most circumstances burns more completely to 1198:; it produced three times more light than the naked flame. 3247:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 364–367. 2464:"David Melville And The First American Gas Light Patents" 2144:

The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386-1421

1882:"Before Electricity, Streets Were Filled with Gas Lights" 1408:

The largest gas lighting network in the world is that of

1049:'s design for a "thermolamp" and presented it to Emperor 885:

had developed a gas lighting with copper apparatuses and

1500:

maintains over 450 gas street lights and the village of

793:

A lamplighter igniting a gas streetlight in Sweden, 1953

713:

In 1809, accordingly, the first application was made to

2605: 1916:

Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies

1405:

market for those in search of historical authenticity.

957:

appeared in the field as a rival of coal gas. In 1815,

208: 1799: – Artificial illuminating gas similar to propane 836:(c. 1806), as described above, or of William Henry, a 1397:

first gas lamp in America, erected at that location.

1222:, were a row of lights that hung horizontally in the 938:

English Association for Gas Lighting on the Continent

870:

gas. Another plan was devised by Reuben Phillips, of

625:

as the most effective. He first lit his own house in

3148:(1st ed.). Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 96–97. 1840:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1761:

Poster advertising Bec Auer gaslamps (France, 1890s)

654:

In 1804, Dr Henry delivered a course of lectures on

4654: 4598: 4569: 4541: 4486: 4392: 4385: 4292: 4247: 4188: 4111: 4027: 3952: 3822: 3762: 3710: 3682: 3560: 3462: 3434: 3425: 3345: 3304:

Open-air museum on gas lighting in Berlin (German).

3202:

Stage Lighting Design: The Art, The Craft, The Life

3087:"Old-Fashioned Gas Lamps Make a Comeback to Prague" 2113:. United States: Alexander Moore. 1871. p. 13. 1426:In the United States, more than 2800 gas lights in 1178:The last burner that was experimented with was the 113:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2966:"Exploring London's Gas Lights (a Walk Itinerary)" 2130:. Ireland: Thomas Tegg and Son. 1835. p. 157. 1888:. McGill University Office for Science and Society 1462:and outside historic homes throughout the city in 567:Passersby marvel at new gaslighting (London, 1809) 1664:are not readily accessible or desirable, propane 1648:(sometimes called "bottle(d) gas"), a product of 356:, although many later designs are self-igniting. 1838: – street lamp powered by burning sewer gas 1749:Gaslit school hallway (Paris, late 19th century) 1111:Diagram showing a typical limelight installation 951:, provided a brighter and more economical lamp. 3075:, Portál hlavního města Prahy, 21 November 2017 2797: 2795: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2315:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2274:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2200:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2090:Osborne, Edward Cornelius; Osborne, W. (1840). 536:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 28:"Gaslight" redirects here. For other uses, see 3298:(German). Listing of the cities with gaslight. 2670:Oil of Russia: International Quarterly Edition 2664:Yefimov, Alexander; Volkova, Lyudmila (2005). 2553:. Bristol Historical Association. p. 4-6. 2488:. Newport Historical Society. 13 December 2016 2166:. New York: Charles S. Francis. 1838. p. 1644:New fixtures are still made and available for 4363: 3323: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2451:. Progressive Age Publishing Co. p. 122. 2093:Osborne's London and Birmingham Railway Guide 832:gas has been variously identified as that of 352:. Early gas lights were ignited manually by 8: 3038:Pražské veřejné osvětlení v letech 1918–2018 2001:James, P.; Thorpe, N.; Thorpe, I.J. (1995). 1298:(DC) at a relatively low 110 volts to light 1235:The conical reflector can be related to the 1202:Several different instruments were used for 733:, his apparatus for purifying coal gas with 3271:"The Last Days of Berlin's Gas Streetlamps" 1589:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1496:and Cherry Hill, among others. The city of 439:pipes to homes. The ancient Chinese of the 280:is the production of artificial light from 76:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4389: 4370: 4356: 4348: 3431: 3330: 3316: 3308: 3220:Sellman, Hunton; Lessley, Merrill (1982). 2659: 2657: 2075:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1950:"Jobs of Yesteryear: Obsolete Occupations" 1905: 1903: 1700:. Gas lighting is still in common use for 1656:and water vapour. In some locations where 402:An illustration of designs of lamplights, 2027:Records of the country south of Mount Kua 1816:, an outdoor gas lantern museum in Berlin 1609:Learn how and when to remove this message 1072:, using pit coal brought in by ship from 265:Gas lighting in the historical center of 249:Learn how and when to remove this message 231:Learn how and when to remove this message 173:Learn how and when to remove this message 2825:Rasmussen, Frederick (10 October 1998). 1910:Binder, Frederick Moore (October 1955). 1875: 1873: 1871: 1450:, and parts of other neighbourhoods. In 1083:, Bolshaya and Malaya Morskaya streets, 1026:led to the discovery that ethylene is a 359:Gas lighting now is frequently used for 3241:Wilson, Edwin; Goldfarb, Alvin (2006). 3109:"Lighting City Streets, 1850s to 1950s" 2712: 2710: 2223:. London: W. and J. Innys. p. 176. 1867: 1715: 2945:Sherwood, Harriet (21 November 2021). 2683: 2372: 2360: 2348: 2068: 2007:. Ballantine Books. pp. 427–428. 273:, is manually turned off and on daily. 2607:"On the Atmospheric Bude-Light" 1785:Portable gas desk lamp (c. 1900-1910) 1629:The use of natural gas (methane) for 1625:A three mantle gas lamp in modern use 976:was invented by the Austrian chemist 781:Church interior with gas torchieres ( 7: 1587:adding citations to reliable sources 111:adding citations to reliable sources 3181:Theatre Lighting Before Electricity 3163:Chastain, Ben B. (8 January 2021). 2643:. 11 September 2013. Archived from 2411:"Rumford Archive Winners 1898–1800" 702:Although the history is uncertain, 3302:Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin 2991:"The Magic of Gas Lamps in Prague" 2564:Rådhus, Åmåls (10 February 1827). 2550:The Bristol Gas Industry 1815–1949 2507:Kennedy, Maev (25 December 2015). 1820:History of manufactured fuel gases 1814:Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin 1135:, built in 1862. In 1875, the new 690:In 1808, Murdoch presented to the 348:, coal gas and, in limited cases, 14: 3085:Vesela, Zuzana (9 January 2004). 2814:. The Westinghouse Club: 181–183. 1091:Arcade, Noblemen's Assembly, the 1018:in 1806. In 1901, studies of the 942:Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet 57:This article has multiple issues. 4589: 3013:Pouliční lampy svítí už 160 let. 2536:. Chronicle Office. p. 268. 2187:. Vol. 2. pp. 373–374. 1778: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1718: 1559: 1000:) to get bright shining flames. 501:British clergyman and scientist 483:as a fine for failing to do so. 189: 87: 46: 3847:Parabolic aluminized reflector 2893:Ellen, Tom (24 November 2022). 1948:Arsiya, Iklim (29 April 2017). 1805: – Acetylene-burning lamps 474:to Christmas. By an Act of the 98:needs additional citations for 65:or discuss these issues on the 3792:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide 3063:, Pražský patriot, 21 May 2018 2022:Ch'ang Ch'ü (常璩, a geographer) 1: 4416:Underground coal gasification 3028:, Metro.cz, 15 September 2014 2859:. 2 June 2022. Archived from 2666:"Pioneers of the Methane Age" 1218:Border lights, also known as 1160:Types of lighting instruments 765:A gaslit outdoor fountain at 546:Minister and experimentalist 403: 3269:Rennie, Alex (1 June 2023). 3223:Essentials of Stage Lighting 3089:. Radio Prague International 2989:T., Lidia (1 October 2019). 2432:"Melville's Gas Apparatus". 2163:The Young Man's Evening Book 4037:Automotive light bulb types 3887:Intelligent street lighting 3142:Baugh, Christopher (2005). 3015:MF Dnes, 15. September 2007 2604:Bethell, John (1843–1844). 1976:"The Last Gas Streetlights" 1510:Manhattan Beach, California 1365:Modern gas street light in 1087:and Tsarskoselsky Avenues, 389:History of manufactured gas 4783: 3800:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide 3178:Penzel, Frederick (1978). 3165:"Jan Baptista van Helmont" 2857:"Gasbeleuchtung in Berlin" 2530:Hewitson, Anthony (1883). 2434:American Gas Light Journal 2053:. Oxford. pp. 147–187 1658:public utility electricity 1476:also retain gas lighting: 1381:in West Yorkshire, England 1377:Gas train station lamp at 1354: 915:Charles XIV John of Sweden 881:In 1820, Swedish inventor 720:Gas Light and Coke Company 687:toys, and other articles. 635:Gas Light and Coke Company 591:Later in the 18th century 553:Philosophical Transactions 386: 34: 27: 20: 4587: 4239:Stage lighting instrument 3244:Living Theatre: A History 3199:Pilbrow, Richard (1997). 2690:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2486:"Gas Lighting in Newport" 1836:Sewer gas destructor lamp 1678:compact fluorescent lamps 1055:French invasion of Russia 844:, Pennsylvania, in 1816. 840:, at 200 Lombard Street, 30:Gaslight (disambiguation) 4300:Battlefield illumination 4057:high-intensity discharge 3489:Electrochemiluminescence 2237:Cavendish: Air and Water 2030: 1470:South Orange, New Jersey 1379:Oakworth railway station 1300:incandescent light bulbs 990:destructive distillation 947:The 1839 invention, the 581:Jan Baptista van Helmont 441:Spring and Autumn period 203:may need to be rewritten 35:Not to be confused with 16:Type of artificial light 4160:Electroluminescent wire 3170:Encyclopædia Britannica 3073:Lampář na Karlově mostě 3043:28 October 2018 at the 2385:Thomson, Janet (2003). 1310:The development of new 1182:. Around this time the 1142:Illustrated London News 1097:Peter and Paul Fortress 883:Johan Patrik Ljungström 737:, and for his rotative 646:Frederick Albert Winsor 642:gas distilled from wood 383:History of gas lighting 4631:Natural-gas processing 3842:Multifaceted reflector 2964:Fraser, Steve (2018). 2618:: 198–200 – via 2328:10.1098/rstl.1735.0057 2287:10.1098/rstl.1733.0019 2063:British History Online 1708:, are also available. 1698:Grand Rapids, Michigan 1696:, as early as 1857 in 1626: 1390: 1382: 1370: 1275: 1112: 978:Carl Auer von Welsbach 967:Taylor & Martineau 794: 786: 774: 773:, New York, 1873–1897) 758: 640:A "thermolampe" using 576: 568: 529:A 1733 publication by 409: 274: 4393:Manufactured fuel gas 4232:ellipsoidal reflector 3837:Ellipsoidal reflector 3521:Fluorescent induction 3499:field-induced polymer 2580:"President's Address" 2547:Nabb, Harold (1987). 2462:Mattausch, Daniel W. 2181:Entick, John (1766). 1831:List of light sources 1624: 1538:, Loretánská street, 1506:Frederick Law Olmsted 1498:Lake Forest, Illinois 1388: 1376: 1364: 1324:Westinghouse Electric 1273: 1110: 931:Industrial Revolution 792: 780: 764: 756: 708:Newport, Rhode Island 574: 566: 401: 363:, for which the high 264: 4069:Rear position lights 4042:Daytime running lamp 3970:Mechanically powered 3857:Aviation obstruction 3113:Grand Rapids History 2978:on 21 November 2021. 2808:The Electric Journal 2519:on 25 December 2015. 2466:. The Rushlight Club 2421:on 10 February 2008. 1583:improve this section 1488:, and some parts of 1059:Mikhail Miloradovich 944:as general manager. 851:(24 m) of coal were 679:, a manufacturer of 456:Lord Mayor of London 107:improve this article 4760:Scottish inventions 4636:Natural gas storage 3477:Electron-stimulated 3119:on 24 November 2010 2880:24 May 2020 at the 2802:Gow, A. M. (1917). 1974:Patowary, Kaushik. 1518:Main Street, U.S.A. 1508:planned community. 1502:Riverside, Illinois 1312:alternating current 1285:alternating current 1133:Théâtre du Chatelet 1093:Technical Institute 803:Preston, Lancashire 4735:English inventions 4730:Chinese inventions 4646:Pipeline transport 4606:Compressor station 4320:Luminous gemstones 3494:Electroluminescent 3472:Cathodoluminescent 3051:, FCC Public, 2003 2050:A Survey of London 2004:Ancient Inventions 1627: 1540:Dražického náměstí 1536:Hradčanské náměstí 1454:, Ohio, more than 1432:historic districts 1391: 1383: 1371: 1276: 1113: 1022:effect of leaking 988:gases produced by 795: 787: 783:Reading, Berkshire 775: 759: 724:Westminster Bridge 577: 569: 410: 275: 4717: 4716: 4585: 4584: 4428:Blast furnace gas 4411:Coal gasification 4345: 4344: 3862:Balanced-arm lamp 3818: 3817: 3702:Yablochkov candle 3570:Acetylene/Carbide 3540:Radioluminescence 3412:Luminous efficacy 3358:Color temperature 3254:978-0-07-351412-3 3233:978-0-13-289249-0 3212:978-1-85459-273-6 3191:978-0-8195-5021-7 3155:978-1-4039-1696-9 2389:. Janet Thomson. 2247:978-3-945561-06-5 2234:"Air and Water". 2014:978-0-345-40102-1 1980:AmusingPlanet.com 1880:Sweeney, Morgan. 1684:are also in use. 1619: 1618: 1611: 1520:" section of the 1332:transmission line 1140:According to the 1063:Aptekarsky Island 963:Apothecary's Hall 531:Sir James Lowther 507:Vegetable Statics 259: 258: 251: 241: 240: 233: 213:lead layout guide 183: 182: 175: 157: 80: 4772: 4750:Industrial gases 4740:Gas technologies 4593: 4390: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4349: 4145:Christmas lights 4079:Safety reflector 4074:Reversing lights 4009:Navigation light 3960:Bicycle lighting 3850: 3803: 3795: 3769: 3528:Photoluminescent 3511:Fluorescent lamp 3484:Chemiluminescent 3432: 3400:Bi-pin lamp base 3395:Lightbulb socket 3332: 3325: 3318: 3309: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3258: 3237: 3216: 3195: 3174: 3159: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3035: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2993:. Prague Morning 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2971:. Archived from 2970: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2926:. 3 October 2022 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2899:Evening Standard 2890: 2884: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2863:on 26 June 2022. 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2833:. Archived from 2822: 2816: 2815: 2799: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2778: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2731: 2728: 2717: 2714: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2689: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2650:on 26 June 2017. 2649: 2638: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2609: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2584: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2515:. Archived from 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2417:. Archived from 2407: 2401: 2400: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2322:(442): 282–285. 2305: 2299: 2298: 2281:(429): 109–113. 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2018: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1982:. Amusing Planet 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1877: 1841: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1672:and small scale 1614: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1563: 1555: 1369:, Germany (2005) 1340:electrical power 767:Grand Army Plaza 741:and self-acting 726:was lit by gas. 718:and Westminster 673:Josiah Pemberton 559:Early technology 524:Alessandro Volta 408: 405: 377:nostalgic effect 369:hydrocarbon fuel 326:illuminating gas 254: 247: 236: 229: 225: 222: 216: 209:improve the lead 193: 192: 185: 178: 171: 167: 164: 158: 156: 115: 91: 83: 72: 50: 49: 42: 4782: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4650: 4594: 4581: 4565: 4537: 4482: 4394: 4381: 4376: 4346: 4341: 4305:Bioluminescence 4288: 4257: 4243: 4200: 4184: 4123: 4107: 4023: 3948: 3872:Emergency light 3848: 3814: 3801: 3793: 3767: 3765: 3758: 3706: 3678: 3649:Magnesium torch 3556: 3458: 3427: 3421: 3378:Light pollution 3353:Accent lighting 3341: 3336: 3292: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3265: 3263:Further reading 3255: 3240: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3198: 3192: 3177: 3162: 3156: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3049:Osvětlení Prahy 3045:Wayback Machine 3036: 3032: 3023: 3019: 3011:Robert Oppelt: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2882:Wayback Machine 2872: 2868: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2837:on 11 June 2016 2824: 2823: 2819: 2801: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2734: 2729: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2682: 2675: 2673: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2647: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2593:(5): 407. 1919. 2582: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2397: 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4241: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4084:retroreflector 4076: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3939:Track lighting 3936: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3919: 3914: 3912:Recessed light 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3882:Gooseneck lamp 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3839: 3828: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3797: 3789: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3764:High-intensity 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3533:Laser headlamp 3525: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3468: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3363:Electric light 3360: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3299: 3291: 3290:External links 3288: 3287: 3286: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3217: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3175: 3160: 3154: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3100: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3030: 3024:Tomáš Belica: 3017: 3004: 2981: 2956: 2937: 2911: 2885: 2866: 2848: 2817: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2732: 2718: 2706: 2697: 2653: 2625: 2596: 2571: 2568:. J. Jacobson. 2556: 2539: 2522: 2499: 2477: 2454: 2439: 2424: 2402: 2395: 2377: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2310:Lowther, James 2300: 2269:Lowther, James 2260: 2246: 2226: 2214:Hales, Stephen 2205: 2190: 2173: 2153: 2133: 2117: 2099: 2096:. p. 244. 2082: 2036: 2013: 1993: 1966: 1954:DailySabah.com 1940: 1922:(4): 359–373. 1899: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1842: 1833: 1828: 1822: 1817: 1811: 1809:Carbochemistry 1806: 1800: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1689: 1686: 1654:carbon dioxide 1617: 1616: 1567: 1565: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1545:Charles Bridge 1460:French Quarter 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1334:voltages, and 1322:in Europe and 1296:direct current 1281:direct current 1267: 1264: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1216: 1204:stage lighting 1200: 1199: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1161: 1158: 1122:Lyceum Theatre 1104: 1103:Theatrical use 1101: 1042: 1039: 903:triumphal arch 834:David Melville 750: 749:Widespread use 747: 704:David Melville 677:Benjamin Cooke 560: 557: 526:, and others. 492:and the other 476:Common Council 395: 392: 387:Main article: 384: 381: 365:energy density 320:(town gas) or 257: 256: 239: 238: 198:The article's 197: 195: 188: 181: 180: 122:"Gas lighting" 95: 93: 86: 81: 55: 54: 52: 45: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4778: 4777: 4766: 4765:Types of lamp 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4662:Bunsen burner 4660: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274:Infrared lamp 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4004:Laser pointer 4002: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3907:Pendant light 3905: 3903: 3902:Neon lighting 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3777:Mercury-vapor 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3720:Deuterium arc 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3712:Gas discharge 3709: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3417:Task lighting 3415: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3373:Light fixture 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3276: 3275:Atlas Obscura 3272: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2836: 2832: 2831:Baltimore Sun 2828: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2686:cite magazine 2671: 2667: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2415:Royal Society 2412: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2396:0-9530013-2-6 2392: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2375:, p. 30. 2374: 2369: 2366: 2363:, p. 29. 2362: 2357: 2354: 2351:, p. 28. 2350: 2345: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2072: 2064: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2033:(in Chinese). 2029: 2028: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2006: 2005: 1997: 1994: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1941: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1712:Image gallery 1711: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674:wind turbines 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1613: 1610: 1602: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1568:This section 1566: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1375: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292:Thomas Edison 1289: 1286: 1282: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:Bunsen burner 1181: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1109: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:Palace Square 1077: 1075: 1071: 1070:Obvodny Canal 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1028:plant hormone 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 950: 945: 943: 939: 934: 932: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 830: 827:'s Museum in 826: 822: 817: 815: 810: 808: 804: 799: 791: 784: 779: 772: 768: 763: 755: 748: 746: 744: 740: 736: 735:cream of lime 732: 727: 725: 721: 716: 711: 709: 705: 700: 698: 697:Count Rumford 693: 692:Royal Society 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 667: 665: 661: 657: 652: 649: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 609: 605: 601: 596: 594: 589: 586: 585:James Lowther 582: 573: 565: 558: 556: 554: 549: 544: 542: 541:Royal Society 538: 537: 532: 527: 525: 521: 517: 512: 508: 504: 503:Stephen Hales 499: 497: 496: 491: 490: 484: 482: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 446: 442: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 400: 393: 390: 382: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 341: 339: 338:incandescence 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 272: 268: 263: 253: 250: 235: 232: 224: 214: 211:and read the 210: 204: 201: 196: 187: 186: 177: 174: 166: 155: 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 131: 127: 124: – 123: 119: 118:Find sources: 112: 108: 102: 101: 96:This article 94: 90: 85: 84: 79: 77: 70: 69: 64: 63: 58: 53: 44: 43: 38: 37:Fart lighting 31: 24: 19: 4687:Gas lighting 4686: 4672:Gas cylinder 4458:Producer gas 4443:Landfill gas 4438:Gasification 4180:Strobe light 4175:Plasma globe 4150:Crackle tube 4140:Bubble light 4101:trafficators 4096:Turn signals 3922:Street light 3877:Gas lighting 3876: 3810:Sodium vapor 3782:Metal-halide 3684:Electric arc 3604: 3436:Incandescent 3405:Edison screw 3278:. Retrieved 3274: 3243: 3222: 3201: 3180: 3168: 3144: 3136:Bibliography 3121:. Retrieved 3117:the original 3112: 3103: 3091:. Retrieved 3080: 3068: 3056: 3048: 3033: 3020: 3012: 3007: 2995:. Retrieved 2984: 2973:the original 2959: 2951:The Observer 2950: 2940: 2928:. Retrieved 2923: 2914: 2902:. Retrieved 2898: 2888: 2869: 2861:the original 2851: 2839:. Retrieved 2835:the original 2830: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2700: 2674:. Retrieved 2669: 2645:the original 2640: 2628: 2615: 2611: 2599: 2590: 2586: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2549: 2542: 2532: 2525: 2517:the original 2513:The Guardian 2512: 2502: 2490:. Retrieved 2480: 2468:. Retrieved 2457: 2448: 2442: 2433: 2427: 2419:the original 2414: 2405: 2386: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2319: 2313: 2308:Maud, John; 2303: 2278: 2272: 2263: 2251:. Retrieved 2236: 2229: 2218: 2208: 2199: 2193: 2183: 2176: 2162: 2156: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2126: 2120: 2108: 2102: 2092: 2085: 2061:– via 2055:. Retrieved 2049: 2039: 2025: 2003: 1996: 1984:. 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Retrieved 1885: 1845:Thomas Thorp 1803:Carbide lamp 1691: 1670:solar panels 1650:oil refining 1643: 1630: 1628: 1605: 1596: 1581:Please help 1569: 1526: 1468: 1425: 1418: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1357:Street light 1346:Modern usage 1336:transformers 1309: 1304:voltage drop 1288:arc lighting 1277: 1252: 1248: 1237:Fresnel lens 1201: 1163: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1130: 1118: 1114: 1078: 1067: 1044: 1035:gasification 1032: 1006: 972:In 1891 the 971: 953: 946: 936:In 1824 the 935: 919: 880: 865: 857:Argand lamps 846: 842:Philadelphia 819:In America, 818: 811: 800: 796: 728: 712: 701: 689: 671: 668: 653: 650: 639: 631:Samuel Clegg 611:steam engine 608:Soho Foundry 597: 590: 578: 552: 548:John Clayton 545: 534: 528: 516:Joseph Black 506: 500: 493: 487: 485: 464:Candlemassee 452:Henry Barton 449: 447:salt mines. 434: 411: 358: 354:lamplighters 342: 278:Gas lighting 277: 276: 245: 227: 221:January 2024 218: 207:Please help 202: 200:lead section 169: 160: 150: 143: 136: 129: 117: 105:Please help 100:verification 97: 73: 66: 60: 59:Please help 56: 18: 4709:Pilot light 4704:Gas turbine 4611:Gas carrier 4488:Natural gas 4453:Pintsch gas 4325:Signal lamp 4279:Stroboscope 4155:DJ lighting 4091:Stop lights 4062:sealed beam 4014:Searchlight 3754:Xenon flash 3697:Klieg light 3545:Solid-state 3506:Fluorescent 3464:Luminescent 3093:20 February 2997:20 February 2730:Pilbrow 174 2449:The Gas Age 2373:Penzel 1978 2361:Penzel 1978 2349:Penzel 1978 2220:Experiments 1986:19 February 1959:19 February 1933:20 February 1912:"Gas Light" 1892:19 February 1850:Tilley lamp 1694:neon lights 1532:Royal Route 1464:New Orleans 1448:Charlestown 1444:Bay Village 1436:Beacon Hill 1421:Westminster 1403:luxury home 1220:striplights 1215:footlights. 1137:Paris Opera 1051:Alexander I 1016:cotton mill 986:hydrocarbon 959:John Taylor 911:royal visit 887:chandeliers 861:Blackfriars 838:coppersmith 807:Joseph Dunn 407: 1900 322:natural gas 23:Gaslighting 4724:Categories 4692:Gas mantle 4682:Gas heater 4677:Gas engine 4667:Gas burner 4616:Gas holder 4269:Grow light 4264:Germicidal 4254:Scientific 4251:Industrial 4207:Floodlight 4193:Theatrical 4135:Blacklight 4130:Aroma lamp 4119:Decorative 4029:Automotive 4019:Solar lamp 3982:Glow stick 3965:Flashlight 3897:Nightlight 3892:Light tube 3867:Chandelier 3824:Stationary 3766:discharge 3692:Carbon arc 3562:Combustion 3428:generation 3426:Methods of 2780:Wilson 364 2716:Sellman 15 2704:Wilson,362 2641:CGanet.com 2620:Wikisource 2057:5 November 2045:Stow, John 1857:References 1688:Other uses 1666:gas mantle 1599:April 2024 1522:theme park 1514:Disneyland 1478:Glen Ridge 1474:New Jersey 1452:Cincinnati 1414:Düsseldorf 1355:See also: 1260:lime-light 1256:gas mantle 1212:Footlights 1196:gas mantle 1169:porcelain. 1126:Drury Lane 1013:Manchester 974:gas mantle 949:Bude-Light 868:ammoniacal 853:carbonized 821:Seth Bemis 785:, c. 1875) 715:Parliament 660:Manchester 619:tin mining 615:Birmingham 604:James Watt 489:choke damp 472:Michaelmas 460:Hallowtide 430:sesame oil 394:Background 330:gas mantle 282:combustion 133:newspapers 62:improve it 4699:Gas stove 4621:Gas meter 4473:Water gas 4335:Reflected 4315:Light art 4227:Spotlight 4212:Footlight 4197:Cinematic 4165:Lava lamp 3927:in the US 3832:Reflector 3749:Xenon arc 3730:Neon lamp 3659:Rushlight 3639:Limelight 3388:Hong Kong 3123:5 January 2930:18 August 2904:18 August 2789:Baugh, 24 2771:Penzel 95 2762:Penzel 89 2753:Penzel 54 2744:Penzel 69 2336:186208578 2295:186210832 2202:. 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