689:
thorax seem to have been covered by about five pairs of large flat triangular spikes. They are recurved and have a deep groove in the rear side. They gradually decline in length to behind, the groove becoming relatively shorter and the base length increasing. According to
Kirkland the function of the groove was to receive the front edge of the next spike. Other large flat spikes found, lacked the groove. They were often very curved, the point at a right angle with the base. Kirkland assumed these formed two vertical rows, one at each side of the rump midline. Lower triangular spikes he placed at the sides of the tail, again gradually decreasing to the rear. In between the horizontal and vertical spikes of the rump probably rows of osteoderms were present having the profile of a droplet, with a vertical point at the broader end. The top of the tail had oval plates. The hip region was covered by a large pelvic shield consisting of fused osteoderms. These were patterned as
419:
496:
3235:
1714:
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intraspecific antagonistic behaviour, i.e. fighting between males. The vertical spikes could have intimidated rivals and animals could have determined who was the strongest by ramming their heads together. Kirkland proposed that the typical ankylosaurid down-turned head, made possible by a more ventrally directed occipital condyle compared to nodosaurids, and an increased loosening of the rear skull elements to absorb shocks, were adaptations to this kind of behaviour.
3230:
154:
668:
606:
3258:
129:
577:
714:
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602:, unique derived traits. On the midline of the front snout, the bony core of the upper horny beak, a broad, gradually curved, notch is present between the snout bones, the praemaxillae. The bony nostrils are placed far to the rear. At the underside of the braincase, the basisphenoid, the basipterygoid processes are longitudinally stretched.
688:
only two segments seem present, one at each side of the midline, causing
Kirkland to refer to them as "quarter rings". Each segment had a pointed keel and a hollow underside. Kirkland stressed that the rump armour was hard to reconstruct because it had not been found in articulation. The sides of the
623:
The skull is somewhat elongated and pointy, measuring 295 by 283 millimetres in the holotype. The top profile of the skull is convex, the rear skull roof curving below the level of the upper rim of the eye sockets. The quadrate is very strongly inclined to the rear. The occipital condyle, the contact
693:
with a larger plate in the middle, surrounded by at least two rings of smaller plates. Kirkland assumed that four pairs of triangular spikes covered the sides of the pelvic shield also, but this was denied by Paul. The area between all these larger elements was covered by small ossicles, round bony
1760:
would have shown a typical polacanthine defence, which
Kirkland understood to have consisted of a combination of passive protection offered by the vertical spikes and active protection by hitting a predator with the horizontal spikes of the flexible tail. The armour would also have served
619:
had a flat and, even for an ankylosaurian, very broad rump, the belly strongly protruding between the short powerful limbs. The tail was moderately long and lacked a tail club. The neck was relatively long and the skull probably rather small.
520:, was described from the Ruby Ranch Member in 2016 based on a large bonebed that had been found by Lorrie McWhinney in 1999, probably formed when a group died of drought or drowning. The type specimen and its paratypes were collected by the
471:
is among the most common dinosaur fossils in the Cedar
Mountain Formation, with many individuals being found across several quarries in the southwest. In 2004, the number of skulls was reported as four, in 2014 this had risen to ten.
1936:
Kirkland, J.I. and Madsen, S.K. 2007. The Lower
Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, eastern Utah: the view up an always interesting learning curve. Fieldtrip Guidebook, Geological Society of America, Rocky Mountain Section. 1-108
651:
that is blade-like, but differs in the acromion originating from the front edge, not the outer side of the scapula, not being wrapped to behind and not ending in a knob. It is thus not a typical nodosaurid "pseudoacromion". The
1922:
James I. Kirkland, 2014, "The Nature of the
Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) Unconformity and the Early Cretaceous of Eastern Utah" In: Jim Kirkland, John Foster, ReBecca Hunt-Foster, Gregory A. Liggett, and Kelli Trujillo (eds),
704:
in having a flat skull roof, shorter and narrower paroccipital processes, a postacetabular process that is only 36% the length of the preacetabular process, and an ischium that has an unkinked, smooth bottom edge.
647:
consists of three sacral vertebrae, with a caudo-sacral vertebra behind them. Stiffened rear tail vertebrae or a tail club are absent. The shoulder blade resembles that of nodosaurids in possessing an
1664:
lived in a partly wooded habitat, with riverine forests being separated by open areas. The climate was rather dry with a short wet season. Other dinosaurs of the Yellow Cat include the ornithopods
1886:
Kirkland, J.I. (1998). A polacanthine ankylosaur (Ornithischia: Dinosauria) from the Early
Cretaceous (Barremian) of eastern Utah. In: S.G. Lucas, J.I. Kirkland, & J.W. Estep, (eds)
3395:
1764:
Ankylosaurs are often assumed to have been solitary living animals because their short legs seem poorly adapted to the trekking behaviour of herds, but the concentration of
684:, skin ossifications. The neck was covered by at least two bone rings. Usually in ankylosaurs these have the form of "halfrings" leaving the underside unprotected, but with
3420:
3336:
656:
is square in form, a typical ankylosaurid trait. The humerus has a large deltopectoral crest extending downwards to the middle of the shaft, a derived trait. The
572:
Gastonia burgei holotype skull (CEUM 1307) in (A) top (dorsal), (B) bottom (ventral), (C) front (anterior), and (D) right side (lateral) views. Scale bar = 10 cm.
535:
than for any other basal ankylosaur. A wealth of disarticulated material from a bonebed presents problems as it can be hard to tell how many spikes a particular
598:
because its affinities are uncertain. However, in 1998 Kirkland established three characters which were unique for the
Ankylosauria as a whole and thus likely
624:
with the neck, is obliquely pointing to below, an ankylosaurid trait causing the head to be pointing downwards. The beak is toothless. The tooth rows of the
489:
438:
418:
495:
528:. The type specimen is incomplete, consisting only of a skull roof, though many additional elements are paratypes from many portions of the skeleton.
3405:
3310:
3440:
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591:
indicated a body length of 5 metres and a weight of 1.9 tonnes. The skeleton mount is 459 centimetres long with a hip height of 112 centimetres.
3400:
2189:
1959:
1654:
423:
551:
521:
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casts of skeletal elements of various individuals. Distortions in the fossils were corrected and missing elements completed. This made
1991:
153:
3251:
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1793:
477:
346:
318:
292:
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1486:
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2038:
Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Carbot-Chanona, G.; Sanchez-Uribe, I.E.; Guzmán-Gutiérrez, J.R. (2018).
3425:
2182:
141:
1925:
Mid-Mesozoic: the Age of
Dinosaurs in Transition, April 30 – May 5, 2014 Fruita, Colorado & Green River, Utah
1503:
1713:
3430:
2280:
1722:
525:
453:, the type specimen consisting of a single skull. The type specimen was found alongside 4 partial skeletons of
442:
1888:
Lower and Middle
Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
3278:
1909:, Weishampel D.B., 2004, "Ankylosauria". Chapter 17 in: Weishampel D.B., Dodson P., Osmólska H., editors.
3362:
2307:
2175:
1317:
632:, swollen basis. There is no armour on the snout. More to behind, the bony tiles of the skull roof, the
1978:
Gaston, R.W.; Scellenbach, J.; Kirkland, J.I. (2001). "Mounted skeleton of the Polacanthine Ankylosaur
640:
is visible. The squamosal horns, at the rear skull corners, and jugal horns, at the cheeks, are small.
509:, was found in rocks of the Cedar Mountain Formation's Yellow Cat Member, which has been dated to the
3390:
3261:
2051:
1798:
1300:
480:
in 1998, from the holotype specimen and other fossil material recovered beginning in 1989. The name
1906:
2403:
2136:
2077:
446:
148:
2040:"Paleodiversity of Late Cretaceous Ankylosauria from Mexico and their phylogenetic significance"
3367:
3349:
3341:
3160:
2424:
2128:
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1987:
1955:
1734:
3354:
2095:
Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; CruzadoCaballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).
2625:
2572:
2410:
2118:
2108:
2059:
1844:
1785:
690:
587:
was a medium-sized ankylosaur. In 1998, Kirkland estimated its length at 6 metres. In 2010,
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41:
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2994:
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2787:
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2432:
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1118:
875:
738:
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scutes with a diameter of up to two centimetres, hundreds of which have been discovered.
2055:
3153:
3139:
3125:
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3006:
2902:
2883:
2798:
2744:
2609:
2579:
2549:
2512:
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2123:
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1182:
1068:
818:
726:
628:
are rather straight and each consist of fifteen to sixteen small teeth, lacking a true
599:
464:
524:
from Lorrie's Site in Grand County, Utah and belonged to the Ruby Ranch Member of the
3384:
3116:
3026:
3019:
2971:
2915:
2862:
2828:
2729:
2675:
2650:
2632:
2535:
2481:
2454:
2446:
2140:
2081:
1746:
1742:
1378:
1220:
1085:
909:
895:
730:
637:
430:
393:
382:
272:
79:
1741:
could have been so abundant because its armour effectively protected it against the
1710:
was the only ankylosaurian present and one of the most common species of its fauna.
128:
3146:
3132:
3061:
2945:
2869:
2814:
2765:
2737:
2722:
2709:
2682:
2601:
2586:
2542:
2522:
2389:
2371:
2349:
2319:
2292:
2240:
2198:
1696:
1690:
1678:
1428:
1283:
1027:
962:
948:
801:
763:
734:
543:
484:
honors US palaeontologist and CEO of Gaston Design Inc. Robert Gaston. The species
301:
259:
246:
214:
3323:
3181:
3098:
3047:
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2780:
2758:
2690:
2639:
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2417:
2249:
1848:
1684:
1672:
1247:
1142:
926:
784:
510:
402:
230:
54:
550:
the first basal ankylosaurian dinosaur to have been mounted for display at the
17:
3174:
3167:
3105:
2980:
2931:
2923:
2876:
2821:
2807:
2773:
2751:
2617:
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2396:
2064:
2039:
1835:(Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species".
1775:
1702:
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713:
681:
671:
459:
397:
99:
64:
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2073:
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2697:
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1395:
1266:
986:
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576:
568:
165:
104:
48:
2132:
636:, are rather indistinctively patterned though a small central plate on the
2157:
1649:
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3195:
2231:
2222:
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648:
441:
1307) was discovered in a bonebed from the limestone strata of the lower
385:
198:
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94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
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3315:
3083:
3075:
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327:
109:
84:
3328:
2026:
Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs
2216:
1945:
1943:
644:
499:
The notch in the upper beak is one of the distinguishing features of
175:
3272:
1913:. 2nd ed. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press. p. 363–392
3040:
1648:
712:
666:
604:
575:
567:
494:
417:
396:, around 139 to 134.6 million years ago. It is often considered a
378:
664:. The shinbone is very expanded at both the upper and lower end.
3202:
657:
450:
3276:
2209:
2171:
2167:
1831:
Kinneer, B.; Carpenter, K.; Shaw, A. (2016). "Redescription of
542:
In the late twentieth century a skeleton was mounted made of
27:
Ankylosaurian dinosaur genus from the Early Cretaceous period
1837:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
2097:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs"
745:
as a non-polacanthine basal member of the Ankylosauridae.
457:
were placed as paratypes, along with the type specimen of
1954:. Edinburgh, Scotland: Dorling Kindersley. p. 334.
1720:
compared to the fauna of the Yellow Cat Member from the
594:
It is difficult to determine distinguishing traits of
353:
336:
308:
3285:
3115:
3005:
2970:
2901:
2845:
2797:
2708:
2649:
2521:
2510:
2471:
2369:
2318:
2291:
2264:
1752:, remains of which have been found in the original
748:A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Rivera-Sylva
1901:
1899:
531:All together, more complete material exists for
1973:
1971:
1882:
1880:
1878:
410:has a sacral shield and large shoulder spikes.
1986:. Indiana University Press. pp. 386–398.
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
422:Mounted cast skull from the collection of the
2183:
8:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
3396:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
3273:
3011:
2907:
2714:
2527:
2518:
2381:
2377:
2366:
2297:
2270:
2261:
2206:
2190:
2176:
2168:
2007:
2005:
2003:
733:. Later, polacanthines were often seen as
490:College of Eastern Utah Prehistoric Museum
127:
31:
2122:
2112:
2063:
1712:
3421:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera
1810:
2013:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
1655:North American Museum of Ancient Life
7:
2028:. Ph.D thesis, University of Alberta
476:was formally named and described by
2015:, Princeton University Press p. 228
1478:
1420:
1370:
1363:
1236:
1212:
1188:
1178:
1158:
1134:
1110:
1060:
1019:
978:
954:
901:
891:
867:
843:
776:
769:
759:
717:Skeleton at Wyoming Dinosaur Center
552:Denver Museum of Nature and Science
522:Denver Museum of Nature and Science
1768:fossils seems to contradict this.
737:. However, in 2014 an analysis by
513:, 139 to 134.6 million years ago.
488:was named for the director of the
25:
424:Children's Museum of Indianapolis
3257:
3256:
3233:
3228:
2156:
1982:". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
1778:
1657:with alternate spike arrangement
660:is very robust with an enormous
152:
3406:Taxa named by James I. Kirkland
1794:Timeline of ankylosaur research
3441:Early Cretaceous thyreophorans
3436:Thyreophorans of North America
2044:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
2024:Arbour, Victoria Megan, 2014.
752:(2018) and modified by Madzia
1:
3401:Fossil taxa described in 1998
1487:Struthiosaurus transylvanicus
1463:Struthiosaurus languedocensis
756:(2021) is reproduced below.
554:, together with the related
1950:Benton, Michael J. (2012).
3457:
1745:of its habitat, the giant
142:BYU Museum of Paleontology
136:Reconstructed skeleton of
3246:
3226:
3014:
2910:
2717:
2530:
2384:
2380:
2365:
2346:
2300:
2273:
2260:
2205:
2065:10.1007/s13358-018-0153-1
1504:Struthiosaurus austriacus
1500:
1483:
1476:
1459:
1442:
1425:
1418:
1392:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1314:
1297:
1280:
1263:
1241:
1234:
1217:
1210:
1193:
1186:
1176:
1163:
1156:
1139:
1132:
1115:
1108:
1082:
1065:
1058:
1041:
1024:
1017:
1000:
983:
976:
959:
952:
923:
906:
899:
889:
872:
865:
848:
841:
815:
798:
781:
774:
767:
333:
326:
307:
300:
149:Scientific classification
147:
135:
126:
34:
1723:Cedar Mountain Formation
721:Kirkland in 1998 placed
526:Cedar Mountain Formation
443:Cedar Mountain Formation
1849:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0605
1243:Argentinian ankylosaur
1731:
1658:
718:
674:
613:
581:
573:
503:
445:in Yellow Cat Quarry,
426:
3363:Paleobiology Database
2165:at Wikimedia Commons
1984:The Armored Dinosaurs
1716:
1652:
1318:Edmontonia rugosidens
729:, more precisely the
716:
670:
608:
579:
571:
498:
421:
414:Discovery and species
3416:Ornithischian genera
3411:Paleontology in Utah
1799:2016 in paleontology
1688:, and the theropods
1301:Edmontonia longiceps
698:G. lorriemcwhinneyae
518:G. lorriemcwhinneyae
363:Kinneer et al., 2016
358:G. lorriemcwhinneyae
2114:10.7717/peerj.12362
2056:2018SwJP..137...83R
492:, Donald L. Burge.
400:closely related to
3426:Valanginian genera
2011:Paul, G.S., 2010,
1732:
1659:
719:
675:
614:
582:
574:
516:A second species,
504:
427:
3378:
3377:
3350:Open Tree of Life
3279:Taxon identifiers
3270:
3269:
3242:
3241:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3161:Nodocephalosaurus
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2506:
2505:
2425:Serendipaceratops
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2161:Media related to
1961:978-0-7566-9910-9
1905:Vickaryous M.K.,
1653:Skeletons at the
1641:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1407:
1406:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1097:
1096:
938:
937:
830:
829:
680:was protected by
370:
369:
364:
350:
296:
16:(Redirected from
3448:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3274:
3260:
3259:
3237:
3232:
3012:
2908:
2715:
2626:Propanoplosaurus
2573:Glyptodontopelta
2528:
2519:
2411:Priodontognathus
2382:
2378:
2367:
2298:
2271:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2207:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2116:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2067:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1952:Prehistoric Life
1947:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1914:
1903:
1894:
1884:
1853:
1852:
1828:
1788:
1786:Dinosaurs portal
1783:
1782:
1781:
1676:, the sauropods
1479:
1421:
1371:
1364:
1252:
1237:
1213:
1189:
1179:
1159:
1135:
1111:
1061:
1020:
979:
955:
902:
892:
868:
844:
777:
770:
760:
390:Early Cretaceous
362:
355:
345:
338:
310:
291:
284:
271:
258:
245:
229:
213:
157:
156:
131:
121:
51:
42:Early Cretaceous
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3431:Cretaceous Utah
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3281:
3271:
3266:
3238:
3208:
3111:
3091:Tianzhenosaurus
3055:Minotaurasaurus
3001:
2995:Zhongyuansaurus
2966:
2961:Zhejiangosaurus
2954:Liaoningosaurus
2889:
2847:Struthiosaurini
2841:
2793:
2788:Tatankacephalus
2704:
2660:Gargoyleosaurus
2645:
2557:Gargoyleosaurus
2515:
2502:
2473:Parankylosauria
2467:
2433:Sinankylosaurus
2374:
2353:
2334:
2314:
2287:
2281:Avemetatarsalia
2266:Avemetatarsalia
2256:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1980:Gastonia burgei
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1917:
1904:
1897:
1885:
1856:
1833:Gastonia burgei
1830:
1829:
1812:
1807:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1737:suggested that
1730:in pale yellow)
1647:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1408:
1358:Struthiosaurini
1348:
1339:
1330:
1244:
1119:Tatankacephalus
1098:
939:
876:Gargoyleosaurus
831:
739:Victoria Arbour
711:
609:Restoration of
589:Gregory S. Paul
580:Size comparison
566:
557:Gargoyleosaurus
507:Gastonia burgei
435:Gastonia burgei
416:
381:of herbivorous
361:
344:
322:
316:
313:Gastonia burgei
290:
282:
269:
256:
243:
227:
211:
151:
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112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
47:139–134.6
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
18:Gastonia burgei
15:
12:
11:
5:
3454:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
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3408:
3403:
3398:
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3333:
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3254:
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3209:
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3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3154:Euoplocephalus
3150:
3143:
3140:Anodontosaurus
3136:
3129:
3126:Akainacephalus
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3034:Crichtonsaurus
3030:
3023:
3015:
3009:
3007:Ankylosaurinae
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2950:
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2911:
2905:
2903:Ankylosauridae
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2884:Struthiosaurus
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2849:
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2832:
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2799:Panoplosaurini
2795:
2794:
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2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2745:Niobrarasaurus
2741:
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2712:
2706:
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2694:
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2672:
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2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2610:Polacanthoides
2606:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2580:Horshamosaurus
2576:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2550:Dongyangopelta
2546:
2539:
2531:
2525:
2516:
2513:Euankylosauria
2511:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2489:Kunbarrasaurus
2485:
2477:
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2152:External links
2150:
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2017:
1999:
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1967:
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1939:
1929:
1915:
1911:The Dinosauria
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1100:
1099:
1095:
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1069:Niobrarasaurus
1064:
1059:
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1053:
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1049:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
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1023:
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847:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
828:
827:
824:
823:
819:Dongyangopelta
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
758:
727:Ankylosauridae
710:
707:
638:parietal bones
600:autapomorphies
565:
562:
539:actually had.
478:James Kirkland
415:
412:
368:
367:
366:
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3284:
3280:
3275:
3263:
3255:
3253:
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3245:
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3231:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
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3190:
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3179:
3177:
3176:
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3165:
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3149:
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3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3117:Ankylosaurini
3114:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
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3066:
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3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:Crichtonpelta
3024:
3022:
3021:
3020:Bissektipelta
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2972:Shamosaurinae
2969:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:Ahshislepelta
2913:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:Hungarosaurus
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:Panoplosaurus
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:Ahshislepelta
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:Hoplitosaurus
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2651:Polacanthinae
2648:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:Rhadinosaurus
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
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2592:
2589:
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2577:
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2570:
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2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:Acanthopholis
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2486:
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2483:
2482:Antarctopelta
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2455:Tianchisaurus
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:Stegosaurides
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2427:
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2422:
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2415:
2413:
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2408:
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2399:
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2226:
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2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
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1797:
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1791:
1787:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:dromaeosaurid
1744:
1743:apex predator
1740:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
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1669:
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1663:
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1628:
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1592:
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1583:
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1547:
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1538:
1537:
1529:
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1511:
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1498:
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1474:
1473:
1470:
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1457:
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1452:
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1447:
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1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:Hungarosaurus
1373:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:Panoplosaurus
1215:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:Ahshislepelta
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
998:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
988:
981:
980:
974:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
964:
957:
956:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
934:
933:
930:
929:
928:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:Hoplitosaurus
904:
903:
897:
896:Polacanthinae
894:
893:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
877:
870:
869:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
853:
846:
845:
839:
838:
835:
834:
826:
825:
822:
821:
820:
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
803:
796:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
786:
779:
778:
772:
771:
765:
762:
761:
757:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:Polacanthinae
728:
724:
715:
708:
706:
703:
700:differs from
699:
695:
692:
687:
683:
679:
673:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
618:
612:
607:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
578:
570:
563:
561:
559:
558:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
502:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
466:
462:
461:
456:
455:Gastonia that
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:type specimen
425:
420:
413:
411:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
394:North America
391:
387:
384:
383:ankylosaurian
380:
376:
375:
360:
359:
352:
348:
343:
342:
335:
334:
332:
329:
325:
320:
315:
314:
306:
303:
299:
294:
289:
288:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:Polacanthinae
268:
265:
264:
261:
255:
252:
251:
248:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
143:
139:
134:
130:
125:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3286:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3147:Dyoplosaurus
3145:
3138:
3133:Ankylosaurus
3131:
3124:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3067:
3062:Pinacosaurus
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2959:
2952:
2946:Hylaeosaurus
2944:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2882:
2875:
2870:Pawpawsaurus
2868:
2861:
2854:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2815:Denversaurus
2813:
2806:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2766:Peloroplites
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2738:Borealopelta
2736:
2728:
2723:Acantholipan
2721:
2710:Nodosaurinae
2696:
2689:
2683:Peloroplites
2681:
2674:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2602:Mymoorapelta
2600:
2593:
2587:Hylaeosaurus
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2543:Anoplosaurus
2541:
2534:
2523:Nodosauridae
2495:
2487:
2480:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2390:Cryptosaurus
2388:
2372:Ankylosauria
2350:Ankylosauria
2348:
2320:Ankylosauria
2308:Ornithischia
2293:Ornithischia
2245:
2241:Ornithischia
2236:
2227:
2199:Ankylosauria
2155:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2050:(1): 83–93.
2047:
2043:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2012:
1983:
1979:
1951:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1907:Maryańska T.
1890:
1887:
1843:(1): 37–80.
1840:
1836:
1832:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1701:
1697:Nedcolbertia
1695:
1691:Martharaptor
1689:
1683:
1679:Cedarosaurus
1677:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1645:Paleobiology
1502:
1501:
1485:
1484:
1461:
1460:
1444:
1443:
1429:Pawpawsaurus
1427:
1426:
1394:
1393:
1377:
1376:
1316:
1315:
1299:
1298:
1284:Denversaurus
1282:
1281:
1265:
1264:
1246:
1242:
1219:
1218:
1195:
1194:
1164:
1141:
1140:
1117:
1116:
1084:
1083:
1067:
1066:
1043:
1042:
1028:Acantholipan
1026:
1025:
1002:
1001:
985:
984:
963:Peloroplites
961:
960:
949:Nodosaurinae
925:
924:
908:
907:
874:
873:
851:
850:
849:
817:
816:
802:Mymoorapelta
800:
799:
783:
782:
764:Nodosauridae
753:
749:
747:
742:
735:Nodosauridae
722:
720:
701:
697:
696:
685:
677:
676:
642:
633:
629:
622:
616:
615:
610:
595:
593:
584:
583:
555:
547:
544:polyurethane
541:
536:
532:
530:
517:
515:
506:
505:
500:
485:
481:
473:
468:
465:iguanodontid
458:
454:
451:eastern Utah
447:Grand County
434:
428:
407:
401:
373:
372:
371:
357:
356:
340:
339:
312:
311:
302:Type species
286:
285:
260:Nodosauridae
247:Ankylosauria
237:
221:
215:Ornithischia
205:
192:
137:
35:
29:
3391:Nodosaurids
3324:iNaturalist
3182:Scolosaurus
3099:Tsagantegia
3048:Jinyunpelta
2988:Shamosaurus
2939:Chuanqilong
2781:Silvisaurus
2759:Patagopelta
2691:Polacanthus
2640:Sauroplites
2440:Spicomellus
2418:Sarcolestes
2250:Thyreophora
1685:Moabosaurus
1673:Cedrorestes
1248:Patagopelta
1143:Silvisaurus
927:Polacanthus
785:Sauroplites
634:caputegulae
564:Description
511:Valanginian
403:Polacanthus
266:Subfamily:
231:Thyreophora
3385:Categories
3250:See also:
3175:Platypelta
3168:Oohkotokia
3106:Zaraapelta
2981:Gobisaurus
2932:Cedarpelta
2924:Aletopelta
2877:Stegopelta
2822:Edmontonia
2808:Animantarx
2774:Sauropelta
2752:Nodosaurus
2618:Priconodon
2462:Vectipelta
2397:Dracopelta
2329:see below↓
2232:Dinosauria
2107:: e12362.
1893:: 271-281.
1805:References
1750:Utahraptor
1703:Utahraptor
1667:Hippodraco
1446:Stegopelta
1197:Animantarx
1045:Nodosaurus
1004:Sauropelta
741:recovered
682:osteoderms
672:Osteoderms
460:Utahraptor
398:nodosaurid
199:Dinosauria
3189:Talarurus
3069:Saichania
2856:Europelta
2836:Texasetes
2698:Taohelong
2595:Invictarx
2497:Stegouros
2215:Kingdom:
2141:245111393
2082:134924657
2074:1664-2376
1396:Europelta
1267:Texasetes
987:Taohelong
709:Phylogeny
702:G. burgei
662:olecranon
611:G. burgei
486:G. burgei
388:from the
341:G. burgei
172:Kingdom:
166:Eukaryota
138:G. burgei
3296:Wikidata
3287:Gastonia
3262:Category
3252:Timeline
3196:Ziapelta
2668:Gastonia
2565:Gastonia
2223:Chordata
2221:Phylum:
2217:Animalia
2163:Gastonia
2133:34966571
1927:p. 62-63
1772:See also
1766:Gastonia
1758:Gastonia
1756:quarry.
1754:Gastonia
1739:Gastonia
1735:Kirkland
1728:Gastonia
1718:Gastonia
1708:Gastonia
1662:Gastonia
1165:CPC 273
852:Gastonia
743:Gastonia
723:Gastonia
691:rosettes
686:Gastonia
678:Gastonia
654:coracoid
649:acromion
630:cingulum
626:maxillae
617:Gastonia
596:Gastonia
585:Gastonia
548:Gastonia
537:Gastonia
533:Gastonia
501:Gastonia
482:Gastonia
474:Gastonia
469:Gastonia
408:Gastonia
386:dinosaur
374:Gastonia
347:Kirkland
319:Kirkland
293:Kirkland
287:Gastonia
253:Family:
186:Chordata
182:Phylum:
176:Animalia
162:Domain:
36:Gastonia
3355:4946539
3342:1352593
3316:3238872
3302:Q134170
3084:Tarchia
3076:Shanxia
2124:8667728
2052:Bibcode
725:in the
463:and an
328:Species
279:Genus:
116:↓
3329:184745
2139:
2131:
2121:
2080:
2072:
1990:
1958:
1700:, and
754:et al.
750:et al.
645:sacrum
349:, 1998
321:, 1998
295:, 1998
3368:63700
3337:IRMNG
3041:Datai
2404:Minmi
2246:Clade
2237:Clade
2228:Clade
2137:S2CID
2101:PeerJ
2078:S2CID
379:genus
377:is a
238:Clade
222:Clade
206:Clade
193:Clade
3311:GBIF
3203:Zuul
2306:see
2279:see
2129:PMID
2070:ISSN
1988:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1682:and
1670:and
658:ulna
643:The
439:CEUM
429:The
55:PreꞒ
2119:PMC
2109:doi
2060:doi
2048:137
1845:doi
1841:282
433:of
392:of
3387::
3365::
3352::
3339::
3326::
3313::
3298::
2248::
2239::
2230::
2135:.
2127:.
2117:.
2103:.
2099:.
2076:.
2068:.
2058:.
2046:.
2042:.
2002:^
1970:^
1942:^
1937:p.
1898:^
1891:14
1857:^
1839:.
1813:^
1706:.
1694:,
560:.
467:.
449:,
406:.
240::
224::
208::
195::
140:,
105:Pg
49:Ma
44:,
3094:?
3079:?
2998:?
2949:?
2927:?
2919:?
2769:?
2733:?
2701:?
2686:?
2671:?
2663:?
2621:?
2613:?
2605:?
2590:?
2568:?
2560:?
2492:?
2450:?
2428:?
2191:e
2184:t
2177:v
2143:.
2111::
2105:9
2084:.
2062::
2054::
1996:.
1964:.
1851:.
1847::
1726:(
1251:)
1245:(
437:(
354:†
337:†
309:†
283:†
270:†
257:†
244:†
228:†
212:†
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:Ꞓ
20:)
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